Walvis Bay
Walvis Bay (English: lit. Whale Bay; Afrikaans: Walvisbaai; German: Walfischbucht or Walfischbai) is a city[4] in Namibia and the name of the bay on which it lies. It is the second largest city in Namibia and the largest coastal city in the country. The city covers a total area of 29 square kilometres (11 sq mi) of land.[5]
Walvis Bay | |
|---|---|
City | |
Aerial view of Walvis Bay | |
Flag Coat of arms | |
| Nickname(s): Walvis, Windwaai Baai | |
| Motto: In utrumque paratus (Latin for "Prepared for either") | |
Walvis Bay Location within Namibia | |
| Coordinates: 22°57′22″S 14°30′29″E / 22.95611°S 14.50806°ECoordinates: 22°57′22″S 14°30′29″E / 22.95611°S 14.50806°E | |
| Country | Namibia |
| Region | Erongo |
| Founded | 1790s[1] |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Trevino Forbes (IPC) |
| • Deputy Mayor | Saara Mutondoka (IPC) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 1,124 km2 (434 sq mi) |
| Population (2011)[2] | |
| • Total | 62,096 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| Climate | BWk |
| Designations | |
|---|---|
| Designated | 23 August 1995 |
| Reference no. | 742[3] |
The bay is a safe haven for sea vessels because of its natural deepwater harbour, protected by the Pelican Point sand spit, being the only natural harbour of any size along the country's coast. Being rich in plankton and marine life, these waters also drew large numbers of southern right whales,[6] attracting whalers and fishing vessels.
A succession of colonists developed the location and resources of this strategic harbour settlement. The harbour's value in relation to the sea route around the Cape of Good Hope had caught the attention of world powers since it was discovered by the outside world in 1485. This explains the complicated political status of Walvis Bay down the years.
The town is situated just north of the Tropic of Capricorn in the Kuiseb River delta and lies at the end of the TransNamib Railway to Windhoek, and on B2 road.
Walvis Bay, with its large bay and sand dunes, is an important centre of tourism activity in Namibia. Attractions include the artificial Bird Island, centre of a guano collection industry, the Dune 7 sand dune, the salt works, the abundant birdlife, and a museum. Kuisebmund Stadium, home to two clubs in the Namibia Premier League, is also located in the city. The beach resort of Langstrand lies just a few kilometres north. The Walvis Bay Export Processing Zone is an important facet of the local economy.
Etymology
The Dutch referred to it as Walvisch Baye and the English as Whale Bay. In its eventual formal incorporation, it was named Walfish Bay, which was changed to Walvish Bay, and ultimately to Walvis Bay. It has also been referred to as Walwich Bay[7] or Walwisch Bay.[8] The Herero people of the area called it Ezorongondo.[9]
History
Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reached Cape Cross, north of the bay, in 1485.[10] There followed Bartolomeu Dias, who anchored his flagship São Cristóvão in what is now Walvis Bay on 8 December 1487, on his expedition to discover a sea route to the East via the Cape of Good Hope.[11] He named the bay "O Golfo de Santa Maria da Conceição".[12] However, the Portuguese did not formally stake a claim to Walvis Bay.[13]
Walvis Bay was founded at the end of the 18th century as a stopover for sea travel between Cape Town and the Netherlands by the Dutch East India Company.[1] No permanent (year round) settlement was attempted and little commercial development occurred on the site until the late 19th century. In the meantime, the Cape Colony had become British, and during the Scramble for Africa, the British claimed Walvis Bay. They permitted the Cape Colony to complete the annexation of the territory in 1884, together with the Penguin Islands, following initial steps which had been taken in 1878.[14][15]
In 1910, Walvis Bay, as part of the Cape Colony, became part of the newly formed Union of South Africa.[16] Subsequently, a dispute arose with Germany over the exclave's boundaries, which was eventually settled in 1911, with Walvis Bay being allocated an area of 1,124 square kilometres (434 sq mi).[17]
