Kosovo Serbs

Kosovo Serbs are one of the ethnic groups of Kosovo.^[a] There are around 100,000 Kosovo Serbs as of 2014 and about half of them live in North Kosovo.^[4] Other Kosovo Serb communities live in the Southern provinces of Kosovo.^[5][6] After Albanians, they form the largest ethnic community in Kosovo (6–7%).^{[1][2][7][5][8][9]}

Kosovo Serbs
Косовски Срби
Kosovski Srbi

Girls from Štrpce in Serbian traditional clothing
Regions with significant populations
Kosovo^[a] North Mitrovica: 22,530 Leposavić: 18,000 Zvečan: 16,000 Zubin Potok: 13,900 Gračanica: 7,209 Ranilug: 3,692 Štrpce: 3,148 Novo Brdo: 3,112	ca. 100,000^[1]^[2]
Serbia	68,514^[3]
Languages
Serbian
Religion
Serbian Orthodox Church
Related ethnic groups
Other South Slavs, especially other Serbs.

The medieval Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346) and the Serbian Empire (1346–1371) included parts of the territory of Kosovo until its annexation by the Ottomans following the Battle of Kosovo (1389), considered one of the most notable events of Serbian history.^[10][11] Afterwards, it was a part of the Serbian Despotate. Modern Serbian historiography considers Kosovo in this period to be the political, religious and cultural core of the medieval Serbian state.^[12]

In the Ottoman period (1455-1913), the situation of the Serbian population in Kosovo went through different phases. In the 16th century, the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć was re-established and its status strengthened. At the end of 18th century, the support of the Patriarchate to the Habsburgs during the Great Turkish War of 1683–1699 triggered a wave of migrations to areas under the control of the Habsburg monarchy.^[13] After the independence of the Principality of Serbia to its north, Kosovo came increasingly to be seen by the mid-19th century as the "cradle of Serb civilization" and called the "Serbian Jerusalem". Kosovo was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1912, following the First Balkan War.

As a region of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Kosovo was divided in several banovinas. In the pre-World War II period, the Yugoslav colonisation of Kosovo took place which aimed to increase the number of Serbs in Kosovo with colonists from Central Serbia and Montenegro. After World War II, Kosovo's districts were reunited as the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo. Serbs were one of the constituent people of the province within the Socialist Republic of Serbia (1944–1992). As a result of the Kosovo War and following by its declaration of independence, in 2008 it is partially recognised by the international community. Serbs are the second largest community in Kosovo.^[a][5][6]

More than half of Kosovo's pre-1999 Serb population (226,000),^[14] including 37,000 Romani, 15,000 Balkan Muslims (including Ashkali, Bosniaks, and Gorani), and 7,000 other non-Albanian civilians were expelled to central Serbia and Montenegro, following the Kosovo War.^[15] According to the 2013 Brussels Agreement the establishment of a Community of Serb Municipalities, a self-governing association of municipalities with a majority Serb population in Kosovo is proposed.

Terminology

The formal names for the Serb community in Kosovo is "Serbs of Kosovo and Metohija" (Srbi na Kosovu i Metohiji) or "Serbs of Kosmet" (Kosmetski Srbi), in use by the community itself and the Serbian government. They are also referred to as Serbs of Kosovo (Serbian: Косовски Срби/Kosovski Srbi) or Serbs in Kosovo (Serbian: Срби на Косову/Srbi na Kosovu, Albanian: Serbët në Kosovë). The term "Kosovo Serbs" is predominantly used in English. They are known by the demonym Kosovari,^[16] though this is properly used for inhabitants of the region of Kosovo (in the narrow sense – centred around the Kosovo Field), along with Metohijci (of Metohija).^[17]

History

Medieval period

 

 

Left: Stefan Dečanski, King of Serbia and founder of Visoki Dečani monastery
Right: Main Gate of the Fortress in Prizren, which Stefan Dušan used as capital of Serbian Empire

Sclaveni raided and settled the western Balkans in the 6th and 7th century.^[18] The White Serbs are mentioned in De Administrando Imperio as having settled the Balkans during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641), however, research does not support that the White Serbian tribe was part of this later migration (as held by historiography) rather than migrating with the rest of Early Slavs.^[19] Serbian linguistical studies concluded that the Early South Slavs were made up of a western and eastern branch, of parallel streams, roughly divided in the Timok–Osogovo–Šar line.^[20] However, per Ivo Banac in the early Middle Ages Eastern Herzegovinian dialects were Eastern South Slavic, but since the 12th century, the Shtokavian dialects, including Eastern Herzegovinian, began to separate themselves from the rest of the Eastern South Slavic dialects.^[21] The Bulgarian Khan Presian (836–852) took over the territory of Kosovo from the Byzantines in the mid-9th century and Kosovo remained under the influence of the first Bulgarian Empire until the Byzantine restoration of the early 11th century.^[22] In 1040–41 a massive Bulgarian rebellion broke out, which included Kosovo. Another rebellion broke out in 1072, in which Serbian prince Constantine Bodin was crowned Emperor of Bulgaria at Prizren,^[23] however, despite some initial success, Bodin was eventually captured in southern Kosovo and the rebellion was suppressed.^{[24][25][26][verification needed]} Vukan I, the new independent Serbian Grand Prince, began raiding Byzantine territories, first in Kosovo, advancing into Macedonia^{[clarification needed]} (1091–95). He broke several peace treaties which he personally negotiated with the Byzantine Emperor at Zvečan and Lipljan, until finally submitting in 1106.

 

Novo Brdo Fortress was built by Stefan Milutin, King of Serbia. It has been referred as the "Mother of all Serbian cities"

 

Patriarchate of Peć, the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church from the 14th century when its status was upgraded into a patriarchate

In 1166, a Serbian prince, Stefan Nemanja, the founder of the Nemanjić dynasty, asserted independence after an uprising against the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus.^[27] Nemanja defeated his brother, Tihomir, at Pantino near Pauni, and drowned him in the Sitnica river. Nemanja was eventually defeated and had to return some of his conquests, and vouched to the Emperor that he would not raise his hand against him. In 1183, Stefan Nemanja embarked on a new offensive allied with the Kingdom of Hungary after the death of Manuel I Komnenos in 1180, which marked the end of Byzantine domination over the region of Kosovo. Nemanja's son, Stefan, ruled a realm reaching the river of Lab in the south. Stefan conquered all of Kosovo by 1208, by which time he had conquered Prizren and Lipljan, and moved the border of his realm to the Šar mountain. In 1217, Stefan was crowned King of Serbs, due to which he is known in historiography as Stefan "the First-Crowned".^[28]

In 1219, the Serbian Church was given autocephaly, with Hvosno, Prizren and Lipljan being the Orthodox Christian eparchies with territory in modern-day Kosovo. By the end of the 13th century, the centre of the Serbian Church was moved to Peć from Žiča.

