fbpx
Wikipedia

Haplogroup M (mtDNA)

December 28, 2022

This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup M-P256.

Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. An enormous haplogroup spanning all the continents, the macro-haplogroup M, like its sibling the macro-haplogroup N, is a descendant of the haplogroup L3.

Haplogroup M
Possible time of originca. 55,000-65,000 years ago[1] or 50,000-65,000 years ago[2]
Possible place of originSouth Asia,[3][4][5][6][7][8] Southwest Asia,[2][1] Southeast Asia,[9][10] or East Africa[11][12]
AncestorL3
DescendantsM1, M2, M3, M4'45, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10'42, M12'G, M13, M14, M15, M21, M27, M28, M29'Q, M31'32, M33, M34, M35, M36, M39, M40, M41, M44, M46, M47'50, M48, M49, M51, D
Defining mutations263, 489, 10400, 14783, 15043[13]

All mtDNA haplogroups considered native outside of Africa are descendants of either haplogroup M or its sibling haplogroup N.[14] Haplogroup M is relatively young, having a younger most recent common ancestor date than some subclades of haplogroup N such as haplogroup R.[15]

Origins

There is a debate concerning the geographical origins of Haplogroup M and its sibling haplogroup N. Both lineages are thought to have been the main surviving lineages involved in the out of Africa migration (or migrations) because all indigenous lineages found outside Africa belong to haplogroup M or haplogroup N. Scientists are unsure whether the mutations that define haplogroups M and N occurred in Africa before the exit from Africa or in Asia after the exit from Africa. Determining the origins of haplogroup M is further complicated by an early back-migration (from Asia to Africa) of bearers of M1.[5]

Its date of origin in absolute terms is only known with great uncertainty, as reconstruction has yielded different (but overlapping) ranges for the age of M in South Asia and East Asia.The same authors give an estimate for t of L3 as 71.6+15.0
−14.5 kya,[16] later (2011) narrowed to the somewhat younger 65±5 kya.[1] Thus, haplogroup M would have emerged around 10,000 or at most 20,000 years after L3, around or somewhat after the recent out-of-Africa migration event.

Haplogroup M1

Much discussion concerning the origins of haplogroup M has been related to its subclade haplogroup M1, which is the only variant of macro-haplogroup M found in Africa.[14] Two possibilities were being considered as potential explanations for the presence of M1 in Africa:

  1. M was present in the ancient population which later gave rise to both M1 in Africa, and M more generally found in Eurasia.[17]
  2. The presence of M1 in Africa is the result of a back-migration from Asia which occurred sometime after the Out of Africa migration.[5]

Haplogroup M23

In 2009, two independent publications reported a rare, deep-rooted subclade of haplogroup M, referred to as M23, that is present in Madagascar.[18][19]

The contemporary populations of Madagascar were formed in the last 2,000 years by the admixture of Bantu and Indonesian (Austronesian) populations. M23 seems to be restricted to Madagascar, as it has not been detected anywhere else. M23 could have been brought to Madagascar from Asia where most deep rooted subclades of Haplogroup M are found.

Asian origin hypothesis

According to this theory, anatomically modern humans carrying ancestral haplogroup L3 lineages were involved in the Out of Africa migration from East Africa into Asia. Somewhere in Asia, the ancestral L3 lineages gave rise to haplogroups M and N. The ancestral L3 lineages were then lost by genetic drift as they are infrequent outside Africa. The hypothesis that Asia is the origin of macrohaplogroup M is supported by the following:

  1. The highest frequencies worldwide of macrohaplogroup M are observed in Asia, specifically in Bangladesh, China, India, Japan, Korea and Nepal where frequencies range from 60 to 80%. The total frequency of M subclades is even higher in some populations of Siberia or the Americas, but these small populations tend to exhibit strong genetic drift effects, and often their geographical neighbors exhibit very different frequencies.[3][20][21]
  2. Deep time depth >50,000 years of western, central, southern and eastern Indian haplogroups M2, M38, M54, M58, M33, M6, M61, M62 and the distribution of macrohaplogroup M, do not rule out the possibility of macrohaplogroup M arising in Indian population.[22]
  3. With the exception of the African specific M1, India has several M lineages that emerged directly from the root of haplogroup M.[3][21]
  4. Only two subclades of haplogroup M, M1 and M23, are found in Africa, whereas numerous subclades are found outside Africa[3][5] (with some discussion possible only about sub-clade M1, concerning which see below).
  5. Specifically concerning M1
  • Haplogroup M1 has a restricted geographic distribution in Africa, being found mainly in North Africans and East Africa at low or moderate frequencies. If M had originated in Africa around, or before, the Out of Africa migration, it would be expected to have a more widespread distribution [21]
  • According to Gonzalez et al. 2007, M1 appears to have expanded relatively recently. In this study M1 had a younger coalescence age than the Asian-exclusive M lineages.[5]
  • The geographic distribution of M1 in Africa is predominantly North African/supra-equatorial[5] and is largely confined to Afro-Asiatic speakers,[23] which is inconsistent with the Sub-Saharan distribution of sub-clades of haplogroups L3 and L2 that have similar time depths.[14]
  • One of the basal lineages of M1 lineages has been found in Northwest Africa and in the Near East but is absent in East Africa.[5]
  • M1 is not restricted to Africa. It is relatively common in the Mediterranean, peaking in Iberia. M1 also enjoys a well-established presence in the Middle East, from the South of the Arabian Peninsula to Anatolia and from the Levant to Iran. In addition, M1 haplotypes have occasionally been observed in the Caucasus and the Trans Caucasus, and without any accompanying L lineages.[5][14] M1 has also been detected in Central Asia, seemingly reaching as far as Tibet.[5]
  • The fact that the M1 sub-clade of macrohaplogroup M has a coalescence age which overlaps with that of haplogroup U6 (a Eurasian haplogroup whose presence in Africa is due to a back-migration from West Asia) and the distribution of U6 in Africa is also restricted to the same North African and Horn African populations as M1 supports the scenario that M1 and U6 were part of the same population expansion from Asia to Africa.[23]
  • The timing of the proposed migration of M1 and U6-carrying peoples from West Asia to Africa (between 40,000 to 45,000 ybp) is also supported by the fact that it coincides with changes in climatic conditions that reduced the desert areas of North Africa, thereby rendering the region more accessible to entry from the Levant. This climatic change also temporally overlaps with the peopling of Europe by populations bearing haplogroup U5, the European sister clade of haplogroup U6.[23]

African origin hypothesis

According to this theory, haplogroups M and N arose from L3 in an East African population ancestral to eurasians that had been isolated from other African populations before the OOA event. Members of this population were involved in the out Africa migration and may have only carried M and N lineages. With the possible exception of haplogroup M1, all other M and N clades in Africa were lost due to admixture with other African populations and genetic drift.[8][17]

The African origin of Haplogroup M is supported by the following arguments and evidence.

  1. L3, the parent clade of haplogroup M, is found throughout Africa, but is rare outside Africa.[17] According to Toomas Kivisild (2003), "the lack of L3 lineages other than M and N in India and among non-African mitochondria in general suggests that the earliest migration(s) of modern humans already carried these two mtDNA ancestors, via a departure route over the Horn of Africa."[8]
  2. Specifically concerning at least M1a:
This study provides evidence that M1, or its ancestor, had an Asiatic origin. The earliest M1 expansion into Africa occurred in northwestern instead of northeastern areas; this early spread reached the Iberian Peninsula even affecting the Basques. The majority of the M1a lineages found outside and inside Africa had a more recent eastern Africa origin. Both western and eastern M1 lineages participated in the Neolithic colonization of the Sahara. The striking parallelism between subclade ages and geographic distribution of M1 and its North African U6 counterpart strongly reinforces this scenario. Finally, a relevant fraction of M1a lineages present today in the European Continent and nearby islands possibly had a Jewish instead of the commonly proposed Arab/Berber maternal ascendance.[5]

Dispersal

 
Hypothesized map of human migration based on mitochondrial DNA

A number of studies have proposed that the ancestors of modern haplogroup M dispersed from Africa through the southern route across the Horn of Africa along the coastal regions of Asia onwards to New Guinea and Australia. These studies suggested that the migrations of haplogroups M and N occurred separately with haplogroup N heading northwards from East Africa to the Levant. However, the results of numerous recent studies indicate that there was only one migration out of Africa and that haplogroups M and N were part of the same migration. This is based on the analysis of a number of relict populations along the proposed beachcombing route from Africa to Australia, all of which possessed both haplogroups N and M.[4][24]

A 2008 study by Abu-Amero et al., suggests that the Arabian Peninsula may have been the main route out of Africa. However, as the region lacks of autochthonous clades of haplogroups M and N the authors suggest that the area has been a more recent receptor of human migrations than an ancient demographic expansion center along the southern coastal route as proposed under the single migration Out-of-Africa scenario of the African origin hypothesis.[6]

Distribution

M is the most common mtDNA haplogroup in Asia,[25] super-haplogroup M is distributed all over Asia, where it represents 60% of all maternal lineages.[26]

All Andamanese belong to Haplogroup M.[27] It peaks in the Malaysian aboriginal Negrito tribes at almost 100% but with mtDNA M21a representing Semang; 84% in Mendriq people, Batek people 48%, (almost all belong to the specific Malaysian Negrito haplogroup M21a, this subclade also found in the Orang Asli 21%, Thais 7.8% and Malay 4.6%)[28][29][30] It also peaks very high in Japan and Tibet, where it represents on average about 70% of the maternal lineages (160/216 = 74% Tibet,[31] 205/282 = 73% Tōkai,[32] 231/326 = 71% Okinawa,[32] 148/211 = 70% Japanese,[20] 50/72 = 69% Tibet,[31] 150/217 = 69% Hokkaidō,[33] 24/35 = 69% Zhongdian Tibetan, 175/256 = 68% northern Kyūshū,[32] 38/56 = 68% Qinghai Tibetan, 16/24 = 67% Diqing Tibetan, 66/100 = 66% Miyazaki, 33/51 = 65% Ainu, 214/336 = 64% Tōhoku,[32] 75/118 = 64% Tokyo (JPT)[34]) and is ubiquitous in India[3][14][35] and South Korea,[32][36][37][38][39] where it has approximately 60% frequency. Among Chinese people both inside and outside of China, haplogroup M accounts for approximately 50% of all mtDNA on average, but the frequency varies from approximately 40% in Hans from Hunan and Fujian in southern China to approximately 60% in Shenyang, Liaoning in northeastern China.[31][32][34][37]

Haplogroup M accounts for approximately 42% of all mtDNA in Filipinos, among whom it is represented mainly by M7c3c and E.[40] In Vietnam, haplogroup M has been found in 37% (52/139) to 48% (20/42) of samples of Vietnamese and in 32% (54/168) of a sample of Chams from Bình Thuận Province.[37][41] Haplogroup M accounts for 43% (92/214) of all mtDNA in a sample of Laotians, with its subclade M7 (M7b, M7c, and M7e) alone accounting for a full third of all haplogroup M, or 14.5% (31/214) of the total sample.[42]

In Oceania, A 2008 study found Haplogroup M in 42% (60/144) of a pool of samples from nine language groups in the Admiralty Islands of Papua New Guinea.,[43] M has been found in 35% (17/48) of a sample of Papua New Guinea highlanders from the Bundi area and in 28% (9/32) of a sample of Aboriginal Australians from Kalumburu in northwestern Australia.[44] In a study published in 2015, Haplogroup M was found in 21% (18/86) of a sample of Fijians, but it was not observed in a sample of 21 Rotumans.[45]

Haplogroup M is also relatively common in Northeast Africa, occurring especially among Somalis, Libyans and Oromos at frequencies over 20%.[46][47] Toward the northwest, the lineage is found at comparable frequencies among the Tuareg in Mali and Burkina Faso; particularly the M1a2 subclade (18.42%).[48]

Among the descendant lineages of haplogroup M are C, D, E, G, Q, and Z. Z and G are found in North Eurasian populations, C and D exists among North Eurasian and Native American populations, E is observed in Southeast Asian populations, and Q is common among Melanesian populations. The lineages M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M18 and M25 are exclusive to South Asia, with M2 reported to be the oldest lineage on the Indian sub-continent with an age estimation of 60,000—75,000 years, and with M5 reported to be the most prevalent in historically Turco-Persian enclaves.[3][49][50]

In 2013, four ancient specimens dated to around 2,500 BC-500 AD, which were excavated from the Tell Ashara (Terqa) and Tell Masaikh (Kar-Assurnasirpal) archaeological sites in the Euphrates Valley, were found to belong to mtDNA haplotypes associated with the M4b1, M49 and/or M61 haplogroups. Since these clades are not found among the current inhabitants of the area, they are believed to have been brought at a more remote period from east of Mesopotamia; possibly by either merchants or the founders of the ancient Terqa population.[51]

In 2016, three Late Pleistocene European hunter-gatherers were also found to carry M lineages. Two of the specimens were from the Goyet archaeological site in Belgium and were dated to 34,000 and 35,000 years ago, respectively. The other ancient individual hailed from the La Rochette site in France, and was dated to 28,000 years ago.[52]

Ancient DNA analysis of Iberomaurusian skeletal remains at the Taforalt site in Morocco, which have been dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 ybp, observed the M1b subclade in one of the fossils (1/7; ~14%).[53] Ancient individuals belonging to the Late Iron Age settlement of Çemialo Sırtı in Batman, southeast Turkey were found to carry haplogroup M; specifically the M1a1 subclade (1/12; ~8.3%). Haplogroup M was also detected in ancient specimens from Southeast Anatolia (0.4%).[54] Additionally, M1 has been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom and Roman periods.[55] Fossils at the Early Neolithic site of Ifri n'Amr or Moussa in Morocco, which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, have also been found to carry the M1b subclade. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern Berbers, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area.[56] The ancient Egyptian aristocrats Nakht-Ankh and Khnum-Nakht were also found to belong to the M1a1 subclade. The half-brothers lived during the 12th Dynasty, with their tomb located at the Deir Rifeh cemetery in Middle Egypt.[57]

Subgroups distribution[58]

