Chișinău
Chișinău (/ˌkɪʃɪˈnaʊ/ KISH-ə-NOW, US also /ˌkiːʃiːˈnaʊ/ KEE-shee-NOW; Romanian: [kiʃiˈnəw] (listen)), also rendered Kishinev (/ˈkɪʃɪnɒf, -nɛf/ KISH-in-off, -ef, US also /-nɛv/ -ev; Russian: Кишинёв), is the capital and largest city[8] of the Republic of Moldova. The city is Moldova's main industrial and commercial centre, and is located in the middle of the country, on the river Bîc, a tributary of the Dniester. According to the results of the 2014 census, the city proper had a population of 532,513, while the population of the Municipality of Chișinău (which includes the city itself and other nearby communities) was 700,000. Chișinău is the most economically prosperous locality in Moldova and its largest transportation hub. Nearly a third of Moldova's population lives in the metro area.
Chișinău Kishinev | |
|---|---|
City | |
| Chișinău | |
Views of Chișinău: Chișinău City Hall, Triumphal Arch and Nativity Cathedral, Stephen the Great monument, Socrealist architecture and Chișinău Botanical Garden, Endava Tower | |
Flag Coat of arms | |
| Nickname(s): Orașul din piatră albă ("The city of white stone") | |
Chișinău Location of Chișinău in Moldova Chișinău Chișinău (Europe) | |
| Coordinates: 47°01′22″N 28°50′07″E / 47.02278°N 28.83528°ECoordinates: 47°01′22″N 28°50′07″E / 47.02278°N 28.83528°E | |
| Country | Moldova |
| First written mention | 1436[1] |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor–council government |
| • Mayor | Ion Ceban (National Alternative Movement) |
| Area | |
| • City | 123 km2 (47 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 571.6 km2 (217.5 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 85 m (279 ft) |
| Population (2014 census)[3] | |
| • City | 532,513 |
| • Estimate (2019)[4] | 639,000 |
| • Density | 4,329/km2 (11,210/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 702,300 |
| • Rural | 77,000 |
| • Metro | 779,300 |
| Time zone | UTC+02:00 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+03:00 (EEST) |
| Postal code | MD-20xx |
| Area code | +373-22 |
| ISO 3166 code | MD-CU |
| Gross regional product[5] | 2015 |
| – Total | €3.4 billion |
| – Per capita | €6,500 |
| HDI (2021) | 0.835[6] very high · 1st |
| Website | www.chisinau.md |
| a As the population of the Municipality of Chișinău (which comprises the city of Chișinău and 34 other suburban localities)[7] | |
Etymology
The origin of the city's name is unclear. A theory suggests that the name may come from the archaic Romanian word chișla (meaning "spring", "source of water") and nouă ("new"), because it was built around a small spring, at the corner of Pușkin and Albișoara streets.[9]
The other version, formulated by Ștefan Ciobanu, Romanian historian and academician, holds that the name was formed the same way as the name of Chișineu (alternative spelt as Chișinău) in Western Romania, near the border with Hungary. Its Hungarian name is Kisjenő, from which the Romanian name originates.[10] Kisjenő comes from kis "small" and the Jenő, one of the seven Hungarian tribes that entered the Carpathian Basin in 896. At least 24 other settlements are named after the Jenő tribe.[11][12]
Chișinău is known in Russian as Kishinyov (Кишинёв, pronounced [kʲɪʂɨˈnʲɵf]), while Moldova's Russian-language media call it Kishineu (Кишинэу, pronounced [kʲɪʂɨˈnɛʊ]). It is written Kişinöv in the Latin Gagauz alphabet. It was also written as Chișineu in pre-20th-century Romanian[13] and as Кишинэу in the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet. Historically, the English-language name for the city, Kishinev, was based on the modified Russian one because it entered the English language via Russian at the time Chișinău was part of the Russian Empire (e.g. Kishinev pogrom). Therefore, it remains a common English name in some historical contexts. Otherwise, the Romanian-based Chișinău has been steadily gaining wider currency, especially in written language. The city is also historically referred to as German: Kischinau; Polish: Kiszyniów; Ukrainian: Кишинів, romanized: Kyshyniv; or Yiddish: קעשענעװ, romanized: Keshenev.
History
Principality of Moldavia 1436–1812
Russian Empire 1812–1917
Russian Republic 1917
Moldavian Democratic Republic 1917–1918
Kingdom of Romania 1918–1940
Soviet Union 1940–1941
Kingdom of Romania 1941–1944
Soviet Union 1944–1991
Moldova 1991–present
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2015) |
Moldavian period
Founded in 1436 as a monastery village, the city was part of the Principality of Moldavia (which, starting with the 16th century became a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, but still retaining its autonomy). At the beginning of the 19th century Chișinău was a small town of 7,000 inhabitants.
