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Buffalo, New York

January 18, 2023

Buffalo is the second-largest city in the U.S. state of New York (behind New York City) and the seat of Erie County. It lies in Western New York, at the eastern end of Lake Erie, at the head of the Niagara River, near the United States border with Canada. With a population of 278,349 according to the 2020 census, Buffalo is the 78th-largest city in the United States.[5][6] Buffalo and the city of Niagara Falls together make up the two-county Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which had an estimated population of 1.1 million in 2020, making it the 49th largest MSA in the United States.

Buffalo, New York
City
City of Buffalo
Flag
Seal
Nicknames: 
Queen City, City of Good Neighbors, City of No Illusions, Nickel City, Queen City of the Lakes, City of Light, City of Trees[1]
Interactive maps of Buffalo
Coordinates: 42°53′11″N 78°52′41″W / 42.88639°N 78.87806°W / 42.88639; -78.87806Coordinates: 42°53′11″N 78°52′41″W / 42.88639°N 78.87806°W / 42.88639; -78.87806
CountryUnited States
StateNew York
RegionWestern New York
MetroBuffalo–Niagara Falls
CountyErie
First settled (village)1789; 234 years ago (1789)
Founded1801; 222 years ago (1801)
Incorporated (city)1832; 191 years ago (1832)
Named forBuffalo River
Government
 • TypeStrong mayor-council
 • BodyBuffalo Common Council
 • MayorByron Brown (D)
 • State SenatorsTim Kennedy & Sean Ryan (D)
 • AssemblymembersCrystal Peoples-Stokes (D) & Jon Rivera (D)
 • U.S. Rep.Brian Higgins (D)
Area
[2]
 • City52.48 sq mi (135.92 km2)
 • Land40.38 sq mi (104.58 km2)
 • Water12.10 sq mi (31.34 km2)
Elevation
[4]
600 ft (200 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • City278,349
 • RankUS: 76th NY: 2nd
 • Density6,893.41/sq mi (2,661.58/km2)
 • Urban
948,864 (US: 49th)
 • Urban density2,786.7/sq mi (1,075.9/km2)
 • Metro
1,125,637 (US: 49th)[3]
 • CSA
1,201,500 (US: 48th)
DemonymsBuffalonian
Time zoneUTC−05:00 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
ZIP code
142XX
Area code716
FIPS code36-11000
GNIS feature ID0973345[4]
Websitewww.buffalony.gov

Before the 17th century, the region was inhabited by nomadic Paleo-Indians who were succeeded by the Neutral, Erie, and Iroquois nations. In the early 17th century, the French began to explore the region. In the 18th century, Iroquois land surrounding Buffalo Creek was ceded through the Holland Land Purchase, and a small village was established at its headwaters. In 1825, after its harbor was improved, Buffalo was selected as the terminus of the Erie Canal, which led to its incorporation in 1832. The canal stimulated its growth as the primary inland port between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean. Transshipment made Buffalo the world's largest grain port of that era. After the coming of railroads greatly reduced the canal's importance, the city became the second-largest railway hub (after Chicago). During the mid-19th century, Buffalo transitioned to manufacturing, which came to be dominated by steel production. Later, deindustrialization and the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway saw the city's economy decline and diversify. It developed its service industries, such as health care, retail, tourism, logistics, and education, while retaining some manufacturing. In 2019, the gross domestic product of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls MSA was $53 billion.

The city's cultural landmarks include the oldest urban parks system in the United States, the Albright–Knox Art Gallery, the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra, Shea's Performing Arts Center, the Buffalo Museum of Science, and several annual festivals. Its educational institutions include the University at Buffalo, Buffalo State College, Canisius College, D'Youville University and Medaille College. Buffalo is also known for its winter weather, Buffalo wings, and two major-league sports teams: the National Football League's Buffalo Bills and the National Hockey League's Buffalo Sabres.

History

Main article: History of Buffalo, New York
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Buffalo, New York.

Pre-Columbian era to European exploration

 
Approximate extent of Wenro territory c. 1630

Before the arrival of Europeans, nomadic Paleo-Indians inhabited the western New York region from the 8th millennium BC. The Woodland period began around 1000 BC, marked by the rise of the Iroquois Confederacy and the spread of its tribes throughout the state.[7][8] Seventeenth-century Jesuit missionaries were the first Europeans to visit the area.[9]

During French exploration of the region in 1620, the region was sparsely populated and occupied by the agrarian Erie people in the south and the Wenrohronon (Wenro) of the Neutral Nation in the north.[7] The Neutral grew tobacco and hemp to trade with the Iroquois, who traded furs with the French for European goods.[7] The tribes used animal- and war paths to travel and move goods across what today is New York State. (Centuries later, these same paths were gradually improved, then paved, then developed into major modern roads.)[7] During the Beaver Wars in the mid-17th century the Senecas partly wiped out and partly absorbed the Erie and Neutrals in the region.[10][11][12] Native Americans did not settle along Buffalo Creek permanently until 1780, when displaced Senecas were relocated from Fort Niagara.[9]

Louis Hennepin and Sieur de La Salle explored the upper Niagara and Ontario regions in the late 1670s.[13] In 1679, La Salle's ship, Le Griffon, became the first to sail above Niagara Falls near Cayuga Creek.[14] Baron de Lahontan visited the site of Buffalo in 1687.[15] A small French settlement along Buffalo Creek lasted for only a year (1758). After the French and Indian War, the region was ruled by Britain.[9] After the American Revolution, the Province of New York—now a U.S. state—began westward expansion, looking for arable land by following the Iroquois.[16]

New York and Massachusetts were vying for the territory which included Buffalo, and Massachusetts had the right to purchase all but a one-mile-(1600-meter)-wide portion of land. The rights to the Massachusetts territories were sold to Robert Morris in 1791.[17] Despite objections from Seneca chief Red Jacket, Morris brokered a deal between fellow chief Cornplanter and the Dutch dummy corporation Holland Land Company.[a][18][19] The Holland Land Purchase gave the Senecas three reservations, and the Holland Land Company received 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km2) for about thirty-three cents per acre.[18]

Permanent white settlers along the creek were prisoners captured during the Revolutionary War.[20][9] Early landowners were Iroquois interpreter Captain William Johnston, former enslaved man Joseph "Black Joe" Hodges and Cornelius Winney, a Dutch trader who arrived in 1789.[9][21] As a result of the war, in which the Iroquois sided with the British Army, Iroquois territory was gradually reduced in the late 1700s by European settlers through successive statewide treaties which included the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) and the First Treaty of Buffalo Creek (1788).[22] The Iroquois were moved onto reservations, including Buffalo Creek. By the end of the 18th century, only 338 sq mi (216,000 acres; 880 km2; 88,000 ha) of reservations remained.[23]

After the Treaty of Big Tree removed Iroquois title to lands west of the Genesee River in 1797, Joseph Ellicott surveyed land at the mouth of Buffalo Creek.[20][24] In the middle of the village was an intersection of eight streets at present-day Niagara Square. Originally named New Amsterdam, its name was soon changed to Buffalo.[25]

Erie Canal, grain and commerce

 
Buffalo in 1813

The village of Buffalo was named for Buffalo Creek.[b][30] British military engineer John Montresor referred to "Buffalo Creek" in his 1764 journal, the earliest recorded appearance of the name.[31] A road to Pennsylvania from Buffalo was built in 1802 for migrants traveling to the Connecticut Western Reserve in Ohio.[32] Before an east–west turnpike across the state was completed, traveling from Albany to Buffalo would take a week; a trip from nearby Williamsville to Batavia could take over three days.[33][c]

British forces burned Buffalo and the northwestern village of Black Rock in 1813.[34] The battle and subsequent fire was in response to the destruction of Niagara-on-the-Lake by American forces and other skirmishes during the War of 1812.[35][36][9] Rebuilding was swift, completed in 1815.[37][36] As a remote outpost, village residents hoped that the proposed Erie Canal would bring prosperity to the area.[18] To accomplish this, Buffalo's harbor was expanded with the help of Samuel Wilkeson; it was selected as the canal's terminus over the rival Black Rock.[9] It opened in 1825, ushering in commerce, manufacturing and hydropower.[18] By the following year, the 130 sq mi (340 km2) Buffalo Creek Reservation (at the western border of the village) was transferred to Buffalo.[23] Buffalo was incorporated as a city in 1832.[38] During the 1830s, businessman Benjamin Rathbun significantly expanded its business district.[18] The city doubled in size from 1845 to 1855. Almost two-thirds of the city's population was foreign-born, largely a mix of unskilled (or educated) Irish and German Catholics.[39][40]

Fugitive slaves made their way north to Buffalo during the 1840s.[41] Buffalo was a terminus of the Underground Railroad, with many free blacks crossing the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario;[42] others remained in Buffalo.[39] During this time, Buffalo's port continued to develop. Passenger and commercial traffic expanded, leading to the creation of feeder canals and the expansion of the city's harbor.[43] Unloading grain in Buffalo was a laborious job, and grain handlers working on lake freighters would make $1.50 a day in a six-day work week.[43] Local inventor Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar created the grain elevator in 1843, adapting the steam-powered elevator. Dart's Elevator initially processed one thousand bushels per hour, speeding global distribution to consumers.[43] Buffalo was the transshipment hub of the Great Lakes, and weather, maritime and political events in other Great Lakes cities had a direct impact on the city's economy.[43] In addition to grain, Buffalo's primary imports included agricultural products from the Midwest (meat, whiskey, lumber and tobacco), and its exports included leather, ships and iron products. The mid-19th century saw the rise of new manufacturing capabilities, particularly with iron.[43]

By the 1860s, many railroads terminated in Buffalo; they included the Buffalo, Bradford and Pittsburgh Railroad, Buffalo and Erie Railroad, the New York Central Railroad, and the Lehigh Valley Railroad.[15] During this time, Buffalo controlled one-quarter of all shipping traffic on Lake Erie.[15] After the Civil War, canal traffic began to drop as railroads expanded into Buffalo.[44] Unionization began to take hold in the late 19th century, highlighted by railroad strikes in 1877 and 1892.[45]

Steel, challenges, and the modern era

 
Pan-American Exposition, 1901

At the start of the 20th century, Buffalo was the world's leading grain port and a national flour-milling hub.[46] Local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectricity generated by the Niagara River. Buffalo hosted the 1901 Pan-American Exposition after the Spanish–American War, showcasing the nation's advances in art, architecture, and electricity. Its centerpiece was the Electric Tower, with over two million light bulbs, but some exhibits were jingoistic and racially charged.[47][48][49] At the exposition, President William McKinley was assassinated by anarchist Leon Czolgosz.[50] When McKinley died, Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion in Buffalo.[51]

Attorney John Milburn and local industrialists and convinced the Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company to relocate from Scranton, Pennsylvania to the town of West Seneca in 1904. Employment was competitive, with many Eastern Europeans and Scrantonians vying for jobs.[44] From the late 19th century to the 1920s, mergers and acquisitions led to distant ownership of local companies; this had a negative effect on the city's economy.[52][53] Examples include the acquisition of Lackawanna Steel by Bethlehem Steel and, later, the relocation of Curtiss-Wright in the 1940s.[54] The Great Depression saw severe unemployment, especially among the working class. New Deal relief programs operated in full force, and the city became a stronghold of labor unions and the Democratic Party.[55]

 
Iron ore unloaded at Buffalo, c. 1900

During World War II, Buffalo regained its manufacturing strength as military contracts enabled the city to manufacture steel, chemicals, aircraft, trucks and ammunition.[54] The 15th-most-populous US city in 1950, Buffalo's economy relied almost entirely on manufacturing; eighty percent of area jobs were in the sector.[54] The city also had over a dozen railway terminals, as railroads remained a significant industry.[53]

The St. Lawrence Seaway was proposed in the 19th century as a faster shipping route to Europe, and later as part of a bi-national hydroelectric project with Canada.[54] Its combination with an expanded Welland Canal led to a grim outlook for Buffalo's economy. After its 1959 opening, the city's port and barge canal became largely irrelevant. Shipbuilding in Buffalo wound down in the 1960s due to reduced waterfront activity, ending an industry which had been part of the city's economy since 1812.[56] Downsizing of the steel mills was attributed to the threat of higher wages and unionization efforts.[54] Racial tensions culminated in riots in 1967.[54] Suburbanization led to the selection of the town of Amherst for the new University at Buffalo campus by 1970.[54] Unwilling to modernize its plant, Bethlehem Steel began cutting thousands of jobs in Lackawanna during the mid-1970s before closing it in 1983.[52] The region lost at least 70,000 jobs between 1970 and 1984.[52] Like much of the Rust Belt, Buffalo has focused on recovering from the effects of late-20th-century deindustrialization.[57]

 
Panorama of downtown Buffalo and its waterfront in 1880

Geography

Topography

 
Satellite image of the Niagara Peninsula and Niagara Frontier; Buffalo is at the lower right.

Buffalo is on the eastern end of Lake Erie opposite Fort Erie, Ontario. It is at the head of the Niagara River, which flows north over Niagara Falls into Lake Ontario.

The Buffalo metropolitan area is on the Erie/Ontario Lake Plain of the Eastern Great Lakes Lowlands, a narrow plain extending east to Utica, New York.[58][59] The city is generally flat, except for elevation changes in the University Heights and Fruit Belt neighborhoods.[60] The Southtowns are hillier, leading to the Cattaraugus Hills in the Appalachian Upland.[58][59] Several types of shale, limestone and lagerstätten are prevalent in Buffalo and its surrounding area, lining their stream beds.[61]

According to Fox Weather, Buffalo is one of the top five snowiest large cities in the country, receiving, on average, 95 inches of snow annually.

