James P. Allison

For other people named James Allison, see James Allison (disambiguation).

James Patrick Allison (born August 7, 1948)^[4] is an American immunologist and Nobel laureate who holds the position of professor and chair of immunology and executive director of immunotherapy platform at the MD Anderson Cancer Center at the University of Texas.

James Allison
Allison at the Nobel press conference in Stockholm, December 2018
Born	James Patrick Allison (1948-08-07) August 7, 1948 (age 75)^[4] Alice, Texas, U.S.
Education	University of Texas, Austin (BS, MS, PhD)
Known for	Cancer immunotherapy
Spouses	Malinda Bell ​ ​ (m. 1969; div. 2012)​ Padmanee Sharma ​ (m. 2014)​
Children	1
Awards	Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2014) Massry Prize (2014) Tang Prize (2014)^[1] Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (2014) Harvey Prize (2014) Gairdner Foundation International Award (2014) Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize (2015) Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award (2015)^[2] Wolf Prize (2017) Warren Alpert Foundation Prize(2017) Balzan Prize (2017) Sjöberg Prize (2017) King Faisal International Prize (2018) Albany Medical Center Prize (2018) Dr. Paul Janssen Award for Biomedical Research (2018)^[3] Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2018)
Scientific career
Fields	Immunology
Institutions	M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Weill Cornell Medicine University of California, Berkeley University of California, San Francisco University of Texas at Austin
Thesis	Studies on bacterial asparaginases: I. Isolation and characterization of a tumor inhibitory asparaginase from Alcaligenes ?Eutrophus. II. Insolubilization of L-Asparaginase by covalent attachment to nylon tubing (1973)
Doctoral advisor	Barrie Kitto

His discoveries have led to new cancer treatments for the deadliest cancers. He is also the director of the Cancer Research Institute (CRI) scientific advisory council. He has a longstanding interest in mechanisms of T-cell development and activation, the development of novel strategies for tumor immunotherapy, and is recognized as one of the first people to isolate the T-cell antigen receptor complex protein.^[5][6]

In 2014, he was awarded the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences; in 2018, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Tasuku Honjo.^[7][8]

Early life

Allison was born on August 7, 1948, in Alice, Texas, the youngest of three sons of Constance Kalula (Lynn) and Albert Murphy Allison.^[9] He was inspired by his eighth-grade math teacher to pursue a career in science, spending a summer in a National Science Foundation–funded summer science-training program at the University of Texas, Austin, and completing high-school biology by correspondence course at Alice High School.^[10][11] Allison earned a Bachelor of Science degree in microbiology from University of Texas, Austin, in 1969, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. He earned his doctor of philosophy degree in biological science in 1973, also from UT Austin, as a student of G. Barrie Kitto.^[12][13]

Career

From 1974 to 1977, Allison worked as postdoctoral fellow at Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation in California. Then he worked as assistant biochemist and assistant professor at MD Anderson to 1984.^[14] He was appointed a professor of immunology and director of the Cancer Research Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley in 1985 and was concurrently appointed professor at the University of California, San Francisco from 1997.^[15]

In 2004, he moved to the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) in New York City to become the director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and the chair of the immunology program as well as the Koch chair in immunologic studies and attending immunologist at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. He was a professor of Weill Cornell Medicine and co-chair of the Department of Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis at Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences from 2004 to 2012, and also a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) investigator until 2012, when he left to join the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in 2012. Since 2012 he has been chair of immunology at M.D. Anderson.^[14]

He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine (formerly Institute of Medicine), and is a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is director of the Cancer Research Institute scientific advisory council. Previously, he served as president of the American Association of Immunologists.^{[citation needed]} He is on the Research Advisory Board of Candel Therapeutics^[16] and Lytix Biopharma.^[17]

Allison serves as a commentator in the Cancer documentary.

Research

 

Cancer Therapy by Inhibition of Negative Immune Regulation (CTLA4, PD1)

Allison trained at Scripps Research under tumor-immunologist Ralph Reisfeld, Ph.D., professor emeritus, researching human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and T-cells and exploring the role HLA proteins play in enabling the immune system to distinguish self from invaders. In 1977, Allison and a colleague, G. N. Callahan, reported in a letter to Nature that they had found evidence that the immune system was prevented from attacking cancer cells due to antigens’ association with additional proteins. Finding the factors that inhibited the immune attack on cancer has been key to developing checkpoint-blockade cancer immunotherapies.^[15]

In 1982, Allison first discovered the T-cell receptor.^[18] Allison's research to elucidate mechanisms of T-cell responses was conducted in the 1990s at the University of California, Berkeley.^[19][20] In the early 1990s, Jim Allison showed that CTLA-4 acts as an inhibitory molecule to restrict T-cell responses. In 1996, Allison was the first to show that antibody blockade of a T-cell inhibitory molecule (known as CTLA-4) could lead to enhanced anti-tumor immune responses and tumor rejection.