Russian Imperial period
In 1812, in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812), the eastern half of Moldavia was ceded by the Ottomans to the Russian Empire. The newly acquired territories became known as Bessarabia.
Under Russian government, Chișinău became the capital of the newly annexed oblast (later guberniya) of Bessarabia. By 1834, an imperial townscape with broad and long roads had emerged as a result of a generous development plan, which divided Chișinău roughly into two areas: the old part of the town, with its irregular building structures, and a newer city centre and station. Between 26 May 1830 and 13 October 1836 the architect Avraam Melnikov established the Catedrala Nașterea Domnului with a magnificent bell tower. In 1840 the building of the Triumphal Arch, planned by the architect Luca Zaushkevich, was completed. Following this the construction of numerous buildings and landmarks began.
On 28 August 1871, Chișinău was linked by rail with Tiraspol, and in 1873 with Cornești. Chișinău-Ungheni-Iași railway was opened on 1 June 1875 in preparation for the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). The town played an important part in the war between Russia and Ottoman Empire, as the main staging area of the Russian invasion. During the Belle Époque, the mayor of the city was Carol Schmidt, considered[by whom?] one of Chișinău's best mayors. Its population had grown to 92,000 by 1862, and to 125,787 by 1900.[14]
Pogroms and pre-revolution
In the late 19th century, especially due to growing anti-Semitic sentiment in the Russian Empire and better economic conditions in Moldova, many Jews chose to settle in Chișinău. By the year 1897, 46% of the population of Chișinău was Jewish, over 50,000 people.[15]
As part of the pogrom wave organized in the Russian Empire, a large anti-Semitic riot was organized in the town on 19–20 April 1903, which would later be known as the Kishinev pogrom. The rioting continued for three days, resulting in 47 Jews dead, 92 severely wounded, and 500 suffering minor injuries. In addition, several hundred houses and many businesses were plundered and destroyed.[16] Some sources say 49 people were killed.[17] The pogroms are largely believed to have been incited by anti-Jewish propaganda in the only official newspaper of the time, Bessarabetz (Бессарабецъ). Mayor Schmidt disapproved of the incident and resigned later in 1903. The reactions to this incident included a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia on behalf of the American people by US President Theodore Roosevelt in July 1903.[18]
On 22 August 1905 another violent event occurred: the police opened fire on an estimated 3,000 demonstrating agricultural workers. Only a few months later, 19–20 October 1905, a further protest occurred, helping to force the hand of Nicholas II in bringing about the October Manifesto. However, these demonstrations suddenly turned into another anti-Jewish pogrom, resulting in 19 deaths.[18]
Romanian period
Following the Russian October Revolution, Bessarabia declared independence from the crumbling empire, as the Moldavian Democratic Republic, before joining the Kingdom of Romania. As of 1919, Chișinău, with an estimated population of 133,000,[19] became the second largest city in Romania.
Between 1918 and 1940, the center of the city undertook large renovation work. Romania granted important subsidies to its province and initiated large scale investment programs in the infrastructure of the main cities in Bessarabia, expanded the railroad infrastructure and started an extensive program to eradicate illiteracy.
In 1927, the Stephen the Great Monument, by the sculptor Alexandru Plămădeală, was erected. In 1933, the first higher education institution in Bessarabia was established, by transferring the Agricultural Sciences Section of the University of Iași to Chișinău, as the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences.
World War II
On 28 June 1940, as a direct result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Bessarabia was annexed by the Soviet Union from Romania, and Chișinău became the capital of the newly created Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Following the Soviet occupation, mass deportations, linked with atrocities, were executed by the NKVD between June 1940 and June 1941. More than 400 people were summarily executed in Chișinău in July 1940 and buried in the grounds of the Metropolitan Palace, the Chișinău Theological Institute, and the backyard of the Italian Consulate, where the NKVD had established its headquarters.[20] As part of the policy of political repression of the potential opposition to the Communist power, tens of thousand members of native families were deported from Bessarabia to other regions of the USSR.
