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Three-finger salute (Serbian)

The three-finger salute (Serbian: поздрав са три прста / pozdrav sa tri prsta; or three fingers, Serbian: три прста / tri prsta), commonly known as the Serbian salute (српски поздрав / srpski pozdrav), is a salute which originally expressed the Holy Trinity, used in oath-taking, and a symbol of Serbian Orthodoxy, that today simply is an expression, a gesture, for ethnic Serbs and Serbia, made by extending the thumb, index, and middle fingers of one or both hands.

Three-finger salute at 2008 Kosovo is Serbia rally in Belgrade

The salute usually goes along with the Serbian flag, using several semantic layers to depict its historical meaning, while also being used a symbol of Serbian ethno-nationalism during the Guča Trumpet Festival.[1] According to political scientist Anamaria Dutceac Segesten, "the salute remains a distinctive sign for the ethnic Serb and a symbol for belonging to the Serbian nation".[2]

Origin

Orthodox symbolism

In Serbian and Orthodox tradition, the number three is exceptionally important.[3] Three fingers are used when signing the cross in Orthodoxy, symbolizing the Trinity. The Serbs, when swearing Oath, historically used the three fingers (collected, as when crossing) along with the greetings "My Holy Trinity" (Serbian: Светог ми Тројства / Svetog mi Trojstva) or "for the Honorable Cross and Golden Freedom" (за крст часни и слободу златну / za krst časni i slobodu zlatnu) during formal and religious events.[3] The salute was often made with both hands, raised above the head.[3] Serbian peasants sealed a pledge by raising three fingers to the face, the face being "the focus of honour" in Balkan culture.[4] A Serbian proverb goes "There is no cross without three fingers" (нема крста без три прста / nema krsta bez tri prsta).[5] Karađorđe was appointed leader of the Serbian rebels after they all raised their "three fingers in the air" and thereby swore Oath.[6]

 
The Takovo Uprising (1888), by renowned Serbian painter Paja Jovanović.

The three fingers were viewed as a symbol of Serbdom in the 19th century. Njegoš mentioned "the crossing with three fingers has not remained" when speaking of the Islamization of Serbs, a central theme in The Mountain Wreath (1847).[7] Paja Jovanović's painting, The Takovo Uprising (1888), depicts Miloš Obrenović holding a war flag and saluting with three fingers.[3] The Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik, which supported that Serbs had three faiths (Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Islam), criticized the Pan-Serbists who according to them only "truly believed those Serbs, who cross with three fingers".[8] A short story published in 1901 surrounds a Serbian despot meeting with a Szilágyi, who has the despot's three fingers cut off by Franciscan friars after discussing the right way of crossing.[9]

Serbian Metropolitan Nikolaj Velimirović (1881–1956) called for a Serbian salute in which three fingers were to be raised along the greeting: "Thus Help Us God!".[10] In 1937, Velimirović began a sermon protesting the Catholic support for separation of state and religion in Yugoslavia with "Raise three fingers, Orthodox Serbs!".[11]

During World War II, the Catholic church in Independent State of Croatia sought that the Serbs renounce crossing with three fingers.[12] A letter from the Chetniks to the Yugoslav Partisans stressed that the real government was in London (in exile) and that they would kill all who did not cross themselves with three fingers.[13] An Ustashe song went Nesta krsta sa tri prsta ("Gone is the crossing with three fingers") which was referred to Muslim daily ablution and the Orthodox way of making the sign of the cross.[14]

Modern form

Vuk Drašković, the leader of the Serbian Renewal Movement political party, said in a 2007 interview that he first used it in 1990 at the founding meeting of the party, inspired by Paja Jovanović's painting.[15] During the March 1991 street demonstrations in Belgrade, the three fingers were massively used by Drašković's supporters, representing the three demands that the Serbian Renewal Movement had put before the government.[16][17]

Usage

 
Boris Tadić electoral rally.

According to political scientist Anamaria Dutceac Segeste, the significance of the salute is diverse: although it has been used by nationalists, it cannot be monopolized as such; it has been used without aggressive nationalist connotations, i.e. at sport events, by opponents of Milošević, by President Boris Tadić during the 2008 Summer Olympics, etc.[18]

The salute is used by members and supporters of almost all Serbian political parties on their rallies during election campaigns. It can be seen at all kinds of street demonstrations and celebrations.

