Tallinn, the primate city of Estonia - it is five times larger than the country's second largest settlement.
The law of the primate city was first proposed by the geographerMark Jefferson in 1939.[4] He defines a primate city as being "at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant."[5] Aside from size and population, a primate city will usually have precedence in all other aspects of its country's society such as economics, politics, culture, and education. Primate cities also serve as targets for the majority of a country or region's internal migration.
In geography, the phenomenon of excessive concentration of population and development of the main city of a country or a region (often to the detriment of other areas) is called urban primacy or urban macrocephaly.[6]
Urban primacy can be measured as the share of a country's population that lives in the primate city.[7]Relative primacy indicates the ratio of the primate city's population to that of the second largest in a country or region.[8]
Significance
Not all countries have primate cities. In those that do, there is debate as to whether the city serves a parasitic or generative function.[9] The presence of a primate city in a country may indicate an imbalance in development—usually a progressive core and a lagging periphery—on which the city depends for labor and other resources.[10] However, the urban structure is not directly dependent on a country's level of economic development.[2]
Many primate cities gain an increasing share of their country's population. This can be due to a reduction in blue-collar population in the hinterlands because of mechanization and automation. Simultaneously, the number of educated employees in white-collar endeavors such as politics, finance, media, and higher education rises. These sectors are clustered predominantly in primate cities where power and wealth are concentrated.[citation needed]
Examples
Some global cities are considered national or regional primate cities.[5][11] An example of a global city that is as a primate city is Istanbul in Turkey. Istanbul serves as the primate city of Turkey due to the unmatched economic, political, cultural, and educational influence that the city possesses in comparison to other Turkish cities such as the capital Ankara, İzmir, or Bursa. Another example is London in the United Kingdom. However, not all regions or countries will even possess a primate city. The United States has never had a primate city on a national level due to the decentralized nature of the country, and because the second-largest city of the country, Los Angeles, is not far behind in population and GDP, from the largest city of the country, New York City. The metropolitan area of New York City has 21 million residents and Los Angeles has 16 million residents.[12][13]Mexico City, Paris, Cairo, Jakarta, and Seoul have been described as primate cities in their respective countries.[14]
Sub-national divisions can also have primate cities. For instance, New York City is New York State's primate city because its population is 32 times bigger than the state's second-largest city of Buffalo. New York City has 44% of the population and has 65% of the GDP of New York State.[15]China does not have a primate city at a national level, but a number of provincial capitals are disproportionately larger than other urban areas in the respective province. For example Henan, Hubei and Sichuan have provincial capitals (Zhengzhou, Wuhan, and Chengdu respectively) that are significantly larger than the second-largest city despite these provinces having the population of a large European country.
Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, has been called "the most primate city on Earth" when it was 40 times larger than the second-largest city of that time, Nakhon Ratchasima, in the year 2000.[16] As of 2022, Bangkok is nearly nine times larger than Thailand's current second-largest city of Chiang Mai.[17] Taking the concept from his examination of the primate city during the 2010 Thai political protests and applying it to the role that primate cities play if they are national capitals, researcher Jack Fong noted that when primate cities like Bangkok function as national capitals, they are inherently vulnerable to insurrection by the military and the dispossessed. He cites the fact that most primate cities serving as national capitals contain major headquarters for the country. Thus, logistically, it is rather "efficient" for national targets to be contested since they are all in one major urban environment.[18]
The metropolitan area of the city of Moscow, the capital of Russia, is almost four times the size of the metropolitan area of the next largest city, Saint Petersburg,[19][20] and plays a unique and uncontested role of the cultural and political center of the country.[21] It can therefore be considered to be a primate city.
Primate cities need not be capital cities: governments may attempt to establish a new planned capital city to challenge the primacy of the largest city and provide more balanced growth, for example in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam can still be considered a primate city although the capital was moved to Dodoma in 1996. A non-capital primate city may also emerge organically: for example, the existing city of Wellington was chosen to be New Zealand's capital in 1865, although Auckland commands a greater share of the population and economy.