The exclave was overrun by the Germans during the South West Africa Campaign early in the First World War, but the Union Defence Force (UDF) of South Africa eventually ousted the Germans in 1915.[18] Subsequently, Walvis Bay was quickly integrated into the new martial law regime in South West Africa.[19]
South Africa was later awarded control (a Class "C" mandate) over South West Africa by the League of Nations to administer the territory.[20] Civilian rule was restored in South West Africa in 1921 and administration of Walvis Bay was transferred to South West Africa under the South West Africa Affairs Act of 1922.[21]
Despite the territory never having been part of German South West Africa, the Act stated that: "the port and settlement of Walvis Bay, which forms part of the Cape of Good Hope, shall for judicial and administrative purposes be regarded as if it were part of the mandated territory of South West Africa".[17] However, South Africa had also sought to annex South West Africa itself, and had presented such a proposal to the League of Nations.[15] Consequently, in 1949, the Act was amended to give representation in the Parliament of South Africa to whites in South West Africa.[22]
In 1977, following increasing international pressure to relinquish its control over South West Africa, South Africa repealed the Act, but transferred control of Walvis Bay back to the Cape Province, thereby making it an exclave.[23] From 1980, it was represented in both the Provincial Council and the House of Assembly as part of the Green Point constituency in Cape Town, before becoming a separate constituency in 1982.[24]
In response, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 432 (1978), which declared that "the territorial integrity and unity of Namibia must be assured through the reintegration of Walvis Bay within its territory".[25]
In 1990, South West Africa gained independence as Namibia, but Walvis Bay remained under South African sovereignty, with South Africa increasing the number of troops.[26] However, in 1992, the two countries agreed to establish a transitional Joint Administrative Authority for Walvis Bay and the Offshore Islands.[27] The Authority was headed by two Chief Executive Officers, Nangolo Mbumba, then Secretary to the Namibian Cabinet, and Carl von Hirschberg, former South African Ambassador to the United Nations.[28]
In August 1993, prior to the end of apartheid, the Multiparty Negotiating Forum in South Africa passed a resolution calling for "the incorporation-reintegration of Walvis Bay and the Off-Shore Islands into Namibia."[29] The Transfer of Walvis Bay to Namibia Act was passed by the Parliament of South Africa that year.[30] Following the signing of a treaty between the two countries, South Africa formally transferred sovereignty of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands to Namibia on 1 March 1994.[31]
Geography
Suburbs
Due to its South African administration Walvis Bay was developed a segregated town. The suburb of Kuisebmond housed Black people, Narraville was inhabited by Coloureds, and Whites lived in the city centre.[1]
After the incorporation of the town to Namibia, many people have settled in shacks around it. In an effort to reduce their impact of the informal settlements, the municipality formed the Tutaleni Housing Project to the northeast.
Climate
Despite its location within the tropics, Walvis Bay features the very rare mild variation of the cold desert climate (BWk) according to the Köppen climate classification. It is caused by the rain shadow of the Naukluft Mountains and the cooling effect of the coastal sea temperature by the Benguela Current. Walvis Bay receives only 13.2 millimetres (0.52 in) average precipitation per year, making it one of the driest cities on earth. Despite its dry climate, the city is relatively humid. Average relative humidity throughout the year remains above 80%. The warmest month is February with average temperature 17.9 °C (64.2 °F), while the coolest months are August and September with average temperature 13.2 °C (55.8 °F). The diurnal temperature range is also low, averaging only 5.7 °C (10.3 °F).