This concept of blocking T-cell inhibitory pathways as a way of unleashing anti-tumor immune responses and eliciting clinical benefit laid the foundation for the development of other drugs that target T-cell inhibitory pathways, which have been labeled as "immune checkpoint therapies".^[10] This work ultimately led to the clinical development of ipilimumab (Yervoy), which was approved in 2011 by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic melanoma.^[21]

Allison's research is in molecular immunology of the T-cell antigen receptor complex, co-stimulatory receptors, and other molecules involved in T-cell activation. He is particularly interested in finding signals that lead to differentiation of naive T-cells and also those that determine whether antigen receptor engagement will lead to functional activation or inactivation of T-cells. Once defined, the basic studies are used to develop new strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and immunotherapy of cancer. Most recently he has been interested in understanding the immune responses in cancer patients who respond to immunotherapy. He established the immunotherapy platform at MD Anderson Cancer Center to study immune responses in cancer patients.^[22]

Honors

According to a quantitative analysis, Allison was the top-ranking recipient of the most prestigious international science awards in the period 2010–2019, having received 13 of the top 40 such awards in any field of science.^[23]

In 2011 Allison won the Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award for Biotechnology and Medicine^[24] and was awarded the American Association of Immunologists Lifetime Achievement Award.^[25] In 2013 he shared the Novartis Prize for Clinical Immunology. In 2014 he shared the first Tang Prize in Biopharmaceutical Science with Tasuku Honjo,^[1] won the 9th Annual Szent-Györgyi Prize for Progress in Cancer Research of the National Foundation for Cancer Research, received the $3 million Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, the Canada Gairdner International Award,^[26] the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize,^[27] the Massry Prize^[28] and the Harvey Prize^[29] of the Technion Institute of Technology in Haifa. In 2015, he received the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award.^[2] and Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize.^[30]

In 2017 he received the Wolf Prize in Medicine,^[31] the Warren Alpert Foundation Prize^[32] and the Balzan Prize for Immunological Approaches in Cancer Therapy (this prize jointly with Robert D. Schreiber).^[33] In 2018 he received the King Faisal International Prize in Medicine,^[34] the Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal and the Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research.^[35]

He, along with Tasuku Honjo, was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2018 for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation.^[36][37][38]

He is the subject of the 2019 documentary film "Jim Allison: Breakthrough" directed by Bill Haney.^[39] Allison received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 2019.^[40]

Personal life

Allison married Malinda Bell in 1969. They have one son, Robert Allison, born in 1990, who is, as of 2018, an architect in New York City. Allison and Malinda lived separate lives for many years and eventually divorced in 2012. Allison met Padmanee Sharma, MD, PhD through Dr. Lloyd Old in 2004. Allison and Sharma became collaborators and friends and married 10 years later in 2014. Allison is stepfather to Thalia Sharma Persaud, Avani Sharma Persaud and Kalyani Sharma Persaud.^[41]

Allison's mother died of lymphoma^[15] when he was 10. His brother died of prostate cancer in 2005.

He plays the harmonica for a blues band of immunologists and oncologists called the Checkpoints. He also plays with a local band called the Checkmates.^[41]

