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Serbs

March 11, 2023

Not to be confused with Serbians or Sorbs.
This article is about the ethnic group known as the Serbs and their descendants worldwide. For information on the population of Serbia, see Demographics of Serbia.

The Serbs (Serbian Cyrillic: Срби, romanized: Srbi, pronounced [sr̩̂bi]) are the most numerous South Slavic ethnic group[29][30][31][32] native to the Balkans in Southeastern Europe, who share a common Serbian ancestry, culture, history, and language.

Serbs
Срби
Srbi
Total population
c. 10 million*
Regions with significant populations
 Serbia (excl. Kosovo) 5,988,150 (2011)
B&H RS 1,086,733 (2013)[1]
Southeast Europe
 Croatia123,892 (2021)[2]
 Montenegro**178,110 (2011)[3]
 Kosovo[a]95,962 (2016 est.)[4]
 Slovenia38,964 (2002)[5]
 North Macedonia35,939 (2002)[6]
 Romania18,076 (2011)[7]
Rest of Europe
 Germanyc. 313,198 (people with full or partial ancestry)[8][9]
 Austriac. 300,000 (people with full or partial ancestry)[10]
 Francec. 200,000 (2022 est.)[11][12]
 Switzerlandc. 150,000 (2000 est.)[13]
 Swedenc. 110–120,000 (est.)
 United Kingdomc. 70,000 (2001 est.)[14]
 Italy46,958[15]
 Norwayc. 15,000 (est.)[16]
 Hungary11,127 (2016)[17]
 Slovakia1,876 (2021)[18][19]
North America
 United States199,080 (2012)[20]
 Canada96,530 (2016)[21]
Rest of the world
 Australia69,544 (2011)[22]
 South Africac. 20,000 (est.)[23]
 UAEc. 15,000 (est.)[24]
 Argentina30,000 (ancestry)[25]
 Brazil21,000[26]
Languages
Serbian
Religion
Predominantly Eastern Orthodoxy
(Serbian Orthodox Church)[27]
Sunni Islam, Protestant and Catholic minorities
Related ethnic groups
Other South Slavs, especially Bosniaks, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Shtokavian speakers in Croatia and Torlak speakers in Bulgaria
* The total figure is merely an estimation; sum of all the referenced populations.
**Some 265,895 (or 42.88% of Montenegro's total population) declared Serbian language as their mother tongue.[28]

The majority of Serbs live in their nation state of Serbia, as well as in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Kosovo.[a][33][34] They also form significant minorities in Slovenia. There is a large Serb diaspora in Western Europe, and outside Europe and there are significant communities in North America and Australia.

The Serbs share many cultural traits with the rest of the peoples of Southeast Europe. They are predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christians by religion. The Serbian language (a standardized version of Serbo-Croatian) is official in Serbia, co-official in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is spoken by the plurality in Montenegro.

Ethnology

See also: Names of the Serbs and Serbia

The identity of Serbs is rooted in Eastern Orthodoxy and traditions. In the 19th century, the Serbian national identity was manifested,[35] with awareness of history and tradition, medieval heritage, cultural unity, despite living under different empires.[citation needed] Three elements, together with the legacy of the Nemanjić dynasty, were crucial in forging identity and preservation during foreign domination: the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Serbian language, and the Kosovo Myth.[36] When the Principality of Serbia gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, Orthodoxy became crucial in defining the national identity, instead of language which was shared by other South Slavs (Croats and Bosniaks).[37] The tradition of slava, the family saint feast day, is an important ethnic marker of Serb identity,[38] and is usually regarded their most significant and most solemn feast day.[39]

The origin of the ethnonym is unclear. The most prominent theory considers it of Proto-Slavic origin. Hanna Popowska-Taborska [bg; pl] argued native Slavic provenance of the ethnonym,[40] claiming that the theory advances a conclusion that the ethnonym has a meaning of a family kinship or alliance, which was also argued by a number of other scholars.[41]

Genetic origins

Main article: Genetic studies on Serbs
 
Genetic structure of Serbians within European context, according to three genetic systems.

According to a triple analysis – autosomal, mitochondrial and paternal — of available data from large-scale studies on Balto-Slavs and their proximal populations, the whole genome SNP data situates Serbs with Montenegrins in between two Balkan clusters.[42] Y-DNA results show that haplogroups I2a and R1a together stand for the majority of the makeup, with more than 53 percent.[43][44] The aforementioned Serbian Y-chromosomes belong to lineages believed to be pre-Neolithic. Such significant levels are possibly the result of Neolithic migrations encroaching on Paleolithic populations against the Adriatic Sea.[45]

According to several recent studies Serbia's people are among the tallest in the world,[46] with an average male height of 1.82 metres (6 ft 0 in).[47][48]

History

Main articles: History of the Serbs and History of Serbia

Arrival of the Slavs

Main articles: White Serbs and White Serbia

Early Slavs, especially Sclaveni and Antae, including the White Serbs, invaded and settled Southeastern Europe in the 6th and 7th century.[49] Up until the late 560s their activity was raiding, crossing from the Danube, though with limited Slavic settlement mainly through Byzantine foederati colonies.[50] The Danube and Sava frontier was overwhelmed by large-scale Slavic settlement in the late 6th and early 7th century.[51] What is today central Serbia was an important geo-strategical province, through which the Via Militaris crossed.[52] This area was frequently intruded by barbarians in the 5th and 6th centuries.[52] The numerous Slavs mixed with and assimilated the descendants of the indigenous population (Illyrians, Thracians, Dacians, Romans, Celts).[53] White Serbs from White Serbia came to an area near Thessaloniki and then they settled area between Dinaric Alps and Adriatic coast.[54] The region of "Rascia" (Raška) was the center of Serb settlement and Serb tribes also occupied parts of modern-day Herzegovina and Montenegro.[55] Prior to their arrival to the Balkans, Serbs were predominantly involved in agriculture, which is why they settled in areas which were cultivated even during Roman times.[56]

Middle Ages

 
Prince of Triballians and Serbs Mihailo Vojislavljević
 
Nemanjić dynasty members, the most important dynasty of Serbia in the Middle Ages
Main article: Serbia in the Middle Ages

The first Serb states, Raška and Duklja (825–1120), were formed chiefly under the Vlastimirović and Vojislavljević dynasties respectively.[57][58] The other Serb-inhabited lands, or principalities, that were mentioned included the "countries" of Paganija, Zahumlje, Travunija.[59][60] With the decline of the Serbian state of Duklja in the late 11th century, Raška separated from it and replaced it as the most powerful Serbian state.[61] Prince Stefan Nemanja (r. 1169–96) conquered the neighbouring territories of Kosovo, Duklja and Zachlumia. The Nemanjić dynasty ruled over Serbia until the 14th century. Nemanja's older son, Stefan Nemanjić, became Serbia's first recognized king, while his younger son, Rastko, founded the Serbian Orthodox Church in the year 1219, and became known as Saint Sava after his death.[62] Parts of modern-day Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and central Serbia would come under the control of Nemanjić.[63]

Over the next 140 years, Serbia expanded its borders, from numerous smaller principalities, reaching to a unified Serbian Empire. Its cultural model remained Byzantine, despite political ambitions directed against the empire. The medieval power and influence of Serbia culminated in the reign of Stefan Dušan, who ruled the state from 1331 until his death in 1355. Ruling as Emperor from 1346, his territory included Macedonia, northern Greece, Montenegro, and almost all of modern Albania.[64] When Dušan died, his son Stephen Uroš V became Emperor.[65]

With Turkish invaders beginning their conquest of the Balkans in the 1350s, a major conflict ensued between them and the Serbs, the first major battle was the Battle of Maritsa (1371),[65] in which the Serbs were defeated.[66] With the death of two important Serb leaders in the battle, and with the death of Stephen Uroš that same year, the Serbian Empire broke up into several small Serbian domains.[65] These states were ruled by feudal lords, with Zeta controlled by the Balšić family, Raška, Kosovo and northern Macedonia held by the Branković family and Lazar Hrebeljanović holding today's Central Serbia and a portion of Kosovo.[66] Hrebeljanović was subsequently accepted as the titular leader of the Serbs because he was married to a member of the Nemanjić dynasty.[65] In 1389, the Serbs faced the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo on the plain of Kosovo Polje, near the town of Priština.[66] Both Lazar and Sultan Murad I were killed in the fighting.[66] The battle most likely ended in a stalemate, and afterwards Serbia enjoyed a short period of prosperity under despot Stefan Lazarević and resisted falling to the Turks until 1459.[66]

Early modern period

Main article: Serbia in the Early Modern Period

The Serbs had taken an active part in the wars fought in the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire, and also organized uprisings;[67][68] because of this, they suffered persecution and their territories were devastated – major migrations from Serbia into Habsburg territory ensued.[69] After allied Christian forces had captured Buda from the Ottoman Empire in 1686 during the Great Turkish War, Serbs from Pannonian Plain (present-day Hungary, Slavonia region in present-day Croatia, Bačka and Banat regions in present-day Serbia) joined the troops of the Habsburg monarchy as separate units known as Serbian Militia.[70] Serbs, as volunteers, massively joined the Austrian side.[71]

 
Migration of the Serbs (1896), a painting by Paja Jovanović, depicting the Great Serb Migrations led by Patriarch Arsenije III Crnojević, 17th century.

Many Serbs were recruited during the devshirme system, a form of slavery in the Ottoman Empire, in which boys from Balkan Christian families were forcibly converted to Islam and trained for infantry units of the Ottoman army known as the Janissaries.[72][73][74][75] A number of Serbs who converted to Islam occupied high-ranking positions within the Ottoman Empire, such as Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha and Minister of War field marshal Omar Pasha Latas.

In 1688, the Habsburg army took Belgrade and entered the territory of present-day Central Serbia. Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden called Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević to raise arms against the Turks; the Patriarch accepted and returned to the liberated Peć. As Serbia fell under Habsburg control, Leopold I granted Arsenije nobility and the title of duke. In early November, Arsenije III met with Habsburg commander-in-chief, General Enea Silvio Piccolomini in Prizren; after this talk he sent a note to all Serb bishops to come to him and collaborate only with Habsburg forces.