A devastating earthquake occurred on 10 November 1940, measuring 7.4 (or 7.7, according to other sources) on the Richter scale. The epicenter of the quake was in the Vrancea Mountains, and it led to substantial destruction: 78 deaths and 2,795 damaged buildings (of which 172 were destroyed).[21][22]
In June 1941, in order to recover Bessarabia, Romania entered World War II under the command of the German Wehrmacht, declaring war on the Soviet Union. Chișinău was severely affected in the chaos of the Second World War. In June and July 1941, the city came under bombardment by Nazi air raids. However, the Romanian and newly Moldovan sources assign most of the responsibility for the damage to Soviet NKVD destruction battalions, which operated in Chișinău until 17 July 1941, when it was captured by Axis forces.[23]
During the German and Romanian military administration, the city suffered from the Nazi extermination policy of its Jewish inhabitants, who were transported on trucks to the outskirts of the city and then summarily shot in partially dug pits. The number of Jews murdered during the initial occupation of the city is estimated at 10,000 people.[24] During this time, Chișinău, part of the Lăpușna County, was the capital of the newly established Bessarabia Governorate of Romania.[25]
As the war drew to a conclusion, the city was once again the scene of heavy fighting as German and Romanian troops retreated. Chișinău was captured by the Red Army on 24 August 1944 as a result of the Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive.
Soviet period
After the war, Bessarabia was fully reintegrated into the Soviet Union, around 65 percent of its territory as the Moldavian SSR, while the remaining 35 percent was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR.
Two other waves of deportations of Moldova's native population were carried out by the Soviets, the first one immediately after the Soviet reoccupation of Bessarabia until the end of the 1940s, and the second one in the mid-1950s.[26][27]
In the years 1947 to 1949, the architect Alexey Shchusev developed a plan with the aid of a team of architects for the gradual reconstruction of the city.[citation needed]
There was rapid population growth in the 1950s, to which the Soviet administration responded by constructing large-scale housing and palaces in the style of Stalinist architecture. This process continued under Nikita Khrushchev, who called for construction under the slogan "good, cheaper and built faster". The new architectural style brought about dramatic change and generated the style that dominates today, with large blocks of flats arranged in considerable settlements.[citation needed] These Khrushchev-era buildings are often informally called Khrushchyovka.
The period of the most significant redevelopment of the city began in 1971, when the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union adopted a decision "On the measures for further development of the city of Kishinev", which secured more than one billion rubles in investment from the state budget,[28] and continued until the independence of Moldova in 1991. The share of dwellings built during the Soviet period (1951–1990) represents 74.3 percent of total households.[29]
On 4 March 1977, the city was again jolted by a devastating earthquake. Several people were killed and panic broke out.
After independence
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Many streets of Chișinău are named after historic persons, places or events. Independence from the Soviet Union was followed by a large-scale renaming of streets and localities from a Communist theme into a national one.[30]
Geography
Chișinău is located on the river Bâc, a tributary of the Dniester, at 47°0′N 28°55′E / 47.000°N 28.917°E, with an area of 120 km2 (46 sq mi). The municipality comprises 635 km2 (245 sq mi).
The city lies in central Moldova and is surrounded by a relatively level landscape with very fertile ground.
Climate
Chișinău has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) characterised by warm summers and cold, windy winters. Winter minimum temperatures are often below 0 °C (32 °F), although they rarely drop below −10 °C (14 °F). In summer, the average maximum temperature is approximately 25 °C (77 °F), however, temperatures occasionally reach 35 to 40 °C (95 to 104 °F) in mid-summer in downtown. Although average precipitation and humidity during summer is relatively low, there are infrequent yet heavy storms.
Spring and autumn temperatures vary between 16 to 24 °C (61 to 75 °F), and precipitation during this time tends to be lower than in summer but with more frequent yet milder periods of rain.