Although the city has not experienced any recent or significant earthquakes, Buffalo is in the Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone (part of the Great Lakes tectonic zone).[62][63] Buffalo has four channels within its boundaries: the Niagara River, Buffalo River (and Creek), Scajaquada Creek, and the Black Rock Canal, adjacent to the Niagara River.[64] The city's Bureau of Forestry maintains a database of over seventy thousand trees.[65]

According to the United States Census Bureau, Buffalo has an area of 52.5 sq mi (136 km2); 40.38 sq mi (104.6 km2) is land, and the rest is water.[66] The city's total area is 22.66 percent water. In 2010, its population density was 6,470.6 per square mile.[66]

Cityscape

See also: List of tallest buildings in Buffalo and Architecture of Buffalo, New York

Buffalo's architecture is diverse, with a collection of 19th- and 20th-century buildings.[67] Downtown Buffalo landmarks include Louis Sullivan's Guaranty Building, an early skyscraper;[68][69] the Ellicott Square Building, once one of the largest of its kind in the world;[70] the Art Deco Buffalo City Hall and the McKinley Monument, and the Electric Tower. Beyond downtown, the Buffalo Central Terminal was built in the Broadway-Fillmore neighborhood in 1929; the Richardson Olmsted Complex, built in 1881, was an insane asylum[71] until its closure in the 1970s.[72] Urban renewal from the 1950s to the 1970s spawned the Brutalist-style Buffalo City Court Building and Seneca One Tower, the city's tallest building.[73] In the city's Parkside neighborhood, the Darwin D. Martin House was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in his Prairie School style.[74] Since 2016, Washington DC real estate developer Douglas Jemal has been acquiring, and redeveloping iconic properties throughout the city.[75]

 
Skyline of Buffalo, looking east from Lake Erie

Neighborhoods

Main article: List of neighborhoods in Buffalo, New York

According to Mark Goldman, the city has a "tradition of separate and independent settlements."[76] The boundaries of Buffalo's neighborhoods have changed over time. The city is divided into five districts, each containing several neighborhoods, for a total of thirty-five neighborhoods.[77] Main Street divides Buffalo's east and west sides, and the west side was fully developed earlier.[76] This division is seen in architectural styles, street names, neighborhood and district boundaries, demographics, and socioeconomic conditions; Buffalo's West Side is generally more affluent than its East Side.[78][79]

Several neighborhoods in Buffalo have had increased investment since the 1990s, beginning with the Elmwood Village.[80] The 2002 redevelopment of the Larkin Terminal Warehouse led to the creation of Larkinville, home to several mixed-use projects and anchored by corporate offices.[81] Downtown Buffalo and its central business district (CBD) had a 10.6-percent increase in residents from 2010 to 2017, as over 1,061 housing units became available;[82] the Seneca One Tower was redeveloped in 2020.[83] Other revitalized areas include Chandler Street, in the Grant-Amherst neighborhood, and Hertel Avenue in Parkside.[80][84]

The Buffalo Common Council adopted its Green Code in 2017, replacing zoning regulations which were over sixty years old. Its emphasis on regulations promoting pedestrian safety and mixed land use received an award at the 2019 Congress for the New Urbanism conference.[85]

Climate

 
Buffalo in winter, 2019

Buffalo has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb/Dfa),[86][87] and temperatures have been warming with the rest of the US.[88] Lake-effect snow is characteristic of Buffalo winters, with snow bands (producing intense snowfall in the city and surrounding area) depending on wind direction off Lake Erie.[89] However, Buffalo is rarely the snowiest city in the state.[90][91] The Blizzard of 1977 resulted from a combination of high winds and snow which accumulated on land and on the frozen Lake Erie.[92] Although snow does not typically impair the city's operation, it can cause significant damage in autumn (as the October 2006 storm did).[93] In November 2014 (called "Snowvember"), the region had a record-breaking storm which produced over 5+1⁄2 ft (66 in; 170 cm) of snow.[94] Buffalo's lowest recorded temperature was −20 °F (−29 °C), which occurred twice: on February 9, 1934, and February 2, 1961.[95]

Although the city's summers are drier and sunnier than other cities in the northeastern United States, its vegetation receives enough precipitation to remain hydrated.[87] Buffalo summers are characterized by abundant sunshine, with moderate humidity and temperatures;[87] the city benefits from cool, southwestern Lake Erie summer breezes which temper warmer temperatures.[87][59] Temperatures rise above 90 °F (32.2 °C) an average of three times a year.[87] No official recording of 100 °F (37.8 °C) or more has occurred to date, with a maximum temperature of 99 °F (37 °C) reached on August 27, 1948.[95] Rainfall is moderate, typically falling at night, and cooler lake temperatures hinder storm development in July.[87][96] August is usually rainier and muggier, as the warmer lake loses its temperature-controlling ability.[87]

Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[d] extremes 1871–present[e]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22) 		71
(22) 		82
(28) 		94
(34) 		94
(34) 		97
(36) 		98
(37) 		99
(37) 		98
(37) 		92
(33) 		80
(27) 		74
(23) 		99
(37)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 56
(13) 		55
(13) 		66
(19) 		78
(26) 		84
(29) 		88
(31) 		89
(32) 		88
(31) 		86
(30) 		78
(26) 		67
(19) 		57
(14) 		91
(33)
Average high °F (°C) 32.1
(0.1) 		33.3
(0.7) 		41.8
(5.4) 		54.7
(12.6) 		67.4
(19.7) 		75.6
(24.2) 		80.2
(26.8) 		79.0
(26.1) 		72.3
(22.4) 		59.6
(15.3) 		47.8
(8.8) 		37.2
(2.9) 		56.8
(13.8)
Daily mean °F (°C) 25.5
(−3.6) 		26.4
(−3.1) 		34.1
(1.2) 		45.6
(7.6) 		57.9
(14.4) 		66.9
(19.4) 		71.7
(22.1) 		70.4
(21.3) 		63.4
(17.4) 		51.7
(10.9) 		41.0
(5.0) 		31.4
(−0.3) 		48.8
(9.3)
Average low °F (°C) 19.0
(−7.2) 		19.5
(−6.9) 		26.4
(−3.1) 		36.5
(2.5) 		48.3
(9.1) 		58.1
(14.5) 		63.1
(17.3) 		61.7
(16.5) 		54.5
(12.5) 		43.9
(6.6) 		34.2
(1.2) 		25.6
(−3.6) 		40.9
(4.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 1
(−17) 		2
(−17) 		9
(−13) 		25
(−4) 		36
(2) 		46
(8) 		53
(12) 		51
(11) 		41
(5) 		31
(−1) 		20
(−7) 		9
(−13) 		−3
(−19)
Record low °F (°C) −16
(−27) 		−20
(−29) 		−7
(−22) 		5
(−15) 		25
(−4) 		35
(2) 		43
(6) 		38
(3) 		32
(0) 		20
(−7) 		2
(−17) 		−10
(−23) 		−20
(−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.35
(85) 		2.49
(63) 		2.89
(73) 		3.37
(86) 		3.37
(86) 		3.37
(86) 		3.23
(82) 		3.23
(82) 		4.10
(104) 		4.03
(102) 		3.50
(89) 		3.75
(95) 		40.68
(1,033)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 26.7
(68) 		18.1
(46) 		14.1
(36) 		2.5
(6.4) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.9
(2.3) 		7.8
(20) 		25.3
(64) 		95.4
(242)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 19.2 15.8 14.8 13.4 12.8 11.9 10.8 10.0 10.9 14.1 14.4 17.7 165.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 16.4 13.5 9.1 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 4.7 12.2 59.5
Average relative humidity (%) 76.0 75.9 73.3 67.8 67.2 68.6 68.1 72.1 74.0 72.9 75.8 77.6 72.4
Average dew point °F (°C) 16.9
(−8.4) 		17.6
(−8.0) 		25.2
(−3.8) 		33.4
(0.8) 		44.2
(6.8) 		54.1
(12.3) 		59.0
(15.0) 		58.8
(14.9) 		52.5
(11.4) 		41.7
(5.4) 		32.7
(0.4) 		22.6
(−5.2) 		38.2
(3.5)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 91.3 108.0 163.7 204.7 258.3 287.1 306.7 266.4 207.6 159.4 84.4 69.0 2,206.6
Percent possible sunshine 31 37 44 51 57 63 66 62 55 47 29 25 49
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 4 6 7 8 8 8 6 4 2 1 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[97][98][99]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[100]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Buffalo, New York
Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18101,508—
18202,09538.9%
18308,668313.7%
184018,213110.1%
185042,261132.0%
186081,12992.0%
1870117,71445.1%
1880155,13431.8%
1890255,66464.8%
1900352,38737.8%
1910423,71520.2%
1920506,77519.6%
1930573,07613.1%
1940575,9010.5%
1950580,1320.7%
1960532,759−8.2%
1970462,768−13.1%
1980357,870−22.7%
1990328,123−8.3%
2000292,648−10.8%
2010261,310−10.7%
2020278,3496.5%
Historical Population Figures[101]
U.S. Decennial Census[102]
Racial composition 2020[66] 2010[103] 1990[104] 1970[104] 1940[104]
White 41.9% 50.4% 64.7% 78.7% 96.8%
—Non-Hispanic 39.0% 45.8% 63.1% n/a n/a
African Americans 36.9% 38.6% 30.7% 20.4% 3.1%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 12.8% 10.5% 4.9% 1.6%[f] n/a
Asian Americans 7.6% 3.2% 1.0% 0.2% n/a
Other race 5.3% 3.1% 2.8% 0.2% n/a

Several hundred Seneca, Tuscarora and other Iroquois tribal peoples were the primary residents of the Buffalo area before 1800, concentrated along Buffalo Creek.[105] After the Revolutionary War, settlers from New England and eastern New York began to move into the area.

From the 1830s to the 1850s, they were joined by Irish and German immigrants from Europe, both peasants and working class, who settled in enclaves on the city's south and east sides.[39] At the turn of the 20th century, Polish immigrants replaced Germans on the East Side, who moved to newer housing; Italian immigrant families settled throughout the city, primarily on the lower West Side.[76]

During the 1830s, Buffalo residents were generally intolerant of the small groups of Black Americans who began settling on the city's East Side.[39][g] In the 20th century, wartime and manufacturing jobs attracted Black Americans from the South during the First and Second Great Migrations. In the World War II and postwar years from 1940 to 1970, the city's Black population rose by 433 percent. They replaced most of the Polish community on the East Side, who were moving out to suburbs.[106][107] However, the effects of redlining, steering,[108] social inequality, blockbusting, white flight[108] and other racial policies resulted in the city (and region) becoming one of the most segregated in the U.S.[107][109][110]

During the 1940s and 1950s, Puerto Rican migrants arrived en masse, also seeking industrial jobs, settling on the East Side and moving westward.[111] In the 21st century, Buffalo is classified as a majority minority city, with a plurality of residents who are Black and Latino.

Buffalo has saw effects of urban decay since the 1970s, and also saw population loss to the suburbs and Sun Belt states, and experienced job losses from deindustrialization.[112] The city's population peaked at 580,132 in 1950, when Buffalo was the 15th-largest city in the United States – down from the eighth-largest city in 1900, after its growth rate slowed during the 1920s.[46] Buffalo's population began declining in the second half of the 20th century, due to suburbanization and loss of industrial jobs, and the city's population is now less than half its peak population in 1950. Buffalo finally saw a population gain of 6.5% in the 2020 census, reversing a decades long trend of population decline. The city has 278,349 residents as of the 2020 census, making it the 76th-largest city in the United States.[6] Its metropolitan area had 1.1 million residents in 2020, the country's 49th-largest.[3]

 
Racial distribution in Buffalo in 2010: Each dot represents 25 residents. ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other

Compared to other major US metropolitan areas, the number of foreign-born immigrants to Buffalo is low. New immigrants are primarily resettled refugees (especially from war- or disaster-affected nations) and refugees who had previously settled in other U.S. cities.[113] During the early 2000s, most immigrants came from Canada and Yemen; this shifted in the 2010s to Burmese (Karen) refugees and Bangladeshi immigrants.[113] Between 2008 and 2016, Burmese, Somali, Bhutanese, and Iraqi Americans were the four largest ethnic immigrant groups in Erie County.[113]

Poverty has remained an issue for the city; in 2019, it was estimated that 30.1 percent of individuals and 24.8 percent of families lived below the federal poverty line.[66] Per capita income was $24,400 and household income was $37,354: much less than the national average.[114][66] A 2008 report noted that although food deserts were seen in larger cities and not in Buffalo, the city's neighborhoods of color have access only to smaller grocery stores and lack the supermarkets more typical of newer, white neighborhoods.[115] A 2018 report noted that over fifty city blocks on Buffalo's East Side lacked adequate access to a supermarket.[107]

Health disparities exist compared to the rest of the state: Erie County's average 2019 lifespan was three years lower (78.4 years); its 17-percent smoking and 30-percent obesity rates were slightly higher than the state average.[116] According to the Partnership for the Public Good, educational achievement in the city is lower than in the surrounding area; city residents are almost twice as likely as adults in the metropolitan area to lack a high-school diploma.[117]

Religion

See also: Burned-over district

During the early 19th century, Presbyterian missionaries tried to convert the Seneca people on the Buffalo Creek Reservation to Christianity. Initially resistant, some tribal members set aside their traditions and practices to form their own sect.[118][105] Later, European immigrants added other faiths. Christianity is the predominant religion in Buffalo and Western New York. Catholicism (primarily the Latin Church) has a significant presence in the region, with 161 parishes and over 570,000 adherents in the Diocese of Buffalo.[119] Major Protestant denominations in the area include Lutheran, Baptist, and Methodist. Pentecostals are also significant, and approximately 20,000 persons are non-denominational adherents.[needs update][120]

A Jewish community began developing in the city with immigrants from the mid-1800s; about one thousand German and Lithuanian Jews settled in Buffalo before 1880. Buffalo's first synagogue, Temple Beth El, was established in 1847.[121] The city's Temple Beth Zion is the region's largest synagogue.[122]

With changing demographics and an increased number of refugees from other areas on the city's East Side,[123] Islam and Buddhism have expanded their presence. In this area, new residents have converted empty churches into mosques and temples.[124] Hinduism maintains a small, active presence in the area, including the town of Amherst.[125]

A 2016 American Bible Society survey reported that Buffalo is the fifth-least "Bible-minded" city in the United States; 13 percent of its residents associate with the Bible.[126]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Buffalo, New York
Top private-sector Buffalo area employers, 2020
Source: Invest Buffalo Niagara[127]
Rank Employer Employees
1 Kaleida Health 8,359
2 Catholic Health 7,623
3 M&T Bank 7,400
4 Tops Friendly Markets 5,374
5 Seneca Gaming Corp. 3,402
6 Roswell Park Cancer Institute 3,328
7 GEICO 3,250
8 Wegmans 3,102
9 HSBC Bank USA 3,000
10 General Motors 2,981

The Erie Canal was the impetus for Buffalo's economic growth as a transshipment hub for grain and other agricultural products headed east from the Midwest. Later, manufacturing of steel and automotive parts became central to the city's economy.[128] When these industries downsized in the region, Buffalo's economy became service-based. Its primary sectors include health care, business services (banking, accounting, and insurance), retail, tourism and logistics, especially with Canada.[128] Despite the loss of large-scale manufacturing, some manufacturing of metals, chemicals, machinery, food products, and electronics remains in the region.[129] Advanced manufacturing has increased, with an emphasis on research and development (R&D) and automation.[129] In 2019, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis valued the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls MSA at $53 billion.[130]

The civic sector is a major source of employment in the Buffalo area, and includes public, non-profit, healthcare and educational institutions.[131] New York State, with over 19,000 employees, is the region's largest employer.[132] In the private sector, top employers include the Kaleida Health and Catholic Health hospital networks and M&T Bank, the sole Fortune 500 company headquartered in the city.[133] Most have been the top employers in the region for several decades.[134] Buffalo is home to the headquarters of Rich Products, Delaware North and New Era Cap Company; the aerospace manufacturer Moog Inc. is based in nearby East Aurora.

Buffalo weathered the Great Recession of 2006–09 well in comparison with other U.S. cities, exemplified by increased home prices during this time.[135] The region's economy began to improve in the early 2010s, adding over 25,000 jobs from 2009 to 2017.[129] With state aid, Tesla, Inc.'s Giga New York plant opened in South Buffalo in 2017.[136] The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, however, increased the local unemployment rate to 7.5 percent by December 2020.[137] The local unemployment rate had been 4.2 percent in 2019,[138] higher than the national average of 3.5 percent.[139]

The Buffalo area has a larger-than-average pay disparity than the rest of the U.S. The average salary ($43,580) was six percent less than the national average in 2017, with the pay gap increasing to ten percent with increased career specialization.[129] Workforce productivity is higher and turnover lower than other regions.[129]


Culture

Performing arts and music

Buffalo is home to over 20 theater companies, with many centered in the downtown Theatre District.[140] Shea's Performing Arts Center is the city's largest theater. Designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany and built in 1926, the theater presents Broadway musicals and concerts.[141] Shakespeare in Delaware Park has been held outdoors every summer since 1976.[142]

Stand-up comedy can be found throughout the city and is anchored by Helium Comedy Club, which hosts both local talent and national touring acts.

The Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra was formed in 1935 and performs at Kleinhans Music Hall, whose acoustics have been praised.[143] Although the orchestra nearly disbanded during the late 1990s due to a lack of funding, philanthropic contributions and state aid stabilized it.[144] Under the direction of JoAnn Falletta, the orchestra has received a number of Grammy Award nominations and won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Classical Composition in 2009.[145]

KeyBank Center draws national music acts year-round. Sahlen Field hosts the annual WYRK Taste of Country music festival every summer with national country music acts. Canalside regularly hosts outdoor summer concerts, a tradition that spun off from the defunct Thursday at the Square concert series.[146][147] Colored Musicians Club, an extension of what was a separate musicians'-union chapter, maintains jazz history.[148]

Rick James was born and raised in Buffalo and later lived on a ranch in the nearby Town of Aurora.[149] James formed his Stone City Band in Buffalo, and had national appeal with several crossover singles in the R&B, disco and funk genres in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[150] Around the same time, the jazz fusion band Spyro Gyra and jazz saxophonist Grover Washington Jr. also got their start in the city.[151][152]

The Goo Goo Dolls, an alternative rock group which formed in 1986, had 19 top-ten singles. Singer-songwriter and activist Ani DiFranco has released over 20 folk and indie rock albums on Righteous Babe Records, her Buffalo-based label.[153]

Underground hip-hop acts in the city partner with Buffalo-based Griselda Records, whose artists include Westside Gunn and Conway the Machine, and occasionally refer to Buffalo culture in their lyrics.[154]

Cuisine

 
Buffalo wings with celery and blue cheese

The city's cuisine encompasses a variety of cultures and ethnicities. In 2015, the National Geographic Society ranked Buffalo third on its "World's Top Ten Food Cities" list.[155] Teressa Bellissimo first prepared Buffalo wings (seasoned chicken wings) at the Anchor Bar in 1964.[156] The Anchor Bar has a crosstown rivalry with Duff's Famous Wings, but Buffalo wings are served at many bars and restaurants throughout the city (some with unique cooking styles and flavor profiles).[157][158] Buffalo wings are traditionally served with blue cheese and celery.[158] In 2003, the Anchor Bar received a James Beard Foundation Award in the America's Classics category.[159]

The Buffalo area has over 600 pizzerias, estimated at more per capita than New York City.[160] Several craft breweries began opening in the 1990s, and the city's last call is 4 am.[161] Other mainstays of Buffalo cuisine include beef on weck, butter lambs,[162] kielbasa, pierogi, sponge candy,[163] chicken finger subs (including the stinger - a version that also includes steak), and the fish fry (popular any time of year, but especially during Lent).[164] With an influx of refugees and other immigrants to Buffalo, its number of ethnic restaurants (including the West Side Bazaar kitchen incubator) has increased.[165][166] Some restaurants use food trucks to serve customers, and nearly fifty food trucks appeared at Larkin Square in 2019.[167][166]

Museums and tourism

See also: List of festivals in Buffalo, New York
 
The Albright–Knox Art Gallery, seen from Hoyt Lake in Delaware Park

Buffalo was ranked the seventh-best city in the United States to visit in 2021 by Travel + Leisure, which noted the growth and potential of the city's cultural institutions.[168] The Albright–Knox Art Gallery is a modern and contemporary art museum with a collection of more than 8,000 works, of which only two percent are on display.[169] With a donation from Jeffrey Gundlach, a three-story addition designed by the Dutch architectural firm OMA is under construction and scheduled to open in 2022.[170] Across the street, the Burchfield Penney Art Center contains paintings by Charles E. Burchfield and is operated by Buffalo State College.[171] Buffalo is home to the Freedom Wall, a 2017 art installation commemorating civil-rights activists throughout history.[172] Near both museums is the Buffalo History Museum, featuring artwork, literature and exhibits related to the city's history and major events, and the Buffalo Museum of Science is on the city's East Side.[173][174]

Canalside, Buffalo's historic business district and harbor, attracts more than 1.5 million visitors annually.[175] It includes the Explore & More Children's Museum, the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park, LECOM Harborcenter, and a number of shops and restaurants. A restored 1924 carousel (now solar-powered) and a replica boathouse were added to Canalside in 2021.[176][177] Other city attractions include the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site, the Michigan Street Baptist Church, Buffalo RiverWorks, Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino, Buffalo Transportation Pierce-Arrow Museum, and the Nash House Museum.[147]

The National Buffalo Wing Festival is held every Labor Day at Highmark Stadium.[178] Since 2002, it has served over 4.8 million Buffalo wings and has had a total attendance of 865,000.[179] The Taste of Buffalo is a two-day food festival held in July at Niagara Square, attracting 450,000 visitors annually.[180] Other events include the Allentown Art Festival, the Polish-American Dyngus Day, the Elmwood Avenue Festival of the Arts, Juneteenth in Martin Luther King Jr. Park, the World's Largest Disco in October and Friendship Festival in summer, which celebrates Canada-US relations.[147]

Sports

Main article: Sports in Buffalo

Buffalo has two major professional sports teams: the Buffalo Sabres (National Hockey League) and the Buffalo Bills (National Football League). The Bills were a founding member of the American Football League in 1960, and have played at Highmark Stadium in Orchard Park since they moved from War Memorial Stadium in 1973. They are the only NFL team based in New York State.[i] Before the Super Bowl era, the Bills won the American Football League Championship in 1964 and 1965. With mixed success throughout their history, the Bills had a close loss in Super Bowl XXV and returned to consecutive Super Bowls after the 1991, 1992, and 1993 seasons (losing each time).[181] The Sabres, an expansion team in 1970, share KeyBank Center with the Buffalo Bandits of the National Lacrosse League. The Bandits are the most successful of the city's three major-league teams, with four championships.[182] The Bills, Sabres and Bandits are owned by Pegula Sports and Entertainment.

Several colleges and universities in the area field intercollegiate sports teams; the Buffalo Bulls and the Canisius Golden Griffins compete in NCAA Division I. The Bulls have 16 varsity sports in the Mid-American Conference (MAC);[183] the Golden Griffins field 15 teams in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC), with the men's hockey team part of the Atlantic Hockey Association (AHA).[184] The Bulls participate in the Football Bowl Subdivision, the highest level of college football. Buffalo's minor-league teams include the Buffalo Bisons (Triple-A baseball), who play at Sahlen Field, and the Buffalo Beauts (National Women's Hockey League).

 
Sahlen Field, home of the Buffalo Bisons since 1988

Parks and recreation

Main article: Parks and recreation in Buffalo, New York

Frederick Law Olmsted described Buffalo as being "the best planned city [...] in the United States, if not the world".[185] With encouragement from city stakeholders, he and Calvert Vaux augmented the city's grid plan by drawing inspiration from Paris and introducing landscape architecture with aspects of the countryside.[186] Their plan would introduce a system of interconnected parks, parkways and trails, unlike the singular Central Park in New York City.[186] The largest would be Delaware Park, across Forest Lawn Cemetery to amplify the amount of open space.[186] With construction of the system finishing in 1876, it is regarded as the country's oldest; however, some of Olmsted's plans were never fully realized.[185] Some parks later diminished and succumbed to diseases, highway construction, and weather events such as Lake Storm Aphid in 2006.[93][186] The non-profit Buffalo Olmsted Park Conservancy was created in 2004 to help preserve the 850 acres (340 ha) of parkland.[187] Olmsted's work in Buffalo inspired similar efforts in cities such as San Francisco, Chicago, and Boston.[186]

The city's Division of Parks and Recreation manages over 180 parks and facilities, seven recreational centers, twenty-one pools and splash pads, and three ice rinks.[188] The 350-acre (140 ha) Delaware Park features the Buffalo Zoo, Hoyt Lake, a golf course, and playing fields. Buffalo collaborated with its sister city Kanazawa to create the park's Japanese Garden in 1970, where cherry blossoms bloom in the spring.[189] Opening in 1976, Tifft Nature Preserve in South Buffalo is on 264 acres (107 ha) of remediated industrial land. The preserve is an Important Bird Area, including a meadow with trails for hiking and cross-country skiing, marshland and fishing.[190] The Olmsted-designed Cazenovia and South Parks, the latter home to the Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens, are also in South Buffalo.[191] According to the Trust for Public Land, Buffalo's 2022 ParkScore ranking had high marks for access to parks, with 89 percent of city residents living within a ten-minute walk from a park. The city ranked lower in acreage, however; nine percent of city land is devoted to parks, compared with the national median of about fifteen percent.[192]

 
Looking down Canalside's Central Wharf

Efforts to convert Buffalo's former industrial waterfront into recreational space have attracted national attention, with some writers comparing its appeal to that of Niagara Falls.[193] Redevelopment of the waterfront began in the early 2000s, with the reconstruction of historically aligned canals on the site of the former Buffalo Memorial Auditorium. Placemaking initiatives would lead to the area's popularity, rather than permanent buildings and attractions.[194] Under Mayor Byron Brown, Canalside was cited by the Brookings Institution as an example of waterfront revitalization for other U.S. cities to follow.[195] Summer events have included paddle-boating and fitness classes, and the frozen canals permit ice skating, curling, and ice cycling in winter.[193] Its success spurred the state to create Buffalo Harbor State Park in 2014; the park has trails, open recreation areas, bicycle paths and piers.[196] The park's Gallagher Beach, the city's only public beach, has prohibited swimming due to high bacteria levels and other environmental concerns.[197]

The Shoreline Trail passes through Buffalo near the Outer Harbor, Centennial Park, and the Black Rock Canal.[198] The North Buffalo–Tonawanda rail trail begins in Shoshone Park, near the LaSalle metro station in North Buffalo.[199]

Government

Main article: Politics and government of Buffalo, New York
See also: List of mayors of Buffalo, New York; Buffalo Police Department; and Buffalo Fire Department

Buffalo has a Strong mayor–council government. As the chief executive of city government, the mayor oversees the heads of the city's departments, participates in ceremonies, boards and commissions, and is as the liaison between the city and local cultural institutions.[200] Some agencies, including utilities, urban renewal and public housing, are state- and federally-funded public benefit-corporations semi-independent of city government.[201] Byron Brown, the city's first African American mayor, has held the office since 2006, longer than anyone else. Brown, defeated by India Walton in the 2021 mayoral primary election, began a write-in campaign for the general election.[202] Brown initially denied Walton the chance to become the first female and socialist mayor of Buffalo, winning just under 60% of the votes.[203] No Republican has been mayor of Buffalo since Chester A. Kowal in 1965.[204]

With its nine districts, the Buffalo Common Council enacts laws, levies taxes, and approves mayoral appointees and the city budget.[205] Pastor Darius Pridgen has been the Common Council president since 2014.[206] Generally reflecting the city's electorate, all nine councilmen are members of the Democratic Party. Buffalo is the Erie County seat, and is within five of the county's eleven legislative districts.[207]

The city is part of the Eighth Judicial District. Court cases handled at the city level include misdemeanors, violations, housing matters, and claims under $15,000; more severe cases are handled at the county level.[208] Buffalo is represented by members of the New York State Assembly and New York State Senate. At the federal level, the city takes up most of New York's 26th congressional district and has been represented by Democrat Brian Higgins since 2005.

Federal offices in the city include the Buffalo District of the United States Army Corps of Engineers' Great Lakes and Ohio River Division, the Federal Bureau of Investigation,[209] and the United States District Court for the Western District of New York.

In 2020, the city spent $519 million on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[210] The proposed 2021–22 city budget was $534.5 million, a 2.3-percent increase over 2020,[needs update] supplemented by about $50 million in federal stimulus money. The proposed budget includes a slight increase in the commercial tax and a slight decrease in the residential tax to compensate for the pandemic.[211][212]

Public safety

Buffalo, New York
Crime rates* (2019[213])
Violent crimes
Homicide47
Rape121
Robbery802
Aggravated assault1,563
Total violent crime2,533  
Property crimes
Burglary1,609
Larceny-theft6,008
Motor vehicle theft678
Total property crime8,295  
Notes

*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.

Arson data not provided; 2019 est. population: 255,244

Source: Buffalo City Police Department

Buffalo is served by the Buffalo Police Department. The police commissioner is Byron Lockwood, who was appointed by Mayor Byron Brown in 2018.[214] Although some criminal activity in the city remains higher than the national average, total crimes have decreased since the 1990s; one reason may be the gun buyback program implemented by the Brown administration in the mid-2000s.[215] Before this, the city was part of the nationwide crack epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s and its accompanying record-high crime levels.[215] In 2018, city police began wearing 300 body cameras.[216] A 2021 Partnership for the Public Good report noted that the BPD, which had a 2020–21 budget of about $145.7 million, had an above-average police-to-citizen ratio of 28.9 officers per 10,000 residents in 2020 – higher than peer cities Minneapolis and Toledo, Ohio.[217] The force had a roster of 740 officers during the year, about two-thirds of whom handled emergency requests, road patrol and other non-office assignments.[217] The department has been criticized for misconduct and brutality, including the 2004 wrongful termination of officer Cariol Horne for opposing police brutality toward a suspect[218] and a 2020 protest-shoving incident.[219]

The Buffalo Fire Department and American Medical Response (AMR) handle fire-protection and emergency medical services (EMS) calls in the city.[220] The fire department has about 710 firefighters[221] and thirty-five stations, including twenty-three engine companies and twelve ladder companies.[222] The department also operates the Edward M. Cotter, considered the world's oldest active fireboat.[223]

With vacant and abandoned homes prone to arson, squatting, prostitution and other criminal activities, the fire and police department's resources were overburdened before the 2010s. Buffalo ranked second nationwide to St. Louis for vacant homes per capita in 2007, and the city began a five-year program to demolish five thousand vacant, damaged and abandoned homes.[224][225] On May 14, 2022, there was a mass shooting in a Tops supermarket on the East Side of Buffalo where 13 victims were shot in a racially motivated attack by a white supremacist who was not a Buffalo native. Ten victims, all of whom were Black, were murdered and three were injured.[226][227]

Media

Main article: Media in Buffalo, New York
 
The Buffalo News headquarters

Buffalo's major daily newspaper is The Buffalo News. Established in 1880 as the Buffalo Evening News, the newspaper is estimated to have a daily circulation of 87,000 and 125,000 on Sundays (down from a high of 300,000).[228] Other newspapers in the Buffalo area include The Public, the Black-focused Challenger Community News,[229] The Record of Buffalo State College,[230] The Spectrum of the University at Buffalo,[231] and Buffalo Business First.[232]

Eighteen radio stations are licensed in Buffalo, including an FM station at Buffalo State College.[233] Over ninety FM and AM radio signals can be received throughout the city.[234] Eight full-power television outlets serve the city. Major stations include WKBW-TV (ABC), WIVB-TV (CBS), WGRZ (NBC), WUTV (Fox, received in parts of Southern Ontario), and WNED-TV (PBS); WNED reported that most of the station's members live in the Greater Toronto Area.[235] According to Nielsen Media Research, the Buffalo television market was the 51st largest in the United States as of 2020.[236]

Movies shooting significant footage in Buffalo include Hide in Plain Sight (1980),[237] Tuck Everlasting (1981),[237] Best Friends (1982),[237] The Natural (1984),[237] Vamping (1984),[237] Canadian Bacon (1995),[237] Buffalo '66 (1998),[237] Manna from Heaven (2002),[237] Bruce Almighty (2003),[238] The Savages (2007),[237] Slime City Massacre (2010), Henry's Crime (2011),[237] Sharknado 2: The Second One (2014),[238] Killer Rack (2015), Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows (2016),[239] Marshall (2016),[238] The American Side (2017),[240] The First Purge (2018),[241] The True Adventures of Wolfboy (2019),[242] A Quiet Place Part II (2021)[243] and Guns of Eden (2022). Although higher Buffalo production costs led to some films being finished elsewhere, tax credits and other economic incentives have enabled new film studios and production facilities to open.[244] In 2021, several studio projects were in the planning stages.[245][246]

Education

Main articles: List of colleges and universities in Buffalo, New York and Buffalo Public Schools