Prizren serving as the capital of Serbia during the 14th century, and was a centre of trade.^[29] King Stefan Dušan founded the great Monastery of the Holy Archangel near Prizren in 1342–1352. During those periods, several major monasteries were endowed with vast possessions in the regions of Kosovo and Metohija.^[30] The Serbian Kingdom was elevated into an Empire in 1345–46. Stefan Dušan received John VI Kantakuzenos in 1342 at Pauni to discuss an alliance against the Byzantine Emperor. In 1346, the Serbian Archbishopric at Peć was upgraded into a Patriarchate, but it was not recognized before 1375. After the death of Dušan in 1355, the fall of the Serbian Empire began, with feudal disintegration during the reign of his successor, Stefan Uroš V (r. 1355–1371).^[31][32]

Parts of Kosovo became domains of Vukašin Mrnjavčević, but Vojislav Vojinović expanded his demesne further onto Kosovo. The armies of Vukašin from Pristina and his allies defeated Vojislav's forces in 1369, putting a halt to his advances. After the Battle of Maritsa on 26 September 1371 in which the Mrnjavčević brothers lost their lives, Đurađ I Balšić of Zeta took Prizren and Peć in 1372. A part of Kosovo became the demesne of the Lazar of Serbia.^[33][34]

 

Battle of Kosovo fought in 1389 between Serbs and Ottomans. 1870 Adam Stefanović painting.

The Ottoman Empire invaded the realm of Prince Lazar on 28 June 1389, at the Battle of Kosovo near Pristina, at Gazimestan. The Serbian army was led by Prince Lazar who led 12,000–30,000 men against the Ottoman army of 27,000–40,000 men. Lazar was killed in battle, while Sultan Murad also lost his life, believed to have been assassinated by Serbian knight Miloš Obilić. The outcome of the battle is deemed inconclusive, with the new Sultan Bayezid having to retreat to consolidate his power. Vuk Branković came to prominence as the local lord of Kosovo, though he was an Ottoman vassal at times, between 1392 and 1395.^[35][36]

Another battle occurred in Kosovo 1448 between the Hungarian troops supported by the Albanian ruler Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg on one side, and Ottoman troops supported by the Branković dynasty in 1448. Skanderbeg's troops en route to help John Hunyadi were stopped by the Branković's troops, who was more or less an Ottoman vassal. Hungarian regent John Hunyadi lost the battle after a 2-day fight, but essentially stopped the Ottoman advance northwards.^[37] In 1455, southern regions of the Serbian Despotate were invaded again, and the region of Kosovo was finally conquered by the Ottoman Empire and incorporated it into the Ottoman administrative system.^[38]

In 1455, new castles rose to prominence in Pristina and Vučitrn, centres of Branković District.

Early Modern period

The Ottomans brought Islamization with them, particularly in towns, and later also created the Kosovo Vilayet as one of the Ottoman territorial entities. During the Islamisation many Churches and Holy Orthodox Christian places were razed to the ground or turned into mosques. The big Monastery of Saint Archangels near Prizren was torn down at the end of the 16th century and the material used to build the Mosque of Sinan-pasha, an Islamized Albanian, in Prizren. Although the Serbian Orthodox Church was officially abolished in 1532, an Islamized Serb from Bosnia, Grand Vizier Mehmed-pasha Sokolović influenced the restoration of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in 1557. Special privileges were provided, which helped the survival of Serbs and other Christians on Kosovo.^[39]

 

The Great Migrations of the Serbs, led by Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević, 17th century.

Kosovo was taken by the Austrian forces during the War of the Holy League (1683–1698). In 1690, the Serbian Patriarch of Peć Arsenije III, who previously escaped a certain death, led 37,000 families from Kosovo, to evade Ottoman wrath since Kosovo had just been retaken by the Ottomans.^[40] The people that followed him were mostly Serbs, but there were numerous Orthodox Albanians and others too. 20,000 Serbs abandoned Prizren alone. Due to the oppression from the Ottomans, other migrations of Orthodox people from the Kosovo area continued throughout the 18th century. By contrast, some Serbs adopted Islam and gradually fused with the predominant Albanians, and adopting their culture and even language. By the end of the 19th century, Albanians replaced the Serbs as the dominating nation of Kosovo.^[41]

In 1766 the Ottomans abolished the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and the position of Christians on Kosovo was greatly reduced. All previous privileges were lost and the Christian population had to suffer the full weight of the Empire's extensive and losing wars, even to take the blame for the losses.^{[citation needed]}

During the First Serbian Uprising, Serbs from northern parts of Kosovo prepared to join the uprising and an Ottoman-Albanian coalition arrived to suppress their efforts, before they could partake in the uprising. Ottoman violence resulted in a number of Serbs migrating to central Serbia in order to join rebels led by Karađorđe.^[42][43] Kelmendi were the only Albanian tribe to fully support Serb rebels.^[44][45] After the independence of the Principality of Serbia to its north, Kosovo came increasingly to be seen by the mid-19th century as the “cradle of Serb civilization” and called the "Serbian Jerusalem".^{[46][47][48][49][50]}

The term Arnauti or Arnautaši was coined by 19th and early 20th century Serbian ethnographers to refer to the Albanians in Kosovo, which they perceived as Albanised Serbs; Serbs who had converted to Islam and went through a process of Albanisation.^[51][52] In modern anthropology, the historical validity of the term has been criticized as well as use as a tool of nation-building and homogenization policies of the Serbian state.^{[53][54][55][56]}

Atrocities against Serbs during the Serbian–Ottoman War took place at the beginning of the century, with the Kosovo Albanians accused of driving some 150,000 Serbs out of Kosovo^[57] and conducting a campaign of terror against the Serbian population who remained.^[58] In 1901, massacres of Serbs were carried out by Albanians in North Kosovo and Pristina.^[59]

Modern period

 