Croats, Bosniaks, and Kosovar Albanians, who have been at war with Serbs in the past, find the salute provocative.[19] A 1998 Politika news article spoke of the "perennial demonization" of the salute, "which had already entered the catalogue of planitarian gestures", together with the closed fist, outstretched palm and V sign.[20]

Yugoslav wars

During the Yugoslav wars, the salute was widely used as a Serb symbol. In the prelude of the Bosnian War, Bosnian Serbs were encouraged to vote in the 1991 referendum through posters which displayed the three fingers.[21] During the wars, Serb soldiers raised the three fingers as a sign of victory.[22][23]

When Russian peacekeeping troops entered Sarajevo in 1994, they used the salute when greeting the Serb troops,[24] and because of this, they were branded pro-Serb; the UNPROFOR used the Serb salute when greeting the Serbs, and the V sign when greeting the Bosniaks, showing impartiality.[25]

In 2006, the United Nations published the case titled IT-00-39-T from the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, describing several atrocities committed by Serb military and police forces on Bosniak and Croatian civilians on 20 July 1992, in the villages Keratem, Omarska and Trnopolje. Detaines were executed, humiliated, and were forced to spit on the Bosnian flag and do the three-finger sign.[26]

There were instances when non-Serb captives were forced to use the salute.[27] According to a BBC documentary about the Srebrenica massacre, published by Human Rights Watch on 16 August 1995, Bosnian Serb forces transported Bosnian civilians in busses to the village of Tisca. During the travel the civilians saw Chetniks showed the three-finger symbol and when they arrived, Serb police forces forced them to surrender them to hand over gold and jewellery and threatening to chop off the women's breasts.[28][29]

In 2008, The Bosnian newspaper Oslobođenje published a coverage of the arrest of Radovan Karadžić. On 24 July, the paper accusingly compared the leaders of Republic Srpska with those of the wartime era in the front paper depicting Milorad Dodik next to Karadžić with a photograph of Dodik giving the three-fingered salute during the war.[30]

On 22 October 1999, Human Rights Watch obtained photographs from the KLA administration in Peć depicting Serb soldiers carrying assault rifle, doing the three-finger salute and standing in front of burning houses.[31] KLA officials told the Human Rights Watch that the photographs had been found in the homes of ethnic Serb citizens in the Peć area after Serbian and Yugoslav forces withdrew from Kosovo on 12 June.

In 1999, after the NATO bombing of Serbia, Colin Woodard wrote about thousands of Serbian Americans who filled the park opposite the White House on Pennsylvania Avenue, shouting "Kosovo is Serbia" and "Stop the bombing", while wearing military caps and making the three-finger salute. Serb Orthodox priests at the gathering spoke to the crowd, stating that "Serbia was a civilised nation".[32]

In 2001, after the end of the Kosovo war, the UCPMB forces were to hand over themselves to the KFOR, however, an incident occurred when Serb forces shot dead a UCPMB senior commander (who was not keen on the agreement with the KFOR) as he accidentally drove into a village where Serb generals led a parade giving the Serbian three fingered salute.[33]

Usage in sports

 
NBA basketball player Aleksandar Pavlović displaying the three-finger salute
 
Serbian White Eagles FC players and fans after a victory

In a famous photograph of the Red Star Belgrade team celebrating their victory at the 1990–91 European Cup, eight players are seen using the Serb salute, while a Croatian player, Robert Prosinečki, is not.[34]

After winning the 1995 European basketball championship, the entire then-Yugoslav team displayed the three fingers. Aleksandar Đorđević says he flashed the three fingers "not to be provocative. Just: that's Serbia, that's us, that's me – nothing else. It's my pride."[35] Serbian tennis player Novak Djokovic raises three fingers after his victories.[36]

In 2001, Australian football team Perth Glory's Bobby Despotovski (of Serbian parentage) was sanctioned by the Australian Soccer Federation for giving the salute to the predominantly Croatian-community crowd at a Melbourne Knights home game and inciting a fight; Despotovski and coach Bernd Stange were subsequently assaulted by Knights fans, forcing the next fixture between the sides to be moved to Launceston.[37]

Serbian water polo player Aleksandar Šapić said in 2007 that "I know that it was used by soldiers in war, but I do not raise three fingers because I hate someone. I respect all peoples, and know what is in my heart."[38]

The salute was met with controversy in Turkey after Duško Tošić, playing for Beşiktaş, used the salute after Serbia won over Albania in the guest match in the UEFA 2016 qualifiers; Beşiktaş fans threatened him through Turkish media.[39]

There have been instances in the former Yugoslavia where supporters paradoxically borrow symbols and slogans from the other ethnic groups: in May 2003, Bosnian Croat club Široki Brijeg fans, during a match against Bosniak FK Željezničar Sarajevo, chanted "kill the Turk" and raised the three-finger salute.[19]

In the 2022 World Cup, FIFA opened a disciplinary case against Croatian fans following their taunting of the Canadian goalkeeper, Milan Borjan.[40] Fans chanted 'Borjan is an Ustaše', referring to the pro-Nazi regime which exterminated Serbs, gypsies and Jews in Croatia and Bosnia in World War 2.

Borjan was born in an ethnic Serb region of Croatia that was part of the conflict that split the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s. In response to the taunting, he showed the three finger salute.