Primary and secondary education

The Buffalo Public Schools have about thirty-four thousand students enrolled in their primary and secondary schools.[247] The district administers about sixty public schools, including thirty-six primary schools, five middle high schools, fourteen high schools and three alternative schools, with a total of about 3,500 teachers.[248] Its board of education, authorized by the state, has nine elected members who select the superintendent and oversee the budget, curriculum, personnel, and facilities.[249][250] In 2020, the graduation rate was seventy-six percent.[251] The public City Honors School was ranked the top high school in the city and 178th nationwide by U.S. News & World Report in 2021.[252] There are twenty charter schools in Buffalo, with some oversight by the district.[253] The city has over a dozen private schools, including Bishop Timon – St. Jude High School, Canisius High School, Mount Mercy Academy, and Nardin Academy—all Roman Catholic, and Darul Uloom Al-Madania and Universal School of Buffalo (both Islamic schools); nonsectarian options include Buffalo Seminary and the Nichols School.[254]

Colleges and universities

 
The quad at Buffalo State College

Founded by Millard Fillmore, the University at Buffalo (UB) is one of the State University of New York's two flagship universities and the state's largest public university. A Research I university,[255] over 32,000 undergraduate, graduate and professional students attend its thirteen schools and colleges.[256][257] Two of UB's three campuses (the South and Downtown Campuses) are in the city, but most university functions take place at the large North Campus in Amherst.[258] In 2020, U.S. News & World Report ranked UB the 34th-best public university and 88th in national universities.[259] Buffalo State College, founded as a normal school, is one of SUNY's thirteen comprehensive colleges.[260] The city's four-year private institutions include Canisius College, Medaille College and D'Youville University. SUNY Erie, the county's two-year public higher-education institution, and the for-profit Bryant & Stratton College have small downtown campuses.[261]

Libraries

 
Reading Park at Buffalo's Central Library

Established in 1835, Buffalo's main library is the Central Library of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library system. Rebuilt in 1964, it contains an auditorium, the original manuscript of the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (donated by Mark Twain), and a collection of about two million books.[262] Its Grosvenor Room maintains a special-collections listing of nearly five hundred thousand resources for researchers.[263] A pocket park funded by Southwest Airlines opened in 2020, and brought landscaping improvements and seating to Lafayette Square.[264] The system's free library cards are valid at the city's eight branch libraries and at member libraries throughout Erie County.[265]

Infrastructure

Healthcare

Nine hospitals are operated in the city: Oishei Children's Hospital and Buffalo General Medical Center by Kaleida Health, Mercy Hospital and Sisters of Charity Hospital (Catholic Health), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, the county-run Erie County Medical Center (ECMC), Buffalo VA Medical Center, BryLin (Psychiatric) Hospital and the state-operated Buffalo Psychiatric Center.[266] John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, built in 2017, is adjacent to Buffalo General Medical Center on the 120-acre (49 ha) Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus north of downtown;[267] its Gates Vascular Institute specializes in acute stroke recovery.[268] The medical campus includes the University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, ranked the 14th-best cancer-treatment center in the United States by U.S. News & World Report.[269]

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Buffalo, New York
 
Buffalo Metro Rail train at the Amherst Street station

Growth and changing transportation needs altered Buffalo's grid plan, which was developed by Joseph Ellicott in 1804. His plan laid out streets like the spokes of a wheel, naming them after Dutch landowners and Native American tribes.[270] City streets expanded outward, denser in the west and spreading out east of Main Street.[271] Buffalo is a port of entry with Canada; the Peace Bridge crosses the Niagara River and links the Niagara Thruway (I-190) and Queen Elizabeth Way.[272] I-190, NY 5 and NY 33 are the primary expressways serving the city, carrying a total of over 245,000 vehicles daily.[j][273] NY 5 carries traffic to the Southtowns, and NY 33 carries traffic to the eastern suburbs and the Buffalo Airport.[274] The east-west Scajacquada Expressway (NY 198) bisects Delaware Park, connecting I-190 with the Kensington Expressway (NY 33) on the city's East Side to form a partial beltway around the city center.[275] The Scajacquada and Kensington Expressways and the Buffalo Skyway (NY 5) have been targeted for redesign or removal.[276] Other major highways include US 62 on the city's East Side;[277] NY 354 and a portion of NY 130, both east–west routes;[278] and NY 265, NY 266 and NY 384, all north–south routes on the city's West Side.[279] Buffalo has a higher-than-average percentage of households without a car: 30 percent in 2015, decreasing to 28.2 percent in 2016; the 2016 national average was 8.7 percent. Buffalo averaged 1.03 cars per household in 2016, compared to the national average of 1.8.[280]

 
Reddy Bikeshare at 250 Delaware Avenue

The Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA) operates the region's public transit, including its airport, light-rail system, buses, and harbors. The NFTA operates 323 buses on 61 lines throughout Western New York.[281] Buffalo Metro Rail is a 6.4 mi-long (10.3 km) line which runs from Canalside to the University Heights district. The line's downtown section, south of the Fountain Plaza station, runs at grade and is free of charge.[282] The Buffalo area ranks twenty-third nationwide in transit ridership, with thirty trips per capita per year.[283] Expansions have been proposed since Buffalo Metro Rail's inception in the 1980s, with the latest plan (in the late 2010s) reaching the town of Amherst.[284] Buffalo Niagara International Airport in Cheektowaga has daily scheduled flights by domestic, charter and regional carriers.[285] The airport handled nearly five million passengers in 2019.[286] It received a J.D. Power award in 2018 for customer satisfaction at a mid-sized airport,[287] and underwent a $50 million expansion in 2020–21.[288] The airport, light rail, small-boat harbor and buses are monitored by the NFTA's transit police.[289]

Buffalo has an Amtrak intercity train station, Buffalo–Exchange Street station, which was rebuilt in 2020.[290] The city's eastern suburbs are served by Amtrak's Buffalo–Depew station in Depew, which was built in 1979. Buffalo was a major stop on through routes between Chicago and New York City through the lower Ontario Peninsula; trains stopped at Buffalo Central Terminal, which operated from 1929 to 1979.[291] Intercity buses depart and arrive from the NFTA's Metropolitan Transportation Center on Ellicott Street.[292]

Since Buffalo adopted a complete streets policy in 2008, efforts have been made to accommodate cyclists and pedestrians into new infrastructure projects. Improved corridors have bike lanes,[293] and Niagara Street received separate bike lanes in 2020.[294] Walk Score gave Buffalo a "somewhat walkable" rating of 68 out of 100, with Allentown and downtown considered more walkable than other areas of the city.[295]

Utilities

Buffalo's water system is operated by Veolia Water, and water treatment begins at the Colonel Francis G. Ward Pumping Station.[296] When it opened in 1915, the station's capacity was second only to Paris.[297] Wastewater is treated by the Buffalo Sewer Authority, its coverage extending to the eastern suburbs.[298] National Grid and New York State Electric & Gas (NYSEG) provide electricity, and National Fuel Gas provides natural gas.[299] The city's primary telecommunications provider is Spectrum;[299] Verizon Fios serves the North Park neighborhood. A 2018 report by Ookla noted that Buffalo was one of the bottom five U.S. cities in average download speeds at 66 megabits per second.[300]

The city's Department of Public Works manages Buffalo's snow and trash removal and street cleaning.[301] Snow removal generally operates from November 15 to April 1. A snow emergency is declared by the National Weather Service after a snowstorm, and the city's roads, major sidewalks and bridges are cleared by over seventy snowplows within 24 hours.[302] Rock salt is the principal agent for preventing snow accumulation and melting ice. Snow removal may coincide with driving bans and parking restrictions.[303][304] The area along the Outer Harbor is the most dangerous driving area during a snowstorm;[302] when weather conditions dictate, the Buffalo Skyway is closed by the city's police department.[305]

To prevent ice jams which may impact hydroelectric plants in Niagara Falls, the New York Power Authority and Ontario Power Generation began installing an ice boom annually in 1964. The boom's installation date is temperature-dependent,[306] and it is removed on April 1 unless there is more than 650 km2 (250 sq mi) of ice remaining on eastern Lake Erie.[307] It stretches 2,680 m (8,790 ft) from the outer breakwall at the Buffalo Outer Harbor to the Canadian shore near Fort Erie.[308] Originally made of wood, the boom now consists of steel pontoons.[309]

 
Steel Winds, a local wind farm, with city of Buffalo seen in background across Lake Erie

Notable residents

Further information: List of people from Buffalo, New York

Sister cities

Buffalo has fifteen sister cities:[310]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Foreign entities were not allowed to own land in New York State until 1798 (Goldman 1983a, p. 27).
  2. ^ Sources disagree on the creek's etymology.[26][27][28] Although its name possibly originated from French fur traders and Native Americans calling the creek Beau Fleuve (French for "beautiful river"),[26][27] Buffalo Creek may have been named after the American buffalo (whose range may have extended into Western New York).[28][29][17]
  3. ^ When traveling with an ox and wagon team.
  4. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  5. ^ Official records for Buffalo kept January 1871 to June 1943 at downtown and at Buffalo Niagara Int'l since July 1943. For more information, see Threadex
  6. ^ From a 15-percent sample.
  7. ^ An exception before the mid-20th century was Jewish residents of the East Side during the 1920s, although they left the neighborhood through the 1960s (Goldman 1983b, p. 215).
  8. ^ The Buffalo Bills' championships in 1964 and 1965 were with the American Football League, prior to the AFL-NFL Merger
  9. ^ The New York Jets and the New York Giants play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey.
  10. ^ Average annual daily traffic, 2019.