Serb women in traditional clothing, in Gjilan, 1911

 

Serb women in traditional clothing, near Prizren, 1913

The arising Kingdom of Serbia planned a restoration of its rule in Kosovo as Ottoman might crumbled on the Balkan peninsula. The period witnessed a rise of Serbian nationalism. During the First Balkan War, the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Montenegro fought alongside the Kingdoms of Greece and Bulgaria as part of the Balkan League to drive the Ottoman forces out of Europe and to incorporate the spoils into their respective states. Serbia, Montenegro and Greece had occupied the entire Western Balkan (Albanian-inhabited territories) with the exception of Vlora in the hope of achieving recognition with their new borders. Resistance from the Albanians across their entire region in favour of their own proposed independent nation state led to fighting between the Balkan League armies (less geographically uninvolved Bulgaria) and Albanian forces. To end the conflict, the Treaty of London decreed an independent Principality of Albania (close to its present borders), with most of the Vilayet of Kosovo awarded to Serbia and the Metohija region awarded to Montenegro.^[60][61]

World War I and First Yugoslavia

During the First World War, in the winter of 1915–1916, the Serbian army withdrew through Kosovo in a bid to evade the forces of the Central Powers. Thousands died of starvation and exposure. In 1918, the Serbian army pushed the Central Powers out of Kosovo, and the region was unified as Montenegro subsequently joined the Kingdom of Serbia. The monarchy was then transformed into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

The 1918–1929 period of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes witnessed a decrease in the Serbian population of the region and an increase in the number of Albanians. In 1929, the state was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The territories of Kosovo were split among the Zeta Banovina, the Banate of Morava and the Banate of Vardar. The state lasted until the World War II invasion and Axis occupation of Yugoslavia (1941).

World War II

See also: World War II in Yugoslavia and World War II persecution of Serbs

 

German soldiers set fire to a Serb village near Mitrovica, circa 1941.

After the invasion of Yugoslavia (6–18 April 1941), the Axis powers divided territory among themselves. Kosovo and Metohija was divided between Italian, German and Bulgarian occupation. The largest part of what is today Kosovo was under Italian occupation and was annexed into a axis Greater Albania, the Albanian Kingdom through a decree on 12 August 1941, while northern parts were included in German-occupied Serbia, and southeastern parts into the Bulgarian occupational zone.^[62] Parts of eastern Montenegro and western Macedonia were also annexed to Albania.

During the occupation, the population was subject to expulsion, internment, forced labour, torture, destruction of private property, confiscation of land and livestock, destruction and damaging of monasteries, churches, cultural-historical monuments and graveyards.^[62] There were waves of violence against Serbs in some periods, such as April 1941, June 1942, September 1943, and continuous pressure in various ways.^[63] Civilians were sent to camps and prisons established by the Italian, German and Bulgarian occupation, and the Albanian community.^[64] The expulsion of Serbs proved problematic, as they had performed important functions in the region, and been running most of the businesses, mills, tanneries, and public utilities, and been responsible for most of the useful agricultural production.^[65] Most of the war crimes were perpetrated by the Vulnetari ("volunteers"),^[66] Balli Kombëtar and the SS Skanderbeg Division.^[67] The Skanderbeg Division was better known for murdering, raping, and looting in predominantly Serbian areas than for participating in combat operations on behalf of the German war effort.^[68] The most harsh position of Serbs was in the Italian (Albanian) zone.^[69] A large part of the Serb population was expelled or forced to flee in order to survive.^[69] Serbian estimations put the number of expelled at around 100,000; an estimated 40,000 from the Italian-occupation zone, 30,000 from the German zone, and 25,000 from the Bulgarian zone.^[70] It is estimated that 10,000 Serbs and Montenegrins were killed in Kosovo during WWII.^[71]

Second Yugoslavia

The Province of Kosovo was formed in 1946 as an autonomous region to protect its regional Albanian majority within the People's Republic of Serbia as a member of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia under the leadership of the former Partisan leader, Josip Broz Tito, but with no factual autonomy. After Yugoslavia's name changed to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbia's to the Socialist Republic of Serbia in 1953, the Autonomous Region of Kosovo gained some autonomy in the 1960s. In the 1974 constitution, the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo's government received higher powers, including the highest governmental titles – President and Premier and a seat in the Federal Presidency which made it a de facto Socialist Republic within the Federation, but remaining as a Socialist Autonomous Region within the Socialist Republic of Serbia.

 

Ramiz Sadiku and Boro Vukmirović, People's Heroes of Yugoslavia and symbol of Serbian-Albanian friendship^[72]

In 1981, Albanian students organized protests seeking that Kosovo become a Republic within Yugoslavia. Those protests were in Serbian and Albanian were defined official on the Provincial level marking the two largest linguistic Kosovan groups: Serbs and Albanians. In the 1970s, an Albanian nationalist movement pursued full recognition of the Province of Kosovo as another republic within the federation, while the most extreme elements aimed for full-scale independence. Tito's government dealt with the situation swiftly, but only gave it a temporary solution. The ethnic balance of Kosovo witnessed unproportional increase as the number of Albanians rose dramatically due to higher birth rates.^[73] Serbs barely increased and dropped in the full share of the total population down to 10% due to higher demographic raise of the Albanian population.

In 1981, Albanian students organized protests seeking that Kosovo become a Republic within Yugoslavia. Those protests were harshly contained by the centralist Yugoslav government. In 1986, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU) was working on a document, which later would be known as the SANU Memorandum. An unfinished edition was filtered to the press. In the essay, SANU explained the Serbian peoples history as victims of a 500-year and more genocide from Kosovo, and therefore called for the revival of Serb nationalism. During this time, Slobodan Milošević's rise to power started in the League of the Socialists of Serbia. Milošević used the discontent reflected in the SANU memorandum for his political goals.

One of the events that contributed to Milošević's rise of power was the Gazimestan Speech, delivered in front of 1,000,000 Serbs at the central celebration marking the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo, held at Gazimestan on 28 June 1989.

Soon afterwards, as approved by the Assembly in 1990, the autonomy of Kosovo was revoked back to the old status (1971). He had said "Strong Serbia, Weak Yugoslavia – Weak Serbia, Strong Yugoslavia" Milošević, however, did not remove Kosovo's seat from the Federal Presidency. After Slovenia's secession from Yugoslavia in 1991, Milošević used the seat to attain dominance over the Federal government, outvoting his opponents.