Modern-day usage

2007 Eurovision winner Marija Šerifović used the salute when celebrating points; controversially, she used the salute when receiving the maximum of 12 points from Bosnian viewers, after which Bosnian media reported it as being used as a direct provocation.[41][42] The Swedish-Serbian National Association called it 'ridiculous', saying that the salute is not to be mistaken in that way, but viewed of as nothing more than 'a modified V sign', even though the three finger salute is older than the V sign.[43]

Rade Leskovac, president of a Serb minority party in Croatia, caused controversy in 2007 when election posters featuring him with the salute were posted around Vukovar.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^ JELENA, GLIGORIJEVIĆ (2019). Contemporary Music Festivals as Micronational Spaces: Articulations of National Identity in Serbia's Exit and Guča Trumpet Festivals in the Post-Milošević Era. Finland: UNIVERSITY OF TURKU. pp. 199–200. ISBN 978-951-29-7594-5. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  2. ^ Anamaria Dutceac Segesten (16 September 2011). Myth, Identity, and Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of Romanian and Serbian Textbooks. Lexington Books. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-7391-4867-9.
  3. ^ a b c d A. Palić (7 December 2013). "Prkos raširio tri prsta". Novosti.
  4. ^ Traian Stoianovich (1 September 1994). Balkan Worlds. M.E. Sharpe. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-7656-3851-9.
  5. ^ Vladimir Ćorović (1921). Pokreti i dela. Izdavačka knjižarnica Gece Kona. p. 9.
  6. ^ M. Đ Milićević (1876). Knez̆evina Srbija. Vol. 1. Sloboda. p. 251.
  7. ^ Лазо М Костић (2000). Његош и српство. Српска радикална странка. p. 250. ISBN 978-86-7402-035-7.
  8. ^ Izviesca brzopisna i analiticna ... zasjedanja zemaljskoga sabora dalmatinskoga od dneva ... do ... 18 ... , u koji dan zasjedanje bi odgodjeno. (Stenograph. und analyt. Mitteilungen der ... Session der dalmatischen Landesversammlung.)- U Zadru, Narodnogo Lista 1870-(serbocroat. et ital.). Narodnogo Lista. 1899. p. 604.
  9. ^ Brankovo kolo za zabavu, pouku i književnost. Vol. 7. 1901. p. 103.
  10. ^ Радмила Радић (2006). Живот у временима: Гаврило Дожић 1881-1950. Институт за новију историју Србије. p. 178. ISBN 978-86-7005-047-1. Тако нам Бог помогао!
  11. ^ Vjekoslav Perica (2002). Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States. Oxford University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-19-517429-8.
  12. ^ Ivan Cvitković (1986). Ko je bio Alojzije Stepinac. Izdavačka djelatnost. p. 113.
  13. ^ Hodimir Sirotković; Institut za historiju radničkog pokreta (Zagreb, Croatia) (1964). Zemaljsko antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobodenja Hrvatske: zbornik dokumenata 1943. Institut za historiju radničkog pokreta. p. 458. U tom pismu se naglašava, da četnici imaju vladu u Londonu i da će ubijati sve one koji se ne krste s tri prsta.
  14. ^ Jozo Tomasevich (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941 - 1945. Stanford University Press. pp. 353, 35. ISBN 978-0-8047-7924-1.
  15. ^ "Tri prsta za pobedu" (in Serbian). Večernje novosti. 17 November 2007.[permanent dead link]
  16. ^ "Tri Srbije?". B92 Editorial. 10 October 2002.
  17. ^ "3 PRSTA". Kurir. 11 November 2006. Lepo ste se toga setili! Podignuta tri prsta jesu simbol koji je u masovnu upotrebu uveo Vuk Drašković na mitingu u Beogradu 13. marta 1991. godine. Tada je SPO imala tri zahteva, a jedan od njih je bio da se puste svi pohapšeni 9. marta. To je bio naš simbol borbe za promene, a iako je trebalo dosta vremena da se taj simbol prihvati, očigledno je da je uspelo. I kada ga danas koriste radikali, nemam ništa protiv – kaže Srećković.
  18. ^ Anamaria Dutceac Segesten (16 September 2011). Myth, Identity, and Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of Romanian and Serbian Textbooks. Lexington Books. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-7391-4867-9.
  19. ^ a b John Hughson; Fiona Skillen (14 October 2015). Football in Southeastern Europe: From Ethnic Homogenization to Reconciliation. Routledge. pp. 47, 90. ISBN 978-1-317-74929-5.
  20. ^ NIN. Nedeljne informativne novine. Vol. 2454–2465. Politika. 1998. p. 41. Ријеч је о вишегодишњој демонизацији „поздрава с три прста", који је већ ушао у каталог планетарних геста, заједно са стиснутом шаком, испруженим дланом, и прстима у положају за слово В, а првим се означава „љевичарски" ...
  21. ^ . ICTY. Archived from the original on 9 March 2001. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  22. ^ Danas. Vol. 494–504. 1991. p. 37.