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January 18, 2023
buffalo, york, buffalo, second, largest, city, state, york, behind, york, city, seat, erie, county, lies, western, york, eastern, lake, erie, head, niagara, river, near, united, states, border, with, canada, with, population, according, 2020, census, buffalo, . Buffalo is the second largest city in the U S state of New York behind New York City and the seat of Erie County It lies in Western New York at the eastern end of Lake Erie at the head of the Niagara River near the United States border with Canada With a population of 278 349 according to the 2020 census Buffalo is the 78th largest city in the United States 5 6 Buffalo and the city of Niagara Falls together make up the two county Buffalo Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area MSA which had an estimated population of 1 1 million in 2020 making it the 49th largest MSA in the United States Buffalo New YorkCityCity of BuffaloClockwise from top Downtown Buffalo Richardson Olmsted Complex Erie County Hall Buffalo Savings Bank Peace BridgeFlagSealNicknames Queen City City of Good Neighbors City of No Illusions Nickel City Queen City of the Lakes City of Light City of Trees 1 Interactive maps of BuffaloCoordinates 42 53 11 N 78 52 41 W 42 88639 N 78 87806 W 42 88639 78 87806 Coordinates 42 53 11 N 78 52 41 W 42 88639 N 78 87806 W 42 88639 78 87806CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkRegionWestern New YorkMetroBuffalo Niagara FallsCountyErieFirst settled village 1789 234 years ago 1789 Founded1801 222 years ago 1801 Incorporated city 1832 191 years ago 1832 Named forBuffalo RiverGovernment TypeStrong mayor council BodyBuffalo Common Council MayorByron Brown D State SenatorsTim Kennedy amp Sean Ryan D AssemblymembersCrystal Peoples Stokes D amp Jon Rivera D U S Rep Brian Higgins D Area 2 City52 48 sq mi 135 92 km2 Land40 38 sq mi 104 58 km2 Water12 10 sq mi 31 34 km2 Elevation 4 600 ft 200 m Population 2020 City278 349 RankUS 76th NY 2nd Density6 893 41 sq mi 2 661 58 km2 Urban948 864 US 49th Urban density2 786 7 sq mi 1 075 9 km2 Metro1 125 637 US 49th 3 CSA1 201 500 US 48th DemonymsBuffalonianTime zoneUTC 05 00 EST Summer DST UTC 04 00 EDT ZIP code142XXArea code716FIPS code36 11000GNIS feature ID0973345 4 Websitewww wbr buffalony wbr govBefore the 17th century the region was inhabited by nomadic Paleo Indians who were succeeded by the Neutral Erie and Iroquois nations In the early 17th century the French began to explore the region In the 18th century Iroquois land surrounding Buffalo Creek was ceded through the Holland Land Purchase and a small village was established at its headwaters In 1825 after its harbor was improved Buffalo was selected as the terminus of the Erie Canal which led to its incorporation in 1832 The canal stimulated its growth as the primary inland port between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean Transshipment made Buffalo the world s largest grain port of that era After the coming of railroads greatly reduced the canal s importance the city became the second largest railway hub after Chicago During the mid 19th century Buffalo transitioned to manufacturing which came to be dominated by steel production Later deindustrialization and the opening of the St Lawrence Seaway saw the city s economy decline and diversify It developed its service industries such as health care retail tourism logistics and education while retaining some manufacturing In 2019 the gross domestic product of the Buffalo Niagara Falls MSA was 53 billion The city s cultural landmarks include the oldest urban parks system in the United States the Albright Knox Art Gallery the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra Shea s Performing Arts Center the Buffalo Museum of Science and several annual festivals Its educational institutions include the University at Buffalo Buffalo State College Canisius College D Youville University and Medaille College Buffalo is also known for its winter weather Buffalo wings and two major league sports teams the National Football League s Buffalo Bills and the National Hockey League s Buffalo Sabres Contents 1 History 1 1 Pre Columbian era to European exploration 1 2 Erie Canal grain and commerce 1 3 Steel challenges and the modern era 2 Geography 2 1 Topography 2 2 Cityscape 2 3 Neighborhoods 2 4 Climate 3 Demographics 3 1 Religion 4 Economy 5 Culture 5 1 Performing arts and music 5 2 Cuisine 5 3 Museums and tourism 6 Sports 7 Parks and recreation 8 Government 8 1 Public safety 9 Media 10 Education 10 1 Primary and secondary education 10 2 Colleges and universities 10 3 Libraries 11 Infrastructure 11 1 Healthcare 11 2 Transportation 11 3 Utilities 12 Notable residents 13 Sister cities 14 See also 15 Explanatory notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External linksHistory EditMain article History of Buffalo New York For a chronological guide see Timeline of Buffalo New York Pre Columbian era to European exploration Edit Approximate extent of Wenro territory c 1630 Before the arrival of Europeans nomadic Paleo Indians inhabited the western New York region from the 8th millennium BC The Woodland period began around 1000 BC marked by the rise of the Iroquois Confederacy and the spread of its tribes throughout the state 7 8 Seventeenth century Jesuit missionaries were the first Europeans to visit the area 9 During French exploration of the region in 1620 the region was sparsely populated and occupied by the agrarian Erie people in the south and the Wenrohronon Wenro of the Neutral Nation in the north 7 The Neutral grew tobacco and hemp to trade with the Iroquois who traded furs with the French for European goods 7 The tribes used animal and war paths to travel and move goods across what today is New York State Centuries later these same paths were gradually improved then paved then developed into major modern roads 7 During the Beaver Wars in the mid 17th century the Senecas partly wiped out and partly absorbed the Erie and Neutrals in the region 10 11 12 Native Americans did not settle along Buffalo Creek permanently until 1780 when displaced Senecas were relocated from Fort Niagara 9 Louis Hennepin and Sieur de La Salle explored the upper Niagara and Ontario regions in the late 1670s 13 In 1679 La Salle s ship Le Griffon became the first to sail above Niagara Falls near Cayuga Creek 14 Baron de Lahontan visited the site of Buffalo in 1687 15 A small French settlement along Buffalo Creek lasted for only a year 1758 After the French and Indian War the region was ruled by Britain 9 After the American Revolution the Province of New York now a U S state began westward expansion looking for arable land by following the Iroquois 16 New York and Massachusetts were vying for the territory which included Buffalo and Massachusetts had the right to purchase all but a one mile 1600 meter wide portion of land The rights to the Massachusetts territories were sold to Robert Morris in 1791 17 Despite objections from Seneca chief Red Jacket Morris brokered a deal between fellow chief Cornplanter and the Dutch dummy corporation Holland Land Company a 18 19 The Holland Land Purchase gave the Senecas three reservations and the Holland Land Company received 4 000 000 acres 16 000 km2 for about thirty three cents per acre 18 Permanent white settlers along the creek were prisoners captured during the Revolutionary War 20 9 Early landowners were Iroquois interpreter Captain William Johnston former enslaved man Joseph Black Joe Hodges and Cornelius Winney a Dutch trader who arrived in 1789 9 21 As a result of the war in which the Iroquois sided with the British Army Iroquois territory was gradually reduced in the late 1700s by European settlers through successive statewide treaties which included the Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1784 and the First Treaty of Buffalo Creek 1788 22 The Iroquois were moved onto reservations including Buffalo Creek By the end of the 18th century only 338 sq mi 216 000 acres 880 km2 88 000 ha of reservations remained 23 After the Treaty of Big Tree removed Iroquois title to lands west of the Genesee River in 1797 Joseph Ellicott surveyed land at the mouth of Buffalo Creek 20 24 In the middle of the village was an intersection of eight streets at present day Niagara Square Originally named New Amsterdam its name was soon changed to Buffalo 25 Erie Canal grain and commerce Edit Buffalo in 1813 The village of Buffalo was named for Buffalo Creek b 30 British military engineer John Montresor referred to Buffalo Creek in his 1764 journal the earliest recorded appearance of the name 31 A road to Pennsylvania from Buffalo was built in 1802 for migrants traveling to the Connecticut Western Reserve in Ohio 32 Before an east west turnpike across the state was completed traveling from Albany to Buffalo would take a week a trip from nearby Williamsville to Batavia could take over three days 33 c British forces burned Buffalo and the northwestern village of Black Rock in 1813 34 The battle and subsequent fire was in response to the destruction of Niagara on the Lake by American forces and other skirmishes during the War of 1812 35 36 9 Rebuilding was swift completed in 1815 37 36 As a remote outpost village residents hoped that the proposed Erie Canal would bring prosperity to the area 18 To accomplish this Buffalo s harbor was expanded with the help of Samuel Wilkeson it was selected as the canal s terminus over the rival Black Rock 9 It opened in 1825 ushering in commerce manufacturing and hydropower 18 By the following year the 130 sq mi 340 km2 Buffalo Creek Reservation at the western border of the village was transferred to Buffalo 23 Buffalo was incorporated as a city in 1832 38 During the 1830s businessman Benjamin Rathbun significantly expanded its business district 18 The city doubled in size from 1845 to 1855 Almost two thirds of the city s population was foreign born largely a mix of unskilled or educated Irish and German Catholics 39 40 Fugitive slaves made their way north to Buffalo during the 1840s 41 Buffalo was a terminus of the Underground Railroad with many free blacks crossing the Niagara River to Fort Erie Ontario 42 others remained in Buffalo 39 During this time Buffalo s port continued to develop Passenger and commercial traffic expanded leading to the creation of feeder canals and the expansion of the city s harbor 43 Unloading grain in Buffalo was a laborious job and grain handlers working on lake freighters would make 1 50 a day in a six day work week 43 Local inventor Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar created the grain elevator in 1843 adapting the steam powered elevator Dart s Elevator initially processed one thousand bushels per hour speeding global distribution to consumers 43 Buffalo was the transshipment hub of the Great Lakes and weather maritime and political events in other Great Lakes cities had a direct impact on the city s economy 43 In addition to grain Buffalo s primary imports included agricultural products from the Midwest meat whiskey lumber and tobacco and its exports included leather ships and iron products The mid 19th century saw the rise of new manufacturing capabilities particularly with iron 43 By the 1860s many railroads terminated in Buffalo they included the Buffalo Bradford and Pittsburgh Railroad Buffalo and Erie Railroad the New York Central Railroad and the Lehigh Valley Railroad 15 During this time Buffalo controlled one quarter of all shipping traffic on Lake Erie 15 After the Civil War canal traffic began to drop as railroads expanded into Buffalo 44 Unionization began to take hold in the late 19th century highlighted by railroad strikes in 1877 and 1892 45 Steel challenges and the modern era Edit Pan American Exposition 1901 At the start of the 20th century Buffalo was the world s leading grain port and a national flour milling hub 46 Local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectricity generated by the Niagara River Buffalo hosted the 1901 Pan American Exposition after the Spanish American War showcasing the nation s advances in art architecture and electricity Its centerpiece was the Electric Tower with over two million light bulbs but some exhibits were jingoistic and racially charged 47 48 49 At the exposition President William McKinley was assassinated by anarchist Leon Czolgosz 50 When McKinley died Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion in Buffalo 51 Attorney John Milburn and local industrialists and convinced the Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company to relocate from Scranton Pennsylvania to the town of West Seneca in 1904 Employment was competitive with many Eastern Europeans and Scrantonians vying for jobs 44 From the late 19th century to the 1920s mergers and acquisitions led to distant ownership of local companies this had a negative effect on the city s economy 52 53 Examples include the acquisition of Lackawanna Steel by Bethlehem Steel and later the relocation of Curtiss Wright in the 1940s 54 The Great Depression saw severe unemployment especially among the working class New Deal relief programs operated in full force and the city became a stronghold of labor unions and the Democratic Party 55 Iron ore unloaded at Buffalo c 1900 During World War II Buffalo regained its manufacturing strength as military contracts enabled the city to manufacture steel chemicals aircraft trucks and ammunition 54 The 15th most populous US city in 1950 Buffalo s economy relied almost entirely on manufacturing eighty percent of area jobs were in the sector 54 The city also had over a dozen railway terminals as railroads remained a significant industry 53 The St Lawrence Seaway was proposed in the 19th century as a faster shipping route to Europe and later as part of a bi national hydroelectric project with Canada 54 Its combination with an expanded Welland Canal led to a grim outlook for Buffalo s economy After its 1959 opening the city s port and barge canal became largely irrelevant Shipbuilding in Buffalo wound down in the 1960s due to reduced waterfront activity ending an industry which had been part of the city s economy since 1812 56 Downsizing of the steel mills was attributed to the threat of higher wages and unionization efforts 54 Racial tensions culminated in riots in 1967 54 Suburbanization led to the selection of the town of Amherst for the new University at Buffalo campus by 1970 54 Unwilling to modernize its plant Bethlehem Steel began cutting thousands of jobs in Lackawanna during the mid 1970s before closing it in 1983 52 The region lost at least 70 000 jobs between 1970 and 1984 52 Like much of the Rust Belt Buffalo has focused on recovering from the effects of late 20th century deindustrialization 57 Panorama of downtown Buffalo and its waterfront in 1880Geography EditTopography Edit Satellite image of the Niagara Peninsula and Niagara Frontier Buffalo is at the lower right Buffalo is on the eastern end of Lake Erie opposite Fort Erie Ontario It is at the head of the Niagara River which flows north over Niagara Falls into Lake Ontario The Buffalo metropolitan area is on the Erie Ontario Lake Plain of the Eastern Great Lakes Lowlands a narrow plain extending east to Utica New York 58 59 The city is generally flat except for elevation changes in the University Heights and Fruit Belt neighborhoods 60 The Southtowns are hillier leading to the Cattaraugus Hills in the Appalachian Upland 58 59 Several types of shale limestone and lagerstatten are prevalent in Buffalo and its surrounding area lining their stream beds 61 According to Fox Weather Buffalo is one of the top five snowiest large cities in the country receiving on average 95 inches of snow annually Although the city has not experienced any recent or significant earthquakes Buffalo is in the Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone part of the Great Lakes tectonic zone 62 63 Buffalo has four channels within its boundaries the Niagara River Buffalo River and Creek Scajaquada Creek and the Black Rock Canal adjacent to the Niagara River 64 The city s Bureau of Forestry maintains a database of over seventy thousand trees 65 According to the United States Census Bureau Buffalo has an area of 52 5 sq mi 136 km2 40 38 sq mi 104 6 km2 is land and the rest is water 66 The city s total area is 22 66 percent water In 2010 its population density was 6 470 6 per square mile 66 Cityscape Edit See also List of tallest buildings in Buffalo and Architecture of Buffalo New York Buffalo s architecture is diverse with a collection of 19th and 20th century buildings 67 Downtown Buffalo landmarks include Louis Sullivan s Guaranty Building an early skyscraper 68 69 the Ellicott Square Building once one of the largest of its kind in the world 70 the Art Deco Buffalo City Hall and the McKinley Monument and the Electric Tower Beyond downtown the Buffalo Central Terminal was built in the Broadway Fillmore neighborhood in 1929 the Richardson Olmsted Complex built in 1881 was an insane asylum 71 until its closure in the 1970s 72 Urban renewal from the 1950s to the 1970s spawned the Brutalist style Buffalo City Court Building and Seneca One Tower the city s tallest building 73 In the city s Parkside neighborhood the Darwin D Martin House was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in his Prairie School style 74 Since 2016 Washington DC real estate developer Douglas Jemal has been acquiring and redeveloping iconic properties throughout the city 75 Skyline of Buffalo looking east from Lake Erie Neighborhoods Edit Main article List of neighborhoods in Buffalo New York Allentown According to Mark Goldman the city has a tradition of separate and independent settlements 76 The boundaries of Buffalo s neighborhoods have changed over time The city is divided into five districts each containing several neighborhoods for a total of thirty five neighborhoods 77 Main Street divides Buffalo s east and west sides and the west side was fully developed earlier 76 This division is seen in architectural styles street names neighborhood and district boundaries demographics and socioeconomic conditions Buffalo s West Side is generally more affluent than its East Side 78 79 Several neighborhoods in Buffalo have had increased investment since the 1990s beginning with the Elmwood Village 80 The 2002 redevelopment of the Larkin Terminal Warehouse led to the creation of Larkinville home to several mixed use projects and anchored by corporate offices 81 Downtown Buffalo and its central business district CBD had a 10 6 percent increase in residents from 2010 to 2017 as over 1 061 housing units became available 82 the Seneca One Tower was redeveloped in 2020 83 Other revitalized areas include Chandler Street in the Grant Amherst neighborhood and Hertel Avenue in Parkside 80 84 The Buffalo Common Council adopted its Green Code in 2017 replacing zoning regulations which were over sixty years old Its emphasis on regulations promoting pedestrian safety and mixed land use received an award at the 2019 Congress for the New Urbanism conference 85 Climate Edit Buffalo in winter 2019 Buffalo has a humid continental climate Koppen Dfb Dfa 86 87 and