Wikipedia
List of Ottoman grand viziers
The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Vezir-i Azam or Sadr-ı Azam (Sadrazam); Ottoman Turkish: صدر اعظم or وزیر اعظم) was the de facto prime minister of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with the absolute power of attorney and, in principle, removable only by the sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat reforms, or until the 1908 Revolution. He held the imperial seal and could summon all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state in the Imperial Council; the viziers in conference were called "kubbe viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the Kubbealtı ('under-the-dome') in Topkapı Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte.
| Grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire | |
|---|---|
Seal of the grand vizier | |
| Style | His Excellency |
| Residence | Bab-ı Ali |
| Appointer | The sultan |
| Formation | 1328 |
| First holder | Alaeddin Pasha |
| Final holder | Ahmet Tevfik Pasha |
| Abolished | 1 November 1922 |
| Succession | Prime Minister of Turkey |
History
During the emerging phases of the Ottoman state, "vizier" was the only title used. The first of these Ottoman viziers who was titled "grand vizier" was Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha (also known as Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder). The purpose in instituting the title "grand vizier" was to differentiate the holder of the sultan's seal from other viziers. The initially more regularly used title of vezir-i âzam was slowly replaced by sadrazam, both meaning grand vizier in practice. Throughout Ottoman history, the grand viziers have also been called sadr-ı âlî ('high vizier'), vekil-i mutlak ('absolute attorney'), sâhib-i devlet ('holder of the state'), serdar-ı ekrem ('gracious general'), serdar-ı azam ('grand general') and zât-ı âsafî ('vizieral person') and başnazır,[1] literally "prime minister" in Ottoman Turkish.
In the late periods of the Ottoman Empire, especially during and after the 19th century, the grand vizier began to hold a position almost identical to that of a prime minister in other European states.[2] Reforms seen during and after the Tanzimat (1838), the First Constitutional Era (1876–1878), and the Second Constitutional Era (1908–1920) further brought the office of the grand vizier in line with the European standard, making the incumbent the head of a Cabinet of other ministers. During the two constitutional eras, the grand vizier also served as the speaker of the Senate, the upper house of the bicameral Ottoman Parliament. With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the Prime Minister of Turkey took on the roles of the former office.
Grand viziers were often replaced or resigned in rapid succession, frequently leading to political instability. In the final 10 years of the Empire alone, the office of the grand vizier changed hands 13 times between 12 men; some, such as Ahmed Izzet Pasha and Salih Hulusi Pasha, held office for less than a month.
Absolute monarchy (1320–1839)
This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. (June 2022) |
| Grand Vizier | Term of office | Sultan | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Epithet Name (Birth-Death) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | |
| Alaeddin Pasha (d. 1331) | 1320 | 1331 | 11 years | Osman I | |
| Orhan | |||||
| Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha (1281–1380) | 1331 | 1348 | 17 years | ||
| Mehmet Hacı Pasha (?) | 1348 | 1349 | 1 year | ||
| Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha (d. 1364) | 1349 | September 1364 † (Died in office) | 15 years | ||
| Murad I | |||||
| Kara Çandarlı Halil Hayreddin Pasha | 1364 | 22 January 1387 † (Died in office) | 23 years, 21 days | ||
| Çandarlı Ali Pasha (d. 1406) | 1387 | 1406 † (Died in office) | 19 years | ||
| Bayezid I (1389–1402) | |||||
| Süleyman Çelebi (1402–1406) | |||||
| Osmancıklı Imamzade Halil Pasha (?) | 1406 | 1413 | 7 years | Mehmed I (1413–1421) | |
| Amasyalı Bayezid Pasha (d. 1421) | 1413 | July 1421 † (Fell in battle) | 8 years | ||
| Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder (d. 1429) | 1421 | 1429 † (Died in office) | 8 years | Murad II (1421–1444) | |
| Koca Amasyalı Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha (d. 1439) | 1429 | 1439 | 10 years | ||
| Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger (d. 1453) | 1439 | 1 June 1453 † (Imprisoned, executed) | 14 years, 151 days | ||
| Mehmed II (1444–1446) | |||||
| Murad II (1446–1451) | |||||
| Mehmed II (1451–1481) | |||||
| Zaganos Pasha (d. 1469) | 1453 | 1456 | 3 years | ||
| Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1420–1474) First term | 1456 | 1468 | 12 years | ||
| Rum Mehmed Pasha (d. 1470) | 1468 | 1469 | 1 year | ||
| İshak Pasha (d. 1487) First term | 1469 | 1472 | 3 years | ||
| Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1420–1474) Second term | 1472 | 1474 † (Executed) | 2 years | ||
| Gedik Ahmed Pasha (d. 1482) | 1474 | 1477 | 3 years | ||
| Karamani Mehmed Pasha (d. 1481) | 1477 | 4 May 1481 † (Executed) | 4 years | ||
| İshak Pasha (d. 1487) Second term | 1481 | 1482 | 1 year | Bayezid II (1481–1512) | |