A Great Migration of the Serbs (1690) to Habsburg lands was undertaken by Patriarch Arsenije III.[76] The large community of Serbs concentrated in Banat, southern Hungary and the Military Frontier included merchants and craftsmen in the cities, but mainly refugees that were peasants.[76] Smaller groups of Serbs also migrated to the Russian Empire, where they occupied high positions in the military circles.[77][78][79]

The Serbian Revolution for independence from the Ottoman Empire lasted eleven years, from 1804 until 1815.[80] The revolution comprised two separate uprisings which gained autonomy from the Ottoman Empire that eventually evolved towards full independence (1835–1867).[81][82] During the First Serbian Uprising, led by Duke Karađorđe Petrović, Serbia was independent for almost a decade before the Ottoman army was able to reoccupy the country. Shortly after this, the Second Serbian Uprising began. Led by Miloš Obrenović, it ended in 1815 with a compromise between Serbian revolutionaries and Ottoman authorities.[83] Likewise, Serbia was one of the first nations in the Balkans to abolish feudalism.[84] Serbs are among the first ethnic groups in Europe to form a nation and a clear sense of national identity.[85]

Modern period

Main articles: Serbian revolution, Kingdom of Serbia, Serbian campaign, and Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

In the early 1830s, Serbia gained autonomy and its borders were recognized, with Miloš Obrenović being recognized as its ruler. Serbia is the fourth modern-day European country, after France, Austria and the Netherlands, to have a codified legal system, as of 1844.[86] The last Ottoman troops withdrew from Serbia in 1867, although Serbia's and Montenegro's independence was not recognized internationally until the Congress of Berlin in 1878.[69]

 
Gavrilo Princip, who assassinated Franz Ferdinand, which triggered the start of World War I.

Serbia fought in the Balkan Wars of 1912–13, which forced the Ottomans out of the Balkans and doubled the territory and population of the Kingdom of Serbia. In 1914, a young Bosnian Serb student named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, which directly contributed to the outbreak of World War I.[87] In the fighting that ensued, Serbia was invaded by Austria-Hungary. Despite being outnumbered, the Serbs defeated the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Cer, which marked the first Allied victory over the Central Powers in the war.[88] Further victories at the battles of Kolubara and the Drina meant that Serbia remained unconquered as the war entered its second year. However, an invasion by the forces of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria overwhelmed the Serbs in the winter of 1915, and a subsequent withdrawal by the Serbian Army through Albania took the lives of more than 240,000 Serbs. Serb forces spent the remaining years of the war fighting on the Salonika front in Greece, before liberating Serbia from Austro-Hungarian occupation in November 1918.[89] Serbia suffered the biggest casualty rate in World War I.[90]

Following the victory in WWI Serbs subsequently formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes with other South Slavic peoples. The country was later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and was led from 1921 to 1934 by King Alexander I of the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty.[91] During World War II, Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers in April 1941. The country was subsequently divided into many pieces, with Serbia being directly occupied by the Germans.[92] Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) were targeted for extermination as part of genocide by the Croatian ultra-nationalist, fascist Ustaše.[93][94][95][96] The Ustaše view of national and racial identity, as well as the theory of Serbs as an inferior race, was under the influence of Croatian nationalists and intellectuals from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.[97][98][99] Jasenovac camp was notorious for the barbaric practices which occurred in it.[94] Sisak and Jastrebarsko concentration camp were specially formed for children.[100][101][102] Serbs in the NDH suffered among the highest casualty rates in Europe during the World War II, while the NDH was one of the most lethal regimes in the 20th century.[103][104][105] Diana Budisavljević, a humanitarian of Austrian descent, carried out rescue operations from Ustaše camps and saved more than 15,000 children, mostly Serbs.[106][107]

 
Stone Flower, a monument dedicated to the victims of Jasenovac death camp, which was part of the Genocide of Serbs committed by Ustaše

More than half a million Serbs were killed in the territory of Yugoslavia during World War II. Serbs in occupied Yugoslavia subsequently formed a resistance movement known as the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland, or the Chetniks. The Chetniks had the official support of the Allies until 1943, when Allied support shifted to the Communist Yugoslav Partisans, a multi-ethnic force, formed in 1941, which also had a large majority of Serbs in its ranks in the first two years of war. Over the entirety of the war, the ethnic composition of the Partisans was 53 percent Serb.[108][109] During the entire course of the WWII in Yugoslavia, 64.1% of all Bosnian Partisans were Serbs.[110] Later, after the fall of Italy in September 1943, other ethnic groups joined Partisans in larger numbers.[92]

At the end of the war, the Partisans, led by Josip Broz Tito, emerged victorious. Yugoslavia subsequently became a Communist state. Tito died in 1980, and his death saw Yugoslavia plunge into economic turmoil.[111] Yugoslavia disintegrated in the early 1990s, and a series of wars resulted in the creation of five new states. The heaviest fighting occurred in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose Serb populations rebelled and declared independence. The war in Croatia ended in August 1995, with a Croatian military offensive known as Operation Storm put a stop to the Croatian Serb rebellion and causing as many as 200,000 Serbs to flee the country. The Bosnian War ended that same year, with the Dayton Agreement dividing the country along ethnic lines. In 1998–99, a conflict in Kosovo between the Yugoslav Army and Albanians seeking independence erupted into full-out war, resulting in a 78-day-long NATO bombing campaign which effectively drove Yugoslav security forces from Kosovo.[112] Subsequently, more than 200,000 Serbs and other non-Albanians fled the province.[113] On 5 October 2000, Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosević was overthrown in a bloodless revolt after he refused to admit defeat in the 2000 Yugoslav general election.[114]

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Serbia, Serbs in Vojvodina, Serbs in Kosovo, Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbs of Montenegro, Serbs of Croatia, Serbs in North Macedonia, Serbs in Slovenia, and Serbs in diaspora
 
Serbs in the former Yugoslavia, during the Yugoslav wars[image reference needed]

Modern demographic distribution of ethnic Serbs throughout homeland and native regions, as well as in Serbian ethnic diaspora, represents an outcome of several historical and demographic processes, shaped both by economic migrations and forced displacements during the recent Yugoslav Wars (1991–1999).

Balkans

There are nearly 8 million Serbs living in their native homelands, within the geographical borders of former Yugoslavia. In Serbia itself, around 6 million people identify themselves as ethnic Serbs, and constitute about 83% of the population. More than a million live in Bosnia and Herzegovina (predominantly in the Republika Srpska), where they are one of the three constituent ethnic groups. Serbs in Croatia, Montenegro and North Macedonia also have recognized collective rights, and number some 186,000, 178,000 and 39,000 people, respectively, while another estimated 96,000 live in the disputed area of Kosovo.[4] Smaller minorities exist in Slovenia, some 36,000 people, respectively.

Outside of the former Yugoslavia, but within their historical and migratory areal, Serbs are officially recognized as national minority in Albania,[115] Romania (18,000), Hungary (7,000), as well as in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Diaspora

Main article: Serbs in diaspora
 
Charles Simic, U.S. poet laureate and Pulitzer prize winnner
 
Steve Tesich, dramatist and Academy award-winning screenwriter

There are over 2 million Serbs in diaspora throughout the world; some sources put that figure as high as 4 million.[116] There is a large diaspora in Western Europe, particularly in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy, Sweden and United Kingdom. Outside Europe, there are significant Serb communities in the United States, Canada, Australia, South America and Southern Africa. The existence of a large diaspora is mainly a consequence of either economic or political (coercion or expulsions) reasons. There were several waves of Serb emigration:

  • The first wave took place since the end of the 19th century and lasted until World War II and was caused by economic reasons; particularly large numbers of Serbs (mainly from peripheral ethnic areas such as Herzegovina, Montenegro, Dalmatia, and Lika) emigrated to the United States.
  • The second wave took place after the end of World War II. At this time, members of royalist Chetniks and other political opponents of communist regime fled the country mainly going overseas (United States and Australia) and, to a lesser degree, United Kingdom.
  • The third wave, by far the largest, consisted of economic emigration beginning in the 1960s when several Western European countries signed bilateral agreements with Yugoslavia, allowing the recruitment of industrial workers to those countries; this lasted until the end of the 1980s. The major destinations for migrants were West Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, and to a lesser extent France and Sweden. That generation of diaspora is collectively known as gastarbajteri, after German gastarbeiter ("guest-worker"), since most of the emigrants headed for German-speaking countries. These migrations left some parts of Serbia sparsely populated.[117]
  • Later emigration took place during the 1990s, and was caused by both political and economic reasons. The Yugoslav wars caused many Serbs from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to leave their countries in the first half of the 1990s. The economic sanctions imposed on Serbia caused an economic collapse with an estimated 300,000 people leaving Serbia during that period, 20% of which had a higher education.[118][119]

Language

Main article: Serbian language

Serbs speak Serbian, a member of the South Slavic group of languages, specifically the Southwestern group. Standard Serbian is a standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian, and therefore mutually intelligible with Standard Croatian, Standard Montenegrin, and Standard Bosnian (see Differences in standard Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian), which are all based on the Shtokavian dialect.[120]

 
Vuk Karadžić, reformer of modern Serbian, which is the only European language whose speakers are fully digraphic,[121] using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets.

Serbian is an official language in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina and is a recognized minority language in Montenegro (although spoken by a plurality of population), Croatia, North Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia. Older forms of literary Serbian are Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension, which is still used for ecclesiastical purposes, and Slavonic-Serbian—a mixture of Serbian, Church Slavonic and Russian used from the mid-18th century to the first decades of the 19th century.

Serbian has active digraphia, using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets.[122] Serbian Cyrillic was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić, who created the alphabet on phonemic principles.[123] Serbian Latin was created by Ljudevit Gaj and published in 1830. His alphabet mapped completely on Serbian Cyrillic which had been standardized by Vuk Karadžić a few years before.[124]

Loanwords in the Serbian language besides common internationalisms are mostly from Greek,[125] German[126] and Italian,[127] while words of Hungarian origin are present mostly in the north. There are some Turkish loanwords used (but mostly in rural areas) and they are mostly related to food. A considerable number of those words are actually Persian in origin but entered Serbian through Ottomans and are therefore considered Turkisms.[128] There is considerable usage of French words as well, especially in military related terms.[126] One Serbian word that is used in many of the world's languages is "vampire" (vampir).[129][130][131][132]

Culture

Main article: Serbian culture
 
The national instrument gusle placed on Pirot carpet

Literature, icon painting, music, dance and medieval architecture are the artistic forms for which Serbia is best known. Traditional Serbian visual art (specifically frescoes, and to some extent icons), as well as ecclesiastical architecture, are highly reflective of Byzantine traditions, with some Mediterranean and Western influence.[133]

Many Serbian monuments and works of art have been lost forever due to various wars and peacetime marginalizations.[134]

In modern times (since the 19th century) Serbs also have a noteworthy classical music and works of philosophy.[135] Notable philosophers include Svetozar Marković, Branislav Petronijević, Ksenija Atanasijević, Radomir Konstantinović, Nikola Milošević, Mihailo Marković, Justin Popović and Mihailo Đurić.[136]

Art, music, theatre, and cinema

Main articles: Serbian art, Music of Serbia, and Cinema of Serbia
See also: Architecture of Serbia

During the 12th and 13th centuries, many icons, wall paintings and manuscript miniatures came into existence, as many Serbian Orthodox monasteries and churches such as Hilandar, Žiča, Studenica, Sopoćani, Mileševa, Gračanica and Visoki Dečani were built.[137] The architecture of some of these monasteries is world-famous.[62] Prominent architectural styles in the Middle Ages were Raška architectural school, Morava architectural school and Serbo-Byzantin architectural style. During the same period UNESCO protected Stećak monumental medieval tombstones were built. The Independence of Serbia in the 19th century was soon followed with Serbo-Byzantine Revival in architecture.