For the Philippines, figures are for Metro Manila and Metro Cebu. Manila is the national capital, which is within Metro Manila, a region. Meanwhile, Cebu City is the capital city of the province of Cebu, with Metro Cebu being its main urban center. Metro Manila is within Mega Manila, the megapolis that has a population of around 25 million.
Although Belize does not have a primate city, Belize City is more than twice the size of San Ignacio, the country's second-largest city/urban area. It is also the cultural and economic centre of Belize. The capital is Belmopan, third-largest in the country.
Australia does not have a primate city, but at the state level, each of the capital cities of the states and territories act as the primate city of that state or territory.
^Tiraspol is controlled and claimed by the unrecognised Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, the largest city and capital within the PMR (Transnistria). Otherwise, the second largest city controlled by Moldova, and the third largest within its recognised borders is Bălți, with a population of 102,457.
^Latin: 'prime', 'first rank'"Primate". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2008-07-21. From Old French or Frenchprimat, from a noun use of Latin primat-, from primus
^ abGoodall, B. (1987). The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography. London: Penguin.
^"The Law of the Primate City and the Rank-Size Rule, by Matt Rosenberg".
^ abJefferson, Mark (April 1939). "The Law of the Primate City". Geographical Review. 29 (29): 226–232. doi:10.2307/209944. JSTOR 209944.
^Kotlyakov, Vladimir; Komarova, Anna (2007), Elsevier's Dictionary of Geography: in English, Russian, French, Spanish and German (1st ed.), North Holland, p. 776
^Davis, James C.; Henderson, J.Vernon (1 October 2003). "Evidence on the political economy of the urbanization process". Journal of Urban Economics. 53 (1): 98–125. doi:10.1016/S0094-1190(02)00504-1. What is available and what is utilized in all studies other than Wheaton and Shishido [67] is some measure of urban primacy—here measured as the share of the largest city in national urban population.
^Jefferson, Mark (1939). "The Law of the Primate City". Geographical Review. 29 (2): 226–232. doi:10.2307/209944. ISSN 0016-7428. JSTOR 209944. In Denmark the less-than-a-million capital, Copenhagen, has won greater relative primacy. It is nine times as large as Denmark's second town.
^London, Bruce (October 1977). "Is the Primate City Parasitic? The Regional Implications of National Decision Making in Thailand". The Journal of Developing Areas. 12: 49–68 – via JSTOR.
^Brunn, Stanley, et al. Cities of the World. Boulder: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2003
^Taşan-Kok, Tuna (2004). Mexico, Istanbul and Warsaw: Institutional and spatial change. Eburon Uitgeverij. p. 41. ISBN978-905972041-1. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
^"What Is A Primate City?". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
^"The World According to GaWC 2012". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Loughborough University. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
^Pacione, Michael (2005). Urban Geography: A Global Perspective (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 83.
^"Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF). Executive Office of the President - Office of Management and Budget. p. 106. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
^Baker, Chris; Pasuk Phongpaichit (2009). A History of Thailand (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 199. ISBN978-0-521-76768-2.
^"Chiang Mai, Thailand Metro Area Population 1950-2022". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
^Fong, Jack (May 2012). "Political Vulnerabilities of a Primate City: The May 2010 Red Shirts Uprising in Bangkok, Thailand". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 48 (3): 332–347. doi:10.1177/0021909612453981. S2CID 145515713.
^"A 3-Hour Commute: A close look at Moscow the Megapolis". Strelka Mag. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
^"Severo-Zapadnyj Federal'nyj Okrug / Northwestern Russia (Russia): Regions, Republics, Major Cities & Urban Settlements - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
^Argenbright, Robert (2013-01-01). "Moscow on the Rise: From Primate City to Megaregion". Geographical Review. 103 (1): 20–36. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2013.00184.x. ISSN 0016-7428. S2CID 155003653.