  23. ^ Martin Grgurovac (1992). Vinkovački ratni dnevnik: dnevnički zapisi od 30.IV.1991. do 16.V.1992. Slavonska nadlada "Privlačica". p. 131.
  24. ^ "A Three-Finger Salute". The Christian Science Monitor. 2 February 1994.
  25. ^ United States. Congress. House. Committee on National Security (1 January 1997). United States Policy Toward the Former Yugoslavia: Hearings Jeld June 7, 1995, July 11, 1995, October 17, 18, 1995, November 2, 8, 15, 30, 1995, December 6, 1995 and September 25, 1995. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-16-054094-3.
  26. ^ Mr Hans Holthuis, Judge Alphons Orie, Presiding Judge Joaquín Martín Canivell Judge Claude Hanoteau (2006). Before: Registrar: Judgement of: International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 (PDF) (Prosecutor v. Momčilo Krajišnik. Case: IT-00-39-T Date: 27 September 2006 Original: English ed.). United Nations. p. 184.
  27. ^ Michigan Law Review. Vol. 96. University of Michigan, Department of Law. 1998. p. 2049.
  28. ^ Mrs. Dorothee de Sampayo Garrido-Nijgh, Judge Gabrielle Kirk McDonald, Presiding Judge Ninian Stephen Judge Lal Chand Vohrah (1997). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Former Yugoslavia since 1991 (PDF) (Case No. IT-94-1-T: The Office of the Prosecutor: Mr. Grant Niemann Mr. William Fenrick Counsel for the Accused: Mr. Michaïl Wladimiroff Mr. Alphons Orie Ms. Brenda Hollis Mr. Michael Keegan Mr. Steven Kay Ms. Sylvia de Bertodano Mr. Alan Tieger Mr. Milan Vujin Mr. Nikola Kosti} ed.). Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  29. ^ The Fall of Srebrenica and the Failure of UN Peacekeeping | Bosnia and Herzegovina (Human Rights Watch. 350 Fifth ed.). 1995. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  30. ^ Marcus Tanner, Nidzara Ahmetasevic (2009). History oversHadowed by trivia. Regional Media Coverage of Radovan Karadzic Arrest (PDF) (Publisher: birN bih in cooperation with the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, sarajevo, 2009. PublicAtioN editors: Nidzara Ahmetasevic and Marcus tanner editoriAl teAM: Gordana igric, Ana Petruseva MoNitors: Nidzara Ahmetasevic and Merima husejnovic ProoFreAdiNG: Nadira Koric (bosnian/croatian/serbian) and Anna Mctaggart (english) trANslAtioN: sunita hasic and haris Nezirovic dtP: lorko Kalas ed.). Sarajevo. pp. 34–35. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  31. ^ Watch, Human Rights (1999). A VILLAGE DESTROYED: War Crimes in Kosovo (PDF) (Vol. 11, No. 13 (D) ed.).
  32. ^ Woodard, Colin (1999). "NATO throws itself a party". The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ("An angry crowd of Serbian-Americans filled the park opposite the White House on Pennsylvania Avenue, but the scene was straight out of Bel- grade. The demonstrators already numbered several thousand, and they were growing by the busload. Young, old, and in-between, they donned "NATO Target" t-shirts and buttons. They chanted "Kosovo is Serbia!" and "Stop the Bombing". Men sported military caps and berets. Teenagers waved Serbian flags and made three-fingered stiff-armed salutes. Whis- tles and bullhorns made a powerful din. Signs read "Words not Weapons", "Stop the Third Ex- termination of the Serbs", and "Why Serbia?" ed.). 55 (4): 38. doi:10.2968/055004012.
  33. ^ Churcher, Bob (2003). Conflict Studies Research Centre. A continuing cause for concern. Kosovo/Preshevo (PDF) (Preshevo/Kosovo Lindore - A Continuing Cause For Concern Conflict Studies Research Centre ISBN 1-904423-22-1 February 2003 ed.). p. 6. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  34. ^ Jonathan Wilson (9 April 2012). Behind the Curtain: Football in Eastern Europe. Orion. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-4091-0904-4.
  35. ^ . Sports Illustrated. 1996. Archived from the original on 17 July 2007.
  36. ^ "Lekar iz Tuzle: Otvoreno pismo Novaku Đokoviću". Story.
  37. ^ http://theworldgame.sbs.com.au/article/2001/05/08/bobby-admits-salute. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  38. ^ NIN: nedeljne informativne novine. Politika. September 2007. Знам да су то користили војници у рату, али ја три прста не ди- жем зато што неког мрзим. Ја све љу- де поштујем, и знам шта ми је у срцу
  39. ^ "NE PRESTAJU DA PRETE TOŠIĆU Tri prsta su zabranjena u Turskoj!". Alo.
  40. ^ "Croatia Charged For World Cup Fans Taunts of Canadian Goalie". CP24.
  41. ^ . SINA. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007.
  42. ^ Georg Cederskog (13 May 2007). "Schlagertävlingen hotar bli politiserad". Dagens Nyheter.
  43. ^ Serbernas riksförbund i Sverige; et al. (17 May 2007). "Missförstå inte våra serbiska tre fingrar". Aftonbladet.
  44. ^ "Nepoželjna "tri prsta" u hrvatskoj izbornoj kampanji" (in Serbian). RTS. 16 November 2007.