Baroque and rococo trends in Serbian art emerged in the 18th century and are mostly represented in icon painting and portraits.[138] Most of the Baroque authors were from the territory of Austrian Empire, such as Nikola Nešković, Teodor Kračun, Teodor Ilić Češljar, Zaharije Orfelin and Jakov Orfelin.[139][140] Serbian painting showed the influence of Biedermeier and Neoclassicism as seen in works by Konstantin Danil[141] and Pavel Đurković.[142] Many painters followed the artistic trends set in the 19th century Romanticism, notably Đura Jakšić, Stevan Todorović, Katarina Ivanović and Novak Radonić.[143][144] Since the mid-1800s, Serbia has produced a number of famous painters who are representative of general European artistic trends.[137] One of the most prominent of these was Paja Jovanović, who painted massive canvases on historical themes such as the Migration of the Serbs (1896). Painter Uroš Predić was also prominent in the field of Serbian art, painting the Kosovo Maiden and Happy Brothers. While Jovanović and Predić were both realist painters, artist Nadežda Petrović was an impressionist and fauvist and Sava Šumanović was an accomplished Cubist. Painters Petar Lubarda, Vladimir Veličković and Ljubomir Popović were famous for their surrealism.[145] Marina Abramović is a world-renowned performance artist, writer, and art filmmaker.[146]

Traditional Serbian music includes various kinds of bagpipes, flutes, horns, trumpets, lutes, psalteries, drums and cymbals.[147] The kolo is the traditional collective folk dance, which has a number of varieties throughout the regions. The first Serbian composers started working in the 14th and 15th century, like Kir Stefan the Serb.[148] Composer and musicologist Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac is considered one of the most important founders of modern Serbian music.[149][150] Other noted classical composers include Kornelije Stanković, Stanislav Binički, Petar Konjović, Miloje Milojević, Stevan Hristić, Josif Marinković, Luigi von Kunits, Ljubica Marić[151] and Vasilije Mokranjac.[152] Well-known musicians include Zdravko Čolić, Arsen Dedić, Predrag Gojković-Cune, Toma Zdravković, Milan Mladenović, Radomir Mihailović Točak, Bora Đorđević, Momčilo Bajagić Bajaga, Đorđe Balašević, Ceca and others.

Serbia has produced many talented filmmakers, the most famous of whom are Slavko Vorkapić, Dušan Makavejev,[153] Živojin Pavlović, Slobodan Šijan, Goran Marković, Goran Paskaljević, Emir Kusturica, Želimir Žilnik, Srđan Dragojević,[154] Srdan Golubović and Mila Turajlić. Žilnik and Stefan Arsenijević won the Golden Bear award at Berlinale, while Mila Turajlić won the main award at IDFA. Kusturica became world-renowned after winning the Palme d'Or twice at the Cannes Film Festival, numerous other prizes, and is a UNICEF National Ambassador for Serbia.[155] Several Americans of Serb origin have been featured prominently in Hollywood. The most notable of these are Academy Award winners Karl Malden,[156][157] Steve Tesich, Peter Bogdanovich, Tony-winning theatre director Darko Tresnjak, Emmy-winning director Marina Zenovich and actors Iván Petrovich, Brad Dexter, Lolita Davidovich, Milla Jovovich and Stana Katic.

Orfelin
(1726–1785) 		Mokranjac
(1856–1914) 		Jovanović
(1859–1957) 		Petrović
(1873–1915) 		Malden
(1912–2009) 		Bakić
(1915–1992) 		Kusturica
(1954)
             

Literature

Main article: Serbian literature
See also: Serbian epic poetry and Serbian comics

Most literature written by early Serbs was about religious themes. The founders of the Serbian Orthodox Church wrote various gospels, psalters, menologies, hagiographies, along with essays and sermons.[158] At the end of the 12th century, two of the most important pieces of Serbian medieval literature were created– the Miroslav Gospels and the Vukan Gospels, which combined handwritten Biblical texts with painted initials and small pictures.[62] The Crnojević printing house was the first printing house in Southeastern Europe and is considered an important part of Serbian cultural history.[159]

Notable Baroque-influenced authors were Andrija Zmajević, Gavril Stefanović Venclović, Jovan Rajić, Zaharije Orfelin and others. Dositej Obradović was the most prominent figure of the Age of Enlightenment, while the most notable Classicist writer was Jovan Sterija Popović, although his works also contained elements of Romanticism. Modern Serbian literature began with Vuk Karadžić's collections of folk songs in the 19th century, and the writings of Njegoš and Branko Radičević. The first prominent representative of Serbian literature in the 20th century was Jovan Skerlić, who wrote in pre–World War I Belgrade and helped introduce Serbian writers to literary modernism. The most important Serbian writer in the inter-war period was Miloš Crnjanski.[160]

The first Serb authors who appeared after World War II were Mihailo Lalić and Dobrica Ćosić.[161] Other notable post-war Yugoslav authors such as Ivo Andrić and Meša Selimović were assimilated to Serbian culture, and both identified as Serbs.[160] Andrić went on to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1961.[161] Danilo Kiš, another popular Serbian writer, was known for writing A Tomb for Boris Davidovich, as well as several acclaimed novels.[162] Amongst contemporary Serbian writers, Milorad Pavić stands out as being the most critically acclaimed, with his novels Dictionary of the Khazars, Landscape Painted with Tea and The Inner Side of the Wind bringing him international recognition. Highly revered in Europe and in South America, Pavić is considered one of the most intriguing writers from the beginning of the 21st century.[163] Charles Simic is a notable contemporary Serbian-American poet, former United States Poet Laureate and a Pulitzer Prize winner.[164] Contemporary writer Zoran Živković authored more than 20 prose books and is best-known for his SF works which have been published in 23 countries.[165][166]

Obradović
(1739–1811) 		Popović
(1806–1856) 		Petrović-Njegoš
(1813–1851) 		Andrić
(1892–1975) 		Crnjanski
(1893–1977) 		Maksimović
(1898–1993) 		Pekić
(1930–1992)
             

Education and science

See also: List of Serbian inventions and discoveries

Many Serbs have contributed to the field of science and technology. There are more Serbian scientists and scholars working abroad than in the Balkans. At least 7000 Serbs who have a PhD are working abroad.[167]

Serbian American scientist, inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer and electrical engineer Nikola Tesla is regarded as one of the most important inventors in history. He is renowned for his contributions to the discipline of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th century. Seven Serbian American engineers and scientists known as Serbo 7[168] took part in construction of the Apollo spaceship.[169] Physicist and physical chemist Mihajlo Pupin is best known for his landmark theory of modern electrical filters as well as for his numerous patents, while Milutin Milanković is best known for his theory of long-term climate change caused by changes in the position of the Earth in comparison to the Sun, now known as Milankovitch cycles.[170] Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic is a Serbian American biomedical engineer focusing on engineering human tissues for regenerative medicine, stem cell research and modeling of disease. She is one of the most highly cited scientists of all times.[171]

Notable Serb mathematicians include Mihailo Petrović, Jovan Karamata and Đuro Kurepa. Mihailo Petrović is known for having contributed significantly to differential equations and phenomenology, as well as inventing one of the first prototypes of an analog computer. Roger Joseph Boscovich was a Ragusan physicist, astronomer, mathematician and polymath of paternal Serbian origin[172][173][174][175] (although there are competing claims for Bošković's nationality) who produced a precursor of atomic theory and made many contributions to astronomy and also discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon. Jovan Cvijić founded modern geography in Serbia and made pioneering research on the geography of the Balkan Peninsula, Dinaric race and karst. Josif Pančić made contributions to botany and discovered a number of new floral species including the Serbian spruce.[176] Biologist and physiologist Ivan Đaja performed research in the role of the adrenal glands in thermoregulation, as well as pioneering work in hypothermia.[177][178]Valtazar Bogišić is considered to be a pioneer in the sociology of law and sociological jurisprudence.

Novaković
(1842–1915) 		Tesla
(1856–1943) 		Pupin
(1858–1935) 		Cvijić
(1865–1927) 		Petrović
(1868–1943) 		Milanković
(1879–1958) 		Kurepa
(1907–1993)
             

Names

Main article: Serbian naming customs
 
Many Serb names/surnames are derived from the word wolf, which is the national animal and an important part of the national mythology.[179][180]

There are several different layers of Serbian names. Serbian given names largely originate from Slavic roots: e.g., Vuk, Bojan, Goran, Zoran, Dragan, Milan, Miroslav, Vladimir, Slobodan, Dušan, Milica, Nevena, Vesna, Radmila. Other names are of Christian origin, originating from the bible (Hebrew, through Greek), such as Lazar, Mihailo, Ivan, Jovan, Ilija, Marija, Ana, Ivana. Along similar lines of non-Slavic Christian names are Greek ones such as: Stefan, Nikola, Aleksandar, Filip, Đorđe, Andrej, Jelena, Katarina, Vasilije, Todor, while those of Latin origin include: Marko, Antonije, Srđan, Marina, Petar, Pavle, Natalija, Igor (through Russian).