A weather station was operated on the Pelican Point headland from 1958 to 1984. Higher temperatures have been recorded, even just slightly inland, such as a report of 42.8 °C (109.0 °F) at the airport in 2016.[32]
| Climate data for Pelican Point, Walvis Bay (7 m), Namibia (1958–1984) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 25.3 (77.5) | 26.4 (79.5) | 34.5 (94.1) | 35.0 (95.0) | 36.0 (96.8) | 32.5 (90.5) | 32.9 (91.2) | 33.4 (92.1) | 31.3 (88.3) | 27.5 (81.5) | 28.3 (82.9) | 25.5 (77.9) | 36.0 (96.8) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) | 20.3 (68.5) | 19.6 (67.3) | 18.6 (65.5) | 19.0 (66.2) | 18.8 (65.8) | 17.8 (64.0) | 16.4 (61.5) | 15.8 (60.4) | 16.6 (61.9) | 17.7 (63.9) | 19.0 (66.2) | 18.3 (64.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.6 (63.7) | 17.9 (64.2) | 17.2 (63.0) | 15.7 (60.3) | 15.6 (60.1) | 15.2 (59.4) | 14.1 (57.4) | 13.2 (55.8) | 13.2 (55.8) | 14.0 (57.2) | 15.3 (59.5) | 16.6 (61.9) | 15.5 (59.9) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) | 15.5 (59.9) | 14.7 (58.5) | 12.9 (55.2) | 12.1 (53.8) | 11.4 (52.5) | 10.3 (50.5) | 10.1 (50.2) | 10.7 (51.3) | 11.5 (52.7) | 12.9 (55.2) | 14.2 (57.6) | 12.6 (54.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 10.5 (50.9) | 9.2 (48.6) | 10.5 (50.9) | 8.5 (47.3) | 7.0 (44.6) | 5.0 (41.0) | 3.4 (38.1) | 4.4 (39.9) | 6.1 (43.0) | 5.0 (41.0) | 8.5 (47.3) | 9.6 (49.3) | 3.4 (38.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 1.0 (0.04) | 2.0 (0.08) | 5.0 (0.20) | 1.0 (0.04) | 1.0 (0.04) | 2.0 (0.08) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.2 (0.01) | 0.1 (0.00) | 0.1 (0.00) | 0.7 (0.03) | 0.1 (0.00) | 13.2 (0.52) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 6.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 87 | 87 | 89 | 89 | 86 | 81 | 82 | 86 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 232 | 189 | 211 | 237 | 251 | 231 | 236 | 220 | 189 | 226 | 210 | 214 | 2,646 |
| Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[33] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute[34] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2021) |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1991 | 22,999 | — |
| 2001 | 43,611 | +89.6% |
| 2011 | 62,096 | +42.4% |
| source:[35] | ||
Economy
Tourism
Tourism has had an increasing influence in the town's economy, with international tourists arriving at its airport and port facilities. Several cruise liners visit the port each year. With many tourism activities hosted by small and large tour operators the town has turned into a tourism destination. Accommodation is varied in both price and style ranges, catering for everyone.[citation needed]
The natural beauty of the surrounding desert and ocean is quite unique, and definitely a factor in the popularity of Walvis Bay.[citation needed]
Fishing
In Walvis Bay there are different fishing companies like Hangana Seafood, Caroline Fishing, Benguella Fishing Company, Cadilu Fishing, Etosha Fisheries, Kuiseb Fishing Enterprises, Blue Ocean Products, Benguella Sea Products, Consortium Fisheries, Talanam Fish Processor. These companies catch different types of fish like snoek, horse mackerel, anchovy, white steenbras, kabeljou, kingklip, hake, catfish, tuna and sardines. Hangana Seafood are processors and exporters of fish and fish products. As such, the fishing enterprise accounts for a major part of Walvis Bay's economy.[citation needed]
In May 2018, a spokesman for the National Fishing Corporation of Namibia (Fishcor), confirmed that a new N$530 million onshore processing plant would be operational by September 2018. After completion, the factory (which plans to employ 700 people of which 70% will be female), promises to be the largest pelagic processing plant in sub-Saharan Africa and will process about 80 000 tonnes of fish per annum.[36]
Manufacturing
In March 2018 the Namibian government in association with French Groupe PSA signed an investment agreement to initiate a joint-venture to assemble Opel and Peugeot vehicles in Walvis Bay. The N$190m-project[37] has been earmarked to commence in 2018 with a forecasted annual target volume of 5000 units by 2020, a target carried by SACU countries' market demand.[38] However, Peugeot threatened to close the plant over disputes with South Africa over import tariffs.[39]