 

 

Left: Destroyed Serbian Orthodox Holy Trinity Church in Petrić village
Right: Ruins of a Serb part of Prizren destroyed during 2004 pogrom.

Breakup of Yugoslavia and Kosovo War

After the Dayton Agreement of 1995, the Kosovo Liberation Army, ethnic-Albanian paramilitary organisation that sought the separation of Kosovo and the eventual creation of a Greater Albania,^{[74][75][76][77][78]} began attacking Serbian civilians and Yugoslav army and police, bombing police stations and government buildings, killing Yugoslav police and innocent people of all nationalities, even Albanians who were not on their side.^[79] As of 2014^[update], mass graves of Kosovar Albanian victims are still being found.^[80] There have been many reports of abuses and war crimes committed by the KLA during and after the conflict, such as massacres of civilians (Lake Radonjić massacre, Gnjilane, Staro Gracko, Klečka etc.), prison camps (Lapušnik), organ theft and destruction of medieval churches and monuments.^{[citation needed]}

According to the 1991 Yugoslavia census, there were 194,190 Serbs in Kosovo^[81] after the Kosovo War, a large number of Serbs fled or were expelled and many of the remaining civilians were subjected to abuse.^{[82][83][84][85][86]} During the unrest in Kosovo, 35 churches and monasteries were destroyed or seriously damaged. After Kosovo and other Yugoslav Wars, Serbia became home to highest number of refugees and IDPs (including Kosovo Serbs) in Europe.^[87][88][89]

In total, 156 Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries have been destroyed since June 1999, after the end of the Kosovo War and including the 2004 pogrom. Many of the churches and monasteries dated back to the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries.^[90] KLA fighters are accused of vandalizing Devič monastery and terrorizing the staff. The KFOR troops said KLA rebels vandalized centuries-old murals and paintings in the chapel and stole two cars and all the monastery's food.^[91]

21st century

The interim Kosovo government unilaterally declared independence from Serbia on Sunday, 17 February 2008.^[92] Serbia refuses to recognise this declaration of independence. Kosovo's self-proclaimed independence has been recognised by 98 UN countries, and one non-UN country, the Republic of China (Taiwan). The remaining Kosovo Serbs (mostly in North Kosovo) want to remain part of Serbia, but Serbian majority towns are now rare in Kosovo.

 

Vidovdan celebration in Gazimestan (2009)

Some officials^[who?] in the Serbian government have proposed a partition of Kosovo, with North Kosovo and Štrpce becoming part of Serbia or given autonomy. The United States opposes the partition of Kosovo, stressing that the "great majority of countries around the world are not going to stand for that."^[93] In response to the seizure of railways in Northern Kosovo and formation of Serbian offices to serve as part of a parallel government, Kosovo's Prime Minister stated that they would "not tolerate any parallel institution on Kosovo's territory" and would assert their authority over all of Kosovo.^[94] The UN's Special Representative in Kosovo said the "international community has made it very clear that no partition of Kosovo will be acceptable."^[95] Ivan Eland, a Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute, suggested such "a partition within a partition" would prevent a "Serbia-Kosovo War" and provides the "best chance" of Kosovo having a long-term stable relationship with Serbia.^[96] Chairman of the Serb Municipalities of Kosovo Alliance Marko Jakšić dismissed the talk of partition and said the action of Serbs in Kosovo is to protest the Kosovo declaration. Oliver Ivanović, a Kosovo Serb political leader, said he was against Kosovo's partition because "most Serbs live south of the Ibar and their position would become unsustainable".^[97] A Reuters analysis suggested that Kosovo may be divided along ethnic lines similar to Bosnia-Herzegovina. James Lyon of the International Crisis Group thinktank was quoted as saying, "the Republika Srpska style is acceptable for Serbia, but within the confines that it (Kosovo) is still part of Serbia."^[98] Pieter Feith, the European Union's special representative in Kosovo, and the International Civilian Representative for Kosovo said no plans are under discussion to carve out a canton or grant any other autonomy to Serbs living in the north of Kosovo. He told the Pristina, Kosovo, daily Koha Ditore, "It is quite clear that the privileged relations between the Serbs here (in Kosovo) and Belgrade are in the spheres of education, health care, and religious objects," adding that "the government in Pristina has to be respected."^[99]

 

Map showing the Serb community and the Albanian communities (yellow being the Albanian communities) by the Brussels Agreement in 2013

On 30 September 2008, Serbian President Boris Tadić stated that he would consider partitioning Kosovo if all other options were exhausted. The former Foreign Minister for Serbia and Montenegro, Goran Svilanović, applauded the suggestion saying "finally this is a realistic approach coming from Serbia. Finally, after several years, there is a room to discuss."^[100] After his comments aroused controversy in the media, Tadić reiterated that he was suggesting this as a possibility only if all other options were exhausted.^[101]

In the Brussels Agreement of 2013, Serbia agreed to grant the government in Pristina authority over Kosovo, while Pristina made an agreement to form Community of Serb Municipalities, which has not been fulfilled. Kosovo Serbs have accepted many aspects of Kosovo's rule and Kosovo Serbs now vote on Kosovo central election commission ballots in local elections.^{[citation needed]}

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Kosovo Serbs found themselves in a limbo, stuck between different orders issued by Serbia and Kosovo.^[102] In November 2020, during the COVID pandemics, Kosovo policemen and inspectors stormed and temporarily closed several Serb-owned pharmacies in North Kosovo, attempting to confiscate medicine supplies, because the items were allegedly not registered within the central system in Pristina. The act was met with citizen protest which were on the verge of escalation.^[103][104] In December 2020, the vaccines for COVID-19 were sent to North Kosovo by Serbia without any consultation with Kosovan authorities. Kosovo opposed the arrival of those vaccines, claiming that they were illegally distributed by Serbia.^[105][106] Only few people were vaccinated and the remaining vaccines were sent back after an investigation was launched.^[107] In 2021 health workers from North Kosovo protested against arrests of their colleagues who are employed in the hospitals which take care of patients with COVID-19. They described the actions as "inhumane" and sent protesting letters to various international institutions and organisations.^[108]

Kosovo’s Serb minority is often the target of demonstrations of hostility and attacks.^[109] In addition to that, members of the Kosovo Serbs community face mistreatment and prejudice in Serbia too.^[110]