Most Serbian surnames are paternal, maternal, occupational or derived from personal traits. It is estimated that over two thirds of all Serbian surnames have the suffix -ić (-ић) ([itɕ]), a Slavic diminutive, originally functioning to create patronymics. Thus the surname Petrović means the "son of Petar" (from a male progenitor, the root is extended with possessive -ov or -ev). Due to limited use of international typewriters and unicode computer encoding, the suffix may be simplified to -ic, historically transcribed with a phonetic ending, -ich or -itch in foreign languages. Other common surname suffixes found among Serbian surnames are -ov, -ev, -in and -ski (without -ić) which is the Slavic possessive case suffix, thus Nikola's son becomes Nikolin, Petar's son Petrov, and Jovan's son Jovanov. Other, less common suffices are -alj/olj/elj, -ija, -ica, -ar/ac/an. The ten most common surnames in Serbia, in order, are Jovanović, Petrović, Nikolić, Marković, Đorđević, Stojanović, Ilić, Stanković, Pavlović and Milošević.[181]

Religion

Main article: Serbian Orthodox Church
 
 
Left: Patriarchal Monastery of Peć in Metohija, the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church from the 14th century and a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Right: Church of Saint Sava, one of the largest Orthodox churches in the world

Serbs are predominantly Orthodox Christians. The autocephaly of the Serbian Orthodox Church, was established in 1219, as an Archbishopric, and raised to the Patriarchate in 1346.[182] It is led by the Serbian Patriarch, and consists of three archbishoprics, six metropolitanates and thirty-one eparchies, having around 10 million adherents. Followers of the church form the largest religious group in Serbia and Montenegro, and the second-largest in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. The church has an archbishopric in North Macedonia and dioceses in Western Europe, North America, South America[183] and Australia.[184]

The identity of ethnic Serbs was historically largely based on Orthodox Christianity and on the Serbian Church in particular. The conversion of the South Slavs from paganism to Christianity took place before the Great Schism. During the time of the Great Schism, Serbian rulers including Mihailo Vojislavljević and Stefan Nemanja were Catholics, with the former being a vassal of the Papal States. In 1217, the Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja II was crowned by Pope Honorius III of the Catholic Church. However in 1219, Nemanja II was crowned once again by the newly independent Serbian Orthodox Church. This shift solidified the Christian Orthodox religion in Serbia.[185]

With the arrival of the Ottoman Empire, some Serbs converted to Islam. This was particularly, but not wholly, the case in Bosnia.[186] Since the second half of the 19th century, a small number of Serbs converted to Protestantism,[187] while historically some Serbs were Catholics (especially in Bay of Kotor[188] and Dalmatia; e.g. Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik).[189] In a personal correspondence with author and critic dr. Milan Šević in 1932, Marko Murat complained that Orthodox Serbs are not acknowledging the Catholic Serb community on the basis of their faith.[190] The remainder of Serbs remain predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christians.

Symbols

See also: National symbols of Serbia
 
Serb rebels showing the Three-finger salute and Serbian national colours, which are in use since 1835

Among the most notable national and ethnic symbols are the flag of Serbia and the coat of arms of Serbia. The flag consists of a red-blue-white tricolour, rooted in Pan-Slavism, and has been used since the 19th century. Apart from being the national flag, it is also used officially in Republika Srpska (by Bosnian Serbs) and as the official ethnic Flag of Serbs of Croatia. The coat of arms, which includes both the Serbian eagle and Serbian cross, has also been officially used since the 19th century, its elements dating back to the Middle Ages, showing Byzantine and Christian heritage. These symbols are used by various Serb organisations, political parties and institutions. The Three-finger salute, also called the "Serb salute", is a popular expression for ethnic Serbs and Serbia, originally expressing Serbian Orthodoxy and today simply being a symbol for ethnic Serbs and the Serbian nation, made by extending the thumb, index, and middle fingers of one or both hands.

Traditions and customs

Main articles: Serb traditions and Serbian traditional clothing
 
Slava, a family feast in honor of its patron saint.

Traditional clothing varies due to diverse geography and climate of the territory inhabited by the Serbs. The traditional footwear, opanci, is worn throughout the Balkans.[191] The most common folk costume of Serbia is that of Šumadija, a region in central Serbia,[192] which includes the national hat, the Šajkača.[193][194] Older villagers still wear their traditional costumes.[192] The traditional dance is the circle dance, called kolo. Zmijanje embroidery is a specific technique of embroidery practised by the women of villages in area Zmijanje on mountain Manjača and as such is a part of the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Pirot carpet is a variety of flat tapestry woven rug traditionally produced in Pirot, a town in southeastern Serbia.

Slava is the family's annual ceremony and veneration of their patron saint, a social event in which the family is together at the house of the patriarch. The tradition is an important ethnic marker of Serb identity.[38] Serbs usually regard the Slava as their most significant and most solemn feast day.[39] Serbs have their own customs regarding Christmas, which includes the sacral tree, the badnjak, a young oak. On Orthodox Easter, Serbs have the tradition of Slavic Egg decorating. Čuvari Hristovog groba is a religious/cultural practice of guarding a representation of Christ's grave on Good Friday in the Church of St. Nicholas by the Serbian Orthodox inhabitants in the town of Vrlika.[195]

Cuisine

Main article: Serbian cuisine
 
A typical Serbian Christmas meal that includes roasted pork, Russian salad and red wine.

Serbian cuisine is largely heterogeneous, with heavy Oriental, Central European and Mediterranean influences.[196] Despite this, it has evolved and achieved its own culinary identity. Food is very important in Serbian social life, particularly during religious holidays such as Christmas, Easter and feast days, i.e., slava.[196] Staples of the Serbian diet include bread, meat, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. Traditionally, three meals are consumed per day. Breakfast generally consists of eggs, meat and bread. Lunch is considered the main meal, and is normally eaten in the afternoon. Traditionally, Domestic or turkish coffee is prepared after a meal, and is served in small cups.[196] Bread is the basis of all Serbian meals, and it plays an important role in Serbian cuisine and can be found in religious rituals. A traditional Serbian welcome is to offer bread and salt to guests,[197] and also slatko (fruit preserve). Meat is widely consumed, as is fish. Serbian specialties include kajmak (a dairy product similar to clotted cream), proja (cornbread), kačamak (corn-flour porridge), and gibanica (cheese and kajmak pie). Ćevapčići, caseless grilled and seasoned sausages made of minced meat, is the national dish of Serbia.[196]

Šljivovica (Slivovitz) is the national drink of Serbia in domestic production for centuries, and plum is the national fruit. The international name Slivovitz is derived from Serbian.[198] Plum and its products are of great importance to Serbs and part of numerous customs.[199] A Serbian meal usually starts or ends with plum products and Šljivovica is served as an aperitif.[199] A saying goes that the best place to build a house is where a plum tree grows best.[199] Traditionally, Šljivovica (commonly referred to as "rakija") is connected to Serbian culture as a drink used at all important rites of passage (birth, baptism, military service, marriage, death, etc.), and in the Serbian Orthodox patron saint celebration (slava).[199] It is used in numerous folk remedies, and is given certain degree of respect above all other alcoholic drinks. The fertile region of Šumadija in central Serbia is particularly known for its plums and Šljivovica.[200] Serbia is the largest exporter of Slivovitz in the world, and second largest plum producer in the world.[201][202] Winemaking tradition in modern-day Serbia dates back to the Roman times in the 3rd century, while Serbs have been involved in winemaking since the 8th century.[203][204]

Sport

Main article: Sport in Serbia

Serbs are known for their sporting achievements, and have produced a number of talented athletes.

The Hungarian citizen Momčilo Tapavica was the first Slav and Serb to win an Olympic medal, in the 1896 Summer Olympics.[205][206]

Over the years Serbia has been home to many internationally successful football players such as Dragan Džajić (officially recognized as "the best Serbian footballer of all times" by Football Association of Serbia; 1968 Ballon d'Or third place), Rajko Mitić, Dragoslav Šekularac and more recent likes of Dragan Stojković, Dejan Stanković, Nemanja Vidić (two-time Premier League Player of the Season and member of FIFPro World XI),[207] Branislav Ivanović (Serbia's most capped player) and Nemanja Matić. Radomir Antić is a notable football coach, best known for his work with the national team, Real Madrid C.F. and FC Barcelona. Serbia has developed a reputation as one of the world's biggest exporters of expat footballers.[208][209]

A total of 22 Serbian players have played in the NBA in the last two decades, including three-time NBA All-Star Predrag "Peja" Stojaković, NBA All-Star and both FIBA and NBA Hall of Fame inductee Vlade Divac,[210] and the 2020–21–2022 NBA Most Valuable Player Award winner Nikola Jokić.[211] Serbian players that made a great impact in Europe include four members of the FIBA Hall of Fame from the 1960s and 1970s – Dragan Kićanović, Dražen Dalipagić, Radivoj Korać, and Zoran Slavnić – as well as recent stars such as Dejan Bodiroga (2002 All-Europe Player of the Year), Aleksandar Đorđević (1994 and 1995 Mr. Europa), Miloš Teodosić (2009–10 Euroleague MVP), Nemanja Bjelica (2014–15 Euroleague MVP),[212] and Vasilije Micić (2020–21 Euroleague MVP).[213] The "Serbian coaching school" produced many of the most successful European coaches of all times, such as Željko Obradović (a record nine Euroleague titles), Božidar Maljković (four Euroleague titles), Aleksandar Nikolić (three Euroleague titles), Dušan Ivković (two Euroleague titles), and Svetislav Pešić (one Euroleague title).[214]

The most notable Serbian tennis player is Novak Djokovic. He is a twenty-one-time major champion, a four-time Laureus Sportsman of the Year,[215] and has been year-end World No. 1 on a record seven occasions.[216]Ana Ivanovic (champion of 2008 French Open) and Jelena Janković were both ranked No. 1 in the WTA rankings, while Nenad Zimonjić and Slobodan Živojinović were ranked No. 1 in doubles.[217][218][219]

Notable water polo players are Vladimir Vujasinović, Aleksandar Šapić, Vanja Udovičić, Andrija Prlainović and Filip Filipović.[220]

Other noted Serbian athletes, including Olympic and world champions and medalists, are: swimmer Milorad Čavić, volleyball player Nikola Grbić, handball player Svetlana Kitić,[221] long-jumper Ivana Španović, shooter Jasna Šekarić,[222] sprint canoer Marko Tomićević, judoka Nemanja Majdov[223] and taekwondoist Milica Mandić.[224]

A number of sportspeople of Serb origin represented other nations, such as tennis players Daniel Nestor, Jelena Dokic, Milos Raonic and Kristina Mladenovic, NHL player Milan Lucic, NBA All-star Pete Maravich, wrestler Jim Trifunov, sprint canoer Natasa Dusev-Janics, soccer player Miodrag Belodedici, artistic gymnast Lavinia Miloșovici, racquetball player Rhonda Rajsich and racing driver Bill Vukovich.[225]

Džajić
(1946) 		Šekarić
(1965) 		Grbić
(1973) 		Filipović
(1987) 		Djokovic
(1987) 		Španović
(1990) 		Jokić
(1995)
             

Historiography

See also: List of Slavic studies journals

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b The political status of Kosovo is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008, Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by 101 out of 193 (52.3%) UN member states (with another 13 recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition), while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own territory.