^ ab"World Gazetteer: World Gazetteer home". archive.is. 2013-02-09. Archived from the original on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
^ abcdefghijk"2020-10-06". ssb.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2020-11-17.
primate, city, primate, city, city, that, largest, country, province, state, region, disproportionately, larger, than, others, urban, hierarchy, primate, city, distribution, rank, size, distribution, that, very, large, city, with, many, much, smaller, cities, . A primate city 1 is a city that is the largest in its country province state or region and disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy 2 A primate city distribution is a rank size distribution that has one very large city with many much smaller cities and towns and no intermediate sized urban centers a king effect visible as an outlier on an otherwise linear graph when the rest of the data fit a power law or stretched exponential function 3 Tallinn the primate city of Estonia it is five times larger than the country s second largest settlement The law of the primate city was first proposed by the geographer Mark Jefferson in 1939 4 He defines a primate city as being at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant 5 Aside from size and population a primate city will usually have precedence in all other aspects of its country s society such as economics politics culture and education Primate cities also serve as targets for the majority of a country or region s internal migration In geography the phenomenon of excessive concentration of population and development of the main city of a country or a region often to the detriment of other areas is called urban primacy or urban macrocephaly 6 Contents 1 Measurement 2 Significance 3 Examples 4 List 4 1 Africa 4 2 Asia 4 3 Europe 4 4 North America amp Central America 4 5 Oceania 4 6 South America 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesMeasurement EditUrban primacy can be measured as the share of a country s population that lives in the primate city 7 Relative primacy indicates the ratio of the primate city s population to that of the second largest in a country or region 8 Significance EditNot all countries have primate cities In those that do there is debate as to whether the city serves a parasitic or generative function 9 The presence of a primate city in a country may indicate an imbalance in development usually a progressive core and a lagging periphery on which the city depends for labor and other resources 10 However the urban structure is not directly dependent on a country s level of economic development 2 Many primate cities gain an increasing share of their country s population This can be due to a reduction in blue collar population in the hinterlands because of mechanization and automation Simultaneously the number of educated employees in white collar endeavors such as politics finance media and higher education rises These sectors are clustered predominantly in primate cities where power and wealth are concentrated citation needed Examples EditSome global cities are considered national or regional primate cities 5 11 An example of a global city that is as a primate city is Istanbul in Turkey Istanbul serves as the primate city of Turkey due to the unmatched economic political cultural and educational influence that the city possesses in comparison to other Turkish cities such as the capital Ankara Izmir or Bursa Another example is London in the United Kingdom However not all regions or countries will even possess a primate city The United States has never had a primate city on a national level due to the decentralized nature of the country and because the second largest city of the country Los Angeles is not