  • Haplogroup M2 [3] – found in South Asia, with highest concentrations in SE India and Bangladesh;[14] oldest haplogroup M lineage on the Indian sub-continent.[3] Also found with low frequency in southwestern China.[31]
    • M2a'b
      • M2a – India (Madhya Pradesh), Munda; most common in Bangladesh
        • M2a1 – Malpaharia
          • M2a1a – Uyghur, Sindhi, Hill Kolam, Thailand
            • M2a1a1 – Katkari
              • M2a1a1a – Nihal
                • M2a1a1a1 – Katkari
              • M2a1a1b – Nihal
                • M2a1a1b1 – Nihal
            • M2a1a2 – Madia
              • M2a1a2a – Madia
                • M2a1a2a1 – Kamar
                  • M2a1a2a1a – Kamar
            • M2a1a3 – Mathakur
              • M2a1a3a – Kathakur, Mathakur
                • M2a1a3a1 – Kathakur
              • M2a1a3b – Kathakur
          • M2a1b – Dungri Bhil
          • M2a1c – Andh
      • M2b – Paudi Bhuiya; most common in SE India
        • M2b1 – Korku
          • M2b1a – Korku, Munda
          • M2b1b – Malpaharia
        • M2b2 – Hill Kolam, Jenu Kuruba
        • M2b3 – Betta Kurumba
          • M2b3a – Betta Kurumba
        • M2b4 – Korku
      • M2c – Myanmar, Thailand/Laos
  • Haplogroup M3 – Uyghur, Myanmar, New Delhi (Hindu), Paniya [4] – found mainly in South Asia, with highest concentrations in west and NW India[14]
    • M3a
    • M3b – Kamar of Chhattisgarh
    • M3c – Madia, Myanmar
      • M3c1
        • M3c1a – Jammu and Kashmir, Nepal (Terai Hindu, Tharu), Andhra Pradesh (tribal)
        • M3c1b – Hill Kolam
          • M3c1b1 – Saudi Arabia
            • M3c1b1a – Jenu Kuruba
            • M3c1b1b – Jenu Kuruba
      • M3c2 – Pakistan (Brahui), Jammu and Kashmir, Andh, Thailand
    • M3d – Nepal (Kathmandu), India, Italy (Salerno)
      • M3d1 – New Delhi (Hindu)
        • M3d1a – Nepal (Kathmandu), Cambodia (Lao), United Kingdom
          • M3d1a1 – Tibet (Sherpa)
  • M4'30
    • Haplogroup M4 [5] – found mainly in South Asia but some sequences in Eastern Saudi Arabia
      • Haplogroup M4a – found in Gujarat, India[21]
      • Haplogroup M4b – found among ancient specimens in the Euphrates valley
    • Haplogroup M65
      • Haplogroup M65a – found in India, Pakistan (Balochi, Sindhi), Sarikoli in Taxkorgan, Xinjiang, China,[50] Pamiri in Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan,[50] Ladakh, Myanmar, China
      • Haplogroup M65b – found in India[50] and in Pakistan (Balochi)
    • Haplogroup M30 – mainly in India; also found in Nepal, Pakistan, Central Asia (Kyrgyz, Wakhi, and Sarikoli in Taxkorgan, Xinjiang, China and Tajiks in Dushanbe, Tajikistan[50]), the Middle East, and North Africa.
    • Haplogroup M37
      • Haplogroup M37a – found in Gujarat, India[21]
  • Haplogroup M5 [6] – found in South Asia
    • Haplogroup M5a – found in India (Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Kathakur,[67] Gadaba[21]), Thailand (Mon in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province[58]), Israel, Kyrgyz in Taxkorgan[50]
      • M5a1
        • M5a1a – India (incl. Jammu and Kashmir)
        • M5a1b – India (Jammu and Kashmir, Dongri Bhil, Nihal, Andh), Pakistan (Burusho), Russia,[68] Spain (Romani), USA (Georgia), USA (California)
      • M5a2 – India
        • M5a2a – Pakistan (Balochi), India (Nihal), Thailand (Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province[58])
          • M5a2a1 – India (Hindus in New Delhi), Pakistan (Sindhi)
            • M5a2a1a – Saudi Arabia, Iran (Persian),[49] Kazakh, Pakistan (Balochi), India (Dongri Bhil, Korku, Lachungpa), Myanmar
          • M5a2a2 – India (Kamar of Chhattisgarh), Yemen
          • M5a2a3 – India (Pauri Bhuiya, Munda)
          • M5a2a4 – Iran (Persians),[49] Pakistan (Brahui, Makrani, Balochi)
      • M5a3
        • M5a3a – India (Kamar of Chhattisgarh[67])
        • M5a3b – India (Dongri Bhil,[67] Kathodi[67])
      • M5a4 – India (Kathodi,[67] Korku[67])
      • M5a5 – India (Dongri Bhil,[67] Andh[67]), Yemen
    • Haplogroup M5b – found in India and Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province[58])
      • Haplogroup M5b2b1a – found in Tibet, Ladakh, Nepal
    • Haplogroup M5c – found in India, Thailand (Mon in Lopburi Province and Nakhon Ratchasima Province[58]), Tibet, Nepal
  • Haplogroup M6 [7] – found mainly in South Asia, with highest concentrations in mid-eastern India and Kashmir[14]
    • Haplogroup M6b – found in Kerala, India[21]
    • Haplogroup M61 – found among ancient specimens in the Euphrates valley
  • Haplogroup M7 [8] – found in East Asia and Southeast Asia, especially in Japan, southern China, Vietnam,[70] Laos,[42] and Thailand;[58] also found with low frequency in Central Asia and Siberia
    • Haplogroup M7a
      • Haplogroup M7a* – Japan
      • Haplogroup M7a1
        • Haplogroup M7a1* – Japan, Jiangsu, Shandong
        • Haplogroup M7a1a
          • Haplogroup M7a1a* – Japan, Korea, Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Sichuan, Shanghai, Shandong
          • Haplogroup M7a1a1
            • Haplogroup M7a1a1* – Japan, Korea, Jiangsu, Shandong, Liaoning, Henan
            • Haplogroup M7a1a1a – Japan
          • Haplogroup M7a1a2
            • Haplogroup M7a1a2* – Japan, Jiangsu
            • Haplogroup M7a1a2a – Japan
          • Haplogroup M7a1a3 – Japan
          • Haplogroup M7a1a4
            • Haplogroup M7a1a4* – Japan, Zhejiang
            • Haplogroup M7a1a4a – Japan
          • Haplogroup M7a1a5
            • Haplogroup M7a1a5* – Japan
            • Haplogroup M7a1a5a – Japan, Korea, Tianjin
          • Haplogroup M7a1a6
            • Haplogroup M7a1a6* – Japan, Philippines, Jiangsu, Shanxi, Shandong
            • Haplogroup M7a1a6a – Japan
          • Haplogroup M7a1a7
            • Haplogroup M7a1a7* – Japan, Korea
            • Haplogroup M7a1a7a – Uyghur
          • Haplogroup M7a1a8 – Japan, Jiangsu
          • Haplogroup M7a1a9 – Japan, Korea, Tianjin
          • Haplogroup M7a1a10 – Japan
        • Haplogroup M7a1b
          • Haplogroup M7a1b1
            • Haplogroup M7a1b1* – Japan, China (Minnan Han)
            • Haplogroup M7a1b1a – Japan
          • Haplogroup M7a1b2 – Japan
      • Haplogroup M7a2
        • Haplogroup M7a2* – Japan
        • Haplogroup M7a2a – Japan, Ulchi,[71] Yakut[72]
          • Haplogroup M7a2a1 – Japan
          • Haplogroup M7a2a2
            • Haplogroup M7a2a2* – Japan
            • Haplogroup M7a2a2a
              • Haplogroup M7a2a2a* – Japan (Gunma)
              • Haplogroup M7a2a2a1 – Japan (Aichi)
          • Haplogroup M7a2a3
          • Haplogroup M7a2a4 – Japan
    • Haplogroup M7b'c
      • Haplogroup M7b
        • Haplogroup M7b1a
          • Haplogroup M7b1a1 – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, China, Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, Mongush, Khamnigan
            • Haplogroup M7b1a1a – Thailand, Uyghur, Korea
              • Haplogroup M7b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea, China, Tajikistan, Thailand, Laos
                • Haplogroup M7b1a1a1a – Japan
                • Haplogroup M7b1a1a1b – Japan, Korea, China, Russia, Kyrgyzstan
                • Haplogroup M7b1a1a1c – Japan
                • Haplogroup M7b1a1a1d – Japan
              • Haplogroup M7b1a1a2 – Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, China
              • Haplogroup M7b1a1a3 – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China
            • Haplogroup M7b1a1b – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Hunan, Uyghur, Kyrgyz from Artux[50]), England
            • Haplogroup M7b1a1c – Han Chinese, Uyghurs, Kyrgyz
            • Haplogroup M7b1a1d – Thailand, Laos, Tatar (Buinsk)
            • Haplogroup M7b1a1e – Thailand
              • Haplogroup M7b1a1e1 – Thailand, Vietnam, China
              • Haplogroup M7b1a1e2 – China
            • Haplogroup M7b1a1f – Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, China
            • Haplogroup M7b1a1g – Thailand
            • Haplogroup M7b1a1h – Thailand, Chinese (Han from Lanzhou,[74] etc.), Vietnam, Korea, Japan
            • Haplogroup M7b1a1i – Taiwan (Amis), Philippines, Malaysia
          • Haplogroup M7b1a2
            • Haplogroup M7b1a2a – China (Uyghurs, Kyrgyzes in Taxkorgan, Han, Mongol in Inner Mongolia)
              • Haplogroup M7b1a2a1 – Taiwan Aboriginal peoples, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia
                • Haplogroup M7b1a2a1a – Atayal, Saisiyat
                • Haplogroup M7b1a2a1b – Atayal
                  • Haplogroup M7b1a2a1b1 – Atayal, Saisiyat
        • Haplogroup M7b1b – Khamnigan, China, Kyrgyz
      • Haplogroup M7c
        • Haplogroup M7c1 – China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Mongolia, Sarikoli, Kazakhstan
          • Haplogroup M7c1a – China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia
            • Haplogroup M7c1a1
              • Haplogroup M7c1a1a – China, Mongolia
              • Haplogroup M7c1a1b – Azeri
            • Haplogroup M7c1a2 – China
              • Haplogroup M7c1a2a – She, Uyghur
                • Haplogroup M7c1a2a1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur
            • Haplogroup M7c1a3 – China, Japan, Vietnam
              • Haplogroup M7c1a3a – Korea
            • Haplogroup M7c1a4
              • Haplogroup M7c1a4a – China
              • Haplogroup M7c1a4b – China
            • Haplogroup M7c1a5 – Japan, Korea
          • Haplogroup M7c1b – Chinese
            • Haplogroup M7c1b1 – Buryats
            • Haplogroup M7c1b2
              • Haplogroup M7c1b2a – Khamnigan, Korea
              • Haplogroup M7c1b2b – China, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia
          • Haplogroup M7c1c – China, Thailand/Laos
            • Haplogroup M7c1c1 – China
              • Haplogroup M7c1c1a – China
                • Haplogroup M7c1c1a1 – Philippines
            • Haplogroup M7c1c2 – Thailand, China (Han)
            • Haplogroup M7c1c3 – Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Kiribati, Nauru, Saudi Arabia, Madagascar
        • Haplogroup M7c2 – Taiwan, Hainan, Thailand/Laos
          • Haplogroup M7c2a – Thailand/Laos, China (incl. Hainan)
          • Haplogroup M7c2b – Thailand, Taiwan (Han), Czech
        • Haplogroup M7c3 – China (incl. Amis)
  • Haplogroup M8 - China,[61] Northern Thailand (Lisu[62][61]), India
    • Haplogroup M8a: [9] – found in East Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia
      • Haplogroup M8a1
        • Haplogroup M8a1a – Japan
        • Haplogroup M8a1b – southeastern Siberia (Udegey)[73]
      • Haplogroup M8a2'3
        • Haplogroup M8a2'3* – Japan
        • Haplogroup M8a2 – found in Koryaks, Itelmens, Chukchis, Tuvans, Khakassians, Altayans, Mongolians, China (including Uyghurs), Koreans, Japan, Thailand/Laos[38][75]
          • Haplogroup M8a2* – China (Hakka)
          • Haplogroup M8a2-T152C!!!
            • Haplogroup M8a2-T152C!!!* – China, Japan (Chiba)[61]
            • Haplogroup M8a2a
            • Haplogroup M8a2-A12530G/G14364A/T16297C – Uyghur
            • Haplogroup M8a2b – found in Japan, China, Ulchi
          • Haplogroup M8a2c – found in Japan and China
          • Haplogroup M8a2d – found in China (Shantou, Qingdao)
          • Haplogroup M8a2e – found in Taiwan (Ami, etc.) and in a Han Chinese living in the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area
          • Haplogroup M8a2f – China
        • Haplogroup M8a3
          • Haplogroup M8a3* – China (Guangdong, etc.), Kyrgyz (Artux[50]), Russia (Verkhnyaya Gutara, Nerkha, and Kushun villages of Irkutsk Oblast)
          • Haplogroup M8a3a
            • Haplogroup M8a3a* – China, Russia (Ket from Turukhansk)
            • Haplogroup M8a3a1
              • Haplogroup M8a3a1* – China
              • Haplogroup M8a3a1a – China
            • Haplogroup M8a3a2 – China, Indonesia (Jawa Timur)
    • Haplogroup CZ - Northern Thailand (Hmong[62])
  • Haplogroup M9 [15] – found in East Asia and Central Asia, especially in Tibet. In the Nepalese populations, it is prevalent mainly in Sherpa (27.4%), Tharu-CI (19.6%), Tamang (15.5%), Magar (13.5%), and Tharu-CII.[76] Haplogroup M9* has additionallly been found in ancient remains from the Red Deer Cave people in present-day Yunnan.[77]
    • Haplogroup M9a'b
      • Haplogroup M9a – Han (Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hunan, Taiwan, Anhui, Shaanxi, Shandong, Hebei), Korean (South Korea), Tujia (Hunan), Kinh (Hue), Mongol (Hohhot), Japanese, Lhoba[61] [TMRCA 23,000 (95% CI 18,100 <-> 28,800) ybp[61]]
        • Haplogroup M9a1 – Han (Hunan) [TMRCA 19,500 (95% CI 13,800 <-> 26,700) ybp[61]]
          • Haplogroup M9a1a – Han (Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Taiwan), Manchu (Jilin), Korean (South Korea), Hui (Qinghai), Kazakh (Ili), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan), Nepal [TMRCA 16,500 (95% CI 12,800 <-> 20,900) ybp[61]]
            • Haplogroup M9a1a1 – Han (Henan, Shaanxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan), Taiwan, Thailand/Laos, Hui (Yuxi), Tibetan (Nyingchi), Uyghur, Japanese (Hokkaido) [TMRCA 13,900 (95% CI 10,800 <-> 17,600) ybp[61]]
              • Haplogroup M9a1a1a – Japanese, Korean (Seoul), Chinese (incl. a Henan Han), Khamnigan (Buryat Republic), Udege, Nivkh, Tibetan (Qinghai)
              • Haplogroup M9a1a1b – Japanese, Korean (South Korea), Mongol (Inner Mongolia), Han (Hunan)
              • Haplogroup M9a1a1c – Han (Gansu, Shaanxi, Henan, Liaoning, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan), Ainu, Japanese, Korean, Mongol (Hohhot), Uyghur (Ürümqi), Altaian, Tuvinian, Hui (Xinjiang, Kyrgyzstan), Tujia (Hunan), Bai (Yunnan), Yi (Yunnan)
                • Haplogroup M9a1a1c1 – Han (Henan)
                  • Haplogroup M9a1a1c1a – Han (Henan, Anhui, Shandong, Liaoning, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xinjiang, Lanzhou[74]), Korea, Japanese, Mongol (New Barga Left Banner), Tibetan (Liangshan), Hui (Ili)