External links

  •   Media related to Three-finger salute (Serbian) at Wikimedia Commons

three, finger, salute, serbian, other, uses, this, phrase, three, finger, salute, three, finger, salute, serbian, поздрав, са, три, прста, pozdrav, prsta, three, fingers, serbian, три, прста, prsta, commonly, known, serbian, salute, српски, поздрав, srpski, po. For other uses of this phrase see Three finger salute The three finger salute Serbian pozdrav sa tri prsta pozdrav sa tri prsta or three fingers Serbian tri prsta tri prsta commonly known as the Serbian salute srpski pozdrav srpski pozdrav is a salute which originally expressed the Holy Trinity used in oath taking and a symbol of Serbian Orthodoxy that today simply is an expression a gesture for ethnic Serbs and Serbia made by extending the thumb index and middle fingers of one or both hands Three finger salute at 2008 Kosovo is Serbia rally in Belgrade The salute usually goes along with the Serbian flag using several semantic layers to depict its historical meaning while also being used a symbol of Serbian ethno nationalism during the Guca Trumpet Festival 1 According to political scientist Anamaria Dutceac Segesten the salute remains a distinctive sign for the ethnic Serb and a symbol for belonging to the Serbian nation 2 Contents 1 Origin 1 1 Orthodox symbolism 1 2 Modern form 2 Usage 2 1 Yugoslav wars 2 2 Usage in sports 2 3 Modern day usage 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksOrigin EditOrthodox symbolism Edit In Serbian and Orthodox tradition the number three is exceptionally important 3 Three fingers are used when signing the cross in Orthodoxy symbolizing the Trinity The Serbs when swearing Oath historically used the three fingers collected as when crossing along with the greetings My Holy Trinity Serbian Svetog mi Troјstva Svetog mi Trojstva or for the Honorable Cross and Golden Freedom za krst chasni i slobodu zlatnu za krst casni i slobodu zlatnu during formal and religious events 3 The salute was often made with both hands raised above the head 3 Serbian peasants sealed a pledge by raising three fingers to the face the face being the focus of honour in Balkan culture 4 A Serbian proverb goes There is no cross without three fingers nema krsta bez tri prsta nema krsta bez tri prsta 5 Karađorđe was appointed leader of the Serbian rebels after they all raised their three fingers in the air and thereby swore Oath 6 The Takovo Uprising 1888 by renowned Serbian painter Paja Jovanovic The three fingers were viewed as a symbol of Serbdom in the 19th century Njegos mentioned the crossing with three fingers has not remained when speaking of the Islamization of Serbs a central theme in The Mountain Wreath 1847 7 Paja Jovanovic s painting The Takovo Uprising 1888 depicts Milos Obrenovic holding a war flag and saluting with three fingers 3 The Serb Catholic movement in Dubrovnik which supported that Serbs had three faiths Orthodoxy Catholicism and Islam criticized the Pan Serbists who according to them only truly believed those Serbs who cross with three fingers 8 A short story published in 1901 surrounds a Serbian despot meeting with a Szilagyi who has the despot s three fingers cut off by Franciscan friars after discussing the right way of crossing 9 Serbian Metropolitan Nikolaj Velimirovic 1881 1956 called for a Serbian salute in which three fingers were to be raised along the greeting Thus Help Us God 10 In 1937 Velimirovic began a sermon protesting the Catholic support for separation of state and religion in Yugoslavia with Raise three fingers Orthodox Serbs 11 During World War II the Catholic church in Independent State of Croatia sought that the Serbs renounce crossing with three fingers 12 A letter from the Chetniks to the Yugoslav Partisans stressed that the real government was in London in exile and that they would kill all who did not cross themselves with three fingers 13 An Ustashe song went Nesta krsta sa tri prsta Gone is the crossing with three fingers which was referred to Muslim daily ablution and the Orthodox way of making the sign of the cross 14 Modern form Edit Vuk Draskovic the leader of the Serbian Renewal Movement political party said in a 2007 interview that he first used it in 1990 at the founding meeting of the party inspired by Paja Jovanovic s painting 15 During the March 1991 street demonstrations in Belgrade the three fingers were massively used by Draskovic s supporters representing the three demands that the Serbian Renewal Movement had put before the government 16 17 Usage Edit Boris Tadic electoral rally According to political scientist Anamaria Dutceac Segeste the significance of the salute is diverse although it has been used by nationalists it cannot be monopolized as such it has been used without aggressive nationalist connotations i e at sport events by opponents