far behind in population and GDP from the largest city of the country New York City The metropolitan area of New York City has 21 million residents and Los Angeles has 16 million residents 12 13 Mexico City Paris Cairo Jakarta and Seoul have been described as primate cities in their respective countries 14 Sub national divisions can also have primate cities For instance New York City is New York State s primate city because its population is 32 times bigger than the state s second largest city of Buffalo New York City has 44 of the population and has 65 of the GDP of New York State 15 China does not have a primate city at a national level but a number of provincial capitals are disproportionately larger than other urban areas in the respective province For example Henan Hubei and Sichuan have provincial capitals Zhengzhou Wuhan and Chengdu respectively that are significantly larger than the second largest city despite these provinces having the population of a large European country Bangkok the capital of Thailand has been called the most primate city on Earth when it was 40 times larger than the second largest city of that time Nakhon Ratchasima in the year 2000 16 As of 2022 Bangkok is nearly nine times larger than Thailand s current second largest city of Chiang Mai 17 Taking the concept from his examination of the primate city during the 2010 Thai political protests and applying it to the role that primate cities play if they are national capitals researcher Jack Fong noted that when primate cities like Bangkok function as national capitals they are inherently vulnerable to insurrection by the military and the dispossessed He cites the fact that most primate cities serving as national capitals contain major headquarters for the country Thus logistically it is rather efficient for national targets to be contested since they are all in one major urban environment 18 The metropolitan area of the city of Moscow the capital of Russia is almost four times the size of the metropolitan area of the next largest city Saint Petersburg 19 20 and plays a unique and uncontested role of the cultural and political center of the country 21 It can therefore be considered to be a primate city Primate cities need not be capital cities governments may attempt to establish a new planned capital city to challenge the primacy of the largest city and provide more balanced growth for example in Tanzania Dar es Salaam can still be considered a primate city although the capital was moved to Dodoma in 1996 A non capital primate city may also emerge organically for example the existing city of Wellington was chosen to be New Zealand s capital in 1865 although Auckland commands a greater share of the population and economy List EditAfrica Edit Country Primate city urban area Population Second largest city urban area Population Relative primacy Ethiopia Addis Ababa 3 352 000 Adama 342 940 9 8 Algeria Algiers 7 896 923 Oran 1 560 329 5 1 Madagascar Antananarivo 1 275 207 Toamasina 300 813 4 2 Eritrea Asmara 650 000 Keren 82 198 7 9 Mali Bamako 1 810 366 Sikasso 226 618 8 0 Central African Republic Bangui 622 771 Bimbo 124 176 5 0 Gambia Banjul Serekunda area 519 835 22 Brikama 101 119 22 5 1 Guinea Bissau Bissau 492 004 Gabu 48 670 10 1 Egypt Cairo 23 9 539 673 Alexandria 5 200 000 3 9 Guinea Conakry 24 1 660 973 Nzerekore 195 027 8 5 Senegal Dakar 24 2 646 503 Touba 753 315 3 5 Djibouti Djibouti City 475 322 Ali Sabieh 37 939 12 5 Sierra Leone Freetown 24 1 500 234 Bo 233 684 6 4 Uganda Kampala 1 507 080 Nansana 365 124 4 1 Rwanda Kigali 1 132 686 Butare 89 600 12 6 Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa 17 239 463 Mbuji Mayi 2 643 000 7 3 Gabon Libreville 703 904 Port Gentil 136 462 5 2 Togo Lome 1 477 660 Sokode 