Ballon d'Or
The Ballon d'Or (French pronunciation: [balɔ̃ dɔʁ] (listen); lit. 'Golden Ball') is an annual football award presented by French news magazine France Football since 1956. Between 2010 and 2015, in an agreement with FIFA, the award was temporarily merged with the FIFA World Player of the Year (founded in 1991) and known as the FIFA Ballon d'Or. That partnership ended in 2016, and the award reverted to the Ballon d'Or, while FIFA also reverted to its own separate annual award The Best FIFA Men's Player. The recipients of the joint FIFA Ballon d'Or are considered as winners by both award organisations.
| Ballon d'Or | ||
|---|---|---|
Ballon d'Or trophy | ||
| Date | 1956 | |
| Country | France | |
| Presented by | France Football | |
| First awarded | 1956 | |
| Current holder | Karim Benzema (1st award) | |
| Most awards | Lionel Messi (7 awards) | |
| Most nominations | Cristiano Ronaldo (18 nominations)[1] | |
| Website | francefootball.fr | |
| ||
Conceived by sports writers Gabriel Hanot and Jacques Ferran, the Ballon d'Or award honours the male player deemed to have performed the best over the previous year, based on voting by football journalists, from 1956 to 2006.[2] Originally, it was awarded only to players from Europe and widely known as the European Footballer of the Year award. In 1995, the Ballon d'Or was expanded to include all players from any origin that have been active at European clubs.[3][4]
After 2007, coaches and captains of national teams were also given the right to vote.[2] The award became a global prize in 2007 with all professional footballers from around the world being eligible.[5] In 2022, France Football modified the rules for the Ballon d'Or. They changed the timing so that awards were given not for achievements during a calendar year, but for a football season.[6] It was also decided that only those countries in the top 100 of the FIFA World Ranking would be allowed to vote.[6]
History
Stanley Matthews of England was the inaugural winner of the Ballon d'Or.[7] Prior to 2007, the award was generally known as the continental European Footballer of the Year award in English language and much international media. Even after 2007, it was usually identified with and referred to by that name because of its origin as a European award, until it was merged with FIFA's World Player award cementing its new worldwide claim.[8][9][10][11] Liberia's George Weah, the only African recipient, became the first non-European to win the award in 1995, the year that rules of eligibility were changed.[4] Ronaldo of Brazil became the first South American winner two years later.[4]
Lionel Messi has won the award a record seven times, followed by Cristiano Ronaldo with five. Three players have won the award three times each: Johan Cruyff, Michel Platini, and Marco van Basten. With seven awards each, Dutch, German, Argentine, Portuguese and French players have won the most Ballons d'Or. Players from Germany (1972, 1981) and the Netherlands (1988) occupied the top-three top spots in a single year (a feat achieved only three times in history). German (1972) and Italian (1988–1990) clubs achieved the same feat, including two individual years dominated by AC Milan players (1988, 1989), a unique record until Spanish clubs experienced an unforeseen dominance (2009–2012, 2015, 2016) and Barcelona (2010) became the second club to occupy the top-three. Two Spanish clubs, Barcelona and Real Madrid, also lead the ranking for producing the most winners, with 12 wins each.[12]
Between 2010 and 2015 inclusive, the award was merged with a similar one, the FIFA World Player of the Year award, to create the FIFA Ballon d'Or, which was awarded to the world's best male player before FIFA and France Football decided not to continue the merging agreement.[13] After 2011, UEFA created the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award to maintain the tradition of the original Ballon d'Or of specifically honouring a football player from Europe.[14]
In 2020, the Group L'Équipe, to which France Football belongs, decided that no award would be given for the year due to the COVID-19 pandemic cutting short the seasons of football clubs worldwide.[15] The widespread public opinion is that the 2020 award should have been given to Robert Lewandowski.[16][17][18]
The award shows a bias in favor of attacking players, which has increased in recent years, especially after 2007.[2] Over time, the award has gone to a more exclusive set of leagues and clubs.[2] Prior to 1995, 10 leagues supplied Ballon d'Or winners, whereas only England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain have supplied winners since 1995.[2] Spain's La Liga has the most Ballon d'Or winners.[2] Barcelona and Real Madrid have supplied the most Ballon d'Or winners since 1995.[2]
In 2022, France Football modified the rules for the Ballon d'Or. They changed the timing so that awards were given not for achievements during a calendar year, but for a football season.[6] It was also decided that only those countries in the top 100 of the FIFA World Ranking would be allowed to vote. The plebiscite had previously been open to all countries since 2007. This brought the Ballon d'Or into line with the UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award which was slightly less dominated by exclusive leagues and, in particular, Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi in recent years.[6]
Nine players (Bobby Charlton, Franz Beckenbauer, Gerd Müller, Paolo Rossi, Zinedine Zidane, Rivaldo, Ronaldinho, Kaká, and Lionel Messi) have won the FIFA World Cup, the European Cup/UEFA Champions League, and the Ballon d'Or during their careers.