temperatures have been warming with the rest of the US 88 Lake effect snow is characteristic of Buffalo winters with snow bands producing intense snowfall in the city and surrounding area depending on wind direction off Lake Erie 89 However Buffalo is rarely the snowiest city in the state 90 91 The Blizzard of 1977 resulted from a combination of high winds and snow which accumulated on land and on the frozen Lake Erie 92 Although snow does not typically impair the city s operation it can cause significant damage in autumn as the October 2006 storm did 93 In November 2014 called Snowvember the region had a record breaking storm which produced over 5 1 2 ft 66 in 170 cm of snow 94 Buffalo s lowest recorded temperature was 20 F 29 C which occurred twice on February 9 1934 and February 2 1961 95 Although the city s summers are drier and sunnier than other cities in the northeastern United States its vegetation receives enough precipitation to remain hydrated 87 Buffalo summers are characterized by abundant sunshine with moderate humidity and temperatures 87 the city benefits from cool southwestern Lake Erie summer breezes which temper warmer temperatures 87 59 Temperatures rise above 90 F 32 2 C an average of three times a year 87 No official recording of 100 F 37 8 C or more has occurred to date with a maximum temperature of 99 F 37 C reached on August 27 1948 95 Rainfall is moderate typically falling at night and cooler lake temperatures hinder storm development in July 87 96 August is usually rainier and muggier as the warmer lake loses its temperature controlling ability 87 Climate data for Buffalo Buffalo Niagara International Airport 1991 2020 normals d extremes 1871 present e Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 72 22 71 22 82 28 94 34 94 34 97 36 98 37 99 37 98 37 92 33 80 27 74 23 99 37 Mean maximum F C 56 13 55 13 66 19 78 26 84 29 88 31 89 32 88 31 86 30 78 26 67 19 57 14 91 33 Average high F C 32 1 0 1 33 3 0 7 41 8 5 4 54 7 12 6 67 4 19 7 75 6 24 2 80 2 26 8 79 0 26 1 72 3 22 4 59 6 15 3 47 8 8 8 37 2 2 9 56 8 13 8 Daily mean F C 25 5 3 6 26 4 3 1 34 1 1 2 45 6 7 6 57 9 14 4 66 9 19 4 71 7 22 1 70 4 21 3 63 4 17 4 51 7 10 9 41 0 5 0 31 4 0 3 48 8 9 3 Average low F C 19 0 7 2 19 5 6 9 26 4 3 1 36 5 2 5 48 3 9 1 58 1 14 5 63 1 17 3 61 7 16 5 54 5 12 5 43 9 6 6 34 2 1 2 25 6 3 6 40 9 4 9 Mean minimum F C 1 17 2 17 9 13 25 4 36 2 46 8 53 12 51 11 41 5 31 1 20 7 9 13 3 19 Record low F C 16 27 20 29 7 22 5 15 25 4 35 2 43 6 38 3 32 0 20 7 2 17 10 23 20 29 Average precipitation inches mm 3 35 85 2 49 63 2 89 73 3 37 86 3 37 86 3 37 86 3 23 82 3 23 82 4 10 104 4 03 102 3 50 89 3 75 95 40 68 1 033 Average snowfall inches cm 26 7 68 18 1 46 14 1 36 2 5 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 2 3 7 8 20 25 3 64 95 4 242 Average precipitation days 0 01 in 19 2 15 8 14 8 13 4 12 8 11 9 10 8 10 0 10 9 14 1 14 4 17 7 165 8Average snowy days 0 1 in 16 4 13 5 9 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 7 12 2 59 5Average relative humidity 76 0 75 9 73 3 67 8 67 2 68 6 68 1 72 1 74 0 72 9 75 8 77 6 72 4Average dew point F C 16 9 8 4 17 6 8 0 25 2 3 8 33 4 0 8 44 2 6 8 54 1 12 3 59 0 15 0 58 8 14 9 52 5 11 4 41 7 5 4 32 7 0 4 22 6 5 2 38 2 3 5 Mean monthly sunshine hours 91 3 108 0 163 7 204 7 258 3 287 1 306 7 266 4 207 6 159 4 84 4 69 0 2 206 6Percent possible sunshine 31 37 44 51 57 63 66 62 55 47 29 25 49Average ultraviolet index 1 2 4 6 7 8 8 8 6 4 2 1 5Source 1 NOAA relative humidity and sun 1961 1990 97 98 99 Source 2 Weather Atlas 100 Demographics EditMain article Demographics of Buffalo New York Historical populationCensus Pop 18101 508 18202 09538 9 18308 668313 7 184018 213110 1 185042 261132 0 186081 12992 0 1870117 71445 1 1880155 13431 8 1890255 66464 8 1900352 38737 8 1910423 71520 2 1920506 77519 6 1930573 07613 1 1940575 9010 5 1950580 1320 7 1960532 759 8 2 1970462 768 13 1 1980357 870 22 7 1990328 123 8 3 2000292 648 10 8 2010261 310 10 7 2020278 3496 5 Historical Population Figures 101 U S Decennial Census 102 Racial composition 2020 66 2010 103 1990 104 1970 104 1940 104 White 41 9 50 4 64 7 78 7 96 8 Non Hispanic 39 0 45 8 63 1 n a n aAfrican Americans 36 9 38 6 30 7 20 4 3 1 Hispanic or Latino of any race 12 8 10 5 4 9 1 6 f n aAsian Americans 7 6 3 2 1 0 0 2 n aOther race 5 3 3 1 2 8 0 2 n aSeveral hundred Seneca Tuscarora and other Iroquois tribal peoples were the primary residents of the Buffalo area before 1800 concentrated along Buffalo Creek 105 After the Revolutionary War settlers from New England and eastern New York began to move into the area From the 1830s to the 1850s they were joined by Irish and German immigrants from Europe both peasants and working class who settled in enclaves on the city s south and east sides 39 At the turn of the 20th century Polish immigrants replaced Germans on the East Side who moved to newer housing Italian immigrant families settled throughout the city primarily on the lower West Side 76 During the 1830s Buffalo residents were generally intolerant of the small groups of Black Americans who began settling on the city s East Side 39 g In the 20th century wartime and manufacturing jobs attracted Black Americans from the South during the First and Second Great Migrations In the World War II and postwar years from 1940 to 1970 the city s Black population rose by 433 percent They replaced most of the Polish community on the East Side who were moving out to suburbs 106 107 However the effects of redlining steering 108 social inequality blockbusting white flight 108 and other racial policies resulted in the city and region becoming one of the most segregated in the U S 107 109 110 During the 1940s and 1950s Puerto Rican migrants arrived en masse also seeking industrial jobs settling on the East Side and moving westward 111 In the 21st century Buffalo is classified as a majority minority city with a plurality of residents who are Black and Latino Buffalo has saw effects of urban decay since the 1970s and also saw population loss to the suburbs and Sun Belt states and experienced job losses from deindustrialization 112 The city s population peaked at 580 132 in 1950 when Buffalo was the 15th largest city in the United States down from the eighth largest city in 1900 after its growth rate slowed during the 1920s 46 Buffalo s population began declining in the second half of the 20th century due to suburbanization and loss of industrial jobs and the city s population is now less than half its peak population in 1950 Buffalo finally saw a population gain of 6 5 in the 2020 census reversing a decades long trend of population decline The city has 278 349 residents as of the 2020 census making it the 76th largest city in the United States 6 Its metropolitan area had 1 1 million residents in 2020 the country s 49th largest 3 Racial distribution in Buffalo in 2010 Each dot represents 25 residents White Black Asian Hispanic Other Compared to other major US metropolitan areas the number of foreign born immigrants to Buffalo is low New immigrants are primarily resettled refugees especially from war or disaster affected nations and refugees who had previously settled in other U S cities 113 During the early 2000s most immigrants came from Canada and Yemen this shifted in the 2010s to Burmese Karen refugees and Bangladeshi immigrants 113 Between 2008 and 2016 Burmese Somali Bhutanese and Iraqi Americans were the four largest ethnic immigrant groups in Erie County 113 Poverty has remained an issue for the city in 2019 it was estimated that 30 1 percent of individuals and 24 8 percent of families lived below the federal poverty line 66 Per capita income was 24 400 and household income was 37 354 much less than the national average 114 66 A 2008 report noted that although food deserts were seen in larger cities and not in Buffalo the city s neighborhoods of color have access only to smaller grocery stores and lack the supermarkets more typical of newer white neighborhoods 115 A 2018 report noted that over fifty city blocks on Buffalo s East Side lacked adequate access to a supermarket 107 Health disparities exist compared to the rest of the state Erie County s average 2019 lifespan was three years lower 78 4 years its 17 percent smoking and 30 percent obesity rates were slightly higher than the state average 116 According to the Partnership for the Public Good educational achievement in the city is lower than in the surrounding area city residents are almost twice as likely as adults in the metropolitan area to lack a high school diploma 117 Religion Edit See also Burned over district Temple Beth Zion During the early 19th century Presbyterian missionaries tried to convert the Seneca people on the Buffalo Creek Reservation to Christianity Initially resistant some tribal members set aside their traditions and practices to form their own sect 118 105 Later European immigrants added other faiths Christianity is the predominant religion in Buffalo and Western New York Catholicism primarily the Latin Church has a significant presence in the region with 161 parishes and over 570 000 adherents in the Diocese of Buffalo 119 Major Protestant denominations in the area include Lutheran Baptist and Methodist Pentecostals are also significant and approximately 20 000 persons are non denominational adherents needs update 120 A Jewish community began developing in the city with immigrants from the mid 1800s about one thousand German and Lithuanian Jews settled in Buffalo before 1880 Buffalo s first synagogue Temple Beth El was established in 1847 121 The city s Temple Beth Zion is the region s largest synagogue 122 With changing demographics and an increased number of refugees from other areas on the city s East Side 123 Islam and Buddhism have expanded their presence In this area new residents have converted empty churches into mosques and temples 124 Hinduism maintains a small active presence in the area including the town of Amherst 125 A 2016 American Bible Society survey reported that Buffalo is the fifth least Bible minded city in the United States 13 percent of its residents associate with the Bible 126 Economy EditMain article Economy of Buffalo New York Top private sector Buffalo area employers 2020Source Invest Buffalo Niagara 127 Rank Employer Employees1 Kaleida Health 8 3592 Catholic Health 7 6233 M amp T Bank 7 4004 Tops Friendly Markets 5 3745 Seneca Gaming Corp 3 4026 Roswell Park Cancer Institute 3 3287 GEICO 3 2508 Wegmans 3 1029 HSBC Bank USA 3 00010 General Motors 2 981The Erie Canal was the impetus for Buffalo s economic growth as a transshipment hub for grain and other agricultural products headed east from the Midwest Later manufacturing of steel and automotive parts became central to the city s economy 128 When these industries downsized in the region Buffalo s economy became service based Its primary sectors include health care business services banking accounting and insurance retail tourism and logistics especially with Canada 128 Despite the loss of large scale manufacturing some manufacturing of metals chemicals machinery food products and electronics remains in the region 129 Advanced manufacturing has increased with an emphasis on research and development R amp D and automation 129 In 2019 the U S Bureau of Economic Analysis valued the gross domestic product GDP of the Buffalo Niagara Falls MSA at 53 billion 130 The civic sector is a major source of employment in the Buffalo area and includes public non profit healthcare and educational institutions 131 New York State with over 19 000 employees is the region s largest employer 132 In the private sector top employers include the Kaleida Health and Catholic Health hospital networks and M amp T Bank the sole Fortune 500 company headquartered in the city 133 Most have been the top employers in the region for several decades 134 Buffalo is home to the headquarters of Rich Products Delaware North and New Era Cap Company the aerospace manufacturer Moog Inc is based in nearby East Aurora Buffalo weathered the Great Recession of 2006 09 well in comparison with other U S cities exemplified by increased home prices during this time 135 The region s economy began to improve in the early 2010s adding over 25 000 jobs from 2009 to 2017 129 With state aid Tesla Inc s Giga New York plant opened in South Buffalo in 2017 136 The effects of the COVID 19 pandemic in the United States however increased the local unemployment rate to 7 5 percent by December 2020 137 The local unemployment rate had been 4 2 percent in 2019 138 higher than the national average of 3 5 percent 139 The Buffalo area has a larger than average pay disparity than the rest of the U S The average salary 43 580 was six percent less than the national average in 2017 with the pay gap increasing to ten percent with increased career specialization 129 Workforce productivity is higher and turnover lower than other regions 129 Culture EditPerforming arts and music Edit Kleinhans Music Hall Buffalo is home to over 20 theater companies with many centered in the downtown Theatre District 140 Shea s Performing Arts Center is the city s largest theater Designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany and built in 1926 the theater presents Broadway musicals and concerts 141 Shakespeare in Delaware Park has been held outdoors every summer since 1976 142 Stand up comedy can be found throughout the city and is anchored by Helium Comedy Club which hosts both local talent and national touring acts The Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra was formed in 1935 and performs at Kleinhans Music Hall whose acoustics have been praised 143 Although the orchestra nearly disbanded during the late 1990s due to a lack of funding philanthropic contributions and state aid stabilized it 144 Under the direction of JoAnn Falletta the orchestra has received a number of Grammy Award nominations and won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Classical Composition in 2009 145 KeyBank Center draws national music acts year round Sahlen Field hosts the annual WYRK Taste of Country music festival every summer with national country music acts Canalside regularly hosts outdoor summer concerts a tradition that spun off from the defunct Thursday at the Square concert series 146 147 Colored Musicians Club an extension of what was a separate musicians union chapter maintains jazz history 148 Rick James was born and raised in Buffalo and later lived on a ranch in the nearby Town of Aurora 149 James formed his Stone City Band in Buffalo and had national appeal with several crossover singles in the R amp B disco and funk genres in the late 1970s and early 1980s 150 Around the same time the jazz fusion band Spyro Gyra and jazz saxophonist Grover Washington Jr also got their start in the city 151 152 The Goo Goo Dolls an alternative rock group which formed in 1986 had 19 top ten singles Singer songwriter and activist Ani DiFranco has released over 20 folk and indie rock albums on Righteous Babe Records her Buffalo based label 153 Underground hip hop acts in the city partner with Buffalo based Griselda Records whose artists include Westside Gunn and Conway the Machine and occasionally refer to Buffalo culture in their lyrics 154 Cuisine Edit Buffalo wings with celery and blue cheese The city s cuisine encompasses a variety of cultures and ethnicities In 2015 the National Geographic Society ranked Buffalo third on its World s Top Ten Food Cities list 155 Teressa Bellissimo first prepared Buffalo wings seasoned chicken wings at the Anchor Bar in 1964 156 The Anchor Bar has a crosstown rivalry with Duff s Famous Wings but Buffalo wings are served at many bars and restaurants throughout the city some with unique cooking styles and flavor profiles 157 158 Buffalo wings are traditionally served with blue cheese and celery 158 In 2003 the Anchor Bar received a James Beard Foundation Award in the America s Classics category 159 The Buffalo area has over 600 pizzerias estimated at more per capita than New York City 160 Several craft breweries began opening in the 1990s and the city s last call is 4 am 161 Other mainstays of Buffalo cuisine include beef on weck butter lambs 162 kielbasa pierogi sponge candy 163 chicken finger subs including the stinger a version that also includes steak and the fish fry popular any time of year but especially during Lent 164 With an influx of refugees and other immigrants to Buffalo its number of ethnic restaurants including the West Side Bazaar kitchen incubator has increased 165 166 Some restaurants use food trucks to serve customers and nearly fifty food trucks appeared at Larkin Square in 2019 167 166 Museums and tourism Edit See also List of festivals in Buffalo New York The Albright Knox Art Gallery seen from Hoyt Lake in Delaware Park Buffalo was ranked the seventh best city in the United States to visit in 2021 by Travel Leisure which noted the growth and potential of the city s cultural institutions 168 The Albright Knox Art Gallery is a modern and contemporary art museum with a collection of more than 8 000 works of which only two percent are on display 169 With a donation from Jeffrey Gundlach a three story addition designed by the Dutch architectural firm OMA is under construction and scheduled to open in 2022 170 Across the street the Burchfield Penney Art Center contains paintings by Charles E Burchfield and is operated by Buffalo State College 171 Buffalo is home to the Freedom Wall a 2017 art installation commemorating civil rights activists throughout history 172 Near both museums is the Buffalo History Museum featuring artwork literature and exhibits related to the city s history and major events and the Buffalo Museum of Science is on the city s East Side 173 174 Canalside Buffalo s historic business district and harbor attracts more than 1 5 million visitors annually 175 It includes the Explore amp More Children s Museum the Buffalo and Erie County Naval amp Military Park LECOM Harborcenter and a number of shops and restaurants A restored 1924 carousel now solar powered and a replica boathouse were added to Canalside in 2021 176 177 Other city attractions include the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site the Michigan Street Baptist Church Buffalo RiverWorks Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino Buffalo Transportation Pierce Arrow Museum and the Nash House Museum 147 The National Buffalo Wing Festival is held every Labor Day at Highmark Stadium 178 Since 2002 it has served over 4 8 million Buffalo wings and has had a total attendance of 865 000 179 The Taste of Buffalo is a two day food festival held in July at Niagara Square attracting 450 000 visitors annually 180 Other events include the Allentown Art Festival the Polish American Dyngus Day the Elmwood Avenue Festival of the Arts Juneteenth in Martin Luther King Jr Park the World s Largest Disco in October and Friendship Festival in summer which celebrates Canada US relations 147 Sports EditMain article Sports in Buffalo Professional sports teams in Buffalo Team Sport League Began Venue capacity ChampionshipsBuffalo Bandits Lacrosse National Lacrosse League 1991 KeyBank Center 19 070 1992 1993 1996 2008Buffalo Bills American football National