118 000 12 5 Angola Luanda 24 8 069 612 Lubango 903 564 8 9 Zambia Lusaka 2 238 569 Kitwe 522 092 4 3 Lesotho Maseru 330 760 Teyateyaneng 75 115 4 4 Liberia Monrovia 1 101 970 Ganta 41 106 26 8 Kenya Nairobi 4 734 881 Mombasa 1 208 333 3 91 Chad N Djamena 1 605 696 Moundou 137 929 11 6 Niger Niamey 1 243 500 Zinder 235 605 5 3 Mauritania Nouakchott 958 399 Nouadhibou 118 167 8 1 Sudan Omdurman Khartoum area 5 490 000 Port Sudan 489 725 11 2 Burkina Faso Ouagadougou 2 500 000 Bobo Dioulaso 537 728 4 6 Sao Tome and Principe Sao Tome 71 868 Santo Amaro 8 239 8 7 Tunisia Tunis 2 643 695 Sfax 330 440 8 0 Seychelles Victoria 26 450 Anse Boileau 4 093 6 5 Namibia Windhoek 325 858 Walvis Bay 62 096 5 2Asia Edit Country Primate city urban area Population Second largest city urban area Population Relative primacy Jordan Amman 4 425 000 Irbid 750 000 5 9 Turkmenistan Ashgabat 1 168 000 Turkmenabat 253 000 4 6 Azerbaijan Baku 2 934 000 Ganja 335 000 8 8 Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan 280 000 Kuala Belait 70 000 4 0 Thailand Bangkok 25 26 10 539 000 Chiang Mai 1 197 931 8 8 Lebanon Beirut 24 2 781 000 Tripoli 365 000 7 6 Kyrgyzstan Bishkek 24 1 297 000 Osh 282 000 4 6 Bangladesh Dhaka 22 478 116 Chittagong 5 252 842 4 3 Timor Leste Dili 235 000 Baucau 15 000 15 7 Tajikistan Dushanbe 1 390 000 Khujand 182 000 7 6 Indonesia Jakarta 10 562 088 Surabaya 2 817 314 3 7 Afghanistan Kabul 24 4 834 000 Kandahar 570 000 8 5 Nepal Kathmandu 3 941 000 Pokhara 523 000 9 8 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 7 564 000 George Town 2 412 000 3 1 Kuwait Kuwait City 24 4 022 000 Al Jahra 400 000 10 1 Maldives Male 135 000 Addu City 34 000 4 0 Philippines Metro Manila 12 877 253 Metro Cebu 2 849 213 4 5 Oman Muscat 1 205 000 Salalah 340 000 3 5 Cambodia Phnom Penh 24 2 177 000 Siem Reap 140 000 15 6 North Korea Pyongyang 2 228 000 Hamhung 535 000 4 2 South Korea Seoul 9 976 000 Busan 3 468 000 2 9 Uzbekistan Tashkent 3 492 000 Samarkand 1 201 000 2 9 Georgia Tbilisi 1 207 000 Batumi 200 000 6 0 Bhutan Thimphu 115 000 Phuntsholing 28 000 4 1 Iran Tehran 13 633 000 Mashhad 3 167 000 4 3 Japan Tokyo 37 274 000 Osaka 19 060 000 2 Laos Vientiane 1 058 000 Savannakhet 120 000 8 8 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 24 1 508 000 Erdenet 100 000 15 1 Myanmar Yangon 27 7 360 703 Mandalay 1 726 889 4 3 Armenia Yerevan 24 1 403 000 Gyumri 130 000 10 8For the Philippines figures are for Metro Manila and Metro Cebu Manila is the national capital which is within Metro Manila a region Meanwhile Cebu City is the capital city of the province of Cebu with Metro Cebu being its main urban center Metro Manila is within Mega Manila the megapolis that has a population of around 25 million Europe Edit Country Primate city urban area Population Second largest city urban area Population Relative primacy Greece Athens 24 23 3 753 783 Thessaloniki 1 084 001 3 5 Serbia Belgrade 1 659 440 Novi Sad 341 625 4 9 Romania Bucharest 2 272 163 Cluj Napoca 411 379 5 5 Hungary Budapest 28 3 303 786 Debrecen 237 888 13 9 Moldova Chișinău 736 100 Tiraspol de jure Note 1 135 700 5 4 Denmark Copenhagen 23 28 2 016 285 Aarhus 330 639 6 1 Ireland Dublin 24 28 1 904 806 Cork 399 216 4 8 Finland Helsinki 1 522 694 Tampere 385 610 3 9 United Kingdom London 26 28 14 257 962 Birmingham 3 683 000 3 9 Luxembourg Luxembourg 107 247 Esch sur Alzette 32 600 3 3 Belarus Minsk 2 101 018 Gomel 526 872 4 0 Norway Oslo 23 1 036 059 Bergen 259 958 4 0 France Paris 23 25 26 28 12 405 426 Lyon 2 237 676 5 5 Iceland Reykjavik 209 680 Note 2 Akureyri 18 191 11 5 Latvia Riga 24 23 627 487 Daugavpils 82 046 7 6 North Macedonia Skopje 506 926 Note 3 Bitola 105 644 4 8 Bulgaria Sofia 1 681 666 Plovdiv 544 628 3 1 Estonia Tallinn 437 619 Tartu 95 