| Koca Davud Pasha (1446–1498) | 1482 | 1497 | 15 years | ||
| Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1459–1517) First term | 1497 | 1498 | 1 year | ||
| Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger (1429–1499) | 1498 | 1499 † (Died in office) | 1 year | ||
| Mesih Pasha (d. 1501) | 1499 | November 1501 † (Died in office) | 2 years | ||
| Hadım Ali Pasha (d. 1511) First term | 1501 | 1503 | 2 years | ||
| Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1459–1517) Second term | 1503 | 1506 | 3 years | ||
| Hadım Ali Pasha (d. 1511) Second term | 1506 | July 1511 † (Fell in battle) | 5 years | ||
| Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1459–1517) Third term | 1511 | 1511 | 59 days | ||
| Koca Mustafa Pasha (d. 1512) | 1511 | 1512 † (Executed) | 1 year | ||
| Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1459–1517) Fourth term | 1512 | 28 November 1514 | 2 years, 331 days | Selim I (1512–1520) | |
| Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha (d. 1515) | 18 December 1514 | 8 September 1515 † (Executed) | 264 days | ||
| Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1459–1517) Fifth term | 8 September 1515 | 26 April 1516 | 231 days | ||
| Hadım Sinan Pasha (1459–1517) | 26 April 1516 | 22 January 1517 † (Fell in battle) | 271 days | ||
| Yunus Pasha (d. 1517) | 22 January 1517 | 13 September 1517 † (Executed) | 234 days | ||
| Piri Mehmed Pasha (1465–1532) | 25 January 1518 | 27 June 1523 | 5 years, 153 days | ||
| Suleiman I (1520–1566) | |||||
| Pargalı İbrahim Pasha (1495–1536) | 27 June 1523 | 14 March 1536 † (Executed) | 12 years, 261 days | ||
| Ayas Mehmed Pasha (1483–1539) | 14 March 1536 | 13 July 1539 † (Died in office) | 3 years, 121 days | ||
| Çelebi Lütfi Pasha (1488–1564) | 13 July 1539 | April 1541 | 1 year, 262 days | ||
| Hadım Süleyman Pasha (1467–1547) | April 1541 | 28 November 1544 | 3 years, 241 days | ||
| Damat Rüstem Pasha (1500–1561) First term | 28 November 1544 | 6 October 1553 | 8 years, 312 days | ||
| Kara Ahmed Pasha (d. 1555) | 6 October 1553 | 29 September 1555 † (Executed) | 1 year, 358 days | ||
| Damat Rüstem Pasha (1500–1561) Second term | 29 September 1555 | 10 July 1561 † (Died in office) | 5 years, 284 days | ||
| Semiz Ali Pasha (d. 1565) | 10 July 1561 | 28 June 1565 † (Died in office) | 3 years, 353 days | ||
| Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (1506–1579) | 28 June 1565 | 12 October 1579 † (Assassinated) | 14 years, 106 days | ||
| Selim II (1566–1574) | |||||
| Murad III (1574–1595) | |||||
| Semiz Ahmed Pasha[3][4][5][6][7](1492–1580) | 12 October 1579 | 27 April 1580 † (Died in office) | 199 days | ||
| Kara Lala Mustafa Pasha (1500–1580) | 28 April 1580 | 7 August 1580 † (Died in office) | 101 days | ||
| Koca Sinan Pasha (1506–1596) First term | 7 August 1580 | 6 December 1582 | 2 years, 121 days | ||
| Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (d. 1602) First term | 24 December 1582 | 25 July 1584 | 1 year, 214 days | ||
| Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha (1526–1585) | 28 July 1584 | 29 October 1585 † (Died in office) | 1 year, 93 days | ||
| Hadım Mesih Pasha (d. 1589) | 1 November 1585 | 14 April 1586 | 164 days | ||
| Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (d. 1602) Second term | 14 April 1586 | 2 April 1589 (Deposed) | 2 years, 353 days | ||
| Koca Sinan Pasha (1506–1596) Second term | 14 April 1589 | 1 August 1591 | 2 years, 109 days | ||
| Serdar Ferhad Pasha (d. 1595) First term | 1 August 1591 | 4 April 1592 | 247 days | ||
| Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (d. 1602) | 4 April 1592 | 28 January 1593 | 299 days | ||
| Koca Sinan Pasha (1506–1596) Third term | 28 January 1593 | 16 February 1595 | 2 years, 19 days | ||
| Mehmed III (1595–1603) | |||||
| Serdar Ferhad Pasha (d. 1595) Second term | 16 February 1595 | 7 July 1595 | 141 days | ||
| Koca Sinan Pasha (1506–1596) Fourth term | 7 July 1595 | 19 November 1595 | 135 days | ||
| Lala Tekeli Mehmed Pasha (d. 1595) | 19 November 1595 | 28 November 1595 † (Died in office) | 9 days | ||
| Koca Sinan Pasha (1506–1596) Fifth term | 1 December 1595 | 3 April 1596 † (Died in office) | 124 days | ||
| Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1517–1601) First term | 4 April 1596 | 27 October 1596 | 206 days | ||
| Cağalazâde Yusuf Sinan Pasha (1545–1605) | 27 October 1596 | 5 December 1596 | 39 days | ||
| Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1517–1601) Second term | 5 December 1596 | 3 November 1597 | 332 days | ||
| Hadım Hasan Pasha (d. 1598) | 3 November 1597 | 9 April 1598 † (Imprisoned, executed) | 157 days | ||
| Cerrah Mehmed Pasha (d. 1604) | 9 April 1598 | 6 January 1599 | 272 days | ||
| Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1517–1601) Third term | 6 January 1599 | 10 July 1601 † (Died in office) | 2 years, 185 days | ||
| Damat Yemişçi Hasan Pasha (1535–1603) | 22 July 1601 | 4 October 1603 † (Executed) | 2 years, 74 days | ||
| Yavuz Ali Pasha (d. 1604) | 16 October 1603 | 26 July 1604 † (Died in office) | 253 days | ||
| Ahmed I (1603–1617) | |||||
| Lala Sokolluzade Mehmed Pasha (d. 1606) | 5 August 1604 | 21 June 1606 † (Died in office) | 1 year, 320 days | ||