Walvis Bay Salt produces approximately 1 million tons of salt per year through solar evaporation of sea water. Most of the salt is for industrial use but the company also produces table salt under the "Cerebos" brand.[40]
Transport
Walvis Bay is an important logistical port for the southern African region, providing port facilities for the import and export of cargo for the rest of Namibia, Zambia, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Botswana. Since the Walvis Bay Corridor Group (WBCG) was established in 2000, cargo moving through the port has increased from 30,000 containers a year to 370,000 containers in 2016. As of 2017 the port was being upgraded to increase its capacity to move 1 million containers a year by 2019. Bureaucratic and logistical problems at the city's competitor port at Durban, South Africa have diverted traffic to the port at Walvis Bay. Ninety-five percent of all cargo hauled overland through Walvis Bay is carried by truck.[41]
The Walvis Bay Corridor Group is gearing up to increase import/export-business opportunities in Namibia. The Namibian National Development Plan expects to complete the expansion programme of the Walvis Bay port by 2019. Because of the harbour's geographical positioning, authorities plan to gain a footprint in providing landlocked Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries with a vital logistical hub.[42] In addition to the importance of the port, development would strengthen trade corridors which consists of current road and rail networks.[42]
In an attempt to strengthen and enhance trade relations between other African countries, Namport (the Namibian Port Authority) in April 2019 signed a five-year MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) with the Port Authority of Dakar, Senegal.[43]
Walvis Bay International Airport provides commercial flight services to the city's residents, as well as to neighbouring towns and villages. Airlink services flights between South Africa and Walvis Bay.[44]
In August 2019 a new container terminal was opened, built on a 40-acre platform reclaimed from the sea. The terminal was built by the state-owned China Harbour Engineering Company with funds from the Namibian government and the African Development Bank, costing R4.2 billion rand.[citation needed]
This increases the capacity of the port to 750,000 containers per year from 350,000. The terminal also includes a dedicated cruise liner berth.[45]
Education
Walvis Bay has a number of public (government-run), semi-public, and private schools. Among them are Duneside High School, Duinesig Primary School, International School of Walvis Bay, The Dolphin Schools, Alexanders Private School, Kuisebmond Secondary School, Walvis Bay Private School and others. A number of kindergartens cater to young children.[citation needed]
The Namibian Maritime and Fisheries Institute (NAMFI) is a tertiary education institution based in town.[46] International University of Management (IUM), Welwitchia Health Training Center and Monitronics Success College both have branches in Walvis Bay.[citation needed]
Politics
Walvis Bay is governed by a municipal council that has ten seats.[47]
Election results
The 2015 local authority election was won by the SWAPO party which gained eight seats (5,818 votes). One seat each was won by the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA, 565 votes) and the United Democratic Front (UDF, 433 votes).[48]
The 2020 local authority election was won by the Independent Patriots for Change (IPC), an opposition party formed in August 2020. The IPC obtained 5,043 votes and gained four seats. SWAPO was the runner-up, obtaining 3,348 votes and gaining three seats. One seat each went to the Landless People's Movement (LPM, a new party registered in 2018, 1,207 votes), the local Joint Walvis Bay Residents Association with 945 votes, and the Popular Democratic Movement (PDM, the new name of the DTA) with 658 votes.[49]
Twin towns – sister cities
Walvis Bay is twinned with:
- Lobatse in Botswana
- Drakenstein in South Africa[50]
- Kristiansand in Norway.