                  • Haplogroup M9a1a1c1b – Tibetan (Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, Chamdo, Lhasa, Nagqu, Ngari, Nyingchi, Shannan, Shigatse), Monpa (Nyingchi), Dirang Monpa (Arunachal Pradesh), Lachungpa (Sikkim), Tu (Huzhu Tu Autonomous County), Dongxiang (Gansu), Buryat (Inner Mongolia, Buryat Republic), Han (Qinghai), Hui (Qinghai), Nepalese
              • Haplogroup M9a1a1d – Salar (Qinghai), Han (Yanting), Bai (Dali)
            • Haplogroup M9a1a2 – Tharu (Chitwan District, Uttar Pradesh), Tibetan (Nagqu, Yunnan, Qinghai, Shigatse), Lhoba (Nyingchi), Dhimal (West Bengal), Chin (Myanmar), Adi (Assam), Tu (Qinghai), Uyghur (Ürümqi), Mongol (Ili), Han (Hunan, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shandong, Ili), Yi (Yunnan), Bai (Dali), Nepalese [TMRCA 6,153.9 ± 5,443.2 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
          • Haplogroup M9a1b – Tibetan (Nyingchi, Nagqu, Lhasa, Chamdo, Ngari, Shannan, Shigatse, Sichuan, Yunnan, Qinghai, Gansu), Monba (Nyingchi), Lhoba (Shannan), Uzbekistan (Fergana), Dongxiang (Linxia), Naga (Sagaing), Burman (Bago), Chin (Chin State), Han (Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Liaoning), Yi (Shuangbai) [TMRCA 9,416.6 ± 3,984.0 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
            • Haplogroup M9a1b1 – Tibetan, Lhoba, Arunachal Pradesh (Sonowal Kachari, Wanchoo, Gallong), Assam (Adi), Sikkim (Lepcha, Lachung), Qinghai (Salar, Tu), Mongol (Mongolia, Inner Mongolia), Guangxi (Gelao, Palyu), Thailand, Bengal, Pakistan (Karachi), Meghalaya (Khasi, Garo), Bodo (West Bengal), Rabha (West Bengal), Rajbanshi (West Bengal), Indonesia, Han (Shaanxi, Henan, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan), Hui (Gansu, Qinghai), Burman (Ayeyarwady, Magway, Sagaing), Rakhine (Rakhine, Magway), Chin (Chin State), Naga (Sagaing), Mech (Jhapa district, Nepal), Nepalese, Mosuo (Yunnan), Yi (Yunnan), She (Guizhou), Hani (Yunnan), Pumi (Yunnan), Bai (Dali), Va (Yunnan) [TMRCA 6,557.4 ± 2,102.4 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
            • Haplogroup M9a1b2 – Tibetan (Diqing), Han (Dujiangyan), Kazakh (Altai Republic), Kalmyk [TMRCA 3,225.9 ± 3,494.4 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
        • Haplogroup M9a4
          • Haplogroup M9a4a – Kinh (Hanoi), Han (Shaanxi, Shandong, Zhejiang, Taiwan, Sichuan, Guangdong), Li (Hainan), Mulam (Guangxi), Jino (Xishuangbanna), Dai (Xishuangbanna), Chiang Mai
          • Haplogroup M9a4b – Kinh (Hanoi), South Korea
        • Haplogroup M9a5 – Han (Hunan, Hong Kong), Thailand, Pubiao (Malipo), Li (Hainan), Mulam (Luocheng), Zhuang (Bama Yao Autonomous County), Kinh (Hanoi)
      • Haplogroup M9b – Han (Luocheng, Dujiangyan, Shaanxi), Cham (Binh Thuan), Mulam (Luocheng), Bouyei (Guizhou), Yi (Hezhang), Bunu (Dahua), Hui (Ili), Thailand (Phuan from Sukhothai Province[58][61])
    • Haplogroup E – a subclade of M9 – found especially in Taiwan (Aboriginal peoples), Maritime Southeast Asia, and the Mariana Islands [TMRCA 23,695.4 ± 6,902.4 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
  • Haplogroup M10 [16] – small clade found in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, Central Asia, Saudi Arabia, southern Siberia, Russia, Belarus, and Poland [TMRCA 23,600 (95% CI 17,100 <-> 31,700) ybp[61]]
    • M10-514C!/A15218G/C16362T!
      • M10-514C!/A15218G/C16362T!* – Poland
      • M10-T3167C/C4140T/T8793C/C12549T/A13152G/T14502C/C15040T/T15071C
        • M10a [TMRCA 16,700 (95% CI 11,800 <-> 22,800) ybp[61]]
          • M10a* – Myanmar
          • M10a1 – China, Thailand, Myanmar, Japan, Shor, Daur [TMRCA 14,400 (95% CI 11,100 <-> 18,400) ybp[61]]
            • M10a1* – Myanmar, Central Thailand (Mon), Japan (Aichi)
            • M10a1-G16129A!!!
              • M10a1-A13105G!/T16362C – Shor, Daur
              • M10a1a
                • M10a1a* – China, Saudi Arabia
                • M10a1a1
                  • M10a1a1a – Mongolia,[79] Korea, Japan, China (Han from Kunming, etc.), Iron Age Black Sea Scythian[80]
                  • M10a1a1b – Altai, Korea, Japan, China
                    • M10a1a1b* – Chinese Uyghur
                    • M10a1a1b1
                      • M10a1a1b1* – Japan, China
                      • M10a1a1b1a – China
                      • M10a1a1b1b – China
                      • M10a1a1b1c – Uyghur, Altai-Kizhi[79]
                    • M10a1a1b2
                      • M10a1a1b2* – Taiwan (Hakka)
                      • M10a1a1b2a – Japan
                • M10a1a2 – Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Lamphun Province[58])
                • M10a1a3 – Taiwan
              • M10a1b
              • M10a1c – China
          • M10a2 – Japan (Aichi), Kalmyk, Russian (northwestern Russia)
    • M10b – China (Shui[61]), Vietnam (Cờ Lao)[61]
  • Haplogroup M11 [17] – small clade found especially among the Chinese and also in some Japanese, Koreans, Oroqen, Yi, Tibetans, Tajiks in Dushanbe, Tajikistan,[50] and Bangladeshis[31] [TMRCA 20,987.7 ± 5,740.8 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
    • Haplogroup M11* – Myanmar
    • Haplogroup M11a'b'd
      • Haplogroup M11a'b [TMRCA 16,209.0 ± 4,396.8 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
        • Haplogroup M11a – Korea, Turkey [TMRCA 11,972.3 ± 3,523.2 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
          • Haplogroup M11a-C198T
            • Haplogroup M11a-C198T* – Wancho, Miao (from Fenghuang, Hunan)
            • Haplogroup M11a1 – Gallong, Tibet [TMRCA 8,668.6 ± 4,041.6 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
          • Haplogroup M11a2 – Tibet, Han (Zhanjiang) [TMRCA 8,776.3 ± 3,715.2 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
          • Haplogroup M11a3 – Uyghur, Buryat, Oroqen
        • Haplogroup M11b [TMRCA 12,962.0 ± 4,819.2 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
          • Haplogroup M11b1 – Taiwan (Minnan)
            • Haplogroup M11b1a – Japan
              • Haplogroup M11b1a1 – Japan, Han (Tai'an)
          • Haplogroup M11b2 – Japanese (Hokkaido), China, Altai-Kizhi, Tajik (Dushanbe)
      • Haplogroup M11d – China, Teleut, Kyrgyz, Iran
    • Haplogroup M11c – Japan, Korea
  • Haplogroup M12'G
  • Haplogroup M13'46'61
    • Haplogroup M13 – small clade found among Tibetans in Tibet,[31] Oirat Mongols in Xinjiang,[119] Barghuts in Hulunbuir,[79] Koreans,[114] and Yakuts and Dolgans in central Siberia[120] [TMRCA 43,169.4 ± 4,944.0 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
      • M13a [TMRCA 19,266.4 ± 6,720.0 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
        • M13a1 – China [Uyghurs, Mongol, Tibetan (Chamdo, Nagqu)], India [TMRCA 9,539.2 ± 6,249.6 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
          • M13a1a – Japan
          • M13a1b – China (Tibet, Uyghurs)
            • M13a1b1 – Buryat, Barghut, Yakut (Central), Evenk (Taimyr)
        • M13a2 – Tibet, Thailand [TMRCA 8,726.0 ± 4,828.8 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
      • M13b [TMRCA 31,191.8 ± 6,873.6 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
        • M13b1 – Nepal (Tharu), Northeast India, Thailand, Jahai [TMRCA 22,537.6 ± 7,123.2 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
        • M13b2 – Sherdukpen, Dirang Monpa, Tibet [TMRCA 5,441.4 ± 3,888.0 ybp; CI=95%[78]]
      • M13c – Myanmar, Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province[58]), China (Lahu)
    • Haplogroup M46 – Myanmar, Moken, Urak Lawoi, Malagasy
    • Haplogroup M61 – Thailand (Phuan in Suphan Buri Province, Phuan in Phichit Province, Phuan in Sukhothai Province, Saek in Nakhon Phanom Province[58]), Myanmar, Vietnam, Borneo
      • Haplogroup M61a – China (Yi, Tibet, Lachungpa)
  • Haplogroup M14 – Australia (Kalumburu), Saudi Arabia, India, Tibet?[31]
  • Haplogroup M15 – Australia (Kalumburu), Tibet?[31]
  • Haplogroup M17 – found in Luzon,[40] Chams,[41][121] Maniq,[121] Mon,[121] Blang,[121] Lawa,[121] Thai,[121] and Laotians[121]
    • Haplogroup M17a – Thailand, Vietnam (Cham)
    • Haplogroup M17c – Vietnam (Cham)
      • Haplogroup M17c1 – Philippines (Abaknon)
        • Haplogroup M17c1a – Indonesia
          • Haplogroup M17c1a1 – Philippines (Abaknon)
            • Haplogroup M17c1a1a – Cambodia (incl. Stieng)
  • Haplogroup M19'53
    • Haplogroup M19 – found in the Batak people of Palawan[122]
    • Haplogroup M53 – India
      • Haplogroup M53b – Kamar of Chhattisgarh
  • Haplogroup M21 [20] – small clade found in SE Asia (Semang, Semelai, Temuan,[121] Jehai,[121] Thailand, Maniq,[121] Mon,[121] Karen,[121] Indonesia), China, and Bangladesh
    • Haplogroup M21a – Batek
    • Haplogroup M21b
      • Haplogroup M21b1 – Cambodia (Lao, Tompoun)
        • Haplogroup M21b1a – Semelai, Philippines (Cuyunon of Palawan Island), Indonesia
      • Haplogroup M21b2 – Moken, Cham, Malaysia, India
  • Haplogroup M22 – Drung (Yunnan)
    • Haplogroup M22a – Vietnam (Kinh, Cham), Temuan
    • Haplogroup M22b – Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han in Meizhou), Cambodia
  • Haplogroup M23'75 – China
    • M23 – found in Madagascar, South Africa, USA, Canada
    • M75 – found in China,[59] USA
  • Haplogroup M24'41 [123]
    • Haplogroup M24
      • Haplogroup M24a – found in Thailand, Cambodia (Khmer), Palawan (Tagbanua),[122] and China
      • Haplogroup M24b – found in Thailand, Cambodia (Jarai), and China
    • Haplogroup M41 – found in South Asia
  • Haplogroup M27 [21] – found in Melanesia
  • Haplogroup M28 [22] – found in Melanesia and in a single Han individual from China[31]
  • Haplogroup M29'Q
    • Haplogroup M29 [23] – found in Melanesia
    • Haplogroup Q [24] – found in Melanesia and Australia (Aboriginal peoples)
  • Haplogroup M31 [25] – found among the Onge, in the Andaman Islands[21]
    • Haplogroup M31a
      • Haplogroup M31a1
        • Haplogroup M31a1a – Andaman Islands
        • Haplogroup M31a1b – Andaman Islands
      • Haplogroup M31a2
        • Haplogroup M31a2a – northern India (Munda, etc.), Myanmar
        • Haplogroup M31a2b – India (Paudibhuiya)
    • Haplogroup M31b'c
      • Haplogroup M31b – northern India, Nepal, Myanmar
      • Haplogroup M31c – Nepal (Tharu)
  • Haplogroup M32'56 – Thailand
    • Haplogroup M32
      • Haplogroup M32a – [26] – found in the Andaman Islands
      • Haplogroup M32c – Madagascar, Saudi Arabia, Thailand/Laos, USA
    • Haplogroup M56 – India (Korku[67])
  • Haplogroup M33 [27] – small clade found in South Asia, Belarus,[citation needed] southern China,[34] and in two Han Chinese living in Southern California[31]
    • Haplogroup M33a – found in Nepal (Tharu)[65][50]
      • Haplogroup M33a1
        • Haplogroup M33a1a – Lepcha, Tharu
        • Haplogroup M33a1b – Dongri Bhil, Gujarat[21]
      • Haplogroup M33a2'3
        • Haplogroup M33a2 – India (Katkari, etc.), Egypt (Siwa)
          • Haplogroup M33a2a – India, Iraq (Marsh Arab), Saudi Arabia
        • Haplogroup M33a3 – found among Hindus in New Delhi,[65] India[50]
          • Haplogroup M33a3a – Myanmar, Toto
          • Haplogroup M33a3b – found in Thailand and in Tajiks in Dushanbe, Tajikistan[50]
    • Haplogroup M33b'c
      • Haplogroup M33b – Nepal (Tharu)
        • Haplogroup M33b1 – Sonowal Kachari, Dai (Jianshui)
        • Haplogroup M33b2 – India, Nepal (Kathmandu)
      • Haplogroup M33c – Jews (Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, USA, Hungary, Austria, Latvia, Poland), Han Chinese (Zhanjiang), Yao (Jianghua)
    • Haplogroup M33d – India (Malpaharia, etc.)
  • Haplogroup M34'57
    • Haplogroup M34 [28] – small clade found in South Asia
      • Haplogroup M34a – found in Karnataka, India[21]
        • Haplogroup M34a1 – India
          • Haplogroup M34a1a – India, Myanmar
        • Haplogroup M34a2 – India (Pauri Bhuiya, Munda)
      • Haplogroup M34b – India (Nihal, etc.)
    • Haplogroup M57 – India (Kathakur)
      • Haplogroup M57a – India (Katkari, Nihal), England, Ireland
      • Haplogroup M57b – India (Kathakur)
        • Haplogroup M57b1 – India (Dongri Bhil)
  • Haplogroup M35 [29] – Nepal (Tharu)
    • Haplogroup M35a – Sarikoli,[50] Armenia, Mesolithic Sri Lanka [124]
      • Haplogroup M35a1 – India (Andh, Dongri Bhil), Mauritius
        • Haplogroup M35a1a – India (Betta Kurumba, Mullukurunan)
      • Haplogroup M35a2 – India (Andh, etc.)
    • Haplogroup M35b – found in Karnataka, Ladakh, Nepal (Tharu), Myanmar, Thailand, Slovakia[125]
      • Haplogroup M35b1'2'3 – India, Germany, USA
        • Haplogroup M35b1 – India (Madia)
        • Haplogroup M35b2 – India (Kathodi, Munda), Russia
        • Haplogroup M35b3 – India (Ladakh)
      • Haplogroup M35b4 – India (Toto), Nepal (Kathmandu)
    • Haplogroup M35c – India (Kathodi, Andh)
  • Haplogroup M39'70 [126]
    • Haplogroup M39 [30] – found in South Asia[21]
    • Haplogroup M70 - Nepal (Sherpas, etc.), Tibet, Vietnam (La Hủ)
  • Haplogroup M40 [31] – found in South Asia[21]
    • Haplogroup M40a – Yemen
      • Haplogroup M40a1
        • Haplogroup M40a1a
        • Haplogroup M40a1b
  • Haplogroup M42'74 [127]
  • Haplogroup M48 [33] – rare clade found in Saudi Arabia
  • Haplogroup M49 – found among ancient specimens in the Euphrates valley
  • Haplogroup M55'77 [129]
    • Haplogroup M55 - Myanmar, Thailand, Malay
    • Haplogroup M77 - Indonesia [130]
  • Haplogroup M62'68 [131]
    • Haplogroup M62
    • Haplogroup M68 [132]
      • Haplogroup M68a1
        • Haplogroup M68a1a - Cambodia, Vietnam
        • Haplogroup M68a1b
      • Haplogroup M68a2
        • Haplogroup M68a2a- Cambodia
        • Haplogroup M68a2b
        • Haplogroup M68a2c
  • Haplogroup M71 - India
  • Haplogroup M73'79 [134]
    • Haplogroup M73 [135]
      • Haplogroup M73a
        • Haplogroup M73a1
          • Haplogroup M73a1a
          • Haplogroup M73a1b - Vietnam
        • Haplogroup M73a2 - Papua New Guinea, East Timor
        • Haplogroup M73a3 - Philippines (Aklan)
      • Haplogroup M73b - Indonesia
        • Haplogroup M73b1 - Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia
      • Haplogroup M73c
    • Haplogroup M79 - China [136]
  • Haplogroup M80'D