009 4 6 Albania Tirana 800 986 Durres 201 110 4 0 Austria Vienna 24 25 28 2 600 000 Graz 269 997 9 6 Croatia Zagreb 1 113 111 Split 349 314 3 2North America amp Central America Edit Country Primate city urban area Population Second largest city urban area Population Relative primacy Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre 13 000 Sandy Point Town 3 140 4 1 Barbados Bridgetown 110 000 Oistins 3 000 36 7 Saint Lucia Castries 70 000 Gros Islet 22 647 3 1 Dominican Republic Santo Domingo 2 908 607 Santiago de los Caballeros 553 091 5 3 Guatemala Guatemala City 23 28 2 749 161 Quetzaltenango 792 530 3 5 Cuba Havana 2 106 146 Santiago de Cuba 433 099 4 9 Jamaica Kingston 584 627 Portmore 182 153 3 2 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown 16 500 Georgetown 1 700 9 7 Nicaragua Managua 23 1 401 687 Leon 206 264 12 4 Mexico Mexico City 23 26 28 20 400 000 Monterrey 5 370 466 4 1 Bahamas Nassau 274 400 Freeport 26 914 10 2 Panama Panama City 24 880 691 La Chorrera 118 521 7 4 Haiti Port au Prince 24 2 618 894 Cap Haitien 274 404 9 5 Dominica Roseau 16 582 Portsmouth 2 977 5 6 Costa Rica San Jose 24 23 28 2 158 898 Puerto Limon 58 522 36 9 El Salvador San Salvador 23 28 2 406 709 Santa Ana 374 830 10 0 Grenada St George s 33 734 Grenville 2 400 14 1 Antigua and Barbuda St John s 81 799 Liberta 3 301 24 8Although Belize does not have a primate city Belize City is more than twice the size of San Ignacio the country s second largest city urban area It is also the cultural and economic centre of Belize The capital is Belmopan third largest in the country Oceania Edit Country Primate city urban area Population Second largest city urban area Population Relative primacy Samoa Apia 36 735 Afega 1 781 20 6 Tuvalu Funafuti 6 025 Asau 650 9 3 Solomon Islands Honiara 64 609 Auki 7 785 8 3 Tonga Nukuʻalofa 24 571 Neiafu Vavaʻu 6 000 4 1 Papua New Guinea Port Moresby 410 954 Lae 76 255 5 4 Fiji Suva 175 399 Lautoka 52 220 3 4 Kiribati South Tarawa 50 182 Abaiang 5 502 9 1 New Zealand Auckland 1 715 600 Christchurch 381 500 4 5Australia does not have a primate city but at the state level each of the capital cities of the states and territories act as the primate city of that state or territory South America Edit Country Primate city urban area Population Second largest city urban area Population Relative primacy Colombia Bogota 10 700 000 Medellin 3 591 963 3 0 Paraguay Gran Asuncion 24 2 698 401 Ciudad del Este 293 817 9 2 Argentina Buenos Aires 26 28 12 741 364 Cordoba 1 528 000 8 3 Guyana Georgetown 118 363 Linden 29 298 4 0 Peru Lima 28 9 752 000 Arequipa 1 034 736 9 4 Uruguay Montevideo 24 28 1 947 604 Salto 104 028 18 7 Suriname Paramaribo 240 924 Lelydorp 19 910 12 1 Chile Santiago 24 6 685 685 Valparaiso 1 036 127 6 5See also EditCapital city Primate disambiguation Global city Megacity Metropolis Rank size distribution Secondary cityNotes Edit Tiraspol is controlled and claimed by the unrecognised Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic the largest city and capital within the PMR Transnistria Otherwise the second largest city controlled by Moldova and the third largest within its recognised borders is Bălți with a population of 102 457 refers to Capital Region Iceland based on North Macedonia CitiesReferences Edit Latin prime first rank Primate Merriam Webster Online Dictionary Merriam Webster Retrieved 2008 07 21 From Old French or French primat from a noun use of Latin primat from primus a b Goodall B 1987 The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography London Penguin GaWC Research Bulletin 186 The Law of the Primate City and the Rank Size Rule by Matt Rosenberg a b Jefferson Mark April 1939 The Law of the Primate City Geographical Review 29 29 226 232 doi 10 