| Climate data for Chișinău (1991–2020, extremes 1886–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.5 (59.9) | 20.7 (69.3) | 25.7 (78.3) | 31.6 (88.9) | 35.9 (96.6) | 37.5 (99.5) | 39.4 (102.9) | 39.2 (102.6) | 37.3 (99.1) | 32.6 (90.7) | 23.6 (74.5) | 18.3 (64.9) | 39.4 (102.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) | 3.4 (38.1) | 9.2 (48.6) | 16.4 (61.5) | 22.3 (72.1) | 26.1 (79.0) | 28.4 (83.1) | 28.3 (82.9) | 22.3 (72.1) | 15.5 (59.9) | 8.1 (46.6) | 2.7 (36.9) | 15.3 (59.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.8 (28.8) | −0.2 (31.6) | 4.5 (40.1) | 11.0 (51.8) | 16.8 (62.2) | 20.7 (69.3) | 22.9 (73.2) | 22.6 (72.7) | 17.0 (62.6) | 10.8 (51.4) | 4.8 (40.6) | −0.2 (31.6) | 10.7 (51.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −4.2 (24.4) | −3.0 (26.6) | 0.7 (33.3) | 6.3 (43.3) | 11.8 (53.2) | 15.9 (60.6) | 17.9 (64.2) | 17.5 (63.5) | 12.5 (54.5) | 7.1 (44.8) | 2.1 (35.8) | −2.5 (27.5) | 6.8 (44.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −28.4 (−19.1) | −28.9 (−20.0) | −21.1 (−6.0) | −6.6 (20.1) | −1.1 (30.0) | 3.6 (38.5) | 7.8 (46.0) | 5.5 (41.9) | −2.4 (27.7) | −10.8 (12.6) | −21.6 (−6.9) | −22.4 (−8.3) | −28.9 (−20.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 36 (1.4) | 31 (1.2) | 35 (1.4) | 39 (1.5) | 54 (2.1) | 65 (2.6) | 67 (2.6) | 49 (1.9) | 48 (1.9) | 47 (1.9) | 43 (1.7) | 41 (1.6) | 555 (21.9) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 7 (2.8) | 6 (2.4) | 3 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (1.2) | 20 (7.9) |
| Average rainy days | 8 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 132 |
| Average snowy days | 13 | 13 | 8 | 1 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 5 | 11 | 51 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 82 | 78 | 71 | 63 | 60 | 63 | 62 | 60 | 66 | 73 | 81 | 83 | 70 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 75 | 80 | 125 | 187 | 254 | 283 | 299 | 295 | 226 | 169 | 75 | 58 | 2,126 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net,[31] NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[32] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[33] | |||||||||||||
Law and government
Municipality
Moldova is administratively subdivided into 3 municipalities, 32 districts, and 2 autonomous units. With a population of 662,836 inhabitants (as of 2014), the Municipality of Chișinău (which includes the nearby communities) is the largest of these municipalities.[34]
Besides the city itself, the municipality comprises 34 other suburban localities: 6 towns (containing further 2 villages within), and 12 communes (containing further 14 villages within). The population, as of the 2014 Moldovan census,[7] is shown in brackets:
Cities/towns
Communes
- Băcioi (10,175)
- Brăila
- Frumușica
- Străisteni
- Bubuieci (8,047)
- Bîc
- Humulești
- Budești (4,928)
- Văduleni
- Ciorescu (5,961)
- Făurești
- Goian
- Colonița (3,367)
- Condrița (595)
- Cruzești (1,815)
- Ceroborta
- Ghidighici (5,051)
- Grătiești (6,183)
- Hulboaca
- Stăuceni (8,694)
- Goianul Nou
- Tohatin (2,596)
- Buneți
- Cheltuitori
- Trușeni (10,380)
- Dumbrava
Administration
Chișinău is governed by the City Council and the City Mayor (Romanian: Primar), both elected once every four years.
His predecessor was Serafim Urechean. Under the Moldovan constitution, Urechean — elected to parliament in 2005 — was unable to hold an additional post to that of an MP. The Democratic Moldova Bloc leader subsequently accepted his mandate and in April resigned from his former position. During his 11-year term, Urechean committed himself to the restoration of the church tower of the Catedrala Nașterea Domnului and improvements in public transport.
Local government
The municipality in its totality elects a mayor and a local council, which then name five pretors, one for each sector. They deal more locally with administrative matters. Each sector claims a part of the city and several suburbs:[35]
Economy
Historically, the city was home to fourteen factories in 1919.[19] Chișinău is the financial and business capital of Moldova. Its GDP comprises about 60% of the national economy[36] reached in 2012 the amount of 52 billion lei (US$4 billion). Thus, the GDP per capita of Chișinău stood at 227% of the Moldova's average. Chișinău has the largest and most developed mass media sector in Moldova, and is home to several related companies ranging from leading television networks and radio stations to major newspapers. All national and international banks (15) have their headquarters located in Chișinău.
Notable sites around Chișinău include the cinema Patria, the new malls Malldova, Megapolis Mall and best-known retailers, such as N1, Fidesco, Green Hills, Fourchette and Metro. While many locals continue to shop at the bazaars, many upper class residents and tourists shop at the retail stores and at Malldova. Elăt, an older mall in the Botanica district, and Sun City, in the center, are more popular with locals.
Several amusement parks exist around the city. A Soviet-era one is located in the Botanica district, along the three lakes of a major park, which reaches the outskirts of the city center. Another, the modern Aventura Park, is located farther from the center. A circus, which used to be in a grand building in the Râșcani sector, has been inactive for several years due to a poorly funded renovation project.[37]
Demographics
| c-census; e-estimate | ||
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| c-census; e-estimate; Source:[4][42] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
According to the results of the 2014 Moldovan census, conducted in May 2014, 532,513 inhabitants live within the Chișinău city limits. This represents a 9.7% drop in the number of residents compared to the results of the 2004 census.