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup M subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[13] and subsequent published research.

  • M
    • M1
      • M1a
        • M1a1
          • M1a1a
          • M1a1b
            • M1a1b1
          • M1a1c
          • M1a1d
          • M1a1e
          • M1a1f
        • M1a2
          • M1a2a
          • M1a2b
        • M1a3
          • M1a3a
          • M1a3b
        • M1a4
        • M1a5
      • M1b
        • M1b1
          • M1b1a
        • M1b2
          • M1b2a
    • M2
      • M2a
        • M2a1
        • M2a2
        • M2a3
      • M2b
        • M2b1
        • M2b2
    • M3
      • M3a
    • M4"45
      • M4
        • M4a
        • M4b
          • M4b1
      • M18'38
        • M18
        • M38
      • M30
        • M30a
        • M30b
        • M30c
          • M30c1
            • M30c1a
              • M30c1a1
        • M30d
      • M37
        • M37a
      • M43
      • M45
    • M5
      • M5a
        • M5a1
          • M5a1a
          • M5a1b
        • M5a2
          • M5a2a
    • M6
    • M7
      • M7a
        • M7a1
          • M7a1a
            • M7a1a1
              • M7a1a1a
            • M7a1a2
            • M7a1a3
            • M7a1a4
              • M7a1a4a
            • M7a1a5
            • M7a1a6
            • M7a1a7
          • M7a1b
        • M7a2
          • M7a2a
          • M7a2b
      • M7b'c'd'e
        • M7b'd
          • M7b
            • M7b1'2
              • M7b1
              • M7b2
                • M7b2a
                • M7b2b
                • M7b2c
            • M7b3
              • M7b3a
          • M7d
        • M7c'e
          • M7c
            • M7c1
              • M7c1a
              • M7c1b
                • M7c1b1
            • M7c2
              • M7c2a
            • M7c3
              • M7c3a
              • M7c3b
              • M7c3c
          • M7e
    • M8
      • M8a
        • M8a1
        • M8a2
          • M8a2a
          • M8a2b
      • CZ
    • M9
      • M9a'b'c'd
        • M9a'c'd
          • M9a'd
            • M9a
              • M9a1
              • M9a2
              • M9a3
            • M9d
          • M9c
        • M9b
      • E
    • M10'42
      • M10
        • M10a
          • M10a1
          • M10a2
      • M42
        • M42a
    • M11
      • M11a
      • M11b
    • M12'G
      • M12
        • M12a
      • G
    • M13
      • M13a
        • M13a1
    • M14
    • M15
    • M21
      • M21a'b
        • M21a
        • M21b
      • M21c'd
        • M21c
        • M21d
    • M22
    • M23
    • M25
    • M27
      • M27a
      • M27b
      • M27c
    • M28
      • M28a
      • M28b
    • M29'Q
      • M29
        • M29a
        • M29b
      • Q
    • M31
      • M31a
        • M31a1
          • M31a1a
          • M31a1b
        • M31a2
      • M31b'c
        • M31b
          • M31b1
          • M31b2
        • M31c
    • M32'56
      • M32
        • M32a
        • M32c
      • M56
    • M33
      • M33a
      • M33b
      • M33c
    • M34
      • M34a
    • M35
      • M35a
      • M35b
    • M36
      • M36a
    • M39
      • M39a
    • M40
      • M40a
    • M41
    • M44'52
      • M44
      • M52
    • M46
    • M47'50
      • M47
      • M50
    • M48
    • M49
    • M51
    • M52’58
    • M52
    • D

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup M (mtDNA).