2307 209944 JSTOR 209944 Kotlyakov Vladimir Komarova Anna 2007 Elsevier s Dictionary of Geography in English Russian French Spanish and German 1st ed North Holland p 776 Davis James C Henderson J Vernon 1 October 2003 Evidence on the political economy of the urbanization process Journal of Urban Economics 53 1 98 125 doi 10 1016 S0094 1190 02 00504 1 What is available and what is utilized in all studies other than Wheaton and Shishido 67 is some measure of urban primacy here measured as the share of the largest city in national urban population Jefferson Mark 1939 The Law of the Primate City Geographical Review 29 2 226 232 doi 10 2307 209944 ISSN 0016 7428 JSTOR 209944 In Denmark the less than a million capital Copenhagen has won greater relative primacy It is nine times as large as Denmark s second town London Bruce October 1977 Is the Primate City Parasitic The Regional Implications of National Decision Making in Thailand The Journal of Developing Areas 12 49 68 via JSTOR Brunn Stanley et al Cities of the World Boulder Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers Inc 2003 Tasan Kok Tuna 2004 Mexico Istanbul and Warsaw Institutional and spatial change Eburon Uitgeverij p 41 ISBN 978 905972041 1 Retrieved 2013 05 21 What Is A Primate City ThoughtCo Retrieved 2018 11 21 The World According to GaWC 2012 Globalization and World Cities Research Network Loughborough University Retrieved 11 January 2017 Pacione Michael 2005 Urban Geography A Global Perspective 2nd ed Abingdon Routledge pp 83 Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas Micropolitan Statistical Areas and Combined Statistical Areas and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas PDF Executive Office of the President Office of Management and Budget p 106 Retrieved July 29 2014 Baker Chris Pasuk Phongpaichit 2009 A History of Thailand 2nd ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 199 ISBN 978 0 521 76768 2 Chiang Mai Thailand Metro Area Population 1950 2022 www macrotrends net Retrieved 2022 05 14 Fong Jack May 2012 Political Vulnerabilities of a Primate City The May 2010 Red Shirts Uprising in Bangkok Thailand Journal of Asian and African Studies 48 3 332 347 doi 10 1177 0021909612453981 S2CID 145515713 A 3 Hour Commute A close look at Moscow the Megapolis Strelka Mag Retrieved 2021 02 02 Severo Zapadnyj Federal nyj Okrug Northwestern Russia Russia Regions Republics Major Cities amp Urban Settlements Population Statistics Maps Charts Weather and Web Information www citypopulation de Retrieved 2021 02 02 Argenbright Robert 2013 01 01 Moscow on the Rise From Primate City to Megaregion Geographical Review 103 1 20 36 doi 10 1111 j 1931 0846 2013 00184 x ISSN 0016 7428 S2CID 155003653 a b World Gazetteer World Gazetteer home archive is 2013 02 09 Archived from the original on 2013 02 09 Retrieved 2020 04 09 a b c d e f g h i j k 2020 10 06 ssb no in Norwegian Retrieved 2020 11 17 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u World Urbanization Prospects The 2003 Revision United Nations Publications 1 January 2004 pp 97 102 ISBN 978 92 1 151396 7 a b c Michael Pacione 2009 Urban Geography A Global Perspective Taylor amp Francis p 79 ISBN 978 0 415 46201 3 a b c d e Kelly Swanson 7 August 2012 Kaplan AP Human Geography 2013 2014 Kaplan Publishing ISBN 978 1 60978 694 6 Census Report The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Vol 2 Naypyitaw Ministry of Immigration and Population May 2015 p 31 57 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Robert B Kent January 2006 Latin America Regions and People Guilford Press pp 144 ISBN 978 1 57230 909 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Primate city amp oldid 1136093966, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