Natural statistics (2015):[43]
- Births: 6,845 (9.8 per 1,000)
- Deaths: 6,433 (7.7 per 1,000)
- Net Growth rate: 412 (2.1 per 1,000)
Population by sector:
| Sector | Population (2004 cen.)[43] | Population (2019 est.)[4] |
|---|---|---|
| Botanica | 156,633 | 170,600 |
| Buiucani | 107,744 | 110,100 |
| Centru | 90,494 | 96,200 |
| Ciocana | 101,834 | 115,900 |
| Râșcani | 132,740 | 146,200 |
Ethnic composition
| Ethnic group | 19301 | 19412 | 19593 | 19704 | 19895 | 20046 | 20147 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Moldovans * | 48,456 | 42.17 | 43,024 | 81.24 | 69,722 | 32.38 | 137,942 | 37.90 | 366,468 | 51.26 | 481,626 | 68.94 | 304,860 | 67.18 |
| Romanians * | 331 | 0.15 | 513 | 0.14 | - | 31,984 | 4.58 | 65,605 | 14.46 | |||||
| Russians | 19,631 | 17.09 | 5,915 | 11.17 | 69,600 | 32.22 | 110,449 | 30.35 | 181,002 | 25.32 | 99,149 | 14.19 | 42,174 | 9.29 |
| Ukrainians | 563 | 0.49 | 1,745 | 3.29 | 25,930 | 12.00 | 51,103 | 14.04 | 98,190 | 13.73 | 58,945 | 8.44 | 26,991 | 5.95 |
| Bulgarians | 541 | 0.47 | 183 | 0.35 | 1,811 | 0.84 | 3,855 | 1.06 | 9,224 | 1.29 | 8,868 | 1.27 | 4,850 | 1.07 |
| Gagauz | - | 17 | 0.03 | 1,476 | 0.68 | 2,666 | 0.73 | 6,155 | 0.86 | 6,446 | 0.92 | 3,108 | 0.68 | |
| Others | 45,705 | 39.78 | 2,078 | 3.92 | 45,626 | 21.12 | 54,688 | 15.03 | 47,525 | 6.65 | 11,605 | 1.66 | 6,210 | 1.37 |
| Total | 114,896 | 52,962 | 216,005 | 363,940 | 714,928 | 712,218 | 469,402 | |||||||
| * Since the independence of Moldova, there is an ongoing controversy over whether Moldovans and Romanians are the same ethnic group. ** These percentages are for the 469,402 reviewed citizens in the 2014 census that answered the ethnicity question. An additional estimated 193,434 inhabitants of the Municipality of Chișinău weren't reviewed. | ||||||||||||||
| 1Source:[1]. 2Source:[2]. 3Source:[3]. 4Source:[4]. 5Source:[5]. 6Source:[6]. 7Source:[7]. | ||||||||||||||
Languages
| First language | 19891 | 20042 | 20143 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | ||
| Romanian* | - | 258,910 | 37.06 | 197,101 | 43.78 | ||
| Moldovan* | 117,527 | 17.34 | 199,547 | 28.56 | 133,027 | 29.55 | |
| Russian | 482,436 | 71.20 | 234,037 | 33.50 | 115,434 | 25.64 | |
| Other languages | 77,627 | 11.46 | 6,106 | 0.87 | 4,635 | 1.03 | |
| Total | 714,928 | 712,218 | 469,402 | ||||
| * The Moldovan language represents the glottonym (dialect) given to the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova. | |||||||
| 1Sursă:[8][failed verification]. 2Sursă:[9]. 3Sursă:[10]. | |||||||
Religion
Chișinău is the seat of the Moldovan Orthodox Church, as well as of the Metropolis of Bessarabia. The city has multiple churches and synagogues.[19]
- Christians – 90.0%
- Orthodox Christians – 88.4%
- Protestant – 1.2%
- Baptists – 0.6%
- Evangelicals – 0.4%
- Pentecostals – 0.2%
- Seventh-day Adventists – 0.1%
- Roman Catholics – 0.4%
- Other – 1.0%
- No religion – 1.4%
- Atheists – 1.5%
- Undeclared – 6.1%
Cityscape
Architecture
Chișinău's growth plan was developed in the 19th century. In 1836 the construction of the Kishinev Cathedral and its belfry was finished. The belfry was demolished in Soviet times and was rebuilt in 1997. Chișinău also displays a tremendous number of Orthodox churches and 19th-century buildings around the city such as Ciuflea Monastery or the Transfiguration Church. Much of the city is made from limestone quarried from Cricova, leaving a famous wine cellar there.
Many modern-style buildings have been built in the city since 1991. There are many office and shopping complexes that are modern, renovated or newly built, including Kentford, SkyTower, and Unión Fenosa headquarters. However, the old Soviet-style clusters of living blocks are still an extensive feature of the cityscape.
Culture and education
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Education
The city is home to 12 public and 11 private universities, the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, a number of institutions offering high school and 1–2 years of college education.