Football League 1959 Highmark Stadium 71 608 1964 and 1965 h Buffalo Bisons Baseball International League 1979 Sahlen Field 16 600 1997 1998 2004Buffalo Sabres Ice hockey National Hockey League 1970 KeyBank Center 19 070 Buffalo Beauts Ice hockey Premier Hockey Federation 2015 Northtown Center 1 800 2017Buffalo has two major professional sports teams the Buffalo Sabres National Hockey League and the Buffalo Bills National Football League The Bills were a founding member of the American Football League in 1960 and have played at Highmark Stadium in Orchard Park since they moved from War Memorial Stadium in 1973 They are the only NFL team based in New York State i Before the Super Bowl era the Bills won the American Football League Championship in 1964 and 1965 With mixed success throughout their history the Bills had a close loss in Super Bowl XXV and returned to consecutive Super Bowls after the 1991 1992 and 1993 seasons losing each time 181 The Sabres an expansion team in 1970 share KeyBank Center with the Buffalo Bandits of the National Lacrosse League The Bandits are the most successful of the city s three major league teams with four championships 182 The Bills Sabres and Bandits are owned by Pegula Sports and Entertainment Several colleges and universities in the area field intercollegiate sports teams the Buffalo Bulls and the Canisius Golden Griffins compete in NCAA Division I The Bulls have 16 varsity sports in the Mid American Conference MAC 183 the Golden Griffins field 15 teams in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference MAAC with the men s hockey team part of the Atlantic Hockey Association AHA 184 The Bulls participate in the Football Bowl Subdivision the highest level of college football Buffalo s minor league teams include the Buffalo Bisons Triple A baseball who play at Sahlen Field and the Buffalo Beauts National Women s Hockey League Sahlen Field home of the Buffalo Bisons since 1988Parks and recreation EditMain article Parks and recreation in Buffalo New York Tifft Nature Preserve Frederick Law Olmsted described Buffalo as being the best planned city in the United States if not the world 185 With encouragement from city stakeholders he and Calvert Vaux augmented the city s grid plan by drawing inspiration from Paris and introducing landscape architecture with aspects of the countryside 186 Their plan would introduce a system of interconnected parks parkways and trails unlike the singular Central Park in New York City 186 The largest would be Delaware Park across Forest Lawn Cemetery to amplify the amount of open space 186 With construction of the system finishing in 1876 it is regarded as the country s oldest however some of Olmsted s plans were never fully realized 185 Some parks later diminished and succumbed to diseases highway construction and weather events such as Lake Storm Aphid in 2006 93 186 The non profit Buffalo Olmsted Park Conservancy was created in 2004 to help preserve the 850 acres 340 ha of parkland 187 Olmsted s work in Buffalo inspired similar efforts in cities such as San Francisco Chicago and Boston 186 The city s Division of Parks and Recreation manages over 180 parks and facilities seven recreational centers twenty one pools and splash pads and three ice rinks 188 The 350 acre 140 ha Delaware Park features the Buffalo Zoo Hoyt Lake a golf course and playing fields Buffalo collaborated with its sister city Kanazawa to create the park s Japanese Garden in 1970 where cherry blossoms bloom in the spring 189 Opening in 1976 Tifft Nature Preserve in South Buffalo is on 264 acres 107 ha of remediated industrial land The preserve is an Important Bird Area including a meadow with trails for hiking and cross country skiing marshland and fishing 190 The Olmsted designed Cazenovia and South Parks the latter home to the Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens are also in South Buffalo 191 According to the Trust for Public Land Buffalo s 2022 ParkScore ranking had high marks for access to parks with 89 percent of city residents living within a ten minute walk from a park The city ranked lower in acreage however nine percent of city land is devoted to parks compared with the national median of about fifteen percent 192 Looking down Canalside s Central Wharf Efforts to convert Buffalo s former industrial waterfront into recreational space have attracted national attention with some writers comparing its appeal to that of Niagara Falls 193 Redevelopment of the waterfront began in the early 2000s with the reconstruction of historically aligned canals on the site of the former Buffalo Memorial Auditorium Placemaking initiatives would lead to the area s popularity rather than permanent buildings and attractions 194 Under Mayor Byron Brown Canalside was cited by the Brookings Institution as an example of waterfront revitalization for other U S cities to follow 195 Summer events have included paddle boating and fitness classes and the frozen canals permit ice skating curling and ice cycling in winter 193 Its success spurred the state to create Buffalo Harbor State Park in 2014 the park has trails open recreation areas bicycle paths and piers 196 The park s Gallagher Beach the city s only public beach has prohibited swimming due to high bacteria levels and other environmental concerns 197 The Shoreline Trail passes through Buffalo near the Outer Harbor Centennial Park and the Black Rock Canal 198 The North Buffalo Tonawanda rail trail begins in Shoshone Park near the LaSalle metro station in North Buffalo 199 Government EditMain article Politics and government of Buffalo New York See also List of mayors of Buffalo New York Buffalo Police Department and Buffalo Fire Department Common Council Chamber Buffalo City Hall Buffalo has a Strong mayor council government As the chief executive of city government the mayor oversees the heads of the city s departments participates in ceremonies boards and commissions and is as the liaison between the city and local cultural institutions 200 Some agencies including utilities urban renewal and public housing are state and federally funded public benefit corporations semi independent of city government 201 Byron Brown the city s first African American mayor has held the office since 2006 longer than anyone else Brown defeated by India Walton in the 2021 mayoral primary election began a write in campaign for the general election 202 Brown initially denied Walton the chance to become the first female and socialist mayor of Buffalo winning just under 60 of the votes 203 No Republican has been mayor of Buffalo since Chester A Kowal in 1965 204 With its nine districts the Buffalo Common Council enacts laws levies taxes and approves mayoral appointees and the city budget 205 Pastor Darius Pridgen has been the Common Council president since 2014 206 Generally reflecting the city s electorate all nine councilmen are members of the Democratic Party Buffalo is the Erie County seat and is within five of the county s eleven legislative districts 207 The city is part of the Eighth Judicial District Court cases handled at the city level include misdemeanors violations housing matters and claims under 15 000 more severe cases are handled at the county level 208 Buffalo is represented by members of the New York State Assembly and New York State Senate At the federal level the city takes up most of New York s 26th congressional district and has been represented by Democrat Brian Higgins since 2005 Federal offices in the city include the Buffalo District of the United States Army Corps of Engineers Great Lakes and Ohio River Division the Federal Bureau of Investigation 209 and the United States District Court for the Western District of New York In 2020 the city spent 519 million on the effects of the COVID 19 pandemic 210 The proposed 2021 22 city budget was 534 5 million a 2 3 percent increase over 2020 needs update supplemented by about 50 million in federal stimulus money The proposed budget includes a slight increase in the commercial tax and a slight decrease in the residential tax to compensate for the pandemic 211 212 Public safety Edit Buffalo New YorkCrime rates 2019 213 Violent crimesHomicide47Rape121Robbery802Aggravated assault1 563Total violent crime2 533 Property crimesBurglary1 609Larceny theft6 008Motor vehicle theft678Total property crime8 295 Notes Number of reported crimes per 100 000 population Arson data not provided 2019 est population 255 244Source Buffalo City Police DepartmentBuffalo is served by the Buffalo Police Department The police commissioner is Byron Lockwood who was appointed by Mayor Byron Brown in 2018 214 Although some criminal activity in the city remains higher than the national average total crimes have decreased since the 1990s one reason may be the gun buyback program implemented by the Brown administration in the mid 2000s 215 Before this the city was part of the nationwide crack epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s and its accompanying record high crime levels 215 In 2018 city police began wearing 300 body cameras 216 A 2021 Partnership for the Public Good report noted that the BPD which had a 2020 21 budget of about 145 7 million had an above average police to citizen ratio of 28 9 officers per 10 000 residents in 2020 higher than peer cities Minneapolis and Toledo Ohio 217 The force had a roster of 740 officers during the year about two thirds of whom handled emergency requests road patrol and other non office assignments 217 The department has been criticized for misconduct and brutality including the 2004 wrongful termination of officer Cariol Horne for opposing police brutality toward a suspect 218 and a 2020 protest shoving incident 219 The Buffalo Fire Department and American Medical Response AMR handle fire protection and emergency medical services EMS calls in the city 220 The fire department has about 710 firefighters 221 and thirty five stations including twenty three engine companies and twelve ladder companies 222 The department also operates the Edward M Cotter considered the world s oldest active fireboat 223 With vacant and abandoned homes prone to arson squatting prostitution and other criminal activities the fire and police department s resources were overburdened before the 2010s Buffalo ranked second nationwide to St Louis for vacant homes per capita in 2007 and the city began a five year program to demolish five thousand vacant damaged and abandoned homes 224 225 On May 14 2022 there was a mass shooting in a Tops supermarket on the East Side of Buffalo where 13 victims were shot in a racially motivated attack by a white supremacist who was not a Buffalo native Ten victims all of whom were Black were murdered and three were injured 226 227 Media EditMain article Media in Buffalo New York The Buffalo News headquarters Buffalo s major daily newspaper is The Buffalo News Established in 1880 as the Buffalo Evening News the newspaper is estimated to have a daily circulation of 87 000 and 125 000 on Sundays down from a high of 300 000 228 Other newspapers in the Buffalo area include The Public the Black focused Challenger Community News 229 The Record of Buffalo State College 230 The Spectrum of the University at Buffalo 231 and Buffalo Business First 232 Eighteen radio stations are licensed in Buffalo including an FM station at Buffalo State College 233 Over ninety FM and AM radio signals can be received throughout the city 234 Eight full power television outlets serve the city Major stations include WKBW TV ABC WIVB TV CBS WGRZ NBC WUTV Fox received in parts of Southern Ontario and WNED TV PBS WNED reported that most of the station s members live in the Greater Toronto Area 235 According to Nielsen Media Research the Buffalo television market was the 51st largest in the United States as of 2020 update 236 Movies shooting significant footage in Buffalo include Hide in Plain Sight 1980 237 Tuck Everlasting 1981 237 Best Friends 1982 237 The Natural 1984 237 Vamping 1984 237 Canadian Bacon 1995 237 Buffalo 66 1998 237 Manna from Heaven 2002 237 Bruce Almighty 2003 238 The Savages 2007 237 Slime City Massacre 2010 Henry s Crime 2011 237 Sharknado 2 The Second One 2014 238 Killer Rack 2015 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Out of the Shadows 2016 239 Marshall 2016 238 The American Side 2017 240 The First Purge 2018 241 The True Adventures of Wolfboy 2019 242 A Quiet Place Part II 2021 243 and Guns of Eden 2022 Although higher Buffalo production costs led to some films being finished elsewhere tax credits and other economic incentives have enabled new film studios and production facilities to open 244 In 2021 several studio projects were in the planning stages 245 246 Education EditMain articles List of colleges and universities in Buffalo New York and Buffalo Public Schools Primary and secondary education Edit City Honors School The Buffalo Public Schools have about thirty four thousand students enrolled in their primary and secondary schools 247 The district administers about sixty public schools including thirty six primary schools five middle high schools fourteen high schools and three alternative schools with a total of about 3 500 teachers 248 Its board of education authorized by the state has nine elected members who select the superintendent and oversee the budget curriculum personnel and facilities 249 250 In 2020 the graduation rate was seventy six percent 251 The public City Honors School was ranked the top high school in the city and 178th nationwide by U S News amp World Report in 2021 252 There are twenty charter schools in Buffalo with some oversight by the district 253 The city has over a dozen private schools including Bishop Timon St Jude High School Canisius High School Mount Mercy Academy and Nardin Academy all Roman Catholic and Darul Uloom Al Madania and Universal School of Buffalo both Islamic schools nonsectarian options include Buffalo Seminary and the Nichols School 254 Colleges and universities Edit The quad at Buffalo State College Founded by Millard Fillmore the University at Buffalo UB is one of the State University of New York s two flagship universities and the state s largest public university A Research I university 255 over 32 000 undergraduate graduate and professional students attend its thirteen schools and colleges 256 257 Two of UB s three campuses the South and Downtown Campuses are in the city but most university functions take place at the large North Campus in Amherst 258 In 2020 U S News amp World Report ranked UB the 34th best public university and 88th in national universities 259 Buffalo State College founded as a normal school is one of SUNY s thirteen comprehensive colleges 260 The city s four year private institutions include Canisius College Medaille College and D Youville University SUNY Erie the county s two year public higher education institution and the for profit Bryant amp Stratton College have small downtown campuses 261 Libraries Edit Reading Park at Buffalo s Central LibraryEstablished in 1835 Buffalo s main library is the Central Library of the Buffalo amp Erie County Public Library system Rebuilt in 1964 it contains an auditorium the original manuscript of the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn donated by Mark Twain and a collection of about two million books 262 Its Grosvenor Room maintains a special collections listing of nearly five hundred thousand resources for researchers 263 A pocket park funded by Southwest Airlines opened in 2020 and brought landscaping improvements and seating to Lafayette Square 264 The system s free library cards are valid at the city s eight branch libraries and at member libraries throughout Erie County 265 Infrastructure EditHealthcare Edit Nine hospitals are operated in the city Oishei Children s Hospital and Buffalo General Medical Center by Kaleida Health Mercy Hospital and Sisters of Charity Hospital Catholic Health Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center the county run Erie County Medical Center ECMC Buffalo VA Medical Center BryLin Psychiatric Hospital and the state operated Buffalo Psychiatric Center 266 John R Oishei Children s Hospital built in 2017 is adjacent to Buffalo General Medical Center on the 120 acre 49 ha Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus north of downtown 267 its Gates Vascular Institute specializes in acute stroke recovery 268 The medical campus includes the University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences the Hauptman Woodward Medical Research Institute and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center ranked the 14th best cancer treatment center in the United States by U S News amp World Report 269 Transportation Edit Main article Transportation in Buffalo New York Buffalo Metro Rail train at the Amherst Street station Growth and changing transportation needs altered Buffalo s grid plan which was developed by Joseph Ellicott in 1804 His plan laid out streets like the spokes of a wheel naming them after Dutch landowners and Native American tribes 270 City streets expanded outward denser in the west and spreading out east of Main Street 271 Buffalo is a port of entry with Canada the Peace Bridge crosses the Niagara River and links the Niagara Thruway I 190 and Queen Elizabeth Way 272 I 190 NY 5 and NY 33 are the primary expressways serving the city carrying a total of over 245 000 vehicles daily j 273 NY 5 carries traffic to the Southtowns and NY 33 carries traffic to the eastern suburbs and the Buffalo Airport 274 The east west Scajacquada Expressway NY 198 bisects Delaware Park connecting I 190 with the Kensington Expressway NY 33 on the city s East Side to form a partial beltway around the city center 275 The Scajacquada and Kensington Expressways and the Buffalo Skyway NY 5 have been targeted for redesign or removal 276 Other major highways include US 62 on the city s East Side 277 NY 354 and a portion of NY 130 both east west routes 278 and NY 265 NY 266 and NY 384 all north south routes on the city s West Side 279 Buffalo has a higher than average percentage of households without a car 30 percent in 2015 decreasing to 28 2 percent in 2016 the 2016 national average was 8 7 percent Buffalo averaged 1 03 cars per household in 2016 compared to the national average of 1 8 280 Reddy Bikeshare at 250 Delaware Avenue The Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority NFTA operates the region s public transit including its airport light rail system buses and harbors The NFTA operates 323 buses on 61 lines throughout Western New York 281 Buffalo Metro Rail is a 6 4 mi long 10 3 km line which runs from Canalside to the University Heights district The line s downtown section south of the Fountain Plaza station runs at grade and is free of charge 282 The Buffalo area ranks twenty third nationwide in transit ridership with thirty trips per capita per year 283 Expansions have been proposed since Buffalo Metro Rail s inception in the 1980s with the latest plan in the late 2010s reaching the town of Amherst 284 Buffalo Niagara International Airport in Cheektowaga has daily scheduled flights by domestic charter and regional carriers 285 The airport handled nearly