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serbs.
  • Byzantine Illiricum - The Slavs Settlement (History of Balkan, part 1, Official chanel)
  • Byzantine Dalmatian – The Arrival of Serbs (History of Balkan, part 1, Official chanel)
  • Project Rastko – Serbian cultural and historical research society (in Serbian)

March 11, 2023
serbs, confused, with, serbians, sorbs, this, article, about, ethnic, group, known, their, descendants, worldwide, information, population, serbia, demographics, serbia, serbian, cyrillic, Срби, romanized, srbi, pronounced, most, numerous, south, slavic, ethni. Not to be confused with Serbians or Sorbs This article is about the ethnic group known as the Serbs and their descendants worldwide For information on the population of Serbia see Demographics of Serbia The Serbs Serbian Cyrillic Srbi romanized Srbi pronounced sr bi are the most numerous South Slavic ethnic group 29 30 31 32 native to the Balkans in Southeastern Europe who share a common Serbian ancestry culture history and language SerbsSrbi SrbiTotal populationc 10 million Regions with significant populations Serbia excl Kosovo 5 988 150 2011 B amp H RS 1 086 733 2013 1 Southeast Europe Croatia123 892 2021 2 Montenegro 178 110 2011 3 Kosovo a 95 962 2016 est 4 Slovenia38 964 2002 5 North Macedonia35 939 2002 6 Romania18 076 2011 7 Rest of Europe Germanyc 313 198 people with full or partial ancestry 8 9 Austriac 300 000 people with full or partial ancestry 10 Francec 200 000 2022 est 11 12 Switzerlandc 150 000 2000 est 13 Swedenc 110 120 000 est United Kingdomc 70 000 2001 est 14 Italy46 958 15 Norwayc 15 000 est 16 Hungary11 127 2016 17 Slovakia1 876 2021 18 19 North America United States199 080 2012 20 Canada96 530 2016 21 Rest of the world Australia69 544 2011 22 South Africac 20 000 est 23 UAEc 15 000 est 24 Argentina30 000 ancestry 25 Brazil21 000 26 LanguagesSerbianReligionPredominantly Eastern Orthodoxy Serbian Orthodox Church 27 Sunni Islam Protestant and Catholic minoritiesRelated ethnic groupsOther South Slavs especially Bosniaks Macedonians Montenegrins Shtokavian speakers in Croatia and Torlak speakers in Bulgaria The total figure is merely an estimation sum of all the referenced populations Some 265 895 or 42 88 of Montenegro s total population declared Serbian language as their mother tongue 28 The majority of Serbs live in their nation state of Serbia as well as in Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Montenegro North Macedonia and Kosovo a 33 34 They also form significant minorities in Slovenia There is a large Serb diaspora in Western Europe and outside Europe and there are significant communities in North America and Australia The Serbs share many cultural traits with the rest of the peoples of Southeast Europe They are predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christians by religion The Serbian language a standardized version of Serbo Croatian is official in Serbia co official in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina and is spoken by the plurality in Montenegro Contents 1 Ethnology 2 Genetic origins 3 History 3 1 Arrival of the Slavs 3 2 Middle Ages 3 3 Early modern period 3 4 Modern period 4 Demographics 4 1 Balkans 4 2 Diaspora 5 Language 6 Culture 6 1 Art music theatre and cinema 6 2 Literature 6 3 Education and science 6 4 Names 6 5 Religion 6 6 Symbols 6 7 Traditions and customs 6 8 Cuisine 6 9 Sport 7 Historiography 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Sources 11 1 Primary sources 11 2 Secondary sources 12 External linksEthnologySee also Names of the Serbs and Serbia The identity of Serbs is rooted in Eastern Orthodoxy and traditions In the 19th century the Serbian national identity was manifested 35 with awareness of history and tradition medieval heritage cultural unity despite living under different empires citation needed Three elements together with the legacy of the Nemanjic dynasty were crucial in forging identity and preservation during foreign domination the Serbian Orthodox Church the Serbian language and the Kosovo Myth 36 When the Principality of Serbia gained independence from the Ottoman Empire Orthodoxy became crucial in defining the national identity instead of language which was shared by other South Slavs Croats and Bosniaks 37 The tradition of slava the family saint feast day is an important ethnic marker of Serb identity 38 and is usually regarded their most significant and most solemn feast day 39 The origin of the ethnonym is unclear The most prominent theory considers it of Proto Slavic origin Hanna Popowska Taborska bg pl argued native Slavic provenance of the ethnonym 40 claiming that the theory advances a conclusion that the ethnonym has a meaning of a family kinship or alliance which was also argued by a number of other scholars 41 Genetic originsMain article Genetic studies on Serbs Genetic structure of Serbians within European context according to three genetic systems According to a triple analysis autosomal mitochondrial and paternal of available data from large scale studies on Balto Slavs and their proximal populations the whole genome SNP data situates Serbs with Montenegrins in between two Balkan clusters 42 Y DNA results show that haplogroups I2a and R1a together stand for the majority of the makeup with more than 53 percent 43 44 The aforementioned Serbian Y chromosomes belong to lineages believed to be pre Neolithic Such significant levels are possibly the result of Neolithic migrations encroaching on Paleolithic populations against the Adriatic Sea 45 According to several recent studies Serbia s people are among the tallest in the world 46 with an average male height of 1 82 metres 6 ft 0 in 47 48 HistoryMain articles History of the Serbs and History of Serbia Arrival of the Slavs Main articles White Serbs and White Serbia Early Slavs especially Sclaveni and Antae including the White Serbs invaded and settled Southeastern Europe in the 6th and 7th century 49 Up until the late 560s their activity was raiding crossing from the Danube though with limited Slavic settlement mainly through Byzantine foederati colonies 50 The Danube and Sava frontier was overwhelmed by large scale Slavic settlement in the late 6th and early 7th century 51 What is today central Serbia was an important geo strategical province through which the Via Militaris crossed 52 This area was frequently intruded by barbarians in the 5th and 6th centuries 52 The numerous Slavs mixed with and assimilated the descendants of the indigenous population Illyrians Thracians Dacians Romans Celts 53 White Serbs from White Serbia came to an area near Thessaloniki and then they settled area between Dinaric Alps and Adriatic coast 54 The region of Rascia Raska was the center of Serb settlement and Serb tribes also occupied parts of modern day Herzegovina and Montenegro 55 Prior to their arrival to the Balkans Serbs were predominantly involved in agriculture which is why they settled in areas which were cultivated even during Roman times 56 Middle Ages Prince of Triballians and Serbs Mihailo Vojislavljevic Nemanjic dynasty members the most important dynasty of Serbia in the Middle Ages Main article Serbia in the Middle Ages The first Serb states Raska and Duklja 825 1120 were formed chiefly under the Vlastimirovic and Vojislavljevic dynasties respectively 57 58 The other Serb inhabited lands or principalities that were mentioned included the countries of Paganija Zahumlje Travunija 59 60 With the decline of the Serbian state of Duklja in the late 11th century Raska separated from it and replaced it as the most powerful Serbian state 61 Prince Stefan Nemanja r 1169 96 conquered the neighbouring territories of Kosovo Duklja and Zachlumia The Nemanjic dynasty ruled over Serbia until the 14th century Nemanja s older son Stefan Nemanjic became Serbia s first recognized king while his younger son Rastko founded the Serbian Orthodox Church in the year 1219 and became known as Saint Sava after his death 62 Parts of modern day Montenegro Bosnia and Herzegovina and central Serbia would come under the control of Nemanjic 63 Over the next 140 years Serbia expanded its borders from numerous smaller principalities reaching to a unified Serbian Empire Its cultural model remained Byzantine despite political ambitions directed against the empire The medieval power and influence of Serbia culminated in the reign of Stefan Dusan who ruled the state from 1331 until his death in 1355 Ruling as Emperor from 1346 his territory included Macedonia northern Greece Montenegro and almost all of modern Albania 64 When Dusan died his son Stephen Uros V became Emperor 65 With Turkish invaders beginning their conquest of the Balkans in the 1350s a major conflict ensued between them and the Serbs the first major battle was the Battle of Maritsa 1371 65 in which the Serbs were defeated 66 With the death of two important Serb leaders in the battle and with the death of Stephen Uros that same year the Serbian Empire broke up into several small Serbian domains 65 These states were ruled by feudal lords with Zeta controlled by the Balsic family Raska Kosovo and northern Macedonia held by the Brankovic family and Lazar Hrebeljanovic holding today s Central Serbia and a portion of Kosovo 66 Hrebeljanovic was subsequently accepted as the titular leader of the Serbs because he was married to a member of the Nemanjic dynasty 65 In 1389 the Serbs faced the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo on the plain of Kosovo Polje near the town of Pristina 66 Both Lazar and Sultan Murad I were killed in the fighting 66 The battle most likely ended in a stalemate and afterwards Serbia enjoyed a short period of prosperity under despot Stefan Lazarevic and resisted falling to the Turks until 1459 66 Early modern period Main article Serbia in the Early Modern Period The Serbs had taken an active part in the wars fought in the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire and also organized uprisings 67 68 because of this they suffered persecution and their territories were devastated major migrations from Serbia into Habsburg territory ensued 69 After allied Christian forces had captured Buda from the Ottoman Empire in 1686 during the Great Turkish War Serbs from Pannonian Plain present day Hungary Slavonia region in present day Croatia Backa and Banat regions in present day Serbia joined the troops of the Habsburg monarchy as separate units known as Serbian Militia 70 Serbs as volunteers massively joined the Austrian side 71 Migration of the Serbs 1896 a painting by Paja Jovanovic depicting the Great Serb Migrations led by Patriarch Arsenije III Crnojevic 17th century Many Serbs were recruited during the devshirme system a form of slavery in the Ottoman Empire in which boys from Balkan Christian families were forcibly converted to Islam and trained for infantry units of the Ottoman army known as the Janissaries 72 73 74 75 A number of Serbs who converted to Islam occupied high ranking positions within the Ottoman Empire such as Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha and Minister of War field marshal Omar Pasha Latas In 1688 the Habsburg army took Belgrade and entered the territory of present day Central Serbia Louis William Margrave of Baden Baden called Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Carnojevic to raise arms against the Turks the Patriarch accepted and returned to the liberated Pec As Serbia fell under Habsburg control Leopold I granted Arsenije nobility and the title of duke In early November Arsenije III met with Habsburg commander in chief General Enea Silvio Piccolomini in Prizren after this talk he sent a note to all Serb bishops to come to him and collaborate only with Habsburg forces A Great Migration of the Serbs 1690 to Habsburg lands was undertaken by Patriarch Arsenije III 76 The large community of Serbs concentrated in Banat southern Hungary and the Military Frontier included merchants