References

1. "First Tang Prize for Biopharmaceutical Science Awarded to James P. Allison, PhD, and Tasuku Honjo, MD, PhD". www.tang-prize.org. The ASCO Post. July 10, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
2. Foundation, Lasker. "Unleashing the immune system to combat cancer | The Lasker Foundation". The Lasker Foundation. Lasker Foundation. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
3. "James Allison wins 2018 Dr. Paul Janssen Award for Biomedical Research". Retrieved September 11, 2018.
4. "James P. Allison – Facts – 2018". NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB. October 1, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
5. "James Allison". Cancer Research Institute. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
6. Blair, Jenny (May 2, 2014). "Raising the Tail". The Alcalde. Texas Exes. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
7. "2014 Tang Prize in Biopharmaceutical Science". from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
8. Devlin, Hannah (October 1, 2018). "James P Allison and Tasuku Honjo win Nobel prize for medicine". the Guardian. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
9. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VD62-RT3^{[bare URL]}
10. Cavallo, Jo (September 15, 2014). "Immunotherapy Research of James P. Allison, PhD, Has Led to a Paradigm Shift in the Treatment of Cancer - The ASCO Post". www.ascopost.com. ASCO Post. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
11. Lopez, Monica (October 1, 2018). "Alice native Dr. James Allison awarded 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine". Corpus Christi Caller Times.
12. Barton, Jackson (October 2, 2018). . The Daily Texan. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
13. Allison, James Patrick (1973). Studies on bacterial asparaginases: I. Isolation and characterization of a tumor inhibitory asparaginase from Alcaligenes Eutrophus. II. Insolubilization of L-Asparaginase by covalent attachment to nylon tubing (Ph.D.). The University of Texas at Austin. OCLC 43380316 – via ProQuest.
14. "James P. Allison, Ph.D. - Immunology - Faculty - MD Anderson Cancer Center". faculty.mdanderson.org. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
15. "Meet the Carousing Texan Who Just Won a Nobel Prize". WIRED. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
16. "James P. Allison PH.D." Candel Therapeutics. April 13, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
17. "Jim Allison".
18. Allison, JP; McIntyre, BW; Bloch, D (November 1982). "Tumor-specific antigen of murine T-lymphoma defined with monoclonal antibody". Journal of Immunology. 129 (5): 2293–300. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.129.5.2293. PMID 6181166. S2CID 13249566.
19. Leach, D. R.; Krummel, M. F.; Allison, J. P. (March 22, 1996). "Enhancement of Antitumor Immunity by CTLA-4 Blockade". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 271 (5256): 1734–1736. Bibcode:1996Sci...271.1734L. doi:10.1126/science.271.5256.1734. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 8596936. S2CID 7215817.
20. "UC Berkeley Cancer Research Lab » The Story of Yervoy (Ipilimumab)". crl.berkeley.edu. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
21. Dreifus, Claudia (February 3, 2020). "The Contrarian Who Cures Cancers". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
22. . Memorial Sloan - Kettering Cancer Center. Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
23. Meho, Lokman I. (2020). "Highly prestigious international academic awards and their impact on university rankings". Quantitative Science Studies: 1–25. doi:10.1162/qss_a_00045. S2CID 218488355.
24. "Past winners". brandeis.edu. Brandeis University. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
25. "Past Recipients". The American Association of Immunologists. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
26. Ackerman, Todd (April 4, 2014). "The scientist who just might cure cancer". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
27. "Horwitz Prize Awarded for Work on Therapy That Uses the Immune System to Destroy Cancer Cells". Cumc.columbia.edu. October 2, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
28. "2014 Massry Prize recipients noted for work in immunotherapy". hscnews dated August 19, 2014. August 19, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
29. Harvey Prize 2014 July 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
30. "Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter prize for pioneer work in cancer immunotherapy". eurekalert date March 15, 2015. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
31. "Wolf Prize to be awarded to eight laureates from US, UK and Switzerland". Jpost.com. January 3, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
32. "James Allison". warrenalpert.org. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
33. . www.balzan.org. Archived from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
34. "King Faisal International Prize 2018". Kfip.org. April 1, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
35. "Trailblazing Researchers in Immunotherapy Selected to Receive America's Most Distinguished Prize in Medicine". Amc.edu. August 15, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
36. "Discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation" (PDF). The Nobel Assembly. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
37. Hannah, Devlin (October 2018). "James P Allison and Tasuku Honjo win Nobel prize for medicine". The Guardian. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
38. "All Nobel Prizes". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
39. "Jim Allison: Breakthrough".
40. "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
41. Ackerman, Todd (December 30, 2015). "For pioneering immunotherapy researcher, the work is far from over". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 4, 2016.

External links

• James Allison's Academic Home Page at MD Anderson Cancer Center
• Howard Hughes Medical Institute Biography
• James P. Allison publications indexed by Google Scholar
• Nobel Prize including the Nobel Lecture December 7, 2018 Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Therapy: New insights, opportunities, and prospects for cures
• MD Anderson Cancer Center Publication
• Independent Lens documentary "Jim Allison: Breakthrough"