| Boşnak Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1569–1606) | 21 June 1606 | 9 December 1606 † (Executed) | 171 days | ||
| Kuyucu Murad Pasha (1535–1611) | 11 December 1606 | 5 August 1611 † (Died in office) | 4 years, 237 days | ||
| Damat Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha (d. 1614) | 5 August 1611 | 17 October 1614 † (Executed) | 3 years, 73 days | ||
| Kara Damat Öküz Mehmed Pasha (d. 1619) First term | 17 October 1614 | 17 November 1616 | 2 years, 31 days | ||
| Damat Halil Pasha (1570–1629) First term | 17 November 1616 | 18 January 1619 | 2 years, 62 days | ||
| Mustafa I (1617–1618) | |||||
| Osman II (1618–1622) | |||||
| Kara Damat Öküz Mehmed Pasha (d. 1619) Second term | 18 January 1619 | 23 December 1619 † (Assassinated) | 339 days | ||
| Güzelce Ali Pasha (d. 1621) | 23 December 1619 | 9 March 1621 † (Died in office) | 1 year, 76 days | ||
| Ohridli Hüseyin Pasha (d. 1622) | 9 March 1621 | 17 September 1621 (Lynched) | 192 days | ||
| Dilaver Pasha (d. 1622) | 17 September 1621 | 20 May 1622 † (Lynched) | 245 days | ||
| Kara Davud Pasha (1570–1623) | 20 May 1622 | 13 June 1622 † (Executed) | 24 days | Mustafa I | |
| Mere Hüseyin Pasha (d. 1624) First term | 13 June 1622 | 8 July 1622 | 25 days | ||
| Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha (d. 1648) | 8 July 1622 | 21 September 1622 | 75 days | ||
| Murad IV (1623–1640) | |||||
| Hadım Mehmed Pasha (d. 1626) | 21 September 1622 | 5 February 1623 | 137 days | ||
| Mere Hüseyin Pasha (d. 1624) Second term | 5 February 1623 | 30 August 1623 | 206 days | ||
| Kara Kemankeş Ali Pasha (d. 1624) | 30 August 1623 | 3 April 1624 † (Executed) | 217 days | ||
| Çerkez Mehmed Pasha (d. 1625) | 3 April 1624 | 28 January 1625 † (Died in office) | 300 days | ||
| Hafız Ahmed Pasha (1564–1632) First term | 8 February 1625 | 1 December 1626 | 1 year, 296 days | ||
| Damat Halil Pasha (1570–1629) Second term | 1 December 1626 | 6 April 1628 | 1 year, 127 days | ||
| Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha (d. 1632) | 6 April 1628 | 25 October 1631 | 3 years, 202 days | ||
| Hafız Ahmed Pasha (1564–1632) Second term | 25 October 1631 | 10 February 1632 † (Lynched) | 108 days | ||
| Topal Recep Pasha (d. 1632) | 10 February 1632 | 18 May 1632 † (Executed) | 98 days | ||
| Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha (1589–1637) | 18 May 1632 | 2 February 1637 | 4 years, 260 days | ||
| Bayram Pasha (d. 1638) | 2 February 1637 | 26 August 1638 | 1 year, 205 days | ||
| Tayyar Mehmed Pasha (d. 1638) | 27 August 1638 | 24 December 1638 † (Fell in battle) | 119 days | ||
| Kara Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha (1592–1644) | 23 December 1638 | 31 January 1644 † (Executed) | 5 years, 39 days | ||
| Ibrahim (1640–1648) | |||||
| Sultanzade Mehmet Pasha (1603–1646) | 31 January 1644 | 17 December 1645 | 1 year, 320 days | ||
| Nevesinli Salih Pasha (d. 1647) | 17 December 1645 | 16 September 1647 † (Executed) | 1 year, 273 days | ||
| Kara Musa Pasha (d. 1649) | 16 September 1647 | 21 September 1647 | 5 days | ||
| Hazarpare Ahmet Pasha (d. 1648) | 21 September 1647 | 8 August 1648 † (Lynched) | 322 days | ||
| Sofu Mehmed Pasha (d. 1649) | 8 August 1648 | 21 May 1649 † (Exiled, executed) | 286 days | Mehmed IV (1648–1687) | |
| Kara Dev Murat Pasha (1595–1655) First term | 21 May 1649 | 5 August 1651 | 2 years, 76 days | ||
| Damat Melek Ahmed Pasha (1604–1662) | 5 August 1651 | 21 August 1651 | 16 days | ||
| Abaza Siyavuş Pasha the Elder (d. 1656) | 21 August 1651 | 27 September 1651 | 37 days | ||
| Gürcü Mehmed Pasha (d. 1665) | 27 September 1651 | 20 June 1652 | 267 days | ||
| Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha (d. 1653) | 20 June 1652 | 21 March 1653 † (Executed) | 274 days | ||
| Koca Dervish Mehmed Pasha (d. 1655) | 21 March 1653 | 28 October 1654 | 1 year, 221 days | ||
| İpşiri Mustafa Pasha (1607–1655) | 28 October 1654 | 11 May 1655 † (Executed) | 195 days | ||
| Kara Dev Murat Pasha (1595–1655) Second term | 11 May 1655 | 19 August 1655 | 100 days | ||
| Ermeni Suleyman Pasha (1607–1687) | 19 August 1655 | 28 February 1656 | 193 days | ||
| Deli Gazi Hüseyin Pasha (d. 1659) | 28 February 1656 | 5 March 1656 | 6 days | ||
| Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha (d. 1666) | 5 March 1656 | 5 March 1656 | 4 hours[8] | ||
| Abaza Siyavuş Pasha the Elder (d. 1656) | 5 March 1656 | 25 April 1656 † (Died in office) | 51 days | ||
| Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha (d. 1665) | 26 April 1656 | 15 September 1656 | 142 days | ||
| Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (1575–1661) | 15 September 1656 | 31 October 1661 † (Died in office) | 5 years, 46 days | ||
| Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1635–1676) | 31 October 1661 | 19 October 1676 † (Died in office) | 14 years, 354 days | ||
| Kara Mustafa Pasha (1635–1683) | 19 October 1676 | 25 December 1683 † (Executed) | 7 years, 67 days | ||
| Kara İbrahim Pasha (d. 1687) | 15 December 1683 | 18 November 1685 | 1 year, 338 days | ||
| Sarı Süleyman Pasha (d. 1687) | 18 November 1685 | 18 September 1687 † (Deposed) | 3 years, 304 days | ||