Winners
Note: Until 2021, the Ballon d'Or was awarded based on player performance during the calendar year. Since 2022, jurors have been instructed to take into account the previous season.[19]
| This indicates the Ballon d'Or winning player also won the FIFA World Player of the Year or The Best FIFA Men's Player award in the same year (available in 1991–2009 and from 2016) |
Wins by player
| Player | Winner | Second place | Third place |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lionel Messi[note 32] | 7 (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2019, 2021) | 5 (2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017) | 1 (2007) |
| Cristiano Ronaldo[note 33] | 5 (2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017) | 6 (2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2018) | 1 (2019) |
| Michel Platini | 3 (1983, 1984, 1985) | — | 2 (1977, 1980) |
| Johan Cruyff | 3 (1971, 1973, 1974) | — | 1 (1975) |
| Marco van Basten | 3 (1988, 1989, 1992) | — | — |
| Franz Beckenbauer | 2 (1972, 1976) | 2 (1974, 1975) | 1 (1966) |
| Ronaldo | 2 (1997, 2002) | 1 (1996) | 1 (1998) |
| Alfredo Di Stéfano | 2 (1957, 1959) | 1 (1956) | — |
| Kevin Keegan | 2 (1978, 1979) | 1 (1977) | — |
| Karl-Heinz Rummenigge | 2 (1980, 1981) | 1 (1979) | — |
| Luis Suárez | 1 (1960) | 2 (1961, 1964) | 1 (1965) |
| Eusébio | 1 (1965) | 2 (1962, 1966) | — |
| Bobby Charlton | 1 (1966) | 2 (1967, 1968) | — |
| Raymond Kopa | 1 (1958) | 1 (1959) | 2 (1956, 1957) |
| Gerd Müller | 1 (1970) | 1 (1972) | 2 (1969, 1973) |
| Zinedine Zidane | 1 (1998) | 1 (2000) | 1 (1997) |
| Gianni Rivera | 1 (1969) | 1 (1963) | — |
| Ruud Gullit | 1 (1987) | 1 (1988) | — |
| Lothar Matthäus | 1 (1990) | 1 (1991) | — |
| Roberto Baggio | 1 (1993) | 1 (1994) | — |
| Hristo Stoichkov | 1 (1994) | 1 (1992) | — |
| Andriy Shevchenko | 1 (2004) | — | 2 (1999, 2000) |
| George Best | 1 (1968) | — | 1 (1971) |
| Allan Simonsen | 1 (1977) | — | 1 (1983) |
| Ronaldinho | 1 (2005) | — | 1 (2004) |
| Flórián Albert | 1 (1967) | — | — |
| Jean-Pierre Papin | 1 (1991) | — | — |
| George Weah | 1 (1995) | — | — |
| Matthias Sammer | 1 (1996) | — | — |
| Rivaldo | 1 (1999) | — | — |
| Luís Figo | 1 (2000) | — | — |
| Michael Owen | 1 (2001) | — | — |
| Pavel Nedvěd | 1 (2003) | — | — |
| Fabio Cannavaro | 1 (2006) | — | — |
| Kaká | 1 (2007) | — | — |
| Luka Modrić | 1 (2018) | — | — |
| Karim Benzema | 1 (2022) | — | — |
Wins by country
| Country | Players | Wins |
|---|---|---|
| France | 5 | 7 |
| Germany | 5 | 7 |
| Netherlands | 3 | 7 |
| Portugal | 3 | 7 |
| Argentina | 1 | 7 |
| Italy | 5 | 5 |
| Brazil | 4 | 5 |
| England | 4 | 5 |
| Soviet Union | 3 | 3 |
| Spain | 2 | 3 |
| Bulgaria | 1 | 1 |
| Croatia | 1 | 1 |
| Czech Republic | 1 | 1 |
| Czechoslovakia | 1 | 1 |
| Denmark | 1 | 1 |
| Hungary | 1 | 1 |
| Liberia | 1 | 1 |
| Northern Ireland | 1 | 1 |
| Scotland | 1 | 1 |
| Ukraine | 1 | 1 |
Wins by club
| Club | Players | Wins |
|---|---|---|
| Real Madrid | 8 | 12 |
| Barcelona | 6 | 12 |
| Juventus | 6 | 8 |