five million passengers in 2019 286 It received a J D Power award in 2018 for customer satisfaction at a mid sized airport 287 and underwent a 50 million expansion in 2020 21 288 The airport light rail small boat harbor and buses are monitored by the NFTA s transit police 289 Buffalo has an Amtrak intercity train station Buffalo Exchange Street station which was rebuilt in 2020 290 The city s eastern suburbs are served by Amtrak s Buffalo Depew station in Depew which was built in 1979 Buffalo was a major stop on through routes between Chicago and New York City through the lower Ontario Peninsula trains stopped at Buffalo Central Terminal which operated from 1929 to 1979 291 Intercity buses depart and arrive from the NFTA s Metropolitan Transportation Center on Ellicott Street 292 Since Buffalo adopted a complete streets policy in 2008 efforts have been made to accommodate cyclists and pedestrians into new infrastructure projects Improved corridors have bike lanes 293 and Niagara Street received separate bike lanes in 2020 294 Walk Score gave Buffalo a somewhat walkable rating of 68 out of 100 with Allentown and downtown considered more walkable than other areas of the city 295 Utilities Edit Buffalo s water system is operated by Veolia Water and water treatment begins at the Colonel Francis G Ward Pumping Station 296 When it opened in 1915 the station s capacity was second only to Paris 297 Wastewater is treated by the Buffalo Sewer Authority its coverage extending to the eastern suburbs 298 National Grid and New York State Electric amp Gas NYSEG provide electricity and National Fuel Gas provides natural gas 299 The city s primary telecommunications provider is Spectrum 299 Verizon Fios serves the North Park neighborhood A 2018 report by Ookla noted that Buffalo was one of the bottom five U S cities in average download speeds at 66 megabits per second 300 The city s Department of Public Works manages Buffalo s snow and trash removal and street cleaning 301 Snow removal generally operates from November 15 to April 1 A snow emergency is declared by the National Weather Service after a snowstorm and the city s roads major sidewalks and bridges are cleared by over seventy snowplows within 24 hours 302 Rock salt is the principal agent for preventing snow accumulation and melting ice Snow removal may coincide with driving bans and parking restrictions 303 304 The area along the Outer Harbor is the most dangerous driving area during a snowstorm 302 when weather conditions dictate the Buffalo Skyway is closed by the city s police department 305 To prevent ice jams which may impact hydroelectric plants in Niagara Falls the New York Power Authority and Ontario Power Generation began installing an ice boom annually in 1964 The boom s installation date is temperature dependent 306 and it is removed on April 1 unless there is more than 650 km2 250 sq mi of ice remaining on eastern Lake Erie 307 It stretches 2 680 m 8 790 ft from the outer breakwall at the Buffalo Outer Harbor to the Canadian shore near Fort Erie 308 Originally made of wood the boom now consists of steel pontoons 309 Steel Winds a local wind farm with city of Buffalo seen in background across Lake ErieNotable residents EditFurther information List of people from Buffalo New YorkSister cities EditBuffalo has fifteen sister cities 310 Aboadze Ghana Cape Coast Ghana 1976 Changzhou China 2011 Dortmund Germany 1972 Drohobych Ukraine 2000 Horlivka Ukraine 2007 Kanazawa Japan 1962 Kiryat Gat Israel 1977 Lille France 2000 Rzeszow Poland 1975 Saint Ann Jamaica 2007 Siena Italy 1961 Torremaggiore Italy 2004 Tver Russia 1989 Wolverhampton United Kingdom Yildirim Turkey 2010 See also Edit New York state portal United States portal Cities portalArchitecture of Buffalo New York Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo Buffalo crime family Buffalo wing History of Buffalo New York Inland Northern American English List of City of Buffalo landmarks and historic districts List of mayors of Buffalo New York List of people from Buffalo New York List of routes of City of Buffalo streetcars National Register of Historic Places listings in Buffalo New York Sports in Buffalo Politics and government of Buffalo New York Timeline of Buffalo New YorkExplanatory notes Edit Foreign entities were not allowed to own land in New York State until 1798 Goldman 1983a p 27 Sources disagree on the creek s etymology 26 27 28 Although its name possibly originated from French fur traders and Native Americans calling the creek Beau Fleuve French for beautiful river 26 27 Buffalo Creek may have been named after the American buffalo whose range may have extended into Western New York 28 29 17 When traveling with an ox and wagon team Mean monthly maxima and minima i e the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020 Official records for Buffalo kept January 1871 to June 1943 at downtown and at Buffalo Niagara Int l since July 1943 For more information see Threadex From a 15 percent sample An exception before the mid 20th century was Jewish residents of the East Side during the 1920s although they left the neighborhood through the 1960s Goldman 1983b p 215 The Buffalo Bills championships in 1964 and 1965 were with the American Football League prior to the AFL NFL Merger The New York Jets and the New York Giants play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford New Jersey Average annual daily traffic 2019 References Edit Neville Anne August 16 2009 Who are we Queen City Flour City Nickel City what s with all the nicknames for Buffalo The Buffalo News Archived from the original on June 22 2021 Retrieved May 26 2021 ArcGIS REST Services Directory United 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2753 doi 10 1177 0042098009346326 S2CID 154853805 Archived from the original on June 22 2021 Retrieved June 9 2021 Kraus Neil 2000 Race neighborhoods and community power Buffalo politics 1934 1997 Albany State University of New York Press p 1 ISBN 978 0791447437 OCLC 43296770 Buffalo one of the most segregated cities in the United States Partnership for the Public Good June 22 2015 From Puerto Rico to Buffalo PDF Partnership for the Public Good Archived PDF from the original on May 11 2021 Retrieved May 11 2021 Ellis David Maldwyn 1979 The Peoples of New York New York State and City Ithaca N Y Cornell University Press p 39 ISBN 9780801411809 Retrieved May 28 2021 a b c Partnership for the Public Good February 28 2018 Immigrants Refugees and Languages Spoken in Buffalo PDF Partnership for the Public Good Archived PDF from the original on September 26 2018 Retrieved May 10 2021 ACS State and Local Income Poverty and Health Insurance Statistics United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on May 4 2021 Retrieved May 24 2021 Raja Samina Yadav Pavan June 2008 Beyond Food Deserts Measuring and Mapping Racial Disparities in Neighborhood Food Environments Journal of Planning Education and Research 27 4 469 doi 10 1177 0739456X08317461 S2CID 40262352 Archived from the original on April 14 2020 Retrieved May 9 2021 Scanlon Scott March 27 2020 Covid 19 or not Western New York has serious health issues The Buffalo News Archived from the original on March 10 2021 Retrieved May 24 2021 Partnership for the Public Good Public Education In Buffalo And The Region PDF Partnership for the Public Good Archived PDF from the original on May 24 2021 Retrieved May 24 2021 Nicholas Mark A 2006 Practicing Local Faith amp Local Politics Senecas Presbyterianism and A New Indian Mission History Pennsylvania History A Journal of Mid Atlantic Studies 73 1 69 72 doi 10 2307 pennhistory 73 1 0069 ISSN 0031 4528 JSTOR 27778719 S2CID 157731538 Archived from the original on May 8 2021 Retrieved May 8 2021 Herbeck Dan May 23 2020 Facing huge debts Buffalo Diocese studies possible mergers of churches schools The Buffalo News Archived from the original on May 22 2021 Retrieved May 21 2021 2010 U S religion census religious congregations amp membership study an enumeration by nation state and county based on data reported for 236 religious groups Kansas City Mo Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies 2012 p 397 ISBN 978 0615623443 Kotzin Chana Revell 2013 Jewish community of Greater Buffalo Charleston South Carolina Arcadia Publishing pp 12 16 ISBN 978 1 4671 2006 7 Watson Stephen T March 27 2020 Synagogues in Buffalo Ontario plan online Shabbat service The Buffalo News Archived from the original on May 22 2021 Retrieved May 21 2021 Reinl James February 2 2016 Muslim refugees in Buffalo defy stereotypes Middle East Eye Archived from the original on May 22 2021 Retrieved May 22 2021 Krishna Ashima August 30 2019 A new solution for America s empty churches A change of faith The Conversation Archived from the original on May 22 2021 Retrieved May 22 2021 Neville Anne September 8 2019 Hindu festival honoring Lord Ganesha is new beginning of welcoming community The Buffalo News Archived from the original on May 22 2021 Retrieved May 22 2021 Keenan John December 7 2016 Where is the world s most godless city The Guardian Archived from the original on May 22 2021 Retrieved May 22 2021 Buffalo Business First 2020 Book of Lists Major Employers PDF Invest Buffalo Niagara Invest Buffalo Niagara Archived PDF from the original on May 16 2021 Retrieved May 12 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a author1 has generic name help a b Buffalo Metro Economic Indicators Federal Reserve Bank of New York 2020 Archived from the original on May 26 2021 Retrieved May 26 2021 a b c d e University at Buffalo Regional Institute 2017 Buffalo Niagara Labor Market Assessment 2017 PDF University at Buffalo Regional Institute Invest Buffalo Niagara pp 6 11 22 27 Archived PDF from the original on May 16 2021 Retrieved May 12 2021 GDP by County Metro and Other Areas Bureau of Economic Analysis Archived from the original on January 15 2021 Retrieved May 5 2021 Ksiazek Kristin Weaver Rusty Magavern Sam September 19 2019 Distinguishing The Social Sector A Buffalo Niagara Labor Market Study PDF Partnership for the Public Good pp 4 5 Archived PDF from the original on May 16 2021 Retrieved May 12 2021 Lane Paul January 25 2020 Government dominates largest Buffalo employers list Buffalo Business First American City Business Journals Archived from the original on January 20 2021 Retrieved May 12 2021 Glynn Matt June 9 2021 M amp T Bank drops six spots to No 444 on Fortune 500 The Buffalo News Archived from the original on June 9 2021 Retrieved June 9 2021 Goldman Mark 2007 City on the edge Buffalo New York Amherst N Y Prometheus Books chpt 14 ISBN 9781591024576 OCLC 74648927 Abel Jaison R September 26 2019 The Buffalo Economy Since the Great Recession Federal Reserve Bank of New York p 13 Archived from the original on March 21 2021 Retrieved May 12 2021 McKinley Jesse July 2 2018 Cuomo s Buffalo Billion Is New York Getting Its Money s Worth The New York Times Archived from the original on May 8 2021 Retrieved May 12 2021 Robinson David January 26 2021 Buffalo Niagara jobless rate rises to 7 5 as orange zone limits take a toll The Buffalo News Archived from the original on March 17 2021 Retrieved May 12 2021 Bureau of Labor Statistics Data Local Area Unemployment Statistics Bureau of Labor Statistics Archived from the original on March 19 2021 Retrieved May 12 2021 Edwards Roxanna Smith Sean M April 28 2020 Job market remains tight in 2019 as the unemployment rate falls to its lowest level since 1969 Monthly Labor Review doi 10 21916 mlr 2020 8 Archived from the original on May 1 2021 Retrieved May 12 2021 Healy Ed Buffalo NY Theatres Visit Buffalo Niagara Archived from the original on 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December 12 2020 Retrieved May 6 2021 Preval Jeff May 18 2021 Outer Harbor amphitheater would replace concert venue at Canalside WGRZ Tegna Inc Retrieved June 22 2021 a b c Smyczynski Christine A 2018 City of Buffalo Explorer s guide Buffalo amp Niagara Falls New York NY The Countryman Press pp 31 84 ISBN 9781581574463 OCLC 1033675525 Mason Pete February 18 2021 Buffalo s Colored Musicians Club the Last Venue of its Kind NYS Music NYSMusic com Archived from the original on February 18 2021 Retrieved May 6 2021 Continelli Louise September 15 1996 Rick James adored by the famous and obscure Buffalo s celebrated son mirrors the America cracked tragedy The Buffalo News Archived from the original on March 15 2021 Retrieved May 6 2021 Miers Jeff August 13 2014 Considering the musical legacy of Rick James in Buffalo The Buffalo News Archived from the original on May 6 2021 Retrieved May 6 2021 Bialczak Mark June 21 2009 Spyro Gyra remembers the days when Syracuse was Buffalo extended for them song syracuse com Advance Publications Archived from the original on May 6 2021 Retrieved May 6 2021 Lippa Nick October 13 2020 Grover Washington Jr mural brings a little Mister Magic to Buffalo s East Side WBFO Archived from the original on January 16 2021 Retrieved May 6 2021 Glor Jeff February 20 2021 Ani DiFranco on new album Revolutionary Love career and marriage CBS News Archived from the original on March 20 2021 Retrieved May 6 2021 Kelley Frannie December 19 2019 Griselda Set Out To Be Your Favorite Rapper s Favorite Rappers It s Paying Off NPR Archived from the original on December 19 2020 Retrieved May 6 2021 The World s Top Ten Food Cities National Geographic February 2015 Archived from the original on August 11 2015 Retrieved July 30 2015 Trillin Calvin August 25 1980 An attempt to compile the short history of the Buffalo chicken wing The New Yorker Archived from the original on February 16 2014 Retrieved May 6 2021 and Galarneau Andrew Z May 2 2014 At 50 the Buffalo style chicken wing has conquered the world The Buffalo News Archived from the original on March 9 2021 Retrieved May 7 2021 Delany Alex July 30 2018 Who Serves the Best Wings in Buffalo I Ate at 12 Spots to Find Out Bon Appetit Conde Nast Archived from the original on February 5 2021 Retrieved May 5 2021 a b Bovino Arthur 2018 Buffalo Wings in Buffalo A World of Difference in Wings Buffalo Everything A Guide to Eating in The Nickel City The Countryman Press pp 19 108 ISBN 978 1 68268 123 7 For the record Duff s beat Anchor on Travel Channel s Food Wars in 2010 and when President Obama visited the city he visited Duff s Swanson Stevenson May 14 2003 Star grazing Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on May 23 2020 Retrieved May 16 2021 Bovino Arthur 2018 Buffalo America s Most Underrated Pizza City Buffalo Everything A Guide to Eating in The Nickel City The Countryman Press pp 109 111 ISBN 978 1 68268 123 7 Bovino Arthur 2018 Boozing Up Buffalo Last Call 4 AM Buffalo Everything A Guide to Eating in The Nickel City The Countryman Press pp 303 330 ISBN 978 1 68268 123 7 Tucker Elizabeth McHale Ellen 2013 Foodways New York State Folklife Reader Diverse Voices Jackson University Press of Mississippi pp 235 237 ISBN 978 1 62103 967 9 Archived from the original on May 10 2021 Retrieved May 10 2021 Fink James September 27 2019 Sweet deal How Ted Marks grew Fowler s Chocolates Buffalo Business First American City Business Journals Archived from the original on May 10 2021 Retrieved May 10 2021 and Carey Elizabeth February 22 2011 Buffalo sponge candy makes national TV Buffalo Business First American City Business Journals Archived from the original on February 25 2011 Retrieved May 10 2021 Bovino Arthur 2018 Buffalo is Just One Big Fish Fry Buffalo Everything A Guide to Eating in The Nickel City The Countryman Press pp 197 202 ISBN 978 1 68268 123 7 Tsujimoto Ben October 10 2019 Buffalo ethnic food incubator West Side Bazaar picks new location The Buffalo News Archived from the original on April 7 2021 Retrieved May 5 2021 a b Bovino Arthur 2018 Eating Out in Buffalo Beyond Wings Weck and Pizza Buffalo Everything A Guide to Eating in The Nickel City The Countryman Press pp 273 302 ISBN 978 1 68268 123 7 Tsujimoto Ben May 9 2019 In the Buffalo area s crowded food truck landscape why do new trucks open The Buffalo News Archived from the original on May 25 2021 Retrieved May 25 2021 Bay Scott September 18 2020 50 Best Places to Travel in 2021 for a Much needed Vacation Travel Leisure Archived from the original on May 15 2021 Retrieved May 16 2021 Sommer Mark November 22 2019 Albright Knox expansion kicks off with 10M more from Gundlach The Buffalo News Archived from the original on September 25 2020 Retrieved May 6 2021 Sommer Mark March 24 2021 Construction consumes Albright Knox site The Buffalo News Archived from the original on May 6 2021 Retrieved May 5 2021 Kennicott Philip January 2 2020 Perspective I grew up in Upstate New York It took the art of Charles Burchfield to help me rediscover the beauty of its winters The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Archived from the original on November 19 2020 Retrieved May 6 2021 Quaintance Hannah 2018 The Freedom Wall Public Art and Negotiations of African American Heritage in Buffalo New York Future Anterior Project MUSE 15 1 16 29 Archived from the original on August 14 2020 Retrieved May 10 2021 Goldman Mary Kunz November 17 2017 100 Plus Things Buffalo History Museum The Buffalo News Archived from the original on May 10 2021 Retrieved May 6 2021 Buffalo Museum of Science Hours admission and more info NYUp com Advance Publications January 20 2016 Archived from the original on May 10 2021 Retrieved May 6 2021 Dewey Caitlin July 4 2019 How Canalside once a wasteland became Buffalo s pride The Buffalo News Archived from the original on November 8 2020 Retrieved May 6 2021 WGRZ Staff August 5 2020 Canalside carousel marks important milestone WGRZ Retrieved May 6 2021 Licata Elizabeth April 30 2021 A sense of place Buffalo Spree Archived from the original on May 6 2021 Retrieved May 6 2021 Staff August 17 2015 Chicken wing contest pits men women champions at same table The Buffalo News Archived from the original on May 10 2021 Retrieved May 6 2021 Drury Tracey March 17 2021 National Buffalo Wing Festival considers return for 2021 event Buffalo Business First American City Business Journals Archived from the original on May 10 2021 Retrieved May 6 2021 About Us The Taste of Buffalo Taste of Buffalo Festival Archived from the original on March 10 2021 Retrieved June 15 2021 Heyen Billy January 24 2021 When is the last time Bills went to a Super Bowl History of Buffalo s big game appearances Sporting News Archived from the original on February 17 2021 Retrieved May 7 2021 Baumbach Jim May 7 2016 This John Tavares is a lacrosse legend Newsday Archived from the original on April 10 2021 Retrieved May 7 2021 Sports University at Buffalo Archived from the original on January 23 2021 Retrieved May 7 2021 Canisius College Athletics Official Athletics Website Canisius College Athletics Archived from the original on May 2 2021 Retrieved May 7 2021 a b Schuyler David November 3 2015 Parks in Urban America Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History 1 7 doi 10 1093 acrefore 9780199329175 013 58 ISBN 978 0 19 932917 5 Archived from the original on May 10 2021 Retrieved May 9 2021 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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