In Chișinău there are several museums. The three national museums are the National Museum of Ethnography & Natural History, the National Museum of Arts and the National Museum of Archaeology & History.
The National Library of Moldova is located in Chișinău.[44]
Waterfall Steps at the Mill Valley Park
Organ Hall
Events and festivals
Chișinău, as well as Moldova as a whole, still show signs of ethnic culture. Signs that say "Patria Mea" (English: My homeland) can be found all over the capital. While few people still wear traditional Moldavian attire, large public events often draw in such original costumes.
Moldova National Wine Day and Wine Festival take place every year in the first weekend of October, in Chișinău. The events celebrate the autumn harvest and recognises the country's long history of winemaking, which dates back some 500 years.[45][46]
In popular culture
The city is the main setting of the 2016 Netflix film Spectral, which takes place in the near future during the fictional Moldovan War.
Media
The majority of Moldova's media industry is based in Chișinău. There are almost 30 FM-radio stations and 10 TV-channels broadcasting in Chișinău. The first radio station in Chișinău, Radio Basarabia, was launched by the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company on 8 October 1939, when the religious service was broadcast on air from the Nativity Cathedral. The first TV station in the city, Moldova 1, was launched on 30 April 1958, while Nicolae Lupan was serving as the redactor-in-chief of TeleRadio-Moldova.[47]
The state national broadcaster in the country is the state-owned Moldova 1, which has its head office in the city. The broadcasts of TeleradioMoldova have been criticised by the Independent Journalism Center as showing 'bias' towards the authorities.[48]
Other TV channels based in Chișinău are Pro TV Chișinău, PRIME, Jurnal TV, Publika TV, CTC, DTV, Euro TV, TV8, etc. In addition to television, most Moldovan radio and newspaper companies have their headquarters in the city. Broadcasters include the national radio Vocea Basarabiei, Prime FM, BBC Moldova, Radio Europa Libera, Kiss FM Chișinău, Pro FM Chișinău, Radio 21, Fresh FM, Radio Nova, Russkoye Radio, Hit FM Moldova, and many others.
The biggest broadcasters are SunTV, StarNet (IPTV), Moldtelecom (IPTV), Satellit and Zebra TV. In 2007 SunTV and Zebra launched digital TV cable networks.
Politics
Elections
Transport
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Airport
Chișinău International Airport offers connections to major destinations in Europe and Asia.
Air Moldova and FlyOne airlines have their headquarters, and Wizz-Air has its hub on the grounds of Chișinău International Airport.[49]
Road
The most popular form of internal transport in Moldova is generally the bus.[citation needed] Although the city has just three main terminals, buses generally serve as the means of transport between cities in and outside of Moldova. Popular destinations include Tiraspol, Odesa (Ukraine), Iași and Bucharest (Romania).
Rail
The second most popular form of domestic transportation within Moldova is via railways. The total length of the network managed by Moldovan Railway CFM (as of 2009[update]) is 1,232 kilometres (766 miles). The entire network is single track and is not electrified. The central hub of all railways is Chișinău Central Railway Station. There is another smaller railway station – Revaca located on the city's ends.
Chișinău Railway Station has an international railway terminal with connections to Bucharest, Kyiv, Minsk, Odesa, Moscow, Samara, Varna and St. Petersburg. Due to the simmering conflict between Moldova and the unrecognised Transnistria republic the rail traffic towards Ukraine is occasionally stopped.[citation needed]
Public transport
Trolleybuses
There is wide trolleybus network operating as common public transportation within city. From 1994, Chișinău saw the establishment of new trolleybus lines, as well as an increase in capacity of existing lines, to improve connections between the urban districts. The network comprises 22 trolleybus lines being 246 km (153 mi) in length. Trolleybuses run between 05:00 and 03:00. There are 320 units daily operating in Chișinău. However the requirements are as minimum as 600 units.[clarification needed] Trolleybus ticket costs at about 6 lei (ca. $0.31). It is the cheapest method of transport within Chișinău municipality.
Buses
There are 29 lines of buses within Chișinău municipality. At each public transportation stops there is attached a schedule for buses and trolleybuses. There are approximately 330 public transportation stops within Chișinău municipality. There is a big lack of buses inside city limits, with only 115 buses operating within Chișinău.[50]
Minibuses
In Chișinău and its suburbs, privately operated minibuses known as "rutieras" generally follow the major bus and trolleybus routes and appear more frequently.[51]
As of October 2017, there are 1,100 units of minibuses operating within Chișinău.Minibuses services are priced the same as buses – 3 lei for a ticket (ca. $0.18).[52]
Traffic
The city traffic becomes more congested as each year passes. Nowadays there are about 300,000 cars in the city plus 100,000 transit transports coming to the city each day.[citation needed] The number of personal transports is expected to reach 550,000 (without transit) by 2025.[citation needed]
Sport
There are three professional football clubs in Chișinău: Zimbru and Academia of the Moldovan National Division (first level), and Real Succes of the Moldovan "A" Division (second level). Of the larger public multi-use stadiums in the city is the Stadionul Dinamo (Dinamo Stadium), which has a capacity of 2,692. The Zimbru Stadium, opened in May 2006 with a capacity of 10,500 sitting places, meets all the requirements for holding official international matches, and was the venue for all Moldova's Euro 2008 qualifying games. There are discussions to build a new olympic stadium with capacity of circa 25,000 seats, that would meet all international requirements. Since 2011 CS Femina-Sport Chișinău has organised women's competitions in seven sports.