of Milosevic by President Boris Tadic during the 2008 Summer Olympics etc 18 The salute is used by members and supporters of almost all Serbian political parties on their rallies during election campaigns It can be seen at all kinds of street demonstrations and celebrations Croats Bosniaks and Kosovar Albanians who have been at war with Serbs in the past find the salute provocative 19 A 1998 Politika news article spoke of the perennial demonization of the salute which had already entered the catalogue of planitarian gestures together with the closed fist outstretched palm and V sign 20 Yugoslav wars Edit During the Yugoslav wars the salute was widely used as a Serb symbol In the prelude of the Bosnian War Bosnian Serbs were encouraged to vote in the 1991 referendum through posters which displayed the three fingers 21 During the wars Serb soldiers raised the three fingers as a sign of victory 22 23 When Russian peacekeeping troops entered Sarajevo in 1994 they used the salute when greeting the Serb troops 24 and because of this they were branded pro Serb the UNPROFOR used the Serb salute when greeting the Serbs and the V sign when greeting the Bosniaks showing impartiality 25 In 2006 the United Nations published the case titled IT 00 39 T from the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 describing several atrocities committed by Serb military and police forces on Bosniak and Croatian civilians on 20 July 1992 in the villages Keratem Omarska and Trnopolje Detaines were executed humiliated and were forced to spit on the Bosnian flag and do the three finger sign 26 There were instances when non Serb captives were forced to use the salute 27 According to a BBC documentary about the Srebrenica massacre published by Human Rights Watch on 16 August 1995 Bosnian Serb forces transported Bosnian civilians in busses to the village of Tisca During the travel the civilians saw Chetniks showed the three finger symbol and when they arrived Serb police forces forced them to surrender them to hand over gold and jewellery and threatening to chop off the women s breasts 28 29 In 2008 The Bosnian newspaper Oslobođenje published a coverage of the arrest of Radovan Karadzic On 24 July the paper accusingly compared the leaders of Republic Srpska with those of the wartime era in the front paper depicting Milorad Dodik next to Karadzic with a photograph of Dodik giving the three fingered salute during the war 30 On 22 October 1999 Human Rights Watch obtained photographs from the KLA administration in Pec depicting Serb soldiers carrying assault rifle doing the three finger salute and standing in front of burning houses 31 KLA officials told the Human Rights Watch that the photographs had been found in the homes of ethnic Serb citizens in the Pec area after Serbian and Yugoslav forces withdrew from Kosovo on 12 June In 1999 after the NATO bombing of Serbia Colin Woodard wrote about thousands of Serbian Americans who filled the park opposite the White House on Pennsylvania Avenue shouting Kosovo is Serbia and Stop the bombing while wearing military caps and making the three finger salute Serb Orthodox priests at the gathering spoke to the crowd stating that Serbia was a civilised nation 32 In 2001 after the end of the Kosovo war the UCPMB forces were to hand over themselves to the KFOR however an incident occurred when Serb forces shot dead a UCPMB senior commander who was not keen on the agreement with the KFOR as he accidentally drove into a village where Serb generals led a parade giving the Serbian three fingered salute 33 Usage in sports Edit NBA basketball player Aleksandar Pavlovic displaying the three finger salute Serbian White Eagles FC players and fans after a victory In a famous photograph of the Red Star Belgrade team celebrating their victory at the 1990 91 European Cup eight players are seen using the Serb salute while a Croatian player Robert Prosinecki is not 34 After winning the 1995 European basketball championship the entire then Yugoslav team displayed the three fingers Aleksandar Đorđevic says he flashed the three fingers not to be provocative Just that s Serbia that s us that s me nothing else It s my pride 35 Serbian tennis player Novak Djokovic raises three fingers after his victories 36 In 2001 Australian football team Perth Glory s Bobby Despotovski of Serbian parentage was sanctioned by the Australian Soccer Federation for giving the salute to the predominantly Croatian community crowd at a Melbourne Knights home game and inciting a fight Despotovski and coach Bernd Stange were subsequently assaulted by Knights fans forcing the next fixture between the sides to be moved to Launceston 37 Serbian water polo player Aleksandar Sapic said in 2007 that I know that it was used by soldiers in war but I do not raise three fingers because I hate someone I