and craftsmen in the cities but mainly refugees that were peasants 76 Smaller groups of Serbs also migrated to the Russian Empire where they occupied high positions in the military circles 77 78 79 The Serbian Revolution for independence from the Ottoman Empire lasted eleven years from 1804 until 1815 80 The revolution comprised two separate uprisings which gained autonomy from the Ottoman Empire that eventually evolved towards full independence 1835 1867 81 82 During the First Serbian Uprising led by Duke Karađorđe Petrovic Serbia was independent for almost a decade before the Ottoman army was able to reoccupy the country Shortly after this the Second Serbian Uprising began Led by Milos Obrenovic it ended in 1815 with a compromise between Serbian revolutionaries and Ottoman authorities 83 Likewise Serbia was one of the first nations in the Balkans to abolish feudalism 84 Serbs are among the first ethnic groups in Europe to form a nation and a clear sense of national identity 85 Modern period Main articles Serbian revolution Kingdom of Serbia Serbian campaign and Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia In the early 1830s Serbia gained autonomy and its borders were recognized with Milos Obrenovic being recognized as its ruler Serbia is the fourth modern day European country after France Austria and the Netherlands to have a codified legal system as of 1844 86 The last Ottoman troops withdrew from Serbia in 1867 although Serbia s and Montenegro s independence was not recognized internationally until the Congress of Berlin in 1878 69 Gavrilo Princip who assassinated Franz Ferdinand which triggered the start of World War I Serbia fought in the Balkan Wars of 1912 13 which forced the Ottomans out of the Balkans and doubled the territory and population of the Kingdom of Serbia In 1914 a young Bosnian Serb student named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria which directly contributed to the outbreak of World War I 87 In the fighting that ensued Serbia was invaded by Austria Hungary Despite being outnumbered the Serbs defeated the Austro Hungarians at the Battle of Cer which marked the first Allied victory over the Central Powers in the war 88 Further victories at the battles of Kolubara and the Drina meant that Serbia remained unconquered as the war entered its second year However an invasion by the forces of Germany Austria Hungary and Bulgaria overwhelmed the Serbs in the winter of 1915 and a subsequent withdrawal by the Serbian Army through Albania took the lives of more than 240 000 Serbs Serb forces spent the remaining years of the war fighting on the Salonika front in Greece before liberating Serbia from Austro Hungarian occupation in November 1918 89 Serbia suffered the biggest casualty rate in World War I 90 Following the victory in WWI Serbs subsequently formed the Kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenes with other South Slavic peoples The country was later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and was led from 1921 to 1934 by King Alexander I of the Serbian Karađorđevic dynasty 91 During World War II Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers in April 1941 The country was subsequently divided into many pieces with Serbia being directly occupied by the Germans 92 Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia NDH were targeted for extermination as part of genocide by the Croatian ultra nationalist fascist Ustase 93 94 95 96 The Ustase view of national and racial identity as well as the theory of Serbs as an inferior race was under the influence of Croatian nationalists and intellectuals from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century 97 98 99 Jasenovac camp was notorious for the barbaric practices which occurred in it 94 Sisak and Jastrebarsko concentration camp were specially formed for children 100 101 102 Serbs in the NDH suffered among the highest casualty rates in Europe during the World War II while the NDH was one of the most lethal regimes in the 20th century 103 104 105 Diana Budisavljevic a humanitarian of Austrian descent carried out rescue operations from Ustase camps and saved more than 15 000 children mostly Serbs 106 107 Stone Flower a monument dedicated to the victims of Jasenovac death camp which was part of the Genocide of Serbs committed by UstaseMore than half a million Serbs were killed in the territory of Yugoslavia during World War II Serbs in occupied Yugoslavia subsequently formed a resistance movement known as the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland or the Chetniks The Chetniks had the official support of the Allies until 1943 when Allied support shifted to the Communist Yugoslav Partisans a multi ethnic force formed in 1941 which also had a large majority of Serbs in its ranks in the first two years of war Over the entirety of the war the ethnic composition of the Partisans was 53 percent Serb 108 109 During the entire course of the WWII in Yugoslavia 64 1 of all Bosnian Partisans were Serbs 110 Later after the fall of Italy in September 1943 other ethnic groups joined Partisans in larger numbers 92 At the end of the war the Partisans led by Josip Broz Tito emerged victorious Yugoslavia subsequently became a Communist state Tito died in 1980 and his death saw Yugoslavia plunge into economic turmoil 111 Yugoslavia disintegrated in the early 1990s and a series of wars resulted in the creation of five new states The heaviest fighting occurred in Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina whose Serb populations rebelled and declared independence The war in Croatia ended in August 1995 with a Croatian military offensive known as Operation Storm put a stop to the Croatian Serb rebellion and causing as many as 200 000 Serbs to flee the country The Bosnian War ended that same year with the Dayton Agreement dividing the country along ethnic lines In 1998 99 a conflict in Kosovo between the Yugoslav Army and Albanians seeking independence erupted into full out war resulting in a 78 day long NATO bombing campaign which effectively drove Yugoslav security forces from Kosovo 112 Subsequently more than 200 000 Serbs and other non Albanians fled the province 113 On 5 October 2000 Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic was overthrown in a bloodless revolt after he refused to admit defeat in the 2000 Yugoslav general election 114 DemographicsMain articles Demographics of Serbia Serbs in Vojvodina Serbs in Kosovo Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbs of Montenegro Serbs of Croatia Serbs in North Macedonia Serbs in Slovenia and Serbs in diaspora Serbs in the former Yugoslavia during the Yugoslav wars image reference needed Modern demographic distribution of ethnic Serbs throughout homeland and native regions as well as in Serbian ethnic diaspora represents an outcome of several historical and demographic processes shaped both by economic migrations and forced displacements during the recent Yugoslav Wars 1991 1999 Balkans There are nearly 8 million Serbs living in their native homelands within the geographical borders of former Yugoslavia In Serbia itself around 6 million people identify themselves as ethnic Serbs and constitute about 83 of the population More than a million live in Bosnia and Herzegovina predominantly in the Republika Srpska where they are one of the three constituent ethnic groups Serbs in Croatia Montenegro and North Macedonia also have recognized collective rights and number some 186 000 178 000 and 39 000 people respectively while another estimated 96 000 live in the disputed area of Kosovo 4 Smaller minorities exist in Slovenia some 36 000 people respectively Outside of the former Yugoslavia but within their historical and migratory areal Serbs are officially recognized as national minority in Albania 115 Romania 18 000 Hungary 7 000 as well as in the Czech Republic and Slovakia Diaspora Main article Serbs in diaspora Charles Simic U S poet laureate and Pulitzer prize winnner Steve Tesich dramatist and Academy award winning screenwriter There are over 2 million Serbs in diaspora throughout the world some sources put that figure as high as 4 million 116 There is a large diaspora in Western Europe particularly in Germany Austria Switzerland France Italy Sweden and United Kingdom Outside Europe there are significant Serb communities in the United States Canada Australia South America and Southern Africa The existence of a large diaspora is mainly a consequence of either economic or political coercion or expulsions reasons There were several waves of Serb emigration The first wave took place since the end of the 19th century and lasted until World War II and was caused by economic reasons particularly large numbers of Serbs mainly from peripheral ethnic areas such as Herzegovina Montenegro Dalmatia and Lika emigrated to the United States The second wave took place after the end of World War II At this time members of royalist Chetniks and other political opponents of communist regime fled the country mainly going overseas United States and Australia and to a lesser degree United Kingdom The third wave by far the largest consisted of economic emigration beginning in the 1960s when several Western European countries signed bilateral agreements with Yugoslavia allowing the recruitment of industrial workers to those countries this lasted until the end of the 1980s The major destinations for migrants were West Germany Austria and Switzerland and to a lesser extent France and Sweden That generation of diaspora is collectively known as gastarbajteri after German gastarbeiter guest worker since most of the emigrants headed for German speaking countries These migrations left some parts of Serbia sparsely populated 117 Later emigration took place during the 1990s and was caused by both political and economic reasons The Yugoslav wars caused many Serbs from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to leave their countries in the first half of the 1990s The economic sanctions imposed on Serbia caused an economic collapse with an estimated 300 000 people leaving Serbia during that period 20 of which had a higher education 118 119 LanguageMain article Serbian language Serbs speak Serbian a member of the South Slavic group of languages specifically the Southwestern group Standard Serbian is a standardized variety of Serbo Croatian and therefore mutually intelligible with Standard Croatian Standard Montenegrin and Standard Bosnian see Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian which are all based on the Shtokavian dialect 120 Vuk Karadzic reformer of modern Serbian which is the only European language whose speakers are fully digraphic 121 using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets Serbian is an official language in Serbia and Bosnia Herzegovina and is a recognized minority language in Montenegro although spoken by a plurality of population Croatia North Macedonia Romania Hungary Czech Republic and Slovakia Older forms of literary Serbian are Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension which is still used for ecclesiastical purposes and Slavonic Serbian a mixture of Serbian Church Slavonic and Russian used from the mid 18th century to the first decades of the 19th century Serbian has active digraphia using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets 122 Serbian Cyrillic was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadzic who created the alphabet on phonemic principles 123 Serbian Latin was created by Ljudevit Gaj and published in 1830 His alphabet mapped completely on Serbian Cyrillic which had been standardized by Vuk Karadzic a few years before 124 Loanwords in the Serbian language besides common internationalisms are mostly from Greek 125 German 126 and Italian 127 while words of Hungarian origin are present mostly in the north There are some Turkish loanwords used but mostly in rural areas and they are