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

  1. ^ a b c Soares, P; Alshamali, F; Pereira, J. B; Fernandes, V; Silva, N. M; Afonso, C; Costa, M. D; Musilova, E; MacAulay, V; Richards, M. B; Cerny, V; Pereira, L (2011). "The Expansion of mtDNA Haplogroup L3 within and out of Africa". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 29 (3): 915–927. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr245. PMID 22096215.
  2. ^ a b Vai S, Sarno S, Lari M, Luiselli D, Manzi G, Gallinaro M, Mataich S, Hübner A, Modi A, Pilli E, Tafuri MA, Caramelli D, di Lernia S (March 2019). "Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage from the Neolithic 'green' Sahara". Sci Rep. 9 (1): 3530. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.3530V. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39802-1. PMC 6401177. PMID 30837540.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Rajkumar; et al. (2005). "Phylogeny and antiquity of M macrohaplogroup inferred from complete mt DNA sequence of Indian specific lineages". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 5: 26. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-26. PMC 1079809. PMID 15804362.
  4. ^ a b Macaulay, V; Hill, C; Achilli, A; Rengo, C; Clarke, D; Meehan, W; Blackburn, J; Semino, O; et al. (2005). "Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes" (PDF). Science. 308 (5724): 1034–6. Bibcode:2005Sci...308.1034M. doi:10.1126/science.1109792. PMID 15890885. S2CID 31243109.: "Haplogroup L3 (the African clade that gave rise to the two basal non-African clades, haplogroups M and N) is 84,000 years old, and haplogroups M and N themselves are almost identical in age at 63,000 years old, with haplogroup R diverging rapidly within haplogroup N 60,000 years ago."
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gonzalez; et al. (2007). "Mitochondrial lineage M1 traces an early human backflow to Africa". BMC Genomics. 8: 223. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-8-223. PMC 1945034. PMID 17620140.
  6. ^ a b Abu-Amero, KK; Larruga, JM; Cabrera, VM; González, AM; et al. (2008). "Mitochondrial DNA structure in the Arabian Peninsula". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8: 45. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-45. PMC 2268671. PMID 18269758.
  7. ^ Kivisild, M; Kivisild, T; Metspalu, E; Parik, J; Hudjashov, G; Kaldma, K; Serk, P; Karmin, M; Behar, DM; Gilbert, M Thomas P; Endicott, Phillip; Mastana, Sarabjit; Papiha, Surinder S; Skorecki, Karl; Torroni, Antonio; Villems, Richard (2004). "Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans". BMC Genetics. 5: 26. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-5-26. PMC 516768. PMID 15339343.
  8. ^ a b c Kivisild, T; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, M; Mastana, S; Kaldma, K; Parik, J; Metspalu, E; Adojaan, M; et al. (2003). "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 313–32. doi:10.1086/346068. PMC 379225. PMID 12536373.
  9. ^ Marrero, Patricia; Abu-Amero, Khaled K.; Larruga, Jose M.; Cabrera, Vicente M. (2016). "Carriers of human mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup M colonized India from southeastern Asia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 246. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0816-8. PMC 5105315. PMID 27832758.
  10. ^ Quintana-Murci, Lluís; et al. (1999). "Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 827–45. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC 1181978. PMID 15077202.
  11. ^ Chandrasekar, Adimoolam; Kumar, Satish; Sreenath, Jwalapuram; Sarkar, Bishwa Nath; Urade, Bhaskar Pralhad; Mallick, Sujit; Bandopadhyay, Syam Sundar; Barua, Pinuma; Barik, Subihra Sankar; Basu, Debasish; Kiran, Uttaravalli; Gangopadhyay, Prodyot; Sahani, Ramesh; Prasad, Bhagavatula Venkata Ravi; Gangopadhyay, Shampa; Lakshmi, Gandikota Rama; Ravuri, Rajasekhara Reddy; Padmaja, Koneru; Venugopal, Pulamaghatta N.; Sharma, Madhu Bala; Rao, Vadlamudi Raghavendra (2009). "Updating Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup M in India: Dispersal of Modern Human in South Asian Corridor". PLOS ONE. 4 (10): e7447. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7447C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007447. PMC 2757894. PMID 19823670.
  12. ^ Osman, Maha M.; et al. "Mitochondrial HVRI and whole mitogenome sequence variations portray similar scenarios on the genetic structure and ancestry of northeast Africans" (PDF). Institute of Endemic Diseases. Meta Gene.
  13. ^ a b van Oven, M; Kayser, M; et al. (2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. S2CID 27566749.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h Metspalu, M; Kivisild, T; Metspalu, E; Parik, J; Hudjashov, G; Kaldma, K; Serk, P; Karmin, M; Behar, DM; Gilbert, M Thomas P; Endicott, Phillip; Mastana, Sarabjit; Papiha, Surinder S; Skorecki, Karl; Torroni, Antonio; Villems, Richard; et al. (2004). "Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans". BMC Genetics. 5: 26. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-5-26. PMC 516768. PMID 15339343.
  15. ^ Fregel, R; Cabrera, V; Larruga, JM; Abu-Amero, KK; González, AM (2015). "Carriers of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup N Lineages Reached Australia around 50,000 Years Ago following a Northern Asian Route". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0129839. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1029839F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129839. PMC 4460043. PMID 26053380.
  16. ^ (PDF). 2009: 89. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. ^ a b c Quintana; et al. (1999). "Genetic evidence of an early exit of Homo sapiens sapiens from Africa through eastern Africa" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ^ Dubut, V; Cartault, F; Payet, C; Thionville, MD; Murail, P; et al. (2009). "Complete mitochondrial sequences for haplogroups M23 and M46: insights into the Asian ancestry of the Malagasy population". Human Biology. 81 (4): 495–500. doi:10.3378/027.081.0407. PMID 20067372. S2CID 31809306.
  19. ^ Ricaut, FX; Razafindrazaka, H; Cox, MP; Dugoujon, JM; Guitard, E; Sambo, C; Mormina, M; Mirazon-Lahr, M; Ludes, B; Crubézy, Eric; et al. (2009). "A new deep branch of eurasian mtDNA macrohaplogroup M reveals additional complexity regarding the settlement of Madagascar". BMC Genomics. 10: 605. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-605. PMC 2808327. PMID 20003445.
  20. ^ a b Maruyama, Sayaka; Minaguchi, Kiyoshi; Saitou, Naruya (2003). "Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population". Int J Legal Med. 117 (4): 218–225. doi:10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2. PMID 12845447. S2CID 1224295.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Thangaraj et al. (2006), In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup 'M' in India, BMC Genomics 2006, 7:151
  22. ^ Chandrasekar Adimoolam, Kumar S; Sreenath, J; Sarkar, BN; Urade, BP; et al. (2009). "Updating Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup M in India: Dispersal of Modern Human in South Asian Corridor". PLOS ONE. 4 (10): e7447. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7447C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007447. PMC 2757894. PMID 19823670.
  23. ^ a b c Olivieri et al. (2006), The mtDNA legacy of the Levantine early Upper Palaeolithic in Africa, Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1767-70
  24. ^ Hudjashov, G; Kivisild, T; Underhill, PA; Endicott, P; Sanchez, JJ; Lin, AA; Shen, P; Oefner, P; et al. (2007). "Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (21): 8726–30. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8726H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702928104. PMC 1885570. PMID 17496137.
  25. ^ Ghezzi; et al. (2005). "Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup K is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease in Italians". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (6): 748–752. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201425. PMID 15827561.
  26. ^ Michael D. Petraglia; Bridget Allchin (2007), The evolution and history of human populations in South Asia, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-5561-4, ... As haplogroup M, except for the African sub-clade M1, is not notably present in regions west of the Indian subcontinent, while it covers the majority of Indian mtDNA variation ...
  27. ^ Endicott, Phillip; Metspalu, Mait; Stringer, Chris; Macaulay, Vincent; Cooper, Alan; Sanchez, Juan J. (2006-12-20). "Multiplexed SNP Typing of Ancient DNA Clarifies the Origin of Andaman mtDNA Haplogroups amongst South Asian Tribal Populations". PLOS ONE. 1 (1): e81. Bibcode:2006PLoSO...1...81E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000081. PMC 1766372. PMID 17218991.
  28. ^ The 200,000-Year Evolution of Homo sapiens sapiens Language and Myth Families based on the mtDNA Phylotree, Fossil mtDNA and Archaeology: A Thought Experiment (2014)[1]
  29. ^ Hill, C.; Soares, P.; Mormina, M.; MacAulay, V.; Clarke, D.; Blumbach, P. B.; Vizuete-Forster, M.; Forster, P.; Bulbeck, D.; Oppenheimer, S.; Richards, M. (2006). "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia". American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (1): 29–43. doi:10.1086/510412. PMC 1876738. PMID 17160892.
  30. ^ Hill, C; Soares, P; Mormina, M; Macaulay, V; Clarke, D; Blumbach, PB; Vizuete-Forster, M; Forster, P; Bulbeck, D; Oppenheimer, S; Richards, M (2007). "A mitochondrial stratigraphy for island southeast Asia". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80 (1): 29–43. doi:10.1086/510412. PMC 1876738. PMID 17160892.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Ji, Fuyun; Sharpley, Mark S.; Derbeneva, Olga; et al. (2012). "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans". PNAS. 109 (19): 7391–7396. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.7391J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1202484109. PMC 3358837. PMID 22517755.
  32. ^ a b c d e f Umetsu, Kazuo; Tanaka, Masashi; Yuasa, Isao; et al. (2005). "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations". Electrophoresis. 26 (1): 91–98. doi:10.1002/elps.200406129. PMID 15624129. S2CID 44989190.
  33. ^ Asari, Masaru; Umetsu, Kazuo; Adachi, Noboru; et al. (2007). "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population". Legal Medicine. 9 (5): 237–240. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007. PMID 17467322.
  34. ^ a b c d Zheng, H-X; Yan, S; Qin, Z-D; Wang, Y; Tan, J-Z; et al. (2011). "Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e25835. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625835Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025835. PMC 3188578. PMID 21998705.
  35. ^ Edwin; et al. (2002). (PDF). Current Science. 83. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
  36. ^ Kim, W; Yoo, T-K; Shin, D-J; Rho, H-W; Jin, H-J; et al. (2008). "Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup Analysis Reveals no Association between the Common Genetic Lineages and Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population". PLOS ONE. 3 (5): e2211. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2211K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002211. PMC 2376063. PMID 18493608.
  37. ^ a b c Jin, H-J; Tyler-Smith, C; Kim, W (2009). "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers". PLOS ONE. 4 (1): e4210. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4210J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004210. PMC 2615218. PMID 19148289.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Derenko, Miroslava; Malyarchuk, Boris; Grzybowski, Tomasz; et al. (2007). "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81 (5): 1025–1041. doi:10.1086/522933. PMC 2265662. PMID 17924343.
  39. ^ Beom Hong, Seung; Cheol Kim, Ki; Kim, Wook (2014). "Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and homogeneity in the Korean population". Genes & Genomics. 36 (5): 583–590. doi:10.1007/s13258-014-0194-9. S2CID 16827252.
  40. ^ a b c Tabbada, Kristina A.; Trejaut, Jean; Loo, Jun-Hun; et al. (Jan 2010). "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?". Mol. Biol. Evol. 27 (1): 21–31. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215. PMID 19755666.
  41. ^ a b Peng, Min-Sheng; Ho Quang, Huy; Pham Dang, Khoa; et al. (2010). "Tracing the Austronesian Footprint in Mainland Southeast Asia: A Perspective from Mitochondrial DNA". Mol. Biol. Evol. 27 (10): 2417–2430. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq131. PMID 20513740.
  42. ^ a b Bodner, Martin; Zimmermann, Bettina; Röck, Alexander; et al. (2011). "Southeast Asian diversity: first insights into the complex mtDNA structure of Laos". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11: 49. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-49. PMC 3050724. PMID 21333001.
  43. ^ Kayser, Manfred; Choi, Ying; van Oven, Mannis; et al. (July 2008). "", (2008) "The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (7): 1362–1374. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477.
  44. ^ Hudjashov, Georgi; Kivisild, Toomas; Underhill, Peter A.; et al. (2007). "Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis". PNAS. 104 (21): 8726–8730. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8726H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702928104. PMC 1885570. PMID 17496137.
  45. ^ Shipley, G. P.; Taylor, D. A.; Tyagi, A.; Tiwari, G.; Redd, A. (2015). "Genetic structure among Fijian island populations". Journal of Human Genetics. 60 (2): 69–75. doi:10.1038/jhg.2014.105. PMID 25566758. S2CID 26321736.
  46. ^ Non, Amy. "ANALYSES OF GENETIC DATA WITHIN AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FRAMEWORK TO INVESTIGATE RECENT HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND COMPLEX DISEASE" (PDF). University of Florida. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  47. ^ Holden. . American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  48. ^ Luísa Pereira; Viktor Černý; María Cerezo; Nuno M Silva; Martin Hájek; Alžběta Vašíková; Martina Kujanová; Radim Brdička; Antonio Salas (17 March 2010). "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (8): 915–923. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21. PMC 2987384. PMID 20234393.
  49. ^ a b c d e Derenko, M; Malyarchuk, B; Bahmanimehr, A; Denisova, G; Perkova, M; et al. (2013). "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80673. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880673D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080673. PMC 3828245. PMID 24244704.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Min-Sheng Peng, Weifang Xu, Jiao-Jiao Song, et al. (2017), "Mitochondrial genomes uncover the maternal history of the Pamir populations." European Journal of Human Genetics https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-017-0028-8
  51. ^ Witas HW, Tomczyk J, Jędrychowska-Dańska K, Chaubey G, Płoszaj T (2013). "mtDNA from the Early Bronze Age to the Roman Period Suggests a Genetic Link between the Indian Subcontinent and Mesopotamian Cradle of Civilization". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e73682. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...873682W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073682. PMC 3770703. PMID 24040024.
  52. ^ Cosimo Posth; Gabriel Renaud; Alissa Mittnik; Dorothée G. Drucker; Hélène Rougier; Christophe Cupillard; Frédérique Valentin; Corinne Thevenet; Anja Furtwängler; Christoph Wißing; Michael Francken; Maria Malina; Michael Bolus; Martina Lari; Elena Gigli; Giulia Capecchi; Isabelle Crevecoeur; Cédric Beauval; Damien Flas; Mietje Germonpré; Johannes van der Plicht; Richard Cottiaux; Bernard Gély; Annamaria Ronchitelli; Kurt Wehrberger; Dan Grigorescu; Jiří Svoboda; Patrick Semal; David Caramelli; Hervé Bocherens; Katerina Harvati; Nicholas J. Conard; Wolfgang Haak; Adam Powell (March 21, 2016). "Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe". Current Biology. 26 (6): 827–833. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037. hdl:2440/114930. PMID 26853362. S2CID 140098861.
  53. ^ van de Loosdrecht; et al. (2018-03-15). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29545507.
  54. ^ Reyhan Yaka. "Archaeogenetics of Late Iron Age Çemialo Sırtı, Batman: Investigating maternal genetic continuity in North Mesopotamia since the Neolithic". bioRxiv 10.1101/172890.
  55. ^ Schuenemann, Verena J.; et al. (2017). "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods". Nature Communications. 8: 15694. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815694S. doi:10.1038/ncomms15694. PMC 5459999. PMID 28556824.
  56. ^ Fregel; et al. (2018). "Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe". bioRxiv 10.1101/191569.
  57. ^ Konstantina Drosou; Campbell Price; Terence A. Brown (February 2018). "The kinship of two 12th Dynasty mummies revealed by ancient DNA sequencing". Journal of Archaeological Science. 17: 793–797. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.12.025.
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Kutanan,W., Kampuansai,J., Srikummool,M., Kangwanpong,D., Ghirotto,S., Brunelli,A. and Stoneking,M., "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai-Kadai languages." Hum. Genet. (2016).
  59. ^ a b c d Kong, Qing-Peng et al 2010, Large-Scale mtDNA Screening Reveals a Surprising Matrilineal Complexity in East Asia and Its Implications to the Peopling of the Region
  60. ^ Jinam, Timothy A.; Hong, Lih-Chun; Phipps, Maude E.; Stoneking, Mark; Ameen, Mahmood; Edo, Juli; Hugo; SNP Consortium, Pan-Asian; Saitou, Naruya (2012). "Evolutionary History of Continental Southeast Asians: 'Early Train' Hypothesis Based on Genetic Analysis of Mitochondrial and Autosomal DNA Data". Mol. Biol. Evol. 29 (11): 3513–3527. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss169. PMID 22729749.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du YFull MTree 1.01.14609 as of August 21, 2019
  62. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wibhu Kutanan, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Metawee Srikummool, et al. (2020), "Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan groups from Thailand." European Journal of Human Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-0693-x
  63. ^ Hartmann et al. 2009, Validation of microarray-based resequencing of 93 worldwide mitochondrial genomes
  64. ^ a b c d e f g h Lippold, S; Xu, H; Ko, A; Li, M; Renaud, G; Butthof, A; Schröder, R; Stoneking, M (2014). "Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences". Investig Genet. 5: 13. bioRxiv 10.1101/001792. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-5-13. PMC 4174254. PMID 25254093.