Demographics

Main articles: Demographic history of Kosovo and Serbian enclaves in Kosovo

Ethnic groups in Kosovo

Year	Albanians	Serbs	Others
1921	65 %	26 %	9 %
1931	60 %	33 %	7 %
1948^[111]	68 %	24 %	8 %
1953	65 %	23 %	11 %
1961	67 %	23 %	9 %
1971	73 %	18 %	8 %
1981	77 %	13 %	9 %
1991^[81]	82 %	10 %	8 %
2000^[112]	88 %	7 %	5 %
2007^[112]	92 %	5 %	3 %

During the 20th century, the Serb population of Kosovo constantly decreased. Today, Serbs mostly populate the enclaves across Kosovo, as well as North Kosovo, which comprises 11% of Kosovo's territory and where they comprise 95% of population. 1,200 km² (463 sq mi). Diplomats from the United Nations have voiced concern over slow progress on minority rights.^[113] Human Rights Watch pointed out discrimination against Serbs and Roma in Kosovo immediately after the war.^[114]

ECMI calculated, based on 2010 and 2013 estimations, that ca. 146,128 Serbs resided in Kosovo, that is, ca. 7.8% of the total population.^[9] In 2012, the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia estimated that the number was 90–120,000.^[115] The Republic of Kosovo-organized 2011 census did not take place in North Kosovo, and was boycotted by a considerable number of Serbs in southern Kosovo.^[9] The ECMI did call "for caution when referring to the 2011 Census in Kosovo".^[116] There are ten municipalities constituted by a Serb numerical majority.^[9] These are the four northern municipalities of North Mitrovica, Leposavić, Zvečan, Zubin Potok, and the six southern (enclave) municipalities of Gračanica, Štrpce, Novo Brdo, Ranilug, Parteš and Klokot.^[9] As of 2014, the OSCE estimates that around 96,000 Serbs live in Kosovo.^[4]

The UNHCR estimated in 2019 that the total number of IDPs (Serbs and non-Serbs) from Kosovo in Serbia are 68,514.^[3] Serbia has claimed (2018) that a total 199,584 IDPs from Kosovo (Serbs and non-Serbs) origin have settled and live in Serbia after the war based on the original data it gathered in 2000.^[117][118] The UNHCR reported in 2009, based on the official figures by the government of Serbia, that around 205,835 IDPs who fled from Kosovo lived in Serbia.^[119] These included Serbs, Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians.^[120] The registration data in 2000 are the only official data which have been generated and there has been no re-registration of IDPs in Serbia since 2000. The same figure has been used in all official reports since then with some statistical reconfigurations. As such, the reliability of the registration of IDPs living in Serbia has been questioned.^{[117][118][121]}

In 2003, the number of Kosovo Serb IDPs in Montenegro was c. 12,000.^[122] The numbers do not include those that have received Montenegrin citizenship. As of 2015, there were at least 6,600 Kosovo Serb refugees in Montenegro.^[123] By 2019, there were 135 IDPs in total in Montenegro from Kosovo.^[3]

 

Linguistic structure of Kosovo by settlements 1931

 

Serb-populated areas of Kosovo

Serb community in Kosovo (ECMI 2013 est.)
by municipality

Municipality	Percentage	Number
North Mitrovica	76.48%	22,530
Leposavić	96%	18,000
Zvečan	96.1%	16,000
Zubin Potok	93.29%	13,900
Štrpce	70.58%	9,100
Gračanica	82.15%	7,209
Novo Brdo	61.46%	5,802
Ranilug	97.15%	5,718
Parteš	99.96%	5,300
Gjilan	5.29%	5,000
Klokot	71.23%	3,500
Vushtrri	4.79%	3,500
Kamenica	8.01%	3,019
Obiliq	12.37%	3,000
Lipjan	3.37%	2,000
Pristina	1%	2,000
Istog	4.16%	1,700
Rahovec	1.76%	1,000
Peja	1.03%	1,000
Kosovo Polje	2.51%	900
Klina	1.53%	600
Skenderaj	0.59%	300
Viti, Kosovo	0.59%	280
Prizren	0.13%	237
Ferizaj	0.06%	60
Shtime	0.18%	49
Deçan	0.11%	46
Gjakova	0.02%	17
Mitrovica	0.02%	14
Podujevo	0.01%	12
Dragash	0.02%	7
Suva Reka	<0.01%	2
Kaçanik	<0.01%	1

Culture

 

 

Left: Serbian traditional dance (kolo) and clothing from Gjilan
Right: Gračanica monastery painting by Nadežda Petrović.

The Battle of Kosovo is particularly important to Serbian history, tradition, and national identity.^[124]

Eparchy of Raška and Prizren of Serbian orthodox church take care of Serbian people and Orthodox heritage in Kosovo. Numerous Serbian Orthodox monasteries and churches are spread around Kosovo. Some of them include: Banjska monastery, Devič monastery, Gračanica monastery, Patriarchal Monastery of Peć, Visoki Dečani monastery and Our Lady of Ljeviš. The last four make up the Medieval Monuments in Kosovo, founded by the Nemanjić dynasty, is a combined World Heritage Site.^[125]

Medieval fortifications built by Serbian rulers and lords present important cultural heritage.

In connection with social gatherings among the Serbs around the churches and monasteries called Sabori during the Slava and Hram (Patron of the monastery) there was a belief that everyone must dance (to instrumental accompaniments) in order to gain and secure good health.^{[citation needed]} In upper Prizren the Sabor was held on 21 November by the ruins of the monastery of the Holy archangel founded by the Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan the Mighty in the 14th century. There were also great social gatherings at the Kaljaja fortress.^[126]

Serbian folk music is rich in a large number of songs from Kosovo, which were especially preserved in the performances of Jordan Nikolić and Mara Đorđević.^{[citation needed]}

The Serbs in Kosovo speak the dialects of Zeta-South Raška, Kosovo-Resava, and Prizren-South Morava.^{[citation needed]}

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

 

Visoki Dečani Monastery

 

Patriarchate of Peć

 

Our Lady of Ljeviš

 

Gračanica Monastery

Prominent people

Monarchs

 