mostly related to food A considerable number of those words are actually Persian in origin but entered Serbian through Ottomans and are therefore considered Turkisms 128 There is considerable usage of French words as well especially in military related terms 126 One Serbian word that is used in many of the world s languages is vampire vampir 129 130 131 132 CultureMain article Serbian culture The national instrument gusle placed on Pirot carpet Literature icon painting music dance and medieval architecture are the artistic forms for which Serbia is best known Traditional Serbian visual art specifically frescoes and to some extent icons as well as ecclesiastical architecture are highly reflective of Byzantine traditions with some Mediterranean and Western influence 133 Many Serbian monuments and works of art have been lost forever due to various wars and peacetime marginalizations 134 In modern times since the 19th century Serbs also have a noteworthy classical music and works of philosophy 135 Notable philosophers include Svetozar Markovic Branislav Petronijevic Ksenija Atanasijevic Radomir Konstantinovic Nikola Milosevic Mihailo Markovic Justin Popovic and Mihailo Đuric 136 Art music theatre and cinema Main articles Serbian art Music of Serbia and Cinema of Serbia See also Architecture of Serbia Kosovo Maiden 1919 by Uros Predic based on Serbian epic poetry During the 12th and 13th centuries many icons wall paintings and manuscript miniatures came into existence as many Serbian Orthodox monasteries and churches such as Hilandar Zica Studenica Sopocani Mileseva Gracanica and Visoki Decani were built 137 The architecture of some of these monasteries is world famous 62 Prominent architectural styles in the Middle Ages were Raska architectural school Morava architectural school and Serbo Byzantin architectural style During the same period UNESCO protected Stecak monumental medieval tombstones were built The Independence of Serbia in the 19th century was soon followed with Serbo Byzantine Revival in architecture Baroque and rococo trends in Serbian art emerged in the 18th century and are mostly represented in icon painting and portraits 138 Most of the Baroque authors were from the territory of Austrian Empire such as Nikola Neskovic Teodor Kracun Teodor Ilic Cesljar Zaharije Orfelin and Jakov Orfelin 139 140 Serbian painting showed the influence of Biedermeier and Neoclassicism as seen in works by Konstantin Danil 141 and Pavel Đurkovic 142 Many painters followed the artistic trends set in the 19th century Romanticism notably Đura Jaksic Stevan Todorovic Katarina Ivanovic and Novak Radonic 143 144 Since the mid 1800s Serbia has produced a number of famous painters who are representative of general European artistic trends 137 One of the most prominent of these was Paja Jovanovic who painted massive canvases on historical themes such as the Migration of the Serbs 1896 Painter Uros Predic was also prominent in the field of Serbian art painting the Kosovo Maiden and Happy Brothers While Jovanovic and Predic were both realist painters artist Nadezda Petrovic was an impressionist and fauvist and Sava Sumanovic was an accomplished Cubist Painters Petar Lubarda Vladimir Velickovic and Ljubomir Popovic were famous for their surrealism 145 Marina Abramovic is a world renowned performance artist writer and art filmmaker 146 Traditional Serbian music includes various kinds of bagpipes flutes horns trumpets lutes psalteries drums and cymbals 147 The kolo is the traditional collective folk dance which has a number of varieties throughout the regions The first Serbian composers started working in the 14th and 15th century like Kir Stefan the Serb 148 Composer and musicologist Stevan Stojanovic Mokranjac is considered one of the most important founders of modern Serbian music 149 150 Other noted classical composers include Kornelije Stankovic Stanislav Binicki Petar Konjovic Miloje Milojevic Stevan Hristic Josif Marinkovic Luigi von Kunits Ljubica Maric 151 and Vasilije Mokranjac 152 Well known musicians include Zdravko Colic Arsen Dedic Predrag Gojkovic Cune Toma Zdravkovic Milan Mladenovic Radomir Mihailovic Tocak Bora Đorđevic Momcilo Bajagic Bajaga Đorđe Balasevic Ceca and others Serbia has produced many talented filmmakers the most famous of whom are Slavko Vorkapic Dusan Makavejev 153 Zivojin Pavlovic Slobodan Sijan Goran Markovic Goran Paskaljevic Emir Kusturica Zelimir Zilnik Srđan Dragojevic 154 Srdan Golubovic and Mila Turajlic Zilnik and Stefan Arsenijevic won the Golden Bear award at Berlinale while Mila Turajlic won the main award at IDFA Kusturica became world renowned after winning the Palme d Or twice at the Cannes Film Festival numerous other prizes and is a UNICEF National Ambassador for Serbia 155 Several Americans of Serb origin have been featured prominently in Hollywood The most notable of these are Academy Award winners Karl Malden 156 157 Steve Tesich Peter Bogdanovich Tony winning theatre director Darko Tresnjak Emmy winning director Marina Zenovich and actors Ivan Petrovich Brad Dexter Lolita Davidovich Milla Jovovich and Stana Katic Orfelin 1726 1785 Mokranjac 1856 1914 Jovanovic 1859 1957 Petrovic 1873 1915 Malden 1912 2009 Bakic 1915 1992 Kusturica 1954 Literature Main article Serbian literature See also Serbian epic poetry and Serbian comics Most literature written by early Serbs was about religious themes The founders of the Serbian Orthodox Church wrote various gospels psalters menologies hagiographies along with essays and sermons 158 At the end of the 12th century two of the most important pieces of Serbian medieval literature were created the Miroslav Gospels and the Vukan Gospels which combined handwritten Biblical texts with painted initials and small pictures 62 The Crnojevic printing house was the first printing house in Southeastern Europe and is considered an important part of Serbian cultural history 159 Notable Baroque influenced authors were Andrija Zmajevic Gavril Stefanovic Venclovic Jovan Rajic Zaharije Orfelin and others Dositej Obradovic was the most prominent figure of the Age of Enlightenment while the most notable Classicist writer was Jovan Sterija Popovic although his works also contained elements of Romanticism Modern Serbian literature began with Vuk Karadzic s collections of folk songs in the 19th century and the writings of Njegos and Branko Radicevic The first prominent representative of Serbian literature in the 20th century was Jovan Skerlic who wrote in pre World War I Belgrade and helped introduce Serbian writers to literary modernism The most important Serbian writer in the inter war period was Milos Crnjanski 160 The first Serb authors who appeared after World War II were Mihailo Lalic and Dobrica Cosic 161 Other notable post war Yugoslav authors such as Ivo Andric and Mesa Selimovic were assimilated to Serbian culture and both identified as Serbs 160 Andric went on to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1961 161 Danilo Kis another popular Serbian writer was known for writing A Tomb for Boris Davidovich as well as several acclaimed novels 162 Amongst contemporary Serbian writers Milorad Pavic stands out as being the most critically acclaimed with his novels Dictionary of the Khazars Landscape Painted with Tea and The Inner Side of the Wind bringing him international recognition Highly revered in Europe and in South America Pavic is considered one of the most intriguing writers from the beginning of the 21st century 163 Charles Simic is a notable contemporary Serbian American poet former United States Poet Laureate and a Pulitzer Prize winner 164 Contemporary writer Zoran Zivkovic authored more than 20 prose books and is best known for his SF works which have been published in 23 countries 165 166 Obradovic 1739 1811 Popovic 1806 1856 Petrovic Njegos 1813 1851 Andric 1892 1975 Crnjanski 1893 1977 Maksimovic 1898 1993 Pekic 1930 1992 Education and science See also List of Serbian inventions and discoveries Many Serbs have contributed to the field of science and technology There are more Serbian scientists and scholars working abroad than in the Balkans At least 7000 Serbs who have a PhD are working abroad 167 Serbian American scientist inventor physicist mechanical engineer and electrical engineer Nikola Tesla is regarded as one of the most important inventors in history He is renowned for his contributions to the discipline of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th century Seven Serbian American engineers and scientists known as Serbo 7 168 took part in construction of the Apollo spaceship 169 Physicist and physical chemist Mihajlo Pupin is best known for his landmark theory of modern electrical filters as well as for his numerous patents while Milutin Milankovic is best known for his theory of long term climate change caused by changes in the position of the Earth in comparison to the Sun now known as Milankovitch cycles 170 Gordana Vunjak Novakovic is a Serbian American biomedical engineer focusing on engineering human tissues for regenerative medicine stem cell research and modeling of disease She is one of the most highly cited scientists of all times 171 Notable Serb mathematicians include Mihailo Petrovic Jovan Karamata and Đuro Kurepa Mihailo Petrovic is known for having contributed significantly to differential equations and phenomenology as well as inventing one of the first prototypes of an analog computer Roger Joseph Boscovich was a Ragusan physicist astronomer mathematician and polymath of paternal Serbian origin 172 173 174 175 although there are competing claims for Boskovic s nationality who produced a precursor of atomic theory and made many contributions to astronomy and also discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon Jovan Cvijic founded modern geography in Serbia and made pioneering research on the geography of the Balkan Peninsula Dinaric race and karst Josif Pancic made contributions to botany and discovered a number of new floral species including the Serbian spruce 176 Biologist and physiologist Ivan Đaja performed research in the role of the adrenal glands in thermoregulation as well as pioneering work in hypothermia 177 178 Valtazar Bogisic is considered to be a pioneer in the sociology of law and sociological jurisprudence Novakovic 1842 1915 Tesla 1856 1943 Pupin 1858 1935 Cvijic 1865 1927 Petrovic 1868 1943 Milankovic 1879 1958 Kurepa 1907 1993 Names Main article Serbian naming customs Many Serb names surnames are derived from the word wolf which is the national animal and an important part of the national mythology 179 180 There are several different layers of Serbian names Serbian given names largely originate from Slavic roots e g Vuk Bojan Goran Zoran Dragan Milan Miroslav Vladimir Slobodan Dusan Milica Nevena Vesna Radmila Other names are of Christian origin originating from the bible Hebrew through Greek such as Lazar Mihailo Ivan Jovan Ilija Marija Ana Ivana Along similar lines of non Slavic Christian names are Greek ones such as Stefan Nikola Aleksandar Filip Đorđe Andrej Jelena Katarina Vasilije Todor while those of Latin origin include Marko Antonije Srđan Marina Petar Pavle Natalija Igor through Russian Most Serbian surnames are paternal maternal occupational or derived from personal traits It is estimated that over two thirds of all Serbian surnames have the suffix ic iћ itɕ a Slavic diminutive originally functioning to create patronymics Thus the surname Petrovic means the son of Petar from a male progenitor the root is extended with possessive ov or ev Due to limited use of international typewriters and unicode computer encoding the suffix may be simplified to ic historically transcribed with a phonetic ending ich or itch in foreign languages Other common surname suffixes found among Serbian surnames are ov ev in and ski without ic which is the Slavic possessive case suffix thus Nikola s son becomes Nikolin Petar s son Petrov and Jovan