  65. ^ a b c d e Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; et al. (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.
  66. ^ https://www.nature.com/articles/s10038-022-01099-w.epdf?sharing_token=lAw-MUL8bjW4ZVcSLKhCUtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0PO2roAz6WGW6t6BlvG2gC_1yxHwCv2QZBaHa6zj062Jw9U2GkSJPVH2hWHoy2P5irDVPl-3o6Tn54B8iHxtRVcSB79WZBTsP8cpck83kb3KoY1sANf-2VCIpHjCDNgBhc%3D
  67. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Chandrasekar, A; Kumar, S; Sreenath, J; Sarkar, BN; Urade, BP; et al. (2009). "Updating Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup M in India: Dispersal of Modern Human in South Asian Corridor". PLOS ONE. 4 (10): e7447. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7447C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007447. PMC 2757894. PMID 19823670.
  68. ^ Malyarchuk, B. A.; Perkova, M. A.; Derenko, M. V.; Vanecek, T.; Lazur, J.; Gomolcak, P. (2008). "Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Slovaks, with Application to the Roma Origin". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 228–240. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00410.x. PMID 18205894. S2CID 205598108.
  69. ^ Kutanan,W., Kampuansai,J., Brunelli,A., Ghirotto,S., Pittayaporn,P., Ruangchai,S., Schroder,R., Macholdt,E., Srikummool,M., Kangwanpong,D., Hubner,A., Arias,L. and Stoneking,M., "New insights from Thailand into the maternal genetic history of Mainland Southeast Asia." Eur. J. Hum. Genet. (2018).
  70. ^ Peng; et al. (2011). "Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders - a perspective from mitochondrial DNA". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11: 46. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-46. PMC 3048540. PMID 21324107.
  71. ^ Sukernik, Rem I.; Volodko, Natalia V.; Mazunin, Ilya O.; Eltsov, Nikolai P.; Dryomov, Stanislav V.; Starikovskaya, Elena B. (2012). "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Tubalar, Even, and Ulchi: Contribution to Prehistory of Native Siberians and Their Affinities to Native Americans". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 148 (1): 123–138. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22050. PMID 22487888.
  72. ^ a b Fedorova, Sardana A; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; et al. (2013). "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13: 127. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-127. PMC 3695835. PMID 23782551.
  73. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Duggan, AT; Whitten, M; Wiebe, V; Crawford, M; Butthof, A; et al. (2013). "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e83570. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...883570D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570. PMC 3861515. PMID 24349531.
  74. ^ a b c d Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, et al., "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." Mol Genet Genomics 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0.
  75. ^ a b Tanaka, Masashi; Cabrera, Vicente M.; González, Ana M.; et al. (October 2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Res. 14 (10): 1832–1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC 524407. PMID 15466285.
  76. ^ Basnet, Rajdip; Rai, Niraj; Tamang, Rakesh; Awasthi, Nagendra Prasad; Pradhan, Isha; Parajuli, Pawan; Kashyap, Deepak; Reddy, Alla Govardhan; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Das Manandhar, Krishna; Shrestha, Tilak Ram; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (2022-10-15). "The matrilineal ancestry of Nepali populations". Human Genetics. doi:10.1007/s00439-022-02488-z. ISSN 0340-6717.
  77. ^ Zhang, Xiaoming; Ji, Xueping; Li, Chunmei; Yang, Tingyu; Huang, Jiahui; Zhao, Yinhui; Wu, Yun; Ma, Shiwu; Pang, Yuhong; Huang, Yanyi; He, Yaoxi (July 2022). "A Late Pleistocene human genome from Southwest China". Current Biology. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.016. ISSN 0960-9822.
  78. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Behar et al., 2012b
  79. ^ a b c Derenko, M; Malyarchuk, B; Denisova, G; Perkova, M; Rogalla, U; et al. (2012). "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e32179. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...732179D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032179. PMC 3283723. PMID 22363811.
  80. ^ Juras, A.; Krzewinska, M.; Nikitin, A.G.; Ehler, E.; Chylenski, M.; Lukasik, S.; Krenz-Niedbala, M.; Sinika, V.; Piontek, J.; Ivanova, S.; Dabert, M.; Gotherstrom, A. (2017). "Diverse origin of mitochondrial lineages in Iron Age Black Sea Scythians". Sci Rep. 7: 43950. Bibcode:2017NatSR...743950J. doi:10.1038/srep43950. PMC 5339713. PMID 28266657.
  81. ^ a b c Ko, Albert Min-Shan; Chen, Chung-Yu; Fu, Qiaomei; Delfin, Frederick; Li, Mingkun; Chiu, Hung-Lin; Stoneking, Mark; Ko, Ying-Chin (2014). "Early Austronesians: into and out of Taiwan". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 94 (3): 426–436. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.02.003. PMC 3951936. PMID 24607387.
  82. ^ Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." Electrophoresis (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151.
  83. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag MtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
  84. ^ a b c Dandan Yu, Xiaoyun Jia, A-Mei Zhang, Shiqiang Li, Yang Zou, Qingjiong Zhang, and Yong-Gang Yao (2010), "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Haplogroup Distribution in Chinese Patients with LHON and m.14484T.C." PLoS ONE 5(10): e13426. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013426
  85. ^ Yanli Ji, A-Mei Zhang, Xiaoyun Jia, et al. (2008), "Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups M7b102 and M8a Affect Clinical Expression of Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy in Chinese Families with the m.11778G/A Mutation." The American Journal of Human Genetics 83, 760–768, December 12, 2008. DOI 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.002.
  86. ^ a b c d e f g h Dan Zhao, Yingying Ding, Haijiang Lin, Xiaoxiao Chen, Weiwei Shen, Meiyang Gao, Qian Wei, Sujuan Zhou, Xing Liu, and Na He (2019), "Mitochondrial Haplogroups N9 and G Are Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients in China." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, Jun 2019, 536-543. http://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2018.0151
  87. ^ Dongsheng Lu, Haiyi Lou, Kai Yuan, et al. (2016), "Ancestral Origins and Genetic History of Tibetan Highlanders." The American Journal of Human Genetics 99, 580–594, September 1, 2016.
  88. ^ a b c d e f g h i Longli Kang, Hong-Xiang Zheng, Menghan Zhang, et al. (2016), "MtDNA analysis reveals enriched pathogenic mutations in Tibetan highlanders." Scientific Reports | 6:31083 | DOI: 10.1038/srep31083.
  89. ^ a b c d Monika Summerer, Jürgen Horst, Gertraud Erhart, et al. (2014), "Large-scale mitochondrial DNA analysis in Southeast Asia reveals evolutionary effects of cultural isolation in the multi-ethnic population of Myanmar." BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014, 14:17. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/14/17
  90. ^ Max Ingman and Ulf Gyllensten (2007), "Rate variation between mitochondrial domains and adaptive evolution in humans." Human Molecular Genetics, 2007, Vol. 16, No. 19, 2281–2287. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddm180
  91. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Pankratov, V., Litvinov, S., Kassian, A., et al., "East Eurasian ancestry in the middle of Europe: genetic footprints of Steppe nomads in the genomes of Belarusian Lipka Tatars." Sci Rep 6, 30197 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30197
  92. ^ Rebecca S. Just, Melissa K. Scheible, Spence A. Fast, et al. (2015), "Full mtGenome reference data: Development and characterization of 588 forensic-quality haplotypes representing three U.S. populations." Forensic Science International: Genetics 14 (2015) 141–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.09.021
  93. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Andrea Brunelli, et al. (2018), "New insights from Thailand into the maternal genetic history of Mainland Southeast Asia." European Journal of Human Genetics (2018) 26:898–911. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-018-0113-7
  94. ^ a b Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Chang Sun, et al. (2003), "Phylogeny of East Asian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages Inferred from Complete Sequences." Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73:671–676, 2003.
  95. ^ a b c Duong,N.T., Macholdt,E., Ton,N.D., et al., "Complete human mtDNA genome sequences from Vietnam and the phylogeography of Mainland Southeast Asia." Sci Rep 8 (1), 11651 (2018).
  96. ^ Yang Zou, Xiaoyun Jia, A-Mei Zhang, et al. (2010), "The MT-ND1 and MT-ND5 genes are mutational hotspots for Chinese families with clinical features of LHON but lacking the three primary mutations." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Volume 399, Issue 2, 20 August 2010, Pages 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.051
  97. ^ a b c d e f g h Jiang,C., Cui,J., Liu,F., Gao,L., Luo,Y., Li,P., Guan,L. and Gao,Y., "Mitochondrial DNA 10609T Promotes Hypoxia-Induced Increase of Intracellular ROS and Is a Risk Factor of High Altitude Polycythemia." PLoS ONE 9 (1), E87775 (2014).
  98. ^ Kong QP, Sun C, Wang HW, Zhao M, Wang WZ, Zhong L, Hao XD, Pan H, Wang SY, Cheng YT, Zhu CL, Wu SF, Liu LN, Jin JQ, Yao YG, Zhang YP. "Large-scale mtDNA screening reveals a surprising matrilineal complexity in east Asia and its implications to the peopling of the region." Mol Biol Evol. 2011 Jan;28(1):513-22. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msq219. Epub 2010 Aug 16. PMID 20713468.
  99. ^ a b c d Jia Liu, Li-Dong Wang, Yan-Bo Sun, et al. (2012), "Deciphering the Signature of Selective Constraints on Cancerous Mitochondrial Genome." Mol. Biol. Evol. 29(4):1255–1261. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr290
  100. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, Boris Malyarchuk, Irina Dambueva, and Boris Bazarov, "Mitogenomic diversity and differentiation of the Buryats." Journal of Human Genetics (2018) 63:71–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/s10038-017-0370-2
  101. ^ a b Boris Malyarchuk, Andrey Litvinov, Miroslava Derenko, et al. (2017), "Mitogenomic diversity in Russians and Poles." FSI Genetics Volume 30, p51-56, September 01, 2017. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.06.003
  102. ^ Marchi N, Hegay T, Mennecier P, et al. (2017), "Sex-specific genetic diversity is shaped by cultural factors in Inner Asian human populations." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2017 Apr;162(4):627-640. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23151.
  103. ^ a b Hua-Wei Wang, Xiaoyun Jia, Yanli Ji, et al. (2008), "Strikingly different penetrance of LHON in two Chinese families with primary mutation G11778A is independent of mtDNA haplogroup background and secondary mutation G13708A." Mutation Research 643 (2008) 48–53. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.06.004
  104. ^ a b Mielnik-Sikorska M, Daca P, Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Skonieczna K, et al. (2013), "The History of Slavs Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences." PLoS ONE 8(1): e54360. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054360
  105. ^ Gülşah Merve Kılınç, Natalija Kashuba, Reyhan Yaka, et al. (2018), "Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes." Scientific Reports (2018) 8:8969 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-27325-0
  106. ^ a b Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, and Olga Kravtsova (2010), "Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia." Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(10):2220–2226. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq065
  107. ^ Jun-Hun Loo, Jean A Trejaut, Ju-Chen Yen, et al. (2014), "Mitochondrial DNA association study of type 2 diabetes with or without ischemic stroke in Taiwan." BMC Res Notes 2014; 7: 223. Published online 2014 Apr 9. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-223
  108. ^ a b Dryomov SV, Nazhmidenova AM, Starikovskaya EB, Shalaurova SA, Rohland N, Mallick S, et al. (2021), "Mitochondrial genome diversity on the Central Siberian Plateau with particular reference to the prehistory of northernmost Eurasia." PLoS ONE 16(1):e0244228. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0244228
  109. ^ a b Wang, C. Y., Li, H., Hao, X. D., Liu, J., Wang, J. X., Wang, W. Z., Kong, Q. P., & Zhang, Y. P. (2011). "Uncovering the profile of somatic mtDNA mutations in Chinese colorectal cancer patients." PloS one, 6(6), e21613. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021613
  110. ^ A-Mei Zhang, Xiaoyun Jia, Yong-Gang Yao, and Qingjiong Zhang (2008), "Co-occurrence of A1555G and G11778A in a Chinese family with high penetrance of Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 376 (2008) 221–224. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.08.128
  111. ^ Choongwon Jeong, Ke Wang, Shevan Wilkin, William Timothy Treal Taylor, Bryan K. Miller, Jan H. Bemmann, Raphaela Stahl, Chelsea Chiovelli, Florian Knolle, Sodnom Ulziibayar, Dorjpurev Khatanbaatar, Diimaajav Erdenebaatar, Ulambayar Erdenebat, Ayudai Ochir, Ganbold Ankhsanaa, Chuluunkhuu Vanchigdash, Battuga Ochir, Chuluunbat Munkhbayar, Dashzeveg Tumen, Alexey Kovalev, Nikolay Kradin, Bilikto A. Bazarov, Denis A. Miyagashev, Prokopiy B. Konovalov, Elena Zhambaltarova, Alicia Ventresca Miller, Wolfgang Haak, Stephan Schiffels, Johannes Krause, Nicole Boivin, Myagmar Erdene, Jessica Hendy, and Christina Warinner, "A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia’s Eastern Steppe." Cell, Volume 183, Issue 4, 2020, Pages 890-904.e29, ISSN 0092-8674, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015.
  112. ^ a b Mian Zhao, Qing-Peng Kong, Hua-Wei Wang, et al. (2009), "Mitochondrial genome evidence reveals successful Late Paleolithic settlement on the Tibetan Plateau." PNAS, vol. 106, no. 50, 21230–21235. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0907844106
  113. ^ Longli Kang, Hong-Xiang Zheng, Feng Chen, et al. (2013), "mtDNA Lineage Expansions in Sherpa Population Suggest Adaptive Evolution in Tibetan Highlands." Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 30, Issue 12, December 2013, Pages 2579–2587, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst147.
  114. ^ a b c d Kong, Qing-Peng; Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen; Sun, Chang; et al. (2006). "Updating the East Asian mtDNA phylogeny: a prerequisite for the identification of pathogenic mutations". Human Molecular Genetics. 15 (13): 2076–2086. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl130. PMID 16714301.
  115. ^ Xiaoming Zhang, Chunmei Li, Yanan Zhou, et al. (2020), "A Matrilineal Genetic Perspective of Hanging Coffin Custom in Southern China and Northern Thailand." iScience 23, 101032, April 24, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101032
  116. ^ Dryomov, S.V., Starikovskaya, E.B., Nazhmidenova, A.M. et al. Genetic legacy of cultures indigenous to the Northeast Asian coast in mitochondrial genomes of nearly extinct maritime tribes. BMC Evol Biol 20, 83 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-01652-1
  117. ^ Cheng-Ye Wang and Zhong-Bao Zhao (2012), "Somatic mtDNA mutations in lung tissues of pesticide-exposed fruit growers." Toxicology 291 (2012) 51– 55. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.018
  118. ^ Ingman, M.; Kaessmann, H.; Paabo, S.; Gyllensten, U. (2000). "Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans". Nature. 408 (6813): 708–713. Bibcode:2000Natur.408..708I. doi:10.1038/35047064. PMID 11130070. S2CID 52850476.
  119. ^ Yao, Yong-Gang; Kong, Qing-Peng; Wang, Cheng-Ye; et al. (2004). "Different Matrilineal Contributions to Genetic Structure of Ethnic Groups in the Silk Road Region in China". Mol. Biol. Evol. 21 (12): 2265–2280. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh238. PMID 15317881.
  120. ^ Fedorova, Sardana A; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; et al. (2013). "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13: 127. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-127. PMC 3695835. PMID 23782551.
  121. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Kutanan, Wibhu; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Changmai, Piya; et al. (2018). "Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic variation of hunter-gatherer groups in Thailand". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 1536. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.1536K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20020-0. PMC 5784115. PMID 29367746.
  122. ^ a b c Scholes, Clarissa; Siddle, Katherine; Ducourneau, Axel; et al. (2011). "Genetic Diversity and Evidence for Population Admixture in Batak Negritos from Palawan". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 146 (1): 62–72. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21544. PMID 21796613.
  123. ^ "M24'41 MTree".
  124. ^ https://www.nature.com/articles/s10038-022-01099-w.epdf?sharing_token=lAw-MUL8bjW4ZVcSLKhCUtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0PO2roAz6WGW6t6BlvG2gC_1yxHwCv2QZBaHa6zj062Jw9U2GkSJPVH2hWHoy2P5irDVPl-3o6Tn54B8iHxtRVcSB79WZBTsP8cpck83kb3KoY1sANf-2VCIpHjCDNgBhc%3D
  125. ^ Malyarchuk, B. et al 2008c, Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Slovaks, with Application to the Roma Origin
  126. ^ "M39'70 MTree".
  127. ^ "M42'74 MTree".
  128. ^ Zhang,X., Qi,X., Yang,Z., et al., "Analysis of mitochondrial genome diversity identifies new and ancient maternal lineages in Cambodian aborigines." Nat Commun 4, 2599 (2013).
  129. ^ "M55'77 MTree".
  130. ^ "M77 MTree".
  131. ^ "M62'68 MTree".
  132. ^ "M68 MTree".
  133. ^ a b Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Piya Changmai, et al. (2018), "Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic variation of hunter-gatherer groups in Thailand." Scientific Reports volume 8, Article number: 1536. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20020-0
  134. ^ "M73'79 MTree".
  135. ^ "M73 MTree".
  136. ^ "M79 MTree".
  137. ^ Comas et al. (2004), Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages, European Journal of Human Genetics (2004) 12, 495–504.