respect all peoples and know what is in my heart 38 The salute was met with controversy in Turkey after Dusko Tosic playing for Besiktas used the salute after Serbia won over Albania in the guest match in the UEFA 2016 qualifiers Besiktas fans threatened him through Turkish media 39 There have been instances in the former Yugoslavia where supporters paradoxically borrow symbols and slogans from the other ethnic groups in May 2003 Bosnian Croat club Siroki Brijeg fans during a match against Bosniak FK Zeljeznicar Sarajevo chanted kill the Turk and raised the three finger salute 19 In the 2022 World Cup FIFA opened a disciplinary case against Croatian fans following their taunting of the Canadian goalkeeper Milan Borjan 40 Fans chanted Borjan is an Ustase referring to the pro Nazi regime which exterminated Serbs gypsies and Jews in Croatia and Bosnia in World War 2 Borjan was born in an ethnic Serb region of Croatia that was part of the conflict that split the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s In response to the taunting he showed the three finger salute Modern day usage Edit 2007 Eurovision winner Marija Serifovic used the salute when celebrating points controversially she used the salute when receiving the maximum of 12 points from Bosnian viewers after which Bosnian media reported it as being used as a direct provocation 41 42 The Swedish Serbian National Association called it ridiculous saying that the salute is not to be mistaken in that way but viewed of as nothing more than a modified V sign even though the three finger salute is older than the V sign 43 Rade Leskovac president of a Serb minority party in Croatia caused controversy in 2007 when election posters featuring him with the salute were posted around Vukovar 44 See also Edit Serbia portalSchwurhandReferences Edit JELENA GLIGORIJEVIC 2019 Contemporary Music Festivals as Micronational Spaces Articulations of National Identity in Serbia s Exit and Guca Trumpet Festivals in the Post Milosevic Era Finland UNIVERSITY OF TURKU pp 199 200 ISBN 978 951 29 7594 5 Retrieved 4 January 2020 Anamaria Dutceac Segesten 16 September 2011 Myth Identity and Conflict A Comparative Analysis of Romanian and Serbian Textbooks Lexington Books p 145 ISBN 978 0 7391 4867 9 a b c d A Palic 7 December 2013 Prkos rasirio tri prsta Novosti Traian Stoianovich 1 September 1994 Balkan Worlds M E Sharpe p 48 ISBN 978 0 7656 3851 9 Vladimir Corovic 1921 Pokreti i dela Izdavacka knjizarnica Gece Kona p 9 M Đ Milicevic 1876 Knez evina Srbija Vol 1 Sloboda p 251 Lazo M Kostiћ 2000 Њegosh i srpstvo Srpska radikalna stranka p 250 ISBN 978 86 7402 035 7 Izviesca brzopisna i analiticna zasjedanja zemaljskoga sabora dalmatinskoga od dneva do 18 u koji dan zasjedanje bi odgodjeno Stenograph und analyt Mitteilungen der Session der dalmatischen Landesversammlung U Zadru Narodnogo Lista 1870 serbocroat et ital Narodnogo Lista 1899 p 604 Brankovo kolo za zabavu pouku i knjizevnost Vol 7 1901 p 103 Radmila Radiћ 2006 Zhivot u vremenima Gavrilo Dozhiћ 1881 1950 Institut za noviјu istoriјu Srbiјe p 178 ISBN 978 86 7005 047 1 Tako nam Bog pomogao Vjekoslav Perica 2002 Balkan Idols Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States Oxford University Press p 18 ISBN 978 0 19 517429 8 Ivan Cvitkovic 1986 Ko je bio Alojzije Stepinac Izdavacka djelatnost p 113 Hodimir Sirotkovic Institut za historiju radnickog pokreta Zagreb Croatia 1964 Zemaljsko antifasisticko vijece narodnog oslobodenja Hrvatske zbornik dokumenata 1943 Institut za historiju radnickog pokreta p 458 U tom pismu se naglasava da cetnici imaju vladu u Londonu i da ce ubijati sve one koji se ne krste s tri prsta Jozo Tomasevich 2001 War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941 1945 Stanford University Press pp 353 35 ISBN 978 0 8047 7924 1 Tri prsta za pobedu in Serbian Vecernje novosti 17 November 2007 permanent dead link Tri Srbije B92 Editorial 10 October 2002 3 PRSTA Kurir 11 November 2006 Lepo ste se toga setili Podignuta tri prsta jesu simbol koji je u masovnu upotrebu uveo Vuk Draskovic na mitingu u Beogradu 13 marta 1991 godine Tada je SPO imala tri zahteva a jedan od njih je bio da se puste svi pohapseni 9 marta To je bio nas simbol borbe za promene a iako je trebalo dosta vremena da se taj simbol prihvati ocigledno je da je uspelo I kada ga danas koriste radikali nemam nista protiv kaze Sreckovic Anamaria Dutceac Segesten 16 September 2011 Myth Identity and Conflict A Comparative Analysis of Romanian and Serbian Textbooks Lexington Books p 145 ISBN 978 0 7391 4867 9 a b John Hughson Fiona Skillen 14 October 2015 Football in Southeastern Europe From Ethnic Homogenization to Reconciliation Routledge pp 47 90 ISBN 978 1 317 74929 5 NIN Nedeljne informativne novine Vol 2454 2465 Politika 1998 p 41 Riјech јe o vishegodishњoј demonizaciјi pozdrava