Lazar of Serbia, Serbian ruler who led the army in the Battle of Kosovo

• Lazar of Serbia, Serbian ruler who led the army in the Battle of Kosovo
• Dragana of Serbia, Bulgarian empress consort
• Musić noble family
• Jelena Balšić, Serbian noblewoman
• Jovan Dragoslav, Serbian nobleman
• Mladen, magnate and vojvoda
• Vuk Branković, lord of District of Branković
• Đurađ Branković, lord of District of Branković
• Mara Branković
• Kantakuzina Katarina Branković
• Mahmud Pasha Angelović, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire

Politicians

• Radivoje Milojković, prime minister of Principality of Serbia
• Dušan Mugoša, Presidents of the Assembly of SAP Kosovo
• Ilija Vakić, Chairman of the Executive Council of SAP Kosovo
• Bogoljub Nedeljković, Chairman of the Executive Council of SAP Kosovo
• Dragan Tomić, acting President of Serbia
• Aleksandar Tijanić, Minister of Information of Serbia and director of the Radio Television of Serbia
• Ivica Dačić, Prime Minister of Serbia
• Jorgovanka Tabaković, Governor of the National Bank of Serbia
• Goran Svilanović, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Serbia and Montenegro
• Slobodan Petrović, Deputy Prime Minister of Republic of Kosovo
• Aleksandar Jablanović, Minister of Communities and Returns of Republic of Kosovo
• Branislav Grbić, Minister of Communities and Returns of Republic of Kosovo
• Dalibor Jevtić, Minister of Communities and Returns of Republic of Kosovo
• Oliver Ivanović, State Secretary of the Ministry for Kosovo and Metohija
• Bogoljub Karić, businessman and politician
• Vladimir Dobričanin, doctor and politician, Member of the Parliament of Montenegro
• Borislav Pelević
• Dragan Velić
• Radovan Ničić
• Slaviša Ristić

Religious people

 

Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta

• Joanikije II, Archbishop of Peć and first Serbian Patriarch
• Pajsije, Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch
• Vikentije Popović-Hadžilavić, the first metropolitan of Metropolitanate of Karlovci
• Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta, Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch
• Lazar the Serb, monk and horologist who invented and built the first known mechanical public clock in Russia
• Martin Segon, Catholic Bishop of Ulcinj

Military people

 

Aleksa Mandušić, U.S. Medal of Honor recipient

• Miloš Obilić, knight during the invasion of the Ottoman Empire
• Vuk Isaković, military commander in Austrian service during the Austrian-Ottoman Wars
• Čolak-Anta, military commander and one of the most important figures of the First Serbian Uprising
• Vukajlo Božović, Serbian Orthodox priest and revolutionary who participated in the Balkan Wars as a commander of a detachment in Ibarski Kolašin
• Jake Allex, Serbian American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his service in the U.S. Army during World War I
• Boro Vukmirović, one of the organizers of the anti-fascist uprising in Kosovo
• Živko Gvozdić, commander in the Balkan Wars and World War I
• Kosta Pećanac, Chetnik commander
• Lazar Kujundžić, Chetnik commander
• Sava Petrović-Grmija, Chetnik soldier
• Božidar Delić, general of the Army of Yugoslavia
• Veljko Radenović, Serbian police general
• Zoran Radosavljević, pilot
• Milan Mojsilović, Chief of General Staff of the Serbian Armed Forces

Writers

• Elder Grigorije, Serbian Orthodox clergyman and writer
• Marko Pećki, writer and poet
• Konstantin Mihailović, author of a memoir of his time as a Jannissary in the army of the Ottoman Empire.
• Dimitrije Kantakuzin, writer who lived in the 15th century
• Vladislav the Grammarian, an Orthodox Christian monk, scribe, historian and theologian
• Grigorije Božović, writer
• Lazar Vučković, poet
• David Albahari, Serbian Jewish writer
• Darinka Jevrić, poet
• Dejan Stojanović, poet, writer and essayist
• Novica Petković, writer, professor and member of ANURS
• Mošo Odalović, poet

Science and education

• Gligorije Elezović, historian and member of the Serbian Academy of Science and Arts
• Atanasije Urošević, geographer and ethnologist
• Radivoje Papović, Rector of the University of Pristina
• Nebojša Radunović, professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at University of Belgrade's School of Medicine and a corresponding member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
• Marko Savić, pianist and professor at the University of Pristina Faculty of Arts
• Anđelko Karaferić, musician, Professor of Counterpoint and Associate Dean at the University of Pristina Faculty of Arts
• Andrijana Videnović, actress and Associate Professor of Diction at the University of Pristina Faculty of Arts
• Jasmina Novokmet, conductor, professor and former Associate Dean at the University of Pristina
• Aleksandra Trajković, pianist, Assistant Professor of Piano and Chief of the Piano Department at the University of Pristina
• Tomislav Trifić, graphic artist and Dean of the University of Pristina Faculty of Arts
• Branibor Debeljković, artist, historian and professor
• Slađana Đurić, professor of philosophy and sociology

Art

Visual art

• Svetomir Arsić-Basara, sculptor
• Branibor Debeljković, photographer
• Aleksandar Joksimović, fashion designer
• Trajko Stojanović Kosovac, graphic artist, painter, scenographer
• Slobodan Trajković, painter

Cinema and theatre

 

Ljuba Tadić, actor

• Ljuba Tadić, Dobričin prsten and four-time Golden Arena for Best Actor winner
• Mira Stupica, Dobričin prsten and Golden Arena for Best Actress winner
• Dragoslav Ilić
• Dragan Maksimović
• Miodrag Krivokapić
• Saša Pantić
• Milan Vasić
• Predrag Vasić

Music

 

Viktorija is only artist from Kosovo and Metohija who represented Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest

 

Nevena Božović

• Jordan Nikolić, folk singer who interpreted traditional songs from Kosovo^[127]
• Brankica Vasić Vasilisa, performer of traditional songs from Kosovo and Macedonia
• Milica Milisavljević Dugalić, performer of traditional songs from Kosovo
• Bora Spužić Kvaka, folk singer
• Dragica Radosavljević Cakana, folk singer
• Viktorija, rock artist who represented Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982 as part of Aska
• Đani, folk singer
• Jana, folk singer
• Tina Ivanović, folk singer
• Slađa Delibašić, pop singer and dancer
• Peđa Medenica, pop-folk singer
• Stefan Đurić Rasta, popular musician
• Nevena Božović, pop singer who represented Serbia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007, with band Moje 3 in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 and solo in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019