External links

  • General
  • Haplogroup M
    • Mannis van Oven's
    • , from National Geographic
    • Tree of M haplogroup as for 2006
    • Haplogroup M (mtDNA) interest group on Facebook
    • Another tree emphasizing the Andamanese and Nicobarese populations in comparison with other peoples with high M presence
    • K.Tharanghaj et al. In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup M in India (PDF document)

December 28, 2022
haplogroup, mtdna, this, article, about, human, mtdna, haplogroup, human, haplogroup, haplogroup, p256, haplogroup, human, mitochondrial, mtdna, haplogroup, enormous, haplogroup, spanning, continents, macro, haplogroup, like, sibling, macro, haplogroup, descen. This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup For the human Y DNA haplogroup see Haplogroup M P256 Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA mtDNA haplogroup An enormous haplogroup spanning all the continents the macro haplogroup M like its sibling the macro haplogroup N is a descendant of the haplogroup L3 Haplogroup MPossible time of originca 55 000 65 000 years ago 1 or 50 000 65 000 years ago 2 Possible place of originSouth Asia 3 4 5 6 7 8 Southwest Asia 2 1 Southeast Asia 9 10 or East Africa 11 12 AncestorL3DescendantsM1 M2 M3 M4 45 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 42 M12 G M13 M14 M15 M21 M27 M28 M29 Q M31 32 M33 M34 M35 M36 M39 M40 M41 M44 M46 M47 50 M48 M49 M51 DDefining mutations263 489 10400 14783 15043 13 All mtDNA haplogroups considered native outside of Africa are descendants of either haplogroup M or its sibling haplogroup N 14 Haplogroup M is relatively young having a younger most recent common ancestor date than some subclades of haplogroup N such as haplogroup R 15 Contents 1 Origins 1 1 Haplogroup M1 1 2 Haplogroup M23 1 3 Asian origin hypothesis 1 4 African origin hypothesis 2 Dispersal 3 Distribution 3 1 Subgroups distribution 58 4 Subclades 4 1 Tree 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksOrigins EditThere is a debate concerning the geographical origins of Haplogroup M and its sibling haplogroup N Both lineages are thought to have been the main surviving lineages involved in the out of Africa migration or migrations because all indigenous lineages found outside Africa belong to haplogroup M or haplogroup N Scientists are unsure whether the mutations that define haplogroups M and N occurred in Africa before the exit from Africa or in Asia after the exit from Africa Determining the origins of haplogroup M is further complicated by an early back migration from Asia to Africa of bearers of M1 5 Its date of origin in absolute terms is only known with great uncertainty as reconstruction has yielded different but overlapping ranges for the age of M in South Asia and East Asia The same authors give an estimate for t of L3 as 71 6 15 0 14 5 kya 16 later 2011 narrowed to the somewhat younger 65 5 kya 1 Thus haplogroup M would have emerged around 10 000 or at most 20 000 years after L3 around or somewhat after the recent out of Africa migration event Haplogroup M1 Edit Much discussion concerning the origins of haplogroup M has been related to its subclade haplogroup M1 which is the only variant of macro haplogroup M found in Africa 14 Two possibilities were being considered as potential explanations for the presence of M1 in Africa M was present in the ancient population which later gave rise to both M1 in Africa and M more generally found in Eurasia 17 The presence of M1 in Africa is the result of a back migration from Asia which occurred sometime after the Out of Africa migration 5 Haplogroup M23 Edit In 2009 two independent publications reported a rare deep rooted subclade of haplogroup M referred to as M23 that is present in Madagascar 18 19 The contemporary populations of Madagascar were formed in the last 2 000 years by the admixture of Bantu and Indonesian Austronesian populations M23 seems to be restricted to Madagascar as it has not been detected anywhere else M23 could have been brought to Madagascar from Asia where most deep rooted subclades of Haplogroup M are found Asian origin hypothesis Edit According to this theory anatomically modern humans carrying ancestral haplogroup L3 lineages were involved in the Out of Africa migration from East Africa into Asia Somewhere in Asia the ancestral L3 lineages gave rise to haplogroups M and N The ancestral L3 lineages were then lost by genetic drift as they are infrequent outside Africa The hypothesis that Asia is the origin of macrohaplogroup M is supported by the following The highest frequencies worldwide of macrohaplogroup M are observed in Asia specifically in Bangladesh China India Japan Korea and Nepal where frequencies range from 60 to 80 The total frequency of M subclades is even higher in some populations of Siberia or the Americas but these small populations tend to exhibit strong genetic drift effects and often their geographical neighbors exhibit very different frequencies 3 20 21 Deep time depth gt 50 000 years of western central southern and eastern Indian haplogroups M2 M38 M54 M58 M33 M6 M61 M62 and the distribution of macrohaplogroup M do not rule out the possibility of macrohaplogroup M arising in Indian population 22 With the exception of the African specific M1 India has several M lineages that emerged directly from the root of haplogroup M 3 21 Only two subclades of haplogroup M M1 and M23 are found in Africa whereas numerous subclades are found outside Africa 3 5 with some discussion possible only about sub clade M1 concerning which see below Specifically concerning M1Haplogroup M1 has a restricted geographic distribution in Africa being found mainly in North Africans and East Africa at low or moderate frequencies If M had originated in Africa around or before the Out of Africa migration it would be expected to have a more widespread distribution 21 According to Gonzalez et al 2007 M1 appears to have expanded relatively recently In this study M1 had a younger coalescence age than the Asian exclusive M lineages 5 The geographic distribution of M1 in Africa is predominantly North African supra equatorial 5 and is largely confined to Afro Asiatic speakers 23 which is inconsistent with the Sub Saharan distribution of sub clades of haplogroups L3 and L2 that have similar time depths 14 One of the basal lineages of M1 lineages has been found in Northwest Africa and in the Near East but is absent in East Africa 5 M1 is not restricted to Africa It is relatively common in the Mediterranean peaking in Iberia M1 also enjoys a well established presence in the Middle East from the South of the Arabian Peninsula to Anatolia and from the Levant to Iran In addition M1 haplotypes have occasionally been observed in the Caucasus and the Trans Caucasus and without any accompanying L lineages 5 14 M1 has also been detected in Central Asia seemingly reaching as far as Tibet 5 The fact that the M1 sub clade of macrohaplogroup M has a coalescence age which overlaps with that of haplogroup U6 a Eurasian haplogroup whose presence in Africa is due to a back migration from West Asia and the distribution of U6 in Africa is also restricted to the same North African and Horn African populations as M1 supports the scenario that M1 and U6 were part of the same population expansion from Asia to Africa 23 The timing of the proposed migration of M1 and U6 carrying peoples from West Asia to Africa between 40 000 to 45 000 ybp is also supported by the fact that it coincides with changes in climatic conditions that reduced the desert areas of North Africa thereby rendering the region more accessible to entry from the Levant This climatic change also temporally overlaps with the peopling of Europe by populations bearing haplogroup U5 the European sister clade of haplogroup U6 23 dd African origin hypothesis Edit According to this theory haplogroups M and N arose from L3 in an East African population ancestral to eurasians that had been isolated from other African populations before the OOA event Members of this population were involved in the out Africa migration and may have only carried M and N lineages With the possible exception of haplogroup M1 all other M and N clades in Africa were lost due to admixture with other African populations and genetic drift 8 17 The African origin of Haplogroup M is supported by the following arguments and evidence L3 the parent clade of haplogroup M is found throughout Africa but is rare outside Africa 17 According to Toomas Kivisild 2003 the lack of L3 lineages other than M and N in India and among non African mitochondria in general suggests that the earliest migration s of modern humans already carried these two mtDNA ancestors via a departure route over the Horn of Africa 8 Specifically concerning at least M1a This study provides evidence that M1 or its ancestor had an Asiatic origin The earliest M1 expansion into Africa occurred in northwestern instead of northeastern areas this early spread reached the Iberian Peninsula even affecting the Basques The majority of the M1a lineages found outside and inside Africa had a more recent eastern Africa origin Both western and eastern M1 lineages participated in the Neolithic colonization of the Sahara The striking parallelism between subclade ages and geographic distribution of M1 and its North African U6 counterpart strongly reinforces this scenario Finally a relevant fraction of M1a lineages present today in the European Continent and nearby islands possibly had a Jewish instead of the commonly proposed Arab Berber maternal ascendance 5 dd Dispersal Edit Hypothesized map of human migration based on mitochondrial DNA A number of studies have proposed that the ancestors of modern haplogroup M dispersed from Africa through the southern route across the Horn of Africa along the coastal regions of Asia onwards to New Guinea and Australia These studies suggested that the migrations of haplogroups M and N occurred separately with haplogroup N heading northwards from East Africa to the Levant However the results of numerous recent studies indicate that there was only one migration out of Africa and that haplogroups M and N were part of the same migration This is based on the analysis of a number of relict populations along the proposed beachcombing route from Africa to Australia all of which possessed both haplogroups N and M 4 24 A 2008 study by Abu Amero et al suggests that the Arabian Peninsula may have been the main route out of Africa However as the region lacks of autochthonous clades of haplogroups M and N the authors suggest that the area has been a more recent receptor of human migrations than an ancient demographic expansion center along the southern coastal route as proposed under the single migration Out of Africa scenario of the African origin hypothesis 6 Distribution EditM is the most common mtDNA haplogroup in Asia 25 super haplogroup M is distributed all over Asia where it represents 60 of all maternal lineages 26 All Andamanese belong to Haplogroup M 27 It peaks in the Malaysian aboriginal Negrito tribes at almost 100 but with mtDNA M21a representing Semang 84 in Mendriq people Batek people 48 almost all belong to the specific Malaysian Negrito haplogroup M21a this subclade also found in the Orang Asli 21 Thais 7 8 and Malay 4 6 28 29 30 It also peaks very high in Japan and Tibet where it represents on average about 70 of the maternal lineages 160 216 74 Tibet 31 205 282 73 Tōkai 32 231 326 71 Okinawa 32 148 211 70 Japanese 20 50 72 69 Tibet 31 150 217 69 Hokkaidō 33 24 35 69 Zhongdian Tibetan 175 256 68 northern Kyushu 32 38 56 68 Qinghai Tibetan 16 24 67 Diqing Tibetan 66 100 66 Miyazaki 33 51 65 Ainu 214 336 64 Tōhoku 32 75 118 64 Tokyo JPT 34 and is ubiquitous in India 3 14 35 and South Korea 32 36 37 38 39 where it has approximately 60 frequency Among Chinese people both inside and outside of China haplogroup M accounts for approximately 50 of all mtDNA on average but the frequency varies from approximately 40 in Hans from Hunan and Fujian in southern China to approximately 60 in Shenyang Liaoning in northeastern China 31 32 34 37 Haplogroup M accounts for approximately 42 of all mtDNA in Filipinos among whom it is represented mainly by M7c3c and E 40 In Vietnam haplogroup M has been found in 37 52 139 to 48 20 42 of samples of Vietnamese and in 32 54 168 of a sample of Chams from Binh Thuận Province 37 41 Haplogroup M accounts for 43 92 214 of all mtDNA in a sample of Laotians with its subclade M7 M7b M7c and M7e alone accounting for a full third of all haplogroup M or 14 5 31 214 of the total sample 42 In Oceania A 2008 study found Haplogroup M in 42 60 144 of a pool of samples from nine language groups in the Admiralty Islands of Papua New Guinea 43 M has been found in 35 17 48 of a sample of Papua New Guinea highlanders from the Bundi area and in 28 9 32 of a sample of Aboriginal Australians from Kalumburu in northwestern Australia 44 In a study published in 2015 Haplogroup M was found in 21 18 86 of a sample of Fijians but it was not observed in a sample of 21 Rotumans 45 Haplogroup M is also relatively common in Northeast Africa occurring especially among Somalis Libyans and Oromos at frequencies over 20 46 47 Toward the northwest the lineage is found at comparable frequencies among the Tuareg in Mali and Burkina Faso particularly the M1a2 subclade 18 42 48 Among the descendant lineages of haplogroup M are C D E G Q and Z Z and G are found in North Eurasian populations C and D exists among North Eurasian and Native American populations E is observed in Southeast Asian populations and Q is common among Melanesian populations The lineages M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M18 and M25 are exclusive to South Asia with M2 reported to be the oldest lineage on the Indian sub continent with an age estimation of 60 000 75 000 years and with M5 reported to be the most prevalent in historically Turco Persian enclaves 3 49 50 In 2013 four ancient specimens dated to around 2 500 BC 500 AD which were excavated from the Tell Ashara Terqa and Tell Masaikh Kar Assurnasirpal archaeological sites in the Euphrates Valley were found to belong to mtDNA haplotypes associated with the M4b1 M49 and or M61 haplogroups Since these clades are not found among the current inhabitants of the area they are believed to have been brought at a more remote period from east of Mesopotamia possibly by either merchants or the founders of the ancient Terqa population 51 In 2016 three Late Pleistocene European hunter gatherers were also found to carry M lineages Two of the specimens were from the Goyet archaeological site in Belgium and were dated to 34 000 and 35 000 years ago respectively The other ancient individual hailed from the La Rochette site in France and was dated to 28 000 years ago 52 Ancient DNA analysis of Iberomaurusian skeletal remains at the Taforalt site in Morocco which have been dated to between 15 100 and 13 900 ybp observed the M1b subclade in one of the fossils 1 7 14 53 Ancient individuals belonging to the Late Iron Age settlement of Cemialo Sirti in Batman southeast Turkey were found to carry haplogroup M specifically the M1a1 subclade 1 12 8 3 Haplogroup M was also detected in ancient specimens from Southeast Anatolia 0 4 54 Additionally M1 has been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt which date from the Pre Ptolemaic late New Kingdom and Roman periods 55 Fossils at the Early Neolithic site of Ifri n Amr or Moussa in Morocco which have been dated to around 5 000 BCE have also been found to carry the M1b subclade These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern Berbers indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area 56 The ancient Egyptian aristocrats Nakht Ankh and Khnum Nakht were also found to belong to the M1a1 subclade The half brothers lived during the 12th Dynasty with their tomb located at the Deir Rifeh cemetery in Middle Egypt 57 Subgroups distribution 58 Edit Haplogroup M1 2 found in the Nile Valley Horn of Africa North Africa Sahara Mediterranean and Middle East 3 5 M20 in China 59 Borneo Bidayuh 60 Thailand Laos Indonesia Vietnam Jarai Lahu Saudi Arabia M20a Myanmar Thailand Shan from Mae Hong Son Province Tai Yuan China Blang Saudi Arabia M20a1 Thailand Lawa from southeastern Mae Hong Son Province 58 61 Myanmar 61 M20a2 Thailand Phutai from Kalasin Province 62 61 Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province 58 61 Bru from Sakon Nakhon Province 58 61 etc M20a3 Madagascar 61 USA New Jersey 61 M51 in Cambodia 63 and Indonesia Haplogroup M2 3 found in South Asia with highest concentrations in SE India and Bangladesh 14 oldest haplogroup M lineage on the Indian sub continent 3 Also found with low frequency in southwestern China 31 M2a b M2a India Madhya Pradesh Munda most common in Bangladesh M2a1 Malpaharia M2a1a Uyghur Sindhi Hill Kolam Thailand M2a1a1 Katkari M2a1a1a Nihal M2a1a1a1 Katkari M2a1a1b Nihal M2a1a1b1 Nihal M2a1a2 Madia M2a1a2a Madia M2a1a2a1 Kamar M2a1a2a1a Kamar M2a1a3 Mathakur M2a1a3a Kathakur Mathakur M2a1a3a1 Kathakur M2a1a3b Kathakur M2a1b Dungri Bhil M2a1c Andh M2b Paudi Bhuiya most common in SE India M2b1 Korku M2b1a Korku Munda M2b1b Malpaharia M2b2 Hill Kolam Jenu Kuruba M2b3 Betta Kurumba M2b3a Betta Kurumba M2b4 Korku M2c Myanmar Thailand Laos Haplogroup M3 Uyghur Myanmar New Delhi Hindu Paniya 4 found mainly in South Asia with highest concentrations in west and NW India 14 M3a M3a1 Dongri Bhil Kathodi Katkari Jammu and Kashmir Pathan Iran Thailand Laos M3a1a Kamar of Chhattisgarh M3a1b M3a1b Sarikolis and Wakhis in Taxkorgan 50 Pakistan Balochi Makrani India M3a1b1 M3a1b1 Jammu and Kashmir M3a1b1a Pakistan Hazara 64 M3a1b2 Pakistan Brahui 64 Iran Persian 49 M3a2 Bangladesh Jammu and Kashmir Burusho Qatar Yemen M3a2a Jenu Kuruba M3b Kamar of Chhattisgarh M3c Madia Myanmar M3c1 M3c1a Jammu and Kashmir Nepal Terai Hindu Tharu Andhra Pradesh tribal M3c1b Hill Kolam M3c1b1 Saudi Arabia M3c1b1a Jenu Kuruba M3c1b1b Jenu Kuruba M3c2 Pakistan Brahui Jammu and Kashmir Andh Thailand M3d Nepal Kathmandu India Italy Salerno M3d1 New Delhi Hindu M3d1a Nepal Kathmandu Cambodia Lao United Kingdom M3d1a1 Tibet Sherpa M4 30 Haplogroup M4 5 found mainly in South Asia but some sequences in Eastern Saudi Arabia Haplogroup M4a found in Gujarat India 21 Haplogroup M4b found among ancient specimens in the Euphrates valley Haplogroup M65 Haplogroup M65a found in India Pakistan Balochi Sindhi Sarikoli in Taxkorgan Xinjiang China 50 Pamiri in Gorno Badakhshan Tajikistan 50 Ladakh Myanmar China Haplogroup M65b found in India 50 and in Pakistan Balochi Haplogroup M30 mainly in India also found in Nepal Pakistan Central Asia Kyrgyz Wakhi and Sarikoli in Taxkorgan Xinjiang China and Tajiks in Dushanbe Tajikistan 50 the Middle East and North Africa Haplogroup M18 38 Haplogroup M18 found among Tharus in southern Nepal and tribal people in Andhra Pradesh 65 Haplogroup M18a was also found in Mesolithic Sri Lanka 66 Haplogroup M38 found with high frequency among Tharus from Morang District of southeastern Nepal and as singletons among Tharus from Chitwan District of south central Nepal and Hindus from New Delhi 65 Haplogroup M37 Haplogroup M37a found in Gujarat India 21 Haplogroup M5 6 found in South Asia Haplogroup M5a found in India Jammu and Kashmir Madhya Pradesh Kathakur 67 Gadaba 21 Thailand Mon in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province 58 Israel Kyrgyz in Taxkorgan 50 M5a1 M5a1a India incl Jammu and Kashmir M5a1b India Jammu