| Abaza Siyavuş Pasha the Younger | 18 September 1687 | 23 February 1688 † (Murdered) | 158 days | ||
| Suleiman II | |||||
| Ayaşlı İsmail Pasha (1620–1690) | 23 February 1688 | 2 May 1688 | 69 days | ||
| Bekri Mustafa Pasha (d. 1690) | 30 May 1688 | 7 November 1689 | 1 year, 161 days | ||
| Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha (1637–1691) | 10 November 1689 | 19 August 1691 † (Fell in battle) | 1 year, 282 days | ||
| Ahmed II (1691–1695) | |||||
| Arabacı Ali Pasha (1620–1693) | 24 August 1691 | 21 March 1692 | 210 days | ||
| Hacı Merfizonlu Ali Pasha (d. 1698) | 23 March 1692 | 17 March 1693 | 359 days | ||
| Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha (1638–1698) | 17 March 1693 | 13 March 1694 | 360 days | ||
| Sürmeli Ali Pasha (1645–1695) | 13 March 1694 | 22 April 1695 | 359 days | ||
| Mustafa II | |||||
| Elmas Mehmed Pasha (1661–1697) | 3 May 1695 | 11 September 1697 † (Fell in battle) | 2 years, 131 days | ||
| Amcazade Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha (1644–1702) | 17 September 1697 | 4 September 1702 | 4 years, 352 days | ||
| Daltaban Mustafa Pasha (d. 1703) | 4 September 1702 | 24 January 1703 † (Executed) | 142 days | ||
| Rami Mehmed Pasha (1645–1706) | 25 January 1703 | 22 August 1703 (Deposed) | 209 days | ||
| Nişancı Kavanoz Ahmed Pasha (d. 1705) | 22 August 1703 | 16 November 1703 | 86 days | Ahmed III (1703–1730) | |
| Damat Hasan Pasha (1658–1713) | 18 November 1703 | 28 September 1704 | 315 days | ||
| Hacı Kalaylıkoz Ahmed Pasha (d. 1715) | October 1704 | 25 December 1704 | 85 days | ||
| Baltacı Mehmed Pasha (1652–1712) First term | 25 December 1704 | 3 May 1706 | 1 year, 129 days | ||
| Damat Çorlulu Ali Pasha (1670–1711) | 3 May 1706 | 15 June 1710 | 4 years, 43 days | ||
| Köprülü Numan Pasha (1670–1719) | 16 June 1710 | 17 August 1710 | 62 days | ||
| Baltacı Mehmed Pasha (1652–1712) Second term | 18 August 1710 | 20 November 1711 | 1 year, 94 days | ||
| Ağa Yusuf Pasha (d. 1713) | 20 November 1711 | 11 November 1712 | 357 days | ||
| Nişancı Süleyman Pasha (d. 1715) | 12 November 1712 | 6 April 1713 | 145 days | ||
| Hoca Ibrahim Pasha (d. 1713) | 6 April 1713 | 7 April 1713 † (Executed) | 1 day | ||
| Damat Silahdar Ali Pasha (1667–1716) | 27 April 1713 | 5 August 1716 † (Fell in battle) | 3 years, 100 days | ||
| Hacı Halil Pasha (d. 1733) | 21 August 1716 | 26 August 1717 | 1 year, 5 days | ||
| Nişancı Mehmed Pasha (d. 1728) | 26 August 1717 | 9 May 1718 | 256 days | ||
| Damat Nevşehirli Ibrahim Pasha (1662–1730) | 9 May 1718 | 1 October 1730 † (Lynched) | 12 years, 145 days | ||
| Damat Silahdar Mehmed Pasha (d. 1737) | 16 October 1730 | 23 January 1731 | 99 days | Mahmud I (1730–1754) | |
| Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha (d. 1743) | 23 January 1731 | 11 September 1731 | 231 days | ||
| Topal Osman Pasha (1663–1733) | 21 September 1731 | 12 March 1732 | 173 days | ||
| Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1689–1758) First term | 12 March 1732 | 14 July 1735 | 3 years, 124 days | ||
| Gürcü İsmail Pasha (d. 1738) | 14 July 1735 | 25 December 1735 | 164 days | ||
| Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (d. 1757) | 10 January 1736 | 5 August 1737 | 1 year, 207 days | ||
| Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha (1661–1757) | 22 August 1737 | 19 December 1737 | 119 days | ||
| Yeğen Mehmed Pasha (d. 1745) | 3 December 1737 | 23 March 1739 | 1 year, 110 days | ||
| İvaz Mehmed Pasha (d. 1743) | 17 March 1739 | 23 June 1740 | 1 year, 98 days | ||
| Nişancı Kör Hacı Ahmed Pasha (d. 1753) | 22 July 1740 | 7 April 1742 | 2 years, 259 days | ||
| Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1689–1758) Second term | 21 April 1742 | 4 October 1742 | 166 days | ||
| Seyyid Hasan Pasha (d. 1748) | 4 October 1742 | 10 August 1746 | 3 years, 310 days | ||
| Hacı Tiryaki Mehmed Pasha (1680–1751) | 11 August 1746 | 24 August 1747 | 1 year, 13 days | ||
| Seyyid Abdullah Pasha (d. 1760) | 24 August 1747 | 2 January 1750 | 2 years, 131 days | ||
| Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha (d. 1753) | 9 January 1750 | 1 July 1752 | 2 years, 174 days | ||
| Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (d. 1765) | 1 July 1752 | 16 February 1755 | 2 years, 230 days | ||
| Osman III (1754–1757) | |||||
| Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1689–1758) Third term | 16 February 1755 | 19 May 1755 | 92 days | ||
| Naili Abdullah Pasha (d. 1758) | 19 May 1755 | 24 August 1755 | 97 days | ||
| Nişancı Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Paşa (d. 1755) | 24 August 1755 | 23 October 1755 † (Executed) | 60 days | ||
| Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha (d. 1761) | 25 October 1755 | 1 April 1756 | 159 days | ||
| Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (d. 1765) First term | 30 April 1756 | 3 December 1756 | 217 days | ||
| Koca Ragıp Pasha (1698–1763) | 12 January 1757 | 8 April 1763 † (Died in office) | 6 years, 86 days | ||
| Mustafa III (1757–1774) | |||||
| Tevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha (1688–1770) | 11 April 1763 | 29 September 1763 | 171 days | ||
| Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (d. 1765) Second term | 29 September 1763 | 30 March 1765 † (Dismissed, executed) | 1 year, 213 days | ||
| Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1704–1774) First term | 30 March 1765 | 7 August 1768 | 3 years, 130 days | ||
| Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha (1727–1771) | 7 August 1768 | 20 October 1768 | 74 days | ||
| Yağlıkçızade Mehmed Emin Pasha (1724–1769) | 20 October 1768 | 12 August 1769 † (Dismissed, executed) | 296 days | ||
| Moldovancı Ali Pasha (d. 1773) | 12 August 1769 | 12 December 1769 | 122 days | ||
| İvazzade Halil Pasha (1724–1777) | 13 December 1769 | 25 December 1770 | 1 year, 12 days | ||
| Silahdar Cihangirli Mehmed Paşa (1710–1788) | 25 December 1770 | 11 December 1771 | 351 days | ||
| Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1704–1774) Second term | 11 December 1771 | 6 August 1774 † (Died in office) | 2 years, 238 days | ||
| Abdul Hamid I | |||||
| İzzet Mehmed Pasha (1723–1784) | 11 August 1774 | 7 July 1775 | 330 days | ||
| Moralı Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1735–1777) | 7 July 1775 | 5 January 1777 | 1 year, 182 days | ||
| Darendeli Mehmed Pasha (1714–1784) | 5 January 1777 | 1 September 1778 | 1 year, 239 days | ||
| Kalafat Mehmed Pasha (d. 1792) | 1 September 1778 | 22 August 1779 | 355 days | ||
| Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1735–1781) | 22 August 1779 | 20 February 1781 † (Died in office) | 1 year, 182 days | ||
| İzzet Mehmed Pasha (1723–1784) | 20 February 1781 | 25 August 1782 | 1 year, 186 days | ||
| Hacı Yeğen Mehmed Paşa (1726–1787) | 25 August 1782 | 31 December 1782 | 128 days | ||
| Halil Hamid Pasha (1736–1785) | 31 December 1782 | 30 April 1785 † (Executed) | 2 years, 120 days | ||
| Şahin Ali Paşa (d. 1789) | 30 April 1785 | 25 January 1786 | 270 days | ||
| Koca Yusuf Pasha (1730–1800) First term | 25 January 1786 | 28 May 1789 | 3 years, 123 days | ||
| Selim III | |||||
| Meyyit Kethüda Hasan Pasha (d. 1810) | 28 May 1789 | 2 January 1790 | 219 days | ||
| Gazi Cezayirli Hasan Pasha (1713–1790) | 2 January 1790 | 30 March 1790 † (Died in office) | 87 days | ||
| Şerif Hasan Pasha (d. 1791) | 16 April 1790 | 12 February 1791 † (Assassinated) | 302 days | ||
| Koca Yusuf Pasha (1730–1800) Second term | 12 February 1791 | 1792 | 323 days | ||
| Damat Melek Mehmed Pasha (1719–1802) | 1792 | 21 October 1794 | 2 years, 293 days | ||
| Safranbolulu İzzet Mehmet Pasha (1743–1812) | 21 October 1794 | 23 October 1798 | 4 years, 2 days | ||
| Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (d. 1819) First term | 23 October 1798 | 24 June 1805 | 6 years, 244 days | ||
| Bostancıbaşı Hafız İsmail Pasha (1758–1807) | 24 September 1805 | 13 October 1806 | 1 year, 19 days | ||
| Keçiboynuzu İbrahim Hilmi Pasha (1747–1825) | 13 October 1806 | 3 June 1807 | 233 days | ||
| Mustafa IV | |||||
| Çelebi Mustafa Pasha (d. 1811) | 3 June 1807 | 28 July 1808 | 1 year, 55 days | ||
| Alemdar/Bayrakdar Mustafa Pasha (1750–1808) | 29 July 1808 | 15 November 1808 † (Committed suicide) | 109 days | Mahmud II | |
| Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha (d. 1809) | 16 November 1808 | December 1808 | 15 days | ||
| Çarhacı Ali Pasha (d. 1823) | December 1808 | March 1809 | 90 days | ||
| Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (d. 1819) Second term | March 1809 | February 1811 | 1 year, 337 days | ||
| Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha (d. 1819) | February 1811 | July 1812 | 1 year, 151 days | ||
| Hurşit Ahmed Pasha (d. 1822) | July 1812 | 30 March 1815 | 2 years, 272 days | ||
| Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1780–1860) First term | 30 March 1815 | 6 January 1818 | 2 years, 282 days | ||
| Burdurlu Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1765–1837) | 6 January 1818 | 5 January 1820 | 1 year, 364 days | ||
| Seyyid Ispartalı Ali Pasha (1756–1826) | 5 January 1820 | 21 April 1821 | 1 year, 106 days | ||
| Benderli Ali Pasha (d. 1821) | 21 April 1821 | 30 April 1821 † (Executed) | 9 days | ||
| Hacı Izmirli Salih Pasha (d. 1828) | 30 April 1821 | 11 November 1822 | 1 year, 195 days | ||
| Bostancıbaşı Deli Abdullah Pasha (d. 1823) | 11 November 1822 | 4 March 1823 | 113 days | ||
| Silahdar Turnacızade Ali Pasha (d. 1829) | 4 March 1823 | 13 December 1823 | 284 days | ||
| Mehmed Said Galip Pasha (1763–1829) | 13 December 1823 | 15 September 1824 | 277 days | ||
| Mehmed Selim Pasha (1771–1831) | 15 September 1824 | 26 October 1828 | 4 years, 41 days | ||
| Topal İzzet Mehmed Pasha (1792–1855) | 26 October 1828 | 28 January 1829 | 94 days | ||
| Reşid Mehmed Pasha (1780–1836) | 28 January 1829 | 17 February 1833 | 4 years, 20 days | ||
| Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1780–1860) Second term | 17 February 1833 | 8 July 1839 | 6 years, 141 days | ||
| Abdul Mecid (1839–1861) | |||||
| Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha (1769–1855) | 8 July 1839 | 3 November 1839 | 118 days | ||
| Proclamation of the Gülhane Edict | |||||
Tanzimat (1839–1876)
The Gülhane edict was announced soon after Abdul Mecid's sword girding, ushering in the Tanzimat period, a time of major bureaucratic and administrative reform.