Sport

 

Milutin Šoškić, football player and Olympic champion

 

Milena Rašić, World and European champion, Olympic silver medalist in volleyball

 

Novak Djokovic, one of the greatest tennis players, whose father was born in Kosovo^[128]

 

Luka Dončić, basketball player has origins in Kosovo on father's side

• Milutin Šoškić, football player and Olympic champion
• Vladimir Durković, football player and Olympic champion
• Stevan Stojanović, football goalkeeper and European Cup champion
• Goran Đorović, football player
• Ranko Popović, football player and coach
• Mladen Dodić, football player and coach
• Dragoljub Bekvalac, football player and coach
• Darko Spalević, football player
• Nenad Stojković, football player
• Nikola Lazetić, football player
• Miloš Krasić, football player and 2009 Serbian Footballer of the Year
• Milan Biševac, football player
• Miodrag Anđelković, football player
• Aleksandar Čanović, football player
• Miroslav Vulićević, football player
• Miloš Ostojić, football player
• Milan Milanović, football player
• Aleksandar Paločević, football player
• Đorđe Jovanović, football player
• Sreten Mirković, boxer and European Amateur Championships silver medalist
• Marko Simonović, basketball player, Olympic and World Cup silver medalist
• Miloš Bojović, basketball player
• Miljana Bojović, basketball player
• Bojan Krstović, basketball player
• Dejan Musli, basketball player
• Milena Rašić, volleyball player, World and European champion, Olympic silver medalist
• Vaso Komnenić, high jumper
• Darko Radomirović, middle distance and long-distance runner
• Sonja Stolić, middle distance and long-distance runner
• Novak Djokovic, tennis player, World No.1 and 17-time Grand Slam champion^[129]
• Danijela Rundqvist, Swedish ice hockey player and two-time Olympic medalist^[130]
• Luka Dončić, Slovenian basketball player, European and EuroLeague champion

Other

• Sima Igumanov, merchant who made a fortune through tobacco trade and invested his fortune in building educational facilities
• Bogdan Radenković, an organizer of the Serbian Chetnik Organization and one of the founders of the Black Hand
• Đorđe Martinović, farmer from who was at the centre of a notorious incident in May 1985
• Zvezdan Jovanović, former paramilitary, JSO Commander and convicted criminal
• Anđelka Tomašević, Miss Earth Serbia 2013 and Miss Universe Serbia 2014
• Katarina Šulkić, Miss Serbia 2015

See also

• Community of Serb Municipalities
• Serbian enclaves in Kosovo
• Enclave (film), a 2015 Serbian film
• Gorani people
• Janjevci

Notes

a.

^ ‹The template Kosovo-note is being considered for deletion.›  The political status of Kosovo is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008, Kosovo is formally recognised as a sovereign state by 101 UN member states (with another 13 states recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition) and 92 states not recognizing it, while Serbia continues to claim it as a part of its own territory.

Annotations

1. As of 2015, there are at least 6,600 Kosovo Serb refugees in Montenegro.^[123] In 2003, the number was c. 12,000.^[122] The numbers do not include those that have received Montenegrin citizenship.

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121. Allen, Richard. "Support for IDPs in Serbia Summary Report and Proposals" (PDF). UNHCR. Officially, there are 203,140 persons displaced from Kosovo and still living in Serbia. This data comes from the registration of IDPs in 2000 and following subsequent movements of people out of Kosovo. There has been no re-registration exercise, but the total number of registered people is adjusted annually to reflect population movements and demographic changes. While the reliability of registration data can be questioned, it remains the sole source of official data.
122. Radević, Dragana (2005). "Izbjeglice i interno raseljene osobe u Crnoj Gori–trajna rješenja". Migracijske I Etničke Teme. Crna Gora je pružila (ili pruža) utočište za 18.047 interno raseljenih osoba s Kosova od kojih je većina izbjegla 1999., a manji broj njih 2000. (Izvještaj o registracijiraseljenih lica..., 2003). Među interno raseljenima trećina su Romi, a najviše ih je smješteno u romskim naseljima, gdje su izmiješani s lokalnim sunarodnjacima ... Ukupan broj raseljenih u Crnoj Gori je približno 26.500
123. "Izbeglice sa Kosova protiv Tačijeve posete". 12 January 2015. Estimates suggest that over 6,600 Kosovo Serbs still live in Montenegro, over 15 years after the conflict ended. The majority of them still live in temporary refugee settlements without personal identity documents.
124. Isabelle Dierauer (16 May 2013). Disequilibrium, Polarization, and Crisis Model: An International Relations Theory Explaining Conflict. University Press of America. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-7618-6106-5.
125. Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "World Heritage Committee puts Medieval Monuments in Kosovo on Danger List and extends site in Andorra, ending this year's inscriptions". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
126. Serbian Folk Dance Tradition in Prizren Ethnomusicology, Vol. 6, No. 2 (May 1962)
127. "Косовo у гласу Јордана Николића". www.rts.rs. RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
128. "Djokovic doesn't regret Kosovo comments". TENNIS.com. 7 October 2011.
129. Đoković to visit northern Kosovo Thursday Accessed 10 April 2015. "Đoković, whose family is originally from Kosovo, will be in the province to support the Serbs there..."
130. "Danijela Rundqvist blog". Retrieved 14 February 2010.

Sources

• Антонијевић, Ненад (2009). Албански злочини над Србима на Косову и Метохији у Другом светском рату: Документа (PDF) (2nd ed.). Крагујевац & Београд: Музеј жртава геноцида.
• Bogdanović, Dimitrije (1986) [25 December 1984]. The Kosovo Question Past and Present. Serbian Academy Of Sciences And Arts Monographs. Vol. DLXVI. Belgrade.
• Božović, Branislav (1991). Surova vremena na Kosovu i Metohiji: kvislinzi i kolaboracija u drugom svetskom ratu. Institut za savremenu istoriju. ISBN 9788674030400.
• Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.
• Cocozelli, Fred (2016). "The Serbs of Kosovo". In Ramet, Sabrina (ed.). Ethnic Minorities and Politics in Post-Socialist Southeastern Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316982778.
• Cox, John K. (2002). The History of Serbia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313312908.
• Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604.
• Fischer, Bernd J. (1999). Albania at War, 1939-1945. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-531-2.
• Ivić, Pavle, ed. (1995). The History of Serbian Culture. Edgware: Porthill Publishers. ISBN 9781870732314.
• Mojzes, Paul (2011). Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the 20th Century. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442206632.
• Stephenson, Paul (2000). Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521770170.
• Šuica, Marko (2011). "The Image of the Battle of Kosovo (1389) Today: a Historic Event, a Moral Pattern, or the Tool of Political Manipulation". The Uses of the Middle Ages in Modern European States: History, Nationhood and the Search for Origins. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 152–174. ISBN 9780230283107.
• Živković, Tibor; Bojanin, Stanoje; Petrović, Vladeta, eds. (2000). Selected Charters of Serbian Rulers (XII-XV Century): Relating to the Territory of Kosovo and Metohia. Athens: Center for Studies of Byzantine Civilisation.
• Le Kosovo-Metohija dans l'histoire serbe (in French). L'AGE D'HOMME. 1990. ISBN 978-2-8251-0139-1.