and Kashmir Dongri Bhil Nihal Andh Pakistan Burusho Russia 68 Spain Romani USA Georgia USA California M5a2 India M5a2a Pakistan Balochi India Nihal Thailand Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province 58 M5a2a1 India Hindus in New Delhi Pakistan Sindhi M5a2a1a Saudi Arabia Iran Persian 49 Kazakh Pakistan Balochi India Dongri Bhil Korku Lachungpa Myanmar M5a2a2 India Kamar of Chhattisgarh Yemen M5a2a3 India Pauri Bhuiya Munda M5a2a4 Iran Persians 49 Pakistan Brahui Makrani Balochi M5a3 M5a3a India Kamar of Chhattisgarh 67 M5a3b India Dongri Bhil 67 Kathodi 67 M5a4 India Kathodi 67 Korku 67 M5a5 India Dongri Bhil 67 Andh 67 Yemen Haplogroup M5b found in India and Thailand Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province 58 Haplogroup M5b2b1a found in Tibet Ladakh Nepal Haplogroup M5c found in India Thailand Mon in Lopburi Province and Nakhon Ratchasima Province 58 Tibet Nepal Haplogroup M5c1 India Pauri Bhuiya 67 Kathodi 67 etc Thailand Thai from Phichit Province 69 Haplogroup M5c2 Nepal Tharu 65 Tibet Sherpa citation needed Thailand Mon from Nakhon Ratchasima Province 58 Haplogroup M6 7 found mainly in South Asia with highest concentrations in mid eastern India and Kashmir 14 Haplogroup M6b found in Kerala India 21 Haplogroup M61 found among ancient specimens in the Euphrates valley Haplogroup M7 8 found in East Asia and Southeast Asia especially in Japan southern China Vietnam 70 Laos 42 and Thailand 58 also found with low frequency in Central Asia and Siberia Haplogroup M7a Haplogroup M7a Japan Haplogroup M7a1 Haplogroup M7a1 Japan Jiangsu Shandong Haplogroup M7a1a Haplogroup M7a1a Japan Korea Beijing Hebei Henan Sichuan Shanghai Shandong Haplogroup M7a1a1 Haplogroup M7a1a1 Japan Korea Jiangsu Shandong Liaoning Henan Haplogroup M7a1a1a Japan Haplogroup M7a1a2 Haplogroup M7a1a2 Japan Jiangsu Haplogroup M7a1a2a Japan Haplogroup M7a1a3 Japan Haplogroup M7a1a4 Haplogroup M7a1a4 Japan Zhejiang Haplogroup M7a1a4a Japan Haplogroup M7a1a5 Haplogroup M7a1a5 Japan Haplogroup M7a1a5a Japan Korea Tianjin Haplogroup M7a1a6 Haplogroup M7a1a6 Japan Philippines Jiangsu Shanxi Shandong Haplogroup M7a1a6a Japan Haplogroup M7a1a7 Haplogroup M7a1a7 Japan Korea Haplogroup M7a1a7a Uyghur Haplogroup M7a1a8 Japan Jiangsu Haplogroup M7a1a9 Japan Korea Tianjin Haplogroup M7a1a10 Japan Haplogroup M7a1b Haplogroup M7a1b1 Haplogroup M7a1b1 Japan China Minnan Han Haplogroup M7a1b1a Japan Haplogroup M7a1b2 Japan Haplogroup M7a2 Haplogroup M7a2 Japan Haplogroup M7a2a Japan Ulchi 71 Yakut 72 Haplogroup M7a2a1 Japan Haplogroup M7a2a2 Haplogroup M7a2a2 Japan Haplogroup M7a2a2a Haplogroup M7a2a2a Japan Gunma Haplogroup M7a2a2a1 Japan Aichi Haplogroup M7a2a3 Haplogroup M7a2a3a Haplogroup M7a2a3a Udihe 73 Haplogroup M7a2a3a1 Udihe 73 Haplogroup M7a2a3b Evenk Nyukzha River basin 73 Buryat 38 Haplogroup M7a2a4 Japan Haplogroup M7b c Haplogroup M7b Haplogroup M7b1a Haplogroup M7b1a1 Thailand Laos Vietnam Cambodia Myanmar Indonesia China Karakalpak Kyrgyz Mongush Khamnigan Haplogroup M7b1a1a Thailand Uyghur Korea Haplogroup M7b1a1a1 Japan Korea China Tajikistan Thailand Laos Haplogroup M7b1a1a1a Japan Haplogroup M7b1a1a1b Japan Korea China Russia Kyrgyzstan Haplogroup M7b1a1a1c Japan Haplogroup M7b1a1a1d Japan Haplogroup M7b1a1a2 Thailand Vietnam Malaysia China Haplogroup M7b1a1a3 Thailand Laos Vietnam China Haplogroup M7b1a1b Thailand Laos Vietnam China Hunan Uyghur Kyrgyz from Artux 50 England Haplogroup M7b1a1c Han Chinese Uyghurs Kyrgyz Haplogroup M7b1a1c1 Chinese Bama Yao Autonomous County Haplogroup M7b1a1d Thailand Laos Tatar Buinsk Haplogroup M7b1a1e Thailand Haplogroup M7b1a1e1 Thailand Vietnam China Haplogroup M7b1a1e2 China Haplogroup M7b1a1f Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Vietnam China Haplogroup M7b1a1g Thailand Haplogroup M7b1a1h Thailand Chinese Han from Lanzhou 74 etc Vietnam Korea Japan Haplogroup M7b1a1i Taiwan Amis Philippines Malaysia Haplogroup M7b1a2 Haplogroup M7b1a2a China Uyghurs Kyrgyzes in Taxkorgan Han Mongol in Inner Mongolia Haplogroup M7b1a2a1 Taiwan Aboriginal peoples Philippines Indonesia Malaysia Haplogroup M7b1a2a1a Atayal Saisiyat Haplogroup M7b1a2a1b Atayal Haplogroup M7b1a2a1b1 Atayal Saisiyat Haplogroup M7b1b Khamnigan China Kyrgyz Haplogroup M7c Haplogroup M7c1 China Vietnam Malaysia Mongolia Sarikoli Kazakhstan Haplogroup M7c1a China Korea Japan Vietnam Thailand Indonesia Haplogroup M7c1a1 Haplogroup M7c1a1a China Mongolia Haplogroup M7c1a1b Azeri Haplogroup M7c1a1b1 Even Sakkyryyr Yakut Vilyuy basin Haplogroup M7c1a2 China Haplogroup M7c1a2a She Uyghur Haplogroup M7c1a2a1 Japan Korea Uyghur Haplogroup M7c1a3 China Japan Vietnam Haplogroup M7c1a3a Korea Haplogroup M7c1a4 Haplogroup M7c1a4a China Haplogroup M7c1a4b China Haplogroup M7c1a5 Japan Korea Haplogroup M7c1b Chinese Haplogroup M7c1b1 Buryats Haplogroup M7c1b2 Haplogroup M7c1b2a Khamnigan Korea Haplogroup M7c1b2b China Thailand Laos Malaysia Haplogroup M7c1c China Thailand Laos Haplogroup M7c1c1 China Haplogroup M7c1c1a China Haplogroup M7c1c1a1 Philippines Haplogroup M7c1c2 Thailand China Han Haplogroup M7c1c3 Taiwan Thailand Philippines Indonesia Brunei Malaysia Kiribati Nauru Saudi Arabia Madagascar Haplogroup M7c2 Taiwan Hainan Thailand Laos Haplogroup M7c2a Thailand Laos China incl Hainan Haplogroup M7c2b Thailand Taiwan Han Czech Haplogroup M7c3 China incl Amis Haplogroup M8 China 61 Northern Thailand Lisu 62 61 India Haplogroup M8a 9 found in East Asia Central Asia and Siberia Haplogroup M8a1 Haplogroup M8a1a Japan Haplogroup M8a1b southeastern Siberia Udegey 73 Haplogroup M8a2 3 Haplogroup M8a2 3 Japan Haplogroup M8a2 found in Koryaks Itelmens Chukchis Tuvans Khakassians Altayans Mongolians China including Uyghurs Koreans Japan Thailand Laos 38 75 Haplogroup M8a2 China Hakka Haplogroup M8a2 T152C Haplogroup M8a2 T152C China Japan Chiba 61 Haplogroup M8a2a Haplogroup M8a2a1 found in Thailand China Japan Haplogroup M8a2a1a Haplogroup M8a2a1a Northeast Thailand Saek Haplogroup M8a2a1a1 Haplogroup M8a2a1a1 China Han from Wuhan Haplogroup M8a2a1a1a Central Thailand Tai Yuan Northern Thailand Palaung Haplogroup M8a2a1b Haplogroup M8a2a1b Chiang Mai Province Khon Mueang Haplogroup M8a2a1b1 Lamphun Province Khon Mueang Haplogroup M8a2a1c China Japan Aichi Haplogroup M8a2a2 China Haplogroup M8a2 A12530G G14364A T16297C Uyghur Haplogroup M8a2b found in Japan China Ulchi Haplogroup M8a2c found in Japan and China Haplogroup M8a2d found in China Shantou Qingdao Haplogroup M8a2e found in Taiwan Ami etc and in a Han Chinese living in the Denver Colorado metropolitan area Haplogroup M8a2f China Haplogroup M8a3 Haplogroup M8a3 China Guangdong etc Kyrgyz Artux 50 Russia Verkhnyaya Gutara Nerkha and Kushun villages of Irkutsk Oblast Haplogroup M8a3a Haplogroup M8a3a China Russia Ket from Turukhansk Haplogroup M8a3a1 Haplogroup M8a3a1 China Haplogroup M8a3a1a China Haplogroup M8a3a2 China Indonesia Jawa Timur Haplogroup CZ Northern Thailand Hmong 62 Haplogroup C 10 found especially in Siberia Haplogroup C1 11 found in Asia and America Native Americans and Hispanics in particular Haplogroup C4 Haplogroup C7 12 found in China and Ukraine 13 Haplogroup Z 14 found in Northeast Europe Siberia Central Asia and East Asia including among Swedes Sami Finns Russians Ukrainians Nogais Abazins Cherkessians North Ossetians Turks Udmurts Komi Kets Kalmyks Hazara Pashtuns Tajiks Turkmens Uzbeks Kazakhs Kyrgyz Uyghurs Evens Evenks Dolgans Yakuts Yukaghirs Khakas Altaians Altai Kizhi Buryats Nganasans Koryaks Itelmens Ulchi Japanese Koreans Chinese and Tibeto Burman peoples Haplogroup M9 15 found in East Asia and Central Asia especially in Tibet In the Nepalese populations it is prevalent mainly in Sherpa 27 4 Tharu CI 19 6 Tamang 15 5 Magar 13 5 and Tharu CII 76 Haplogroup M9 has additionallly been found in ancient remains from the Red Deer Cave people in present day Yunnan 77 Haplogroup M9a b Haplogroup M9a Han Guangdong Guangxi Yunnan Sichuan Hunan Taiwan Anhui Shaanxi Shandong Hebei Korean South Korea Tujia Hunan Kinh Hue Mongol Hohhot Japanese Lhoba 61 TMRCA 23 000 95 CI 18 100 lt gt 28 800 ybp 61 Haplogroup M9a1 Han Hunan TMRCA 19 500 95 CI 13 800 lt gt 26 700 ybp 61 Haplogroup M9a1a Han Hebei Henan Shaanxi Anhui Zhejiang Hunan Yunnan Guangdong Hong Kong Taiwan Manchu Jilin Korean South Korea Hui Qinghai Kazakh Ili Kyrgyz Kyrgyzstan Nepal TMRCA 16 500 95 CI 12 800 lt gt 20 900 ybp 61 Haplogroup M9a1a1 Han Henan Shaanxi Guangdong Guangxi Sichuan Yunnan Taiwan Thailand Laos Hui Yuxi Tibetan Nyingchi Uyghur Japanese Hokkaido TMRCA 13 900 95 CI 10 800 lt gt 17 600 ybp 61 Haplogroup M9a1a1a Japanese Korean Seoul Chinese incl a Henan Han Khamnigan Buryat Republic Udege Nivkh Tibetan Qinghai Haplogroup M9a1a1b Japanese Korean South Korea Mongol Inner Mongolia Han Hunan Haplogroup M9a1a1c Han Gansu Shaanxi Henan Liaoning Zhejiang Jiangxi Hunan Guangdong Sichuan Yunnan Ainu Japanese Korean Mongol Hohhot Uyghur Urumqi Altaian Tuvinian Hui Xinjiang Kyrgyzstan Tujia Hunan Bai Yunnan Yi Yunnan Haplogroup M9a1a1c1 Han Henan Haplogroup M9a1a1c1a Han Henan Anhui Shandong Liaoning Sichuan Yunnan Xinjiang Lanzhou 74 Korea Japanese Mongol New Barga Left Banner Tibetan Liangshan Hui Ili Haplogroup M9a1a1c1b Tibetan Gansu Qinghai Sichuan Yunnan Chamdo Lhasa Nagqu Ngari Nyingchi Shannan Shigatse Monpa Nyingchi Dirang Monpa Arunachal Pradesh Lachungpa Sikkim Tu Huzhu Tu Autonomous County Dongxiang Gansu Buryat Inner Mongolia Buryat Republic Han Qinghai Hui Qinghai Nepalese Haplogroup M9a1a1d Salar Qinghai Han Yanting Bai Dali Haplogroup M9a1a2 Tharu Chitwan District Uttar Pradesh Tibetan Nagqu Yunnan Qinghai Shigatse Lhoba Nyingchi Dhimal West Bengal Chin Myanmar Adi Assam Tu Qinghai Uyghur Urumqi Mongol Ili Han Hunan Shanxi Sichuan Yunnan Shandong Ili Yi Yunnan Bai Dali Nepalese TMRCA 6 153 9 5 443 2 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup M9a1b Tibetan Nyingchi Nagqu Lhasa Chamdo Ngari Shannan Shigatse Sichuan Yunnan Qinghai Gansu Monba Nyingchi Lhoba Shannan Uzbekistan Fergana Dongxiang Linxia Naga Sagaing Burman Bago Chin Chin State Han Hunan Sichuan Yunnan Liaoning Yi Shuangbai TMRCA 9 416 6 3 984 0 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup M9a1b1 Tibetan Lhoba Arunachal Pradesh Sonowal Kachari Wanchoo Gallong Assam Adi Sikkim Lepcha Lachung Qinghai Salar Tu Mongol Mongolia Inner Mongolia Guangxi Gelao Palyu Thailand Bengal Pakistan Karachi Meghalaya Khasi Garo Bodo West Bengal Rabha West Bengal Rajbanshi West Bengal Indonesia Han Shaanxi Henan Gansu Sichuan Yunnan Hui Gansu Qinghai Burman Ayeyarwady Magway Sagaing Rakhine Rakhine Magway Chin Chin State Naga Sagaing Mech Jhapa district Nepal Nepalese Mosuo Yunnan Yi Yunnan She Guizhou Hani Yunnan Pumi Yunnan Bai Dali Va Yunnan TMRCA 6 557 4 2 102 4 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup M9a1b2 Tibetan Diqing Han Dujiangyan Kazakh Altai Republic Kalmyk TMRCA 3 225 9 3 494 4 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup M9a4 Haplogroup M9a4a Kinh Hanoi Han Shaanxi Shandong Zhejiang Taiwan Sichuan Guangdong Li Hainan Mulam Guangxi Jino Xishuangbanna Dai Xishuangbanna Chiang Mai Haplogroup M9a4b Kinh Hanoi South Korea Haplogroup M9a5 Han Hunan Hong Kong Thailand Pubiao Malipo Li Hainan Mulam Luocheng Zhuang Bama Yao Autonomous County Kinh Hanoi Haplogroup M9b Han Luocheng Dujiangyan Shaanxi Cham Binh Thuan Mulam Luocheng Bouyei Guizhou Yi Hezhang Bunu Dahua Hui Ili Thailand Phuan from Sukhothai Province 58 61 Haplogroup E a subclade of M9 found especially in Taiwan Aboriginal peoples Maritime Southeast Asia and the Mariana Islands TMRCA 23 695 4 6 902 4 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup M10 16 small clade found in East Asia Southeast Asia Bangladesh Central Asia Saudi Arabia southern Siberia Russia Belarus and Poland TMRCA 23 600 95 CI 17 100 lt gt 31 700 ybp 61 M10 514C A15218G C16362T M10 514C A15218G C16362T Poland M10 T3167C C4140T T8793C C12549T A13152G T14502C C15040T T15071C M10a TMRCA 16 700 95 CI 11 800 lt gt 22 800 ybp 61 M10a Myanmar M10a1 China Thailand Myanmar Japan Shor Daur TMRCA 14 400 95 CI 11 100 lt gt 18 400 ybp 61 M10a1 Myanmar Central Thailand Mon Japan Aichi M10a1 G16129A M10a1 A13105G T16362C Shor Daur M10a1a M10a1a China Saudi Arabia M10a1a1 M10a1a1a Mongolia 79 Korea Japan China Han from Kunming etc Iron Age Black Sea Scythian 80 M10a1a1b Altai Korea Japan China M10a1a1b Chinese Uyghur M10a1a1b1 M10a1a1b1 Japan China M10a1a1b1a China M10a1a1b1b China M10a1a1b1c Uyghur Altai Kizhi 79 M10a1a1b2 M10a1a1b2 Taiwan Hakka M10a1a1b2a Japan M10a1a2 Northern Thailand Khon Mueang from Lamphun Province 58 M10a1a3 Taiwan M10a1b M10a1b South Korea China Han from Tai an etc India Gallong 67 etc M10a1b1 China Makatao M10a1b2 China Tingri County M10a1c China M10a2 Japan Aichi Kalmyk Russian northwestern Russia M10b China Shui 61 Vietnam Cờ Lao 61 Haplogroup M11 17 small clade found especially among the Chinese and also in some Japanese Koreans Oroqen Yi Tibetans Tajiks in Dushanbe Tajikistan 50 and Bangladeshis 31 TMRCA 20 987 7 5 740 8 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup M11 Myanmar Haplogroup M11a b d Haplogroup M11a b TMRCA 16 209 0 4 396 8 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup M11a Korea Turkey TMRCA 11 972 3 3 523 2 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup M11a C198T Haplogroup M11a C198T Wancho Miao from Fenghuang Hunan Haplogroup M11a1 Gallong Tibet TMRCA 8 668 6 4 041 6 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup M11a2 Tibet Han Zhanjiang TMRCA 8 776 3 3 715 2 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup M11a3 Uyghur Buryat Oroqen Haplogroup M11b TMRCA 12 962 0 4 819 2 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup M11b1 Taiwan Minnan Haplogroup M11b1a Japan Haplogroup M11b1a1 Japan Han Tai an Haplogroup M11b2 Japanese Hokkaido China Altai Kizhi Tajik Dushanbe Haplogroup M11d China Teleut Kyrgyz Iran Haplogroup M11c Japan Korea Haplogroup M12 G Haplogroup M12 18 small clade found especially among the aborigines of Hainan Island as well as in other populations of China 34 Japan Korea Pashtuns Tibet Myanmar Thailand Cambodia and Vietnam TMRCA 31 287 5 5 731 2 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup M12a TMRCA 26 020 6 5 808 0 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup M12a1 Thailand Laos Haplogroup M12a1a Thailand Htin in Phayao Province Black Tai in Kanchanaburi Province Mon in Kanchanaburi Province Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province 58 Laos Lao in Luang Prabang 58 Hainan Haplogroup M12a1a1 China esp Hainan Haplogroup M12a1a2 Hainan Tu Haplogroup M12a1b Tibet Thailand Blang in Chiang Rai Province Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province Palaung in Chiang Mai Province Mon in Kanchanaburi Province 58 Hainan Vietnam Haplogroup M12a2 Thailand Hainan Myanmar Haplogroup M12b Thailand Khmu in Nan Province 58 Haplogroup M12b1 Vietnam Myanmar Haplogroup M12b1a Laos Lao in Vientiane 58 Haplogroup M12b1a1 Haplogroup M12b1a2 Thailand Soa in Sakon Nakhon Province 58 Haplogroup M12b1a2a Cambodia Malaysia Haplogroup M12b1a2b Cambodia Haplogroup M12b1b Thailand Suay in Surin Province Khmer in Surin Province Lao Isan in Roi Et Province Black Tai in Loei Province 58 Cambodia Haplogroup M12b2 Thailand Hainan Haplogroup M12b2a Cambodia Haplogroup G 19 found especially in Japan Mongolia and Tibet and in indigenous peoples of Kamchatka Koryaks Alyutors Itelmens with some isolated instances in diverse places of Asia TMRCA 31 614 8 5 193 6 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup G1 Japan TMRCA 21 492 9 5 414 4 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup G1a China Uyghurs Thailand Black Lahu in Mae Hong Son Province 62 TMRCA 18 139 1 5 462 4 ybp CI 95 78 TMRCA 18 800 95 CI 12 600 lt gt 26 900 ybp 61 Haplogroup G1a1 Korea Vietnam Dao China Sarikolis Uyghurs etc Tajikistan Pamiris Russia Todzhin TMRCA 12 200 95 CI 10 100 lt gt 14 600 ybp 61 Haplogroup G1a1a Japan Korea 38 Taiwan TMRCA 5 200 95 CI 3 800 lt gt 7 000 ybp 61 Haplogroup G1a1a1 Japan Korea China Daur Korean in Arun Banner TMRCA 3 100 95 CI 1 250 lt gt 6 300 ybp 61 Haplogroup G1a1a2 Japan Haplogroup G1a1a3 Japan Haplogroup G1a1a4 Japan Korea Haplogroup G1a1b Taiwan Makatao 81 Russia Altai Kizhi 38 Haplogroup G1a2 3 Haplogroup G1a2 Manchu Han Beijing Tibet Miao Haplogroup G1a3 Japan Korea 82 TMRCA 6 451 1 4 521 6 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup G1b TMRCA 7 246 3 5 088 0 ybp CI 95 78 TMRCA 10 300 95 CI 7 000 lt gt 14 700 ybp 61 Haplogroup G1b1 TMRCA 8 400 95 CI 6 200 lt gt 11 100 ybp 61 Koryaks Magadan Oblast 38 Severo Evensk District of Magadan Oblast citation needed Nivkhs 73 Evens Kamchatka 73 Yakut HGDP Haplogroup G1b2 3 4 G1b G16129A TMRCA 7 700 95 CI 5 000 lt gt 11 400 ybp 61 Evenks Iengra 73 Evens Magadan region 38 Orok Nivkhs Koryaks Magadan Oblast 38 Severo Evensk District of Magadan Oblast citation needed Kamchatka 73 Haplogroup G1b2 TMRCA 2 600 95 CI 375 lt gt 9 300 ybp 61 Koryaks Magadan region 38 Severo Evensk District of Magadan Region citation needed Chukchi Haplogroup G1b3 TMRCA 4 700 95 CI 1 000 lt gt 13 500 ybp 61 Chukchi Anadyr 38 Evens Kamchatka 73 Haplogroup G1b4 TMRCA 1 450 95 CI 225 lt gt 5 100 ybp 61 Yukaghirs 73 Even Tompo 73 Haplogroup G1c Korea Seoul 38 China Han from Lanzhou 74 etc Thailand Black and Red Lahu in Mae Hong Son Province 62 Malaysia Seletar TMRCA 12 910 6 6 009 6 ybp CI 95 78 TMRCA 17 200 95 CI 11 600 lt gt 24 600 ybp 61 Haplogroup G1c1 Han Sichuan Tai an Haplogroup G1c2 China including at least one Han from Beijing Haplogroup G2 Cambodia TMRCA 26 787 5 4 617 6 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup G2a c China 83 USA 83 Haplogroup G2a TMRCA 17 145 5 5 270 4 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup G2a1 Korea 83 China 83 84 Hebei 85 Eastern China 86 Tibetans Chamdo 87 61 Lhasa 31 Tingri 88 Uyghur Artux 50 Daur India Ladakh Punjabi Hindu Myanmar Bamar from Kayin State 89 Thailand Singapore 61 Kyrgyz Kazakhstan 83 Afghanistan Balkh 61 Israel haMerkaz 61 Saudi Arabia 83 Russia 83 Chelyabinsk Oblast 61 Taimyr Evenk 73 Tuvinian 90 Belarus Lipka Tatars 91 Norway 83 USA caucasian 92 TMRCA 14 045 7 4 742 4 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup G2a1a C12525T Georgia Abkhaz 61 Karachay Karachay Cherkess Republic 91 61 Yakuts Central 73 61 Buryat Inner Mongolia 91 61 Haplogroup G2a1b A12753G Haplogroup G2a1b1 T146C G207A T8063C G9266A A15758G Japan 61 83 Haplogroup G2a1b2 A8832C Thailand Mon from Central Thailand 93 61 Haplogroup G2a1b3 T16126C Thailand Tai Khuen from North Thailand 93 61 Haplogroup G2a1b3a A7606G Thailand Thai from Central Thailand 93 61 Haplogroup G2a1 T16189C China Han from Yili 94 Tibetan from Shigatse 31 Korea 83 Japan 61 83 Vietnam Nung 95 61 Georgian Haplogroup G2a1 T16189C A16194G Japan Aichi 75 61 Haplogroup G2a1c Japan 61 83 Korea 83 Haplogroup G2a1c1 Japan Haplogroup G2a1c2 Japan Haplogroup G2a1 T16189C C3654T Eastern China 86 Haplogroup G2a1 T16189C G16526A Uyghurs 61 Haplogroup G2a1 T16189C T15784C Korea 61 Haplogroup G2a1 T16189C T15784C T7609C China 96 India Lachungpa 67 Haplogroup G2a1d Kyrgyz Artux 50 Uzbek Uzbekistan 91 Poland 83 TMRCA 7 303 3 3 657 6 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup G2a1d1 Japan Hong Kong Haplogroup G2a1d1a Japan Haplogroup G2a1d2 Thailand 83 Thai from Ratchaburi Province 93 China 97 Shandong 61 India 83 England 61 Haplogroup G2a1d2a Thailand Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province 58 and Chiang Mai Province 93 