| AC Milan | 6 | 8 |
| Bayern Munich | 3 | 5 |
| Manchester United | 4 | 4 |
| Dynamo Kyiv | 2 | 2 |
| Inter Milan | 2 | 2 |
| Hamburger SV | 1 | 2 |
| Ajax | 1 | 1 |
| Benfica | 1 | 1 |
| Blackpool | 1 | 1 |
| Borussia Dortmund | 1 | 1 |
| Borussia Mönchengladbach | 1 | 1 |
| Dukla Prague | 1 | 1 |
| Dynamo Moscow | 1 | 1 |
| Ferencváros | 1 | 1 |
| Liverpool | 1 | 1 |
| Marseille | 1 | 1 |
| Paris Saint-Germain | 1 | 1 |
Additional awards
An honorary award, under the name Super Ballon d'Or, was awarded to Alfredo Di Stéfano in 1989, after he surpassed Johan Cruyff and Michel Platini in France Football's voting.[23]
A decade later, France Football elected Pelé the Football Player of the Century after consulting their former Ballon d'Or recipients. Among the 34 previous winners, 30 cast their votes, while Stanley Matthews, Omar Sívori and George Best abstained, and Lev Yashin had died. Each voter was allotted five votes worth up to five points; however, Di Stéfano only chose a first place, Platini a first and second place, and George Weah two players for fifth place. Pelé was named the greatest by 17 voters, receiving almost double the number of points earned by the runner-up, Diego Maradona.[24]
| Player | Pts | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pelé | 122 | 17 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Diego Maradona | 65 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 1 |
| Johan Cruyff | 62 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 2 |
| Alfredo Di Stéfano | 44 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Michel Platini | 40 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 6 |
To coincide with the 60th anniversary of the Ballon d'Or in 2016, France Football published a reevaluation of the awards presented before 1995, when only European players were eligible to win the award. 12 out of the 39 Ballons d'Or presented during this time period would have been awarded to South American players; in addition to Pelé and Diego Maradona, Garrincha, Mario Kempes, and Romário were retrospectively recognized as worthy winners. The original recipients, however, remain unchanged.[25]
Maradona and Pelé also received honorary Ballons d'Ors for their services to football in 1995 and 2013, respectively.[26][27]
| Year | Original winner | Alternative |
|---|---|---|
| 1958 | Raymond Kopa | Pelé |
| 1959 | Alfredo Di Stéfano | Pelé |
| 1960 | Luis Suárez | Pelé |
| 1961 | Omar Sívori | Pelé |
| 1962 | Josef Masopust | Garrincha |
| 1963 | Lev Yashin | Pelé |
| 1964 | Denis Law | Pelé |
| 1970 | Gerd Müller | Pelé |
| 1978 | Kevin Keegan | Mario Kempes |
| 1986 | Igor Belanov | Diego Maradona |
| 1990 | Lothar Matthäus | Diego Maradona |
| 1994 | Hristo Stoichkov | Romário |
In 1978, France Football published an article about that year's South American Footballer of the Year award in which they hypothesised a match between a South American All-Star Team and a European All-Star team, featuring the players who had performed the best in the award rankings.[28]