Culture
Sports
Walvis Bay contains open spaces, scenic beauty and unique marine and plant life. It is well suited for the outdoor lifestyle, boasting sports such as sandboarding, kiting, surfing, swimming, angling, sailing, golf and other indoor and outdoor sport codes. There is Walvis Bay Lagoon and Aquatic Activities, Kuiseb River Delta and the beach itself where people enjoy swimming and catching fish.[citation needed]
The two-kilometre (1+1⁄4-mile) sand spit allows the adjacent water to remain smooth in very strong winds, ideal for record attempting vessels like that by the Vestas Sailrocket. The ocean side of the sand spit has a world-famous surf spot known in the international surf media as "Skeleton Bay."[51]
The city is home to Eleven Arrows F.C. and Blue Waters F.C., football clubs that compete in the Namibia Premier League, and the Sparta Cricket Club Ground.[52]
Former rugby player Percy Montgomery, who represented South Africa, was born in Walvis Bay.[53]
Places of worship
Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (Lutheran World Federation), Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Republic of Namibia (Lutheran World Federation), Baptist Convention of Namibia (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God, Catholic Church.[54] In addition to that there are also Anglican Churches namely St Raphael Anglican Church in Mondesa, St Mathews Anglican Church close to Namport as well as Seafarers Mission at Namport. There is also a Muslim mosque.[citation needed]
Gallery
Watching humpback whale in Walvis Bay
Heaviside's dolphins jumping off Walvis Bay
Cape fur seals hauling site
Pelican Point Lodge and Lighthouse
Bird Island near Walvis Bay
Panoramic view of the salt flats of Walvis Bay
Panoramic view of the salt flats of Walvis Bay
Panoramic view of the salt flats of Walvis Bay
Panoramic view of the salt flats of Walvis Bay
References
Notes
- ^ a b c Mbathera, Esther (2 March 2021). "Colonial sewerage system on the verge of collapse". The Namibian. p. 5.
- ^ "Table 4.2.2 Urban population by Census years (2001 and 2011)" (PDF). Namibia 2011 – Population and Housing Census Main Report. Namibia Statistics Agency. p. 39. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ^ "Walvis Bay". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "Local Authorities". Association of Local Authorities in Namibia (ALAN). Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ^ . New Era. 16 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
- ^ Southern Right Whale, Eubalaena australis, The Namibian Dolphin Project
- ^ Narrative of a voyage to the South Seas Charles Medyett Goodridge, Hamilton and Adams, 1832, page 16
- ^ The World of Waters or A Peaceful Progress o'er the Unpathed Sea, Fanny Osborne, R. Carter, 1852, page 337
- ^ Menges, Werner (12 May 2005). "Windhoek?! Rather make that Otjomuise". The Namibian.
- ^ Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580, Diffie Bailey University of Minnesota Press, 1977, page 156
- ^ Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism, James Stuart Olson, Robert Shadle, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991, page 170
- ^ Às portas da Índia em 1484, Abel Fontoura Costa, Imprensa da Armada, 1935, page 31
- ^ "Walvis Bay". davidgrant.org. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- ^ Britannica, Walvis Bay, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 7 July 2019
- ^ a b Succession of States and Namibian territories, Y. Makonnen in Recueil Des Cours, 1986: Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, Academie de Droit International de la Haye, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987, page 213
- ^ Debates of Parliament, Hansard, Volume 9, Issues 19-21, Government Printer, 1993, page 10179
- ^ a b Walvis Bay: exclave no more, Ieuan Griffiths, Geography, Vol. 79, No. 4 (October 1994), page 354
- ^ The War in Africa, David Killingray in A Companion to World War I, John Horne, John Wiley & Sons, 2012, page 119
- ^ Biennial Conference: Papers nos. 33-59, African Studies Association of the UK, 1996, page 5
- ^ The Namibian War of Independence, 1966-1989: Diplomatic, Economic and Military Campaigns, Richard Dale McFarland, 2014, page 67
- ^ Strategic territory and territorial strategy: the geopolitics of Walvis Bay's reintegration into Namibia, David Simon, Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit, 1995, page 8
- ^ Official Documents of the 4th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, United Nations, 1949, page 11
- ^ The Green and the dry wood: The Roman Catholic Church (Vicariate of Windhoek) and the Namibian socio-political situation, 1971-1981, Oblates of Mary Immaculate, 1983, page 6
- ^ Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 2578-2584, Foreign Broadcast Information Service., 1982, page 48
- ^ "Resolution 432 (1978) of 27 July 1978" (PDF). un.org. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ^ , David Zucchino, Philadelphia Inquirer, 14 January 1990
- ^ Namibia Yearbook, Issue 3, pages 18
- ^ Country Report: Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland, Lesotho, Economist Intelligence Unit, 1992, page 13
- ^ Pretoria to quit Walvis Bay: Multi-party body's policy breakthrough, The Independent, 17 August 1993
- ^ No. 203 of 1993: Transfer of Walvis Bay to Namibia Act, 1993. 23 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Treaty between the Government of the Republic of South Africa and the Government of the Republic of Namibia with respect to Walvis Bay and the off-shore Islands, 28 February 1994" (PDF). un.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ^ "Extraordinary Heat Wave Sweeps Southeast Asia and Points Beyond | Weather Extremes".