Notable people
Natives
- Olga Bancic, known for her role in the French Resistance during World War II
- Petru Cazacu, Prime Minister of the Moldavian Democratic Republic in 1918
- Maria Cebotari, Romanian soprano and actress, one of Europe's greatest opera stars in the 1930s and 1940s
- Toma Ciorbă, Romanian physician and hospital director
- Ion Cuțelaba, UFC light heavyweight fighter
- William F. Friedman, American cryptologist
- Dennis Gaitsgory, professor of mathematics at Harvard University
- Natalia Gheorghiu, pediatric surgeon and professor
- Sarah Gorby, French-Jewish singer
- Anatole Jakovsky, French art critic
- Boris Katz, computer scientist at MIT
- Nathaniel Kleitman, American physiologist
- Avigdor Lieberman, Israeli politician
- Grigory Lvovsky, composer
- Boris Mints, Russian billionaire
- Lewis Milestone, American motion picture director
- Sacha Moldovan, American expressionist and post-impressionist painter
- Ilya Oleynikov, comic actor and television personality
- Nina Pekerman, Israeli triathlete
- Lev Pisarzhevsky, Soviet chemist
- Andrew Rayel, stage name of Andrei Rață, a Moldovan DJ
- Yulia Sister, Israeli chemist
- Alexander Ulanovsky, the chief illegal "rezident" for Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU), prisoner in the Soviet Gulag
- Maria Winetzkaja, American opera singer in the 1910s–1920s
- Iona Yakir, Red Army commander executed during the Great Purge
- Chaim Yassky, Jewish physician killed in the Hadassah medical convoy massacre
- Sam Zemurray, American businessman who made his fortune in the banana trade
- Sergey Spivak, Moldovan Heavyweight UFC fighter
- Rusanda Panfili, Classical violinist & composer
- Patricia Kopatchinskaja, Classical Violinist
Residents
- Dan Balan, musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer
- Gheorghe Botezatu, American engineer, businessman and pioneer of helicopter flight
- Eugen Doga, composer
- Israel Gohberg, Soviet and Israeli mathematician
- Dovid Knut, poet and member of the French Resistance
- Sigmund Mogulesko, singer, actor, and composer
- SunStroke Project, Moldovan representative for the Eurovision Song Contests 2010 and 2017
- Zlata Tkach, composer and music educator
- Maria Biesu, operatic soprano
Twin towns – sister cities
- Alba Iulia, Romania (2011)
- Ankara, Turkey (2004)
- Borlänge, Sweden (2009)
- Bucharest, Romania (1999)
- Chernivtsi, Ukraine (2014)
- Grenoble, France (1977)
- Iași, Romania (2008)
- Kyiv, Ukraine (1999)
- Mannheim, Germany (1989)
- Minsk, Belarus (2000)
- Odesa, Ukraine (1994)
- Reggio Emilia, Italy (1989)
- Sacramento, United States (1990)
- Suceava, Romania (2021)[54]
- Tbilisi, Georgia (2011)
- Tel Aviv, Israel (2000)
- Yerevan, Armenia (2000)
Notes and references
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- ^ "Planul Urbanistic General al Municipiului Chișinău" (Press release). Chișinău City Hall. from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
- ^ a b "Principalele rezultate ale RPL 2014" (Press release). National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova. 31 March 2017. from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Chișinău în cifre. Anuar statistic 2018 - p. 10" (PDF). National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova. (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ "Regional Gross Domestic Product by economic activities, 2013-2015". statbank.statistica.md. Chișinău: NBS. 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
- ^ a b "Population by commune, sex and age groups" (Press release). National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova. 31 March 2017. from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
- ^ "Moldova Pitorească" [The picturesque Moldova] (PDF). natura2000oltenita-chiciu.ro. (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ^ . Kishinev.info (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 22 July 2003. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ . BasarabiaVeche.Com (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
- ^ "Transindex – Határon túli magyar helységnévszótár". Sebok2.adatbank.transindex.ro. from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^ "Racz Anita" (PDF). Mnytud.arts.unideb.hu. (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^ Zamfir C. Arbure (1 January 1898). "Basarabia in secolul XIX ..." C. Göbl – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
- ^ "The Jewish Community of Kishinev". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
- ^ Penkower, Monty Noam (10 September 2004). "The Kishinev Pogrom of 1903: A Turning Point in Jewish History". Modern Judaism. 24 (3): 187–225. doi:10.1093/mj/kjh017. S2CID 170968039. from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019 – via Project MUSE.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, Vol 10, page 1066. Jerusalem, 1971.