| Grand Vizier | Term of office | Sultan | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Epithet Name (Birth-Death) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | |
| Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha (1769–1855) | 3 November 1839 | 29 May 1841 | 1 year, 207 days | Abdul Mecid (1839–1861) | |
| Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1780–1860) Third term | 29 May 1841 | 7 October 1841 | 131 days | ||
| Topal İzzet Mehmed Pasha (1792–1855) | 7 October 1841 | 3 September 1842 | 331 days | ||
| Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1780–1860) Fourth term | 3 September 1842 | 31 July 1846 | 3 years, 331 days | ||
| Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1800–1858) First term | 31 July 1846 | 28 April 1848 | 1 year, 272 days | ||
| İbrahim Sarim Pasha (1801–1853) | 28 April 1848 | 13 August 1848 | 107 days | ||
| Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1800–1858) Second term | 13 August 1848 | 26 January 1852 | 3 years, 166 days | ||
| Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1780–1860) Fifth term | 27 January 1852 | 7 March 1852 | 40 days | ||
| Koca Mustafa Reşit Pasha (1800–1858) Third term | 7 March 1852 | 7 August 1852 | 153 days | ||
| Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1815–1871) First term | 7 August 1852 | 4 October 1852 | 58 days | ||
| Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha (1813–1868) | 4 October 1852 | 14 May 1853 | 222 days | ||
| Mustafa Naili Pasha (1798–1871) First term | 14 May 1853 | 30 May 1854 | 1 year, 16 days | ||
| Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1813–1871) First term | 30 May 1854 | 24 November 1854 | 178 days | ||
| Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1800–1858) Fourth term | 24 November 1854 | 4 May 1855 | 161 days | ||
| Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1815–1871) Second term | 4 May 1855 | 1 December 1856 | 1 year, 211 days | ||
| Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1800–1858) Fifth term | 1 December 1856 | 2 August 1857 | 244 days | ||
| Mustafa Naili Pasha (1798–1871) Second term | 2 August 1857 | 23 October 1857 | 82 days | ||
| Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1800–1858) Sixth term | 23 October 1857 | 7 January 1858 † (Died in office) | 76 days | ||
| Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1815–1871) Third term | 11 January 1858 | 8 October 1859 | 1 year, 270 days | ||
| Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1813–1871) Second term | 8 October 1859 | 24 December 1859 | 77 days | ||
| Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1811–1882) First term | 24 December 1859 | 27 May 1860 | 155 days | ||
| Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1813–1871) Third term | 27 May 1860 | 6 August 1861 | 1 year, 71 days | ||
| Abdul Aziz (1861–1876) | |||||
| Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1815–1871) Fourth term | 6 August 1861 | 22 November 1861 | 108 days | ||
| Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1814–1869) First term | 22 November 1861 | 6 January 1863 | 1 year, 45 days | ||
| Yusuf Kamil Pasha (1808–1876) | 6 January 1863 | 3 June 1863 | 148 days | ||
| Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1814–1869) Second term | 3 June 1863 | 5 June 1866 | 3 years, 2 days | ||
| Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1811–1882) Second term | 5 June 1866 | 11 February 1867 | 251 days | ||
| Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1815–1871) Fifth term | 11 February 1867 | 7 September 1871 † (Died in office) | 4 years, 208 days | ||
| Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1818–1883) First term | 7 September 1871 | 31 July 1872 | 328 days | ||
| Ahmed Şefik Midhat Pasha (1822–1883) First term | 31 July 1872 | 19 October 1872 | 80 days | ||
| Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1811–1882) Third term | 19 October 1872 | 15 February 1873 | 119 days | ||
| Ahmed Esat Pasha (1828–1875) First term | 15 February 1873 | 15 April 1873 | 59 days | ||
| Şirvanlı Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1828–1874) | 15 April 1873 | 14 February 1874 | 305 days | ||
| Hüseyin Avni Pasha (1820–1876) | 14 February 1874 | 25 April 1875 | 1 year, 70 days | ||
| Ahmed Esat Pasha (1828–1875) Second term | 25 April 1875 | 21 August 1875 † (Died in office) | 118 days | ||
| Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1818–1883) Second term | 21 August 1875 | 11 May 1876 | 264 days | ||
| Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1811–1882) Fourth term | 12 May 1876 | 13 December 1876 | |||
| 215 days | Murad V (1876) | ||||
| Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909) | |||||
| Promulgation of Constitution | |||||
First Constitutional Monarchy (1876–1878)
Under pressure from the Young Ottomans which overthrew his relatives Abdul Aziz and Murad V, Abdul Hamid II promulgated a constitution and parliament upon his ascension to the throne.