- ^ "Klimatafel von Pelican Point / Walfisch-Bucht / Namibia" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^ (PDF). Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Namibia: Administrative Division population statistics
- ^ de Klerk, Eveline (14 May 2018). . New Era (Namibia). Archived from the original on 15 May 2018.
- ^ N$190m Peugeot assembly plant for Nam, The Namibian, 13 March 2018
- ^ "Opel, Peugeot to open auto plant in remote Walvis Bay". 13 March 2018.
- ^ Peugeot threatens to shut assembly plant, The Namibian, 1 November 2019
- ^ Steenkamp, Floris (July 2022). "Namibia among Major Salt Producers". Mining Journal supplement to The Namibian. p. 13.
- ^ Dall, Nick (6 September 2017). "Is This Country the New Commercial Gateway to Southern Africa?". OZY. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ^ a b Larkin, Philippa (24 March 2017). "Walvis Bay aims to become hub for SADC import/export". Business Report. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ^ "Namport and port of Dakar sign MoU".
- ^ "Flights to Walvis Bay | Flyairlink".
- ^ AFP (3 August 2019). "Namibia inaugurates R4.2bn Chinese-built port terminal". The Citizen. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
- ^ "About us". Namibian Maritime and Fisheries Institute. 2008.
- ^ "Know Your Local Authority". Election Watch. No. 3. Institute for Public Policy Research. 2015. p. 4.
- ^ . Electoral Commission of Namibia. 28 November 2015. p. 2. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015.
- ^ (PDF). Electoral Commission of Namibia. 29 November 2020. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ Walvis strengthens ties with Drakenstein and Lobatse 6 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Adam Hartman, The Namibian, 8 November 2011
- ^ The World’s Seven Longest Waves, Surf Europe, 21 July 2015
- ^ "Sparta Cricket Club Ground". Cricket Archive. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
- ^ Percy Montgomery (ambassador). Princess Charlene of Monaco Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved June 26, 2022
- ^ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 2012-2013
Further reading
- Silverman, Melinda: Between the Atlantic and the Namib. An Environmental History of Walvis Bay 6 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine, NWG, Windhoek 2004 – Namibiana Buchdepot
- de Beer, Charles: Namibia Marine Life 24 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine, @tidude Graphix, Swakopmund o.J. – Namibiana Buchdepot
- Heemstra, Phillip; Smith, Margaret M.: Smith's Sea Fishes[permanent dead link], Struik Publishers, Cape Town 2003
- Bridgeford, P. and M.: Cape Cross 24 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Walvis Bay 2002 – Namibiana Buchdepot
- Vogt, Andreas: National Monuments in Namibia[permanent dead link], Gamsberg Macmillan, Windhoek 2004 – Namibiana Buchdepot
External links
Media related to Walvis Bay at Wikimedia Commons
- Images from Walvis Bay 7 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- Walvis Bay City Council
- Namibia's Walvis Bay Issue – Origin and Rise of a Colonial Dispute (1992)
- Prime Minister Vorster Speaks on Walvis Bay, Associated Press, 30 July 1978
- Namibia Reclaims Walvis Bay, Associated Press, 28 February 1994