- ^ a b "VIRTUAL KISHINEV – 1903 Pogrom". Kishinev.moldline.net. from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^ a b c Kaba, John (1919). Politico-economic Review of Basarabia. United States: American Relief Administration. p. 12. from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
- ^ Andrei Brezianu; Vlad Spânu (26 May 2010). The A to Z of Moldova. Scarecrow Press. pp. 116–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7211-0. from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "Building Damage vs. Territorial Casualty Patterns during the Vrancea (Romania) Earthquakes of 1940 and 1977" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
- ^ "75 de ani de la cutremurul din 1940". 10 November 2015. from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
- ^ Pâslariuc, Virgil. [Who devastated Chisinau in July 1941?]. Historia.ro (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 20 June 2012.
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- ^ Stănică, Viorel (2007). "Administrarea teritoriului României în timpul celui de-al doilea Război Mondial". Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences (in Romanian). 9 (19): 107–116.
- ^ invitat, Autor (15 June 2011). "70 years ago today: 13–14 June 1941, 300,000 were deported from Bessarabia". Moldova.org. from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
- ^ Pereltsvaig, Asya (8 October 2014). "Stalin's Ethnic Deportations—and the Gerrymandered Ethnic Map". LanguagesOfTheWorld.info. from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ . kishinev.info. Archived from the original on 2 May 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
- ^ "Energy consumption in households". NBS. from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
- ^ Light, Duncan; Nicolae, Ion; Suditu, Bogdan (September 2002). "Toponymy and the Communist city: Street names in Bucharest, 1948-1965". GeoJournal. 56 (2): 135–144. doi:10.1023/A:1022469601470. S2CID 140915309. from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
- ^ (in Russian). Погода и климат. May 2011. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "Kisinev Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- ^ "Chisinau, Moldova - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
- ^ Moldovan Law 764-XV from 27 December 2001, Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova, no. 16/53, 29 December 2001
- ^ Moldovan Law 431-XIII from 19 April 1995 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova, no. 31-32/340, 9 June 1995 (in Romanian)
- ^ "CHIŞINĂU ÎN CIFRE : ANUAR STATISTIC" (PDF). Statistica.md. (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^ "SNEAKING INTO AN ABANDONED SOVIET CIRCUS IN MOLDOVA". Ex Utopia. 25 November 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Evoluţia demografică a oraşelor basarabene în prima jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea". Bessarabia.ru. from the original on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^ a b "Jewish Population in Bessarabia and Transnistria – Geographical". Jewishgen.org. from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^ Statistics, National Bureau of (30 September 2009). "// Population Census 2004". from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ [Permanent population in cities and districts on 1 January 2005–2017]. National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
- ^ "Cea mai mare comună din Republica Moldova are 11.123 de locuitori". from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Chișinău în cifre. Anuar statistic 2012" (PDF) (Press release). National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova. (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ "National Library of Moldova". National Library of Moldova. 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
- ^ "Moldova's 'National Wine Day'". Rferl.org. 8 October 2013. from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^ . Moldova-online.travel. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
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- ^ (PDF). Independent Journalism Center. Chișinău. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2006.
- ^ "Air Moldova :: Contacts". Airmoldova.md. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^ "Numărul de troleibuze şi autobuze care vor circula în Chișinău a fost majorat – #diez". from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
- ^ "Chisinau." Chisinau Infos. World Infos, n.d. Web. 9 November 2016.
- ^ . Moldpres. 25 September 2017. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
- ^ "Oraşe înfrăţite". chisinau.md (in Romanian). Chişinău. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
- ^ "Chișinău și Suceava – orașe înfrățite. Consiliul Municipal Chișinău a votat, cu majoritatea voturilor, acordul de înfrăți între cele două municipii". tv8.md (in Romanian). TV8. 23 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
Further reading
- Hamm, Michael F. (March 1998). "Kishinev: The character and development of a Tsarist Frontier Town". Nationalities Papers. 26 (1): 19–37. doi:10.1080/00905999808408548. S2CID 161820811.
External links
- Official website
- Map of Chișinău
- Chişinău, Moldova at JewishGen
- Chisinau online camera