s tri prsta koјi јe veћ ushao u katalog planetarnih gesta zaјedno sa stisnutom shakom ispruzhenim dlanom i prstima u polozhaјu za slovo V a prvim se oznachava љevicharski 960531 ICTY Archived from the original on 9 March 2001 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Danas Vol 494 504 1991 p 37 Martin Grgurovac 1992 Vinkovacki ratni dnevnik dnevnicki zapisi od 30 IV 1991 do 16 V 1992 Slavonska nadlada Privlacica p 131 A Three Finger Salute The Christian Science Monitor 2 February 1994 United States Congress House Committee on National Security 1 January 1997 United States Policy Toward the Former Yugoslavia Hearings Jeld June 7 1995 July 11 1995 October 17 18 1995 November 2 8 15 30 1995 December 6 1995 and September 25 1995 U S Government Printing Office p 149 ISBN 978 0 16 054094 3 Mr Hans Holthuis Judge Alphons Orie Presiding Judge Joaquin Martin Canivell Judge Claude Hanoteau 2006 Before Registrar Judgement of International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 PDF Prosecutor v Momcilo Krajisnik Case IT 00 39 T Date 27 September 2006 Original English ed United Nations p 184 Michigan Law Review Vol 96 University of Michigan Department of Law 1998 p 2049 Mrs Dorothee de Sampayo Garrido Nijgh Judge Gabrielle Kirk McDonald Presiding Judge Ninian Stephen Judge Lal Chand Vohrah 1997 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Former Yugoslavia since 1991 PDF Case No IT 94 1 T The Office of the Prosecutor Mr Grant Niemann Mr William Fenrick Counsel for the Accused Mr Michail Wladimiroff Mr Alphons Orie Ms Brenda Hollis Mr Michael Keegan Mr Steven Kay Ms Sylvia de Bertodano Mr Alan Tieger Mr Milan Vujin Mr Nikola Kosti ed Retrieved 4 January 2020 The Fall of Srebrenica and the Failure of UN Peacekeeping Bosnia and Herzegovina Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth ed 1995 Retrieved 4 January 2020 Marcus Tanner Nidzara Ahmetasevic 2009 History oversHadowed by trivia Regional Media Coverage of Radovan Karadzic Arrest PDF Publisher birN bih in cooperation with the Konrad Adenauer Foundation sarajevo 2009 PublicAtioN editors Nidzara Ahmetasevic and Marcus tanner editoriAl teAM Gordana igric Ana Petruseva MoNitors Nidzara Ahmetasevic and Merima husejnovic ProoFreAdiNG Nadira Koric bosnian croatian serbian and Anna Mctaggart english trANslAtioN sunita hasic and haris Nezirovic dtP lorko Kalas ed Sarajevo pp 34 35 Retrieved 4 January 2020 Watch Human Rights 1999 A VILLAGE DESTROYED War Crimes in Kosovo PDF Vol 11 No 13 D ed Woodard Colin 1999 NATO throws itself a party The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists An angry crowd of Serbian Americans filled the park opposite the White House on Pennsylvania Avenue but the scene was straight out of Bel grade The demonstrators already numbered several thousand and they were growing by the busload Young old and in between they donned NATO Target t shirts and buttons They chanted Kosovo is Serbia and Stop the Bombing Men sported military caps and berets Teenagers waved Serbian flags and made three fingered stiff armed salutes Whis tles and bullhorns made a powerful din Signs read Words not Weapons Stop the Third Ex termination of the Serbs and Why Serbia ed 55 4 38 doi 10 2968 055004012 Churcher Bob 2003 Conflict Studies Research Centre A continuing cause for concern Kosovo Preshevo PDF Preshevo Kosovo Lindore A Continuing Cause For Concern Conflict Studies Research Centre ISBN 1 904423 22 1 February 2003 ed p 6 Retrieved 4 January 2020 Jonathan Wilson 9 April 2012 Behind the Curtain Football in Eastern Europe Orion p 74 ISBN 978 1 4091 0904 4 Prisoners of War Sports Illustrated 1996 Archived from the original on 17 July 2007 Lekar iz Tuzle Otvoreno pismo Novaku Đokovicu Story http theworldgame sbs com au article 2001 05 08 bobby admits salute a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help NIN nedeljne informativne novine Politika September 2007 Znam da su to koristili voјnici u ratu ali јa tri prsta ne di zhem zato shto nekog mrzim Јa sve љu de poshtuјem i znam shta mi јe u srcu NE PRESTAJU DA PRETE TOSICU Tri prsta su zabranjena u Turskoj Alo Croatia Charged For World Cup Fans Taunts of Canadian Goalie CP24 Tajni znakovi Eurosonga Kome je Marija podigla tri prsta SINA Archived from the original on 8 October 2007 Georg Cederskog 13 May 2007 Schlagertavlingen hotar bli politiserad Dagens Nyheter Serbernas riksforbund i Sverige et al 17 May 2007 Missforsta inte vara serbiska tre fingrar Aftonbladet Nepozeljna tri prsta u hrvatskoj izbornoj kampanji in Serbian RTS 16 November 2007 External links Edit Media related to Three finger salute Serbian at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Three finger salute Serbian amp oldid 1125633454, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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