| Grand Vizier | Term of office | Legislature | Government | Sultan | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Epithet Name (Birth-Death) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1811–1882) Fourth term | 13 December 1876 | 19 December 1876 | 6 days | — | Mütercim Rüşdi IV | Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909) | |
| Ahmed Şefik Midhat Pasha (1822–1883) Second term | 19 December 1876 | 5 February 1877 | 48 days | Midhat II | |||
| İbrahim Edhem Pasha (1819–1893) | 5 February 1877 | 11 January 1878 | 340 days | Edhem | |||
| I (1876) | |||||||
| II (1877) | |||||||
| Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1826–1885) | 11 January 1878 | 4 February 1878 | 24 days | Hamdi | |||
| Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1823–1891) First term | 4 February 1878 | 14 February 1878 | 10 days | Vefik I | |||
| Constitution suspended | |||||||
İstibdat (1878–1908)
Abdul Hamid II suspended the constitution and parliament in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo Turkish war, and ruled the Ottoman Empire for the next three decades in a personal dictatorship. Historians have dubbed this era of Ottoman history as İstibdat (despotism).
| Grand Vizier | Term of office | Government | Sultan | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Epithet Name (Birth-Death) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||
| Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1823–1891) First term | 14 February 1878 | 18 April 1878 | 63 days | Vefik I | Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909) | |
| Mehmed Sadık Pasha (1826–1901) | 18 April 1878 | 28 May 1878 | 40 days | Sadık | ||
| Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1811–1882) Fifth term | 28 May 1878 | 4 June 1878 | 7 days | Mütercim Rüşdi V | ||
| Mehmed Esat Saffet Pasha (1814–1883) | 4 June 1878 | October 1878 | 119 days | Saffet | ||
| Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha (1820–1890) | October 1878 | 28 July 1879 | 300 days | Hayreddin | ||
| Ahmed Arifi Pasha (1830–1896) | 28 July 1879 | September 1879 | 35 days | Arifi | ||
| Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1838–1914) First term | 18 October 1879 | 9 June 1880 | 235 days | Said I | ||
| Mehmed Kadri Pasha (1832–1884) | 9 June 1880 | 12 September 1880 | 95 days | Kadri | ||
| Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1838–1914) Second term | 12 September 1880 | 2 May 1882 | 1 year, 232 days | Said II | ||
| Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha (1833–1912) | 2 May 1882 | 12 July 1882 | 71 days | Nureddin | ||
| Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1838–1914) Third term | 12 July 1882 | 30 November 1882 | 141 days | Said III | ||
| Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1823–1891) Second term | 1 December 1882 | 3 December 1882 | 2 days | Vefik II | ||
| Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1838–1914) Fourth term | 3 December 1882 | 24 September 1885 | 2 years, 295 days | Said IV | ||
| Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (1833–1913) First term | 25 September 1885 | 4 September 1891 | 5 years, 344 days | Kâmil I | ||
| Ahmed Cevat Şakir Pasha (1851–1900) | 4 September 1891 | 8 June 1895 | 3 years, 277 days | Şakir | ||
| Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1838–1914) Fifth term | 9 June 1895 | 3 October 1895 | 116 days | Said V | ||
| Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (1833–1913) Second term | 3 October 1895 | 7 November 1895 | 35 days | Kâmil II | ||
| Halil Rifat Pasha (1820–1901) | 7 November 1895 | 9 November 1901 † (Died in office) | 6 years, 2 days | Rifat | ||
| Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1838–1914) Sixth term | 13 November 1901 | 15 January 1903 | 1 year, 63 days | Said VI | ||
| Mehmed Ferid Pasha (1851–1914) | 15 January 1903 | 22 July 1908 | 5 years, 189 days | Avyonyalı Ferid | ||
| Young Turk Revolution, constitution repromulgated | ||||||
Second Constitutional Monarchy (1908–1920)
The Young Turks force Abdul Hamid II to reinstate the constitution and parliament on 24 July 1908. Political parties were introduced in the Second Constitutional Era.
Liberty Party, Freedom and Accord Party
| Grand Vizier | Term of office | Political Party | Government | Legislature | Sultan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Epithet Name (Birth-Death) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
| Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1838–1914) Seventh term | 22 July 1908 | 6 August 1908 (Resigned) | 15 days | Independent | Said VII | — | Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909) | ||
| Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (1833–1913) Third term | 5 August 1908 | 14 February 1909 (Censored) | 193 days | Kâmil III | |||||
| Liberty Party | |||||||||
| III (1908) | |||||||||
| Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1855–1922) First term | 14 February 1909 | 14 April 1909 (Deposed) | 59 days | Union and Progress | Hilmi I | ||||
| Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (Okday) (1845–1936) First term | 14 April 1909 | 5 May 1909 (Deposed) | 21 days | Independent | Tevfik I | ||||
| Mehmed V (1909–1918) | |||||||||
| Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1855–1922) Second term | 5 May 1909 | 15 August 1909 | 252 days | Union and Progress Party | Hilmi II | ||||
| 15 August 1909 | 12 January 1910 (Resigned) | Hilmi III | |||||||
| İbrahim Hakkı Pasha (1862–1918) | 12 January 1910 | 30 September 1911 (Resigned) | 1 year, 261 days | Hakkı | |||||
| Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1838–1914) Eighth and ninth term | 30 September 1911 | 31 December 1911 | 296 days | Said VIII | |||||
| IV (1912) | |||||||||
| 31 December 1911 | 22 July 1912 (Deposed) | Said IX | |||||||
| Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (1839–1919) | 22 July 1912 | 29 October 1912 (Resigned) | 99 days | Independent | Muhtar | ||||
| — | |||||||||
| Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (1833–1913) Fourth term | 29 October 1912 | 23 January 1913 (Deposed) | 86 days | Freedom and Accord Party | Kâmil IV | ||||
| Mahmud Şevket Pasha (1856–1913) | 23 January 1913 | 11 June 1913 † (Assassinated) | 139 days | Independent | Şevket | ||||
| Said Halim Pasha (1865–1921) | 12 June 1913 | 3 February 1917 (Resigned) | 3 years, 236 days | Union and Progress Party | Said Halim | ||||
| V (1914) | |||||||||
| Mehmed Talât Pasha (1874–1921) First and second term | 4 February 1917 | 4 July 1918 | 1 year, 246 days | Talaat I | |||||
| 4 July 1918 | 8 October 1918 (Resigned) | Talaat II | Mehmed VI (1918–1922) | ||||||
| Ahmed İzzet Pasha (Furgaç) (1864–1937) | 14 October 1918 | 11 November 1918 (Resigned) | 28 days | İzzet | |||||
| Independent | |||||||||
| Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (Okday) (1845–1936) Second term | 11 November 1918 | 12 January 1919 | 113 days | Tevfik II | |||||
| — | |||||||||
| 12 January 1919 | 24 February 1919 | Tevfik III | |||||||
| 24 February 1919 | 3 March 1919 (Resigned) | Tevfik IV | |||||||
| Damat Mehmed Adil Ferid Pasha (1853–1923) First, second, and third term | 4 March 1919 | 15 May 1919 (Resigned) | 210 days | Freedom and Accord Party | Ferid I | ||||
| 19 May 1919 | 20 July 1919 | Ferid II | |||||||
| Independent | |||||||||
| 21 July 1919 | 30 September 1919 (Resigned) | Ferid III | |||||||
| Ali Rıza Pasha (1860–1932) | 2 October 1919 | 9 February 1920 | 153 days | Ali Rıza I | |||||
| VI (1919) | |||||||||
| 9 February 1920 | 3 March 1920 (Resigned) | Ali Rıza II | |||||||
| Salih Hulusi Pasha (Kezrak) (1864–1939) | 8 March 1920 | 2 April 1920 (Resigned) | 25 days | Hulusi | |||||
| Constitution suspended | |||||||||
Last Grand Viziers (1920–1922)
Following the end of the Second Constitutional Era in 1920, the Ottoman Empire was in a state of diarchy, with the government based in Constantinople and the government based in Ankara both asserting themselves as the legitimate Turkish government. Mehmed VI abolished the constitution and suspended parliament when the Chamber of Deputies voted in support of the National Pact in the Turkish War of Independence.
| Grand Vizier | Term of office | Political party | Cabinet | Sultan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portrait | Epithet Name (Birth-Death) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
| Damat Mehmed Adil Ferid Pasha (1853–1923) Fourth and Fifth terms | 5 April 1920 | 199 days | Independent | Ferid IV | Mehmed VI (1918–1922) | |||
| 21 October 1920 | Ferid V | |||||||
| Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (Okday) (1845–1936) Third term | 21 October 1920 | 4 November 1922 (Resigned) | 2 years, 14 days | Tevfik V | ||||
| End of the Ottoman Empire | ||||||||
During the Conference of London, Ahmet Tevfik Pasha recognized the ambassador of the Grand National Assembly as the legitimate government of Turkey. On 1 November 1922, the Grand National Assembly voted to abolish the Sultanate. Ahmet Tevfik Pasha was the last grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire, and resigned from the premiership on November 4, 1922, without a replacement.
Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly (1920–1923)
| Prime Minister | Term of office | Political party | Cabinet | Legislature | Speaker | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||||
| 1 | Gazi (1881–1938) | 3 May 1920 | 24 January 1921 | 266 days | Independent | Atatürk | I (1920) | Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk)
(1920–1923) | ||
| 2 | Mustafa Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak) (1876–1950) | 24 January 1921 | 19 May 1921 | 1 year, 166 days | Çakmak I | |||||
| 19 May 1921 | 9 July 1922 | Çakmak II | ||||||||
| 3 | Hüseyin Rauf Pasha (Orbay) (1881–1964) | 12 July 1922 | 4 August 1923 | 1 year, 23 days | Orbay | |||||
| 4 | Ali Fethi (Okyar) (1880–1943) | 14 August 1923 | 27 October 1923 | 74 days | Okyar | |||||
| Declaration of the Republic of Turkey | ||||||||||
See also
References
- ^ Archivum Ottomanicum, p. 240, at Google Books
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, p. 235, at Google Books
- ^ "SEMİZ AHMED PAŞA". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ "Türkçe Bilgi: Semiz Ahmed Paşa". Türkçe Bilgi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-08-16.
- ^ Dumas, Juliette (2013). Les perles de nacre du sultanat. Les princesses ottomanes (mi-XVe – mi-XVIIIe siècle) (in French).
- ^ Zeynalabdinov, Asgar. "Yilmaz oztuna kanuni sultan suleyman".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Haskan, Mehmet Nermi (2001). Yüzyıllar Boyunca Üsküdar (in Turkish). Üsküdar Belediyesi. p. 532. ISBN 978-975-97606-2-5.
- ^ İzahlı Osmanlı Tarihi Kronolojisi, Cilt:5, İsmail Hami Danişmend
Sources
- Aktaş, Necati; Kaplan, Mustafa (2003). Osmanlı fermanları. Osmanlı Arşivi. ISBN 9789751934925.
- Dânişmend, İsmail Hâmi (1971). Osmanlı devlet erkânı: Sadr-ı-a'zamlar (vezir-i-a'zamlar), şeyh-ül-islâmlar, kapdan-ı-deryalar, baş-defterdarlar, reı̂s-ül-küttablar. Türkiye Yayınevi.
- Imber, Colin (2009). The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-01406-1.
- Mango, Andrew (1999). Atatürk. John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6592-2.
- Necipoğlu, Gülru (2005). The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-253-9.
- Somel, Selcuk Aksin (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6606-5.
- Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı; Karal, Enver Ziya (1954). Osmanlı tarihi: cilt. Uzunçarşılı, İ.H. 1. kısım. II. Selim'in tahta çıkışından 1699 Karlofça andlaşmasına kadar (1973) 2. kısım. XVI. yüzyıl ortalarından XVII. yüzyıl sonuna kadar (1954). Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
- Yücel, Yaşar (1992). Türkiye tarihi (IV.): Osmanli dönemi. Türk Tarih Kurumu. ISBN 978-975-16-0257-2.
- Yücel, Yaşar (1991). Türkiye tarihi (II.). Istanbul.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)