s son Jovanov Other less common suffices are alj olj elj ija ica ar ac an The ten most common surnames in Serbia in order are Jovanovic Petrovic Nikolic Markovic Đorđevic Stojanovic Ilic Stankovic Pavlovic and Milosevic 181 Religion Main article Serbian Orthodox Church Left Patriarchal Monastery of Pec in Metohija the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church from the 14th century and a UNESCO World Heritage SiteRight Church of Saint Sava one of the largest Orthodox churches in the world Serbs are predominantly Orthodox Christians The autocephaly of the Serbian Orthodox Church was established in 1219 as an Archbishopric and raised to the Patriarchate in 1346 182 It is led by the Serbian Patriarch and consists of three archbishoprics six metropolitanates and thirty one eparchies having around 10 million adherents Followers of the church form the largest religious group in Serbia and Montenegro and the second largest in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia The church has an archbishopric in North Macedonia and dioceses in Western Europe North America South America 183 and Australia 184 The identity of ethnic Serbs was historically largely based on Orthodox Christianity and on the Serbian Church in particular The conversion of the South Slavs from paganism to Christianity took place before the Great Schism During the time of the Great Schism Serbian rulers including Mihailo Vojislavljevic and Stefan Nemanja were Catholics with the former being a vassal of the Papal States In 1217 the Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja II was crowned by Pope Honorius III of the Catholic Church However in 1219 Nemanja II was crowned once again by the newly independent Serbian Orthodox Church This shift solidified the Christian Orthodox religion in Serbia 185 With the arrival of the Ottoman Empire some Serbs converted to Islam This was particularly but not wholly the case in Bosnia 186 Since the second half of the 19th century a small number of Serbs converted to Protestantism 187 while historically some Serbs were Catholics especially in Bay of Kotor 188 and Dalmatia e g Serb Catholic movement in Dubrovnik 189 In a personal correspondence with author and critic dr Milan Sevic in 1932 Marko Murat complained that Orthodox Serbs are not acknowledging the Catholic Serb community on the basis of their faith 190 The remainder of Serbs remain predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christians Symbols See also National symbols of Serbia Serb rebels showing the Three finger salute and Serbian national colours which are in use since 1835 Among the most notable national and ethnic symbols are the flag of Serbia and the coat of arms of Serbia The flag consists of a red blue white tricolour rooted in Pan Slavism and has been used since the 19th century Apart from being the national flag it is also used officially in Republika Srpska by Bosnian Serbs and as the official ethnic Flag of Serbs of Croatia The coat of arms which includes both the Serbian eagle and Serbian cross has also been officially used since the 19th century its elements dating back to the Middle Ages showing Byzantine and Christian heritage These symbols are used by various Serb organisations political parties and institutions The Three finger salute also called the Serb salute is a popular expression for ethnic Serbs and Serbia originally expressing Serbian Orthodoxy and today simply being a symbol for ethnic Serbs and the Serbian nation made by extending the thumb index and middle fingers of one or both hands Traditions and customs Main articles Serb traditions and Serbian traditional clothing Slava a family feast in honor of its patron saint Traditional clothing varies due to diverse geography and climate of the territory inhabited by the Serbs The traditional footwear opanci is worn throughout the Balkans 191 The most common folk costume of Serbia is that of Sumadija a region in central Serbia 192 which includes the national hat the Sajkaca 193 194 Older villagers still wear their traditional costumes 192 The traditional dance is the circle dance called kolo Zmijanje embroidery is a specific technique of embroidery practised by the women of villages in area Zmijanje on mountain Manjaca and as such is a part of the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Pirot carpet is a variety of flat tapestry woven rug traditionally produced in Pirot a town in southeastern Serbia Slava is the family s annual ceremony and veneration of their patron saint a social event in which the family is together at the house of the patriarch The tradition is an important ethnic marker of Serb identity 38 Serbs usually regard the Slava as their most significant and most solemn feast day 39 Serbs have their own customs regarding Christmas which includes the sacral tree the badnjak a young oak On Orthodox Easter Serbs have the tradition of Slavic Egg decorating Cuvari Hristovog groba is a religious cultural practice of guarding a representation of Christ s grave on Good Friday in the Church of St Nicholas by the Serbian Orthodox inhabitants in the town of Vrlika 195 Cuisine Main article Serbian cuisine A typical Serbian Christmas meal that includes roasted pork Russian salad and red wine Serbian cuisine is largely heterogeneous with heavy Oriental Central European and Mediterranean influences 196 Despite this it has evolved and achieved its own culinary identity Food is very important in Serbian social life particularly during religious holidays such as Christmas Easter and feast days i e slava 196 Staples of the Serbian diet include bread meat fruits vegetables and dairy products Traditionally three meals are consumed per day Breakfast generally consists of eggs meat and bread Lunch is considered the main meal and is normally eaten in the afternoon Traditionally Domestic or turkish coffee is prepared after a meal and is served in small cups 196 Bread is the basis of all Serbian meals and it plays an important role in Serbian cuisine and can be found in religious rituals A traditional Serbian welcome is to offer bread and salt to guests 197 and also slatko fruit preserve Meat is widely consumed as is fish Serbian specialties include kajmak a dairy product similar to clotted cream proja cornbread kacamak corn flour porridge and gibanica cheese and kajmak pie Cevapcici caseless grilled and seasoned sausages made of minced meat is the national dish of Serbia 196 Sljivovica Slivovitz is the national drink of Serbia in domestic production for centuries and plum is the national fruit The international name Slivovitz is derived from Serbian 198 Plum and its products are of great importance to Serbs and part of numerous customs 199 A Serbian meal usually starts or ends with plum products and Sljivovica is served as an aperitif 199 A saying goes that the best place to build a house is where a plum tree grows best 199 Traditionally Sljivovica commonly referred to as rakija is connected to Serbian culture as a drink used at all important rites of passage birth baptism military service marriage death etc and in the Serbian Orthodox patron saint celebration slava 199 It is used in numerous folk remedies and is given certain degree of respect above all other alcoholic drinks The fertile region of Sumadija in central Serbia is particularly known for its plums and Sljivovica 200 Serbia is the largest exporter of Slivovitz in the world and second largest plum producer in the world 201 202 Winemaking tradition in modern day Serbia dates back to the Roman times in the 3rd century while Serbs have been involved in winemaking since the 8th century 203 204 Sport Main article Sport in Serbia Serbs are known for their sporting achievements and have produced a number of talented athletes The Hungarian citizen Momcilo Tapavica was the first Slav and Serb to win an Olympic medal in the 1896 Summer Olympics 205 206 Over the years Serbia has been home to many internationally successful football players such as Dragan Dzajic officially recognized as the best Serbian footballer of all times by Football Association of Serbia 1968 Ballon d Or third place Rajko Mitic Dragoslav Sekularac and more recent likes of Dragan Stojkovic Dejan Stankovic Nemanja Vidic two time Premier League Player of the Season and member of FIFPro World XI 207 Branislav Ivanovic Serbia s most capped player and Nemanja Matic Radomir Antic is a notable football coach best known for his work with the national team Real Madrid C F and FC Barcelona Serbia has developed a reputation as one of the world s biggest exporters of expat footballers 208 209 A total of 22 Serbian players have played in the NBA in the last two decades including three time NBA All Star Predrag Peja Stojakovic NBA All Star and both FIBA and NBA Hall of Fame inductee Vlade Divac 210 and the 2020 21 2022 NBA Most Valuable Player Award winner Nikola Jokic 211 Serbian players that made a great impact in Europe include four members of the FIBA Hall of Fame from the 1960s and 1970s Dragan Kicanovic Drazen Dalipagic Radivoj Korac and Zoran Slavnic as well as recent stars such as Dejan Bodiroga 2002 All Europe Player of the Year Aleksandar Đorđevic 1994 and 1995 Mr Europa Milos Teodosic 2009 10 Euroleague MVP Nemanja Bjelica 2014 15 Euroleague MVP 212 and Vasilije Micic 2020 21 Euroleague MVP 213 The Serbian coaching school produced many of the most successful European coaches of all times such as Zeljko Obradovic a record nine Euroleague titles Bozidar Maljkovic four Euroleague titles Aleksandar Nikolic three Euroleague titles Dusan Ivkovic two Euroleague titles and Svetislav Pesic one Euroleague title 214 The most notable Serbian tennis player is Novak Djokovic He is a twenty one time major champion a four time Laureus Sportsman of the Year 215 and has been year end World No 1 on a record seven occasions 216 Ana Ivanovic champion of 2008 French Open and Jelena Jankovic were both ranked No 1 in the WTA rankings while Nenad Zimonjic and Slobodan Zivojinovic were ranked No 1 in doubles 217 218 219 Notable water polo players are Vladimir Vujasinovic Aleksandar Sapic Vanja Udovicic Andrija Prlainovic and Filip Filipovic 220 Other noted Serbian athletes including Olympic and world champions and medalists are swimmer Milorad Cavic volleyball player Nikola Grbic handball player Svetlana Kitic 221 long jumper Ivana Spanovic shooter Jasna Sekaric 222 sprint canoer Marko Tomicevic judoka Nemanja Majdov 223 and taekwondoist Milica Mandic 224 A number of sportspeople of Serb origin represented other nations such as tennis players Daniel Nestor Jelena Dokic Milos Raonic and Kristina Mladenovic NHL player Milan Lucic NBA All star Pete Maravich wrestler Jim Trifunov sprint canoer Natasa Dusev Janics soccer player Miodrag Belodedici artistic gymnast Lavinia Miloșovici racquetball player Rhonda Rajsich and racing driver Bill Vukovich 225 Dzajic 1946 Sekaric 1965 Grbic 1973 Filipovic 1987 Djokovic 1987 Spanovic 1990 Jokic 1995 HistoriographySee also List of Slavic studies journalsSee also Serbia portalList of SerbsNotes a b The political status of Kosovo is disputed Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008 Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by 101 out of 193 52 3 UN member states with another 13 recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own territory References Popis 2013 PDF Sarajevo BHAS June 2016 Archived from the original PDF on 30 June 2016 Retrieved 30 June 2016 Rezultati popisa 2021 godine popis2021 hr Archived from the original on 9 December 2022 Retrieved 2 December 2022 Census of Population Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2011 PDF 12 July 2011 Archived PDF from the original on 27 July 2011 Retrieved 13 July 2011 a b Cocozelli Fred 2016 Ramet Sabrina ed Ethnic Minorities and Politics in Post Socialist Southeastern Europe Cambridge University Press p 267 ISBN 978 1316982778 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