Further reading

Books

• Avramović, Zoran (2007). Istorija i književnost Srba Kosova i Metohije (in Serbian). ISBN 978-86-85047-11-4.
• Bataković, Dušan T. (1992). The Kosovo Chronicles. Belgrade: Plato.
• Bataković, Dušan T. (1998). Kosovo, la spirale de la haine: Les faits, les acteurs, l'histoire (2nd ed.). Lausanne: L'Age d'Homme. ISBN 9782825111321.
• Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2007). Kosovo and Metohija: Living in the Enclave (PDF). Belgrade: Institute for Balkan Studies.
• Bataković, Dušan T. (2014). A Turbulent Decade: The Serbs in Post-1999 Kosovo: Destruction of Cultural Heritage, Ethnic Cleansing, and Marginalization (1999-2009). Paris: Dialogue. ISBN 9782911527128.
• Bataković, Dušan T. (2015). "Kosovo and Metohija: History, Memory and Identity". The Christian Heritage of Kosovo and Metohija: the Historical and Spiritual Heartland of the Serbian People. Los Angeles: Sebastian Press. pp. 569–608. ISBN 9788682685395.
• Bataković, Dušan T. (2015). "The Serbs of Kosovo and Metohija 1999-2007: Surviving in Ghetto-like Enclaves". The Christian Heritage of Kosovo and Metohija: the Historical and Spiritual Heartland of the Serbian People. Los Angeles: Sebastian Press. pp. 935–945. ISBN 9788682685395.
• Благојевић, Милош (2006). Поседи манастира Хиландара на Косову и Метохији (XII-XV век): The Estates of Chilandar Monastery in Kosovo and Metohija (12th-15th centuries). Београд: Завод за уџбенике и наставна средства. ISBN 9788617134943.
• Bogdanović, Dimitrije (1985). Књига о Косову [The Book on Kosovo]. Beograd: SANU.
• Ćurčić, Slobodan (1979). Gračanica: King Milutin's Church and Its Place in Late Byzantine Architecture. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 9780271002187.
• Dželetović, Pavle Ivanov (2004). Злочини Арбанаса над Србима. Belgrade: Геополитика.
• Đorđević, Života; Pejić, Svetlana, eds. (1999). Cultural Heritage of Kosovo and Metohija. Belgrade: Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Serbia. ISBN 9788680879161.
• Karapandžić, Bor. M. (1986). Srpsko Kosovo i Metohija: zločini Arnauta nad srpskim narodom. sn.n.
• Krstić, Branislav (2003). Saving the Cultural Heritage of Serbia and Europe in Kosovo and Metohia. Belgrade: Coordination Center of the Federal Government and the Government of the Republic of Serbia for Kosovo and Metohia. ISBN 9788675560173.
• Krstić, Branislav (2004). Kosovo: Facing the Court of History. Amherst: Humanity Books.
• Marković, Miodrag; Vojvodić, Dragan, eds. (2017). Serbian Artistic Heritage in Kosovo and Metohija: Identity, Significance, Vulnerability. Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
• Mikić, Đorđe (1988). Društvene i ekonomske prilike kosovskih srba u XIX i početkom XX veka. SANU. ISBN 9788670250772.
• Nušić, Branislav Đ. (1986). Kosovo: opis zemlje i naroda (in Serbian). (Public Domain)
• Ocić, Časlav (2006). "Kosovo and Metohia: Ethnodemographic Changes from the End of World War II to 1991" (PDF). Срби на Косову и у Метохији: Зборник радова са научног скупа. Београд: Српска академија наука и уметности. pp. 441–460.
• Perunović, Branko (1989). Зулуми ага и бегова у Косовском вилајету. Belgrade.
• Petrović, Ruža; Blagojević, Marina (1992). The Migration of Serbs and the Montenegrins from Kosovo and Metohija: Results of the Survey Conducted in 1985-1986. Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
• Popović, Zarija R. (1900). Pred Kosovom: beleške iz doba 1874-1878 godine. Drž. štamp. Kralj. Srbije.
• Stojančević, Vladimir (1998). Srpski narod u Staroj Srbiji u Velikoj istočnoj krizi 1876-1878. Službeni list SRJ. ISBN 9788635503905.
• Subotić, Gojko (1998). Art of Kosovo: The Sacred Land. New York: The Monacelli Press. ISBN 9781580930062.
• Živković, Tibor (2008). Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150. Belgrade: The Institute of History, Čigoja štampa. ISBN 9788675585732.

Journals

• Antonijević, Nenad (2009). "Kidnapped Serbs and Other Non-Albanians in the Territory of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and the Metohija from 1998/89 to 2002 and Their Fate: Information" (PDF). Istorija 20. Veka: Časopis Instituta Za Savremenu Istoriju. 27 (1): 201–204.
• Zdravković-Zonta, Helena (2011). "Serbs as threat the extreme negative portrayal of the Serb "minority" in Albanian-language newspapers in Kosovo". Balcanica (42): 165–215. doi:10.2298/BALC1142165Z.

Conference papers

• Pejin, Jovan (2006). "The Extermination of the Serbs in Metohia, 1941-1944" (PDF). Срби на Косову и у Метохији: Зборник радова са научног скупа. Београд: Српска академија наука и уметности. pp. 189–207.

External links

• Filling the Vacuum: Ensuring Protection and Legal Remedies for Minorities in Kosovo by Minority Rights Group International (May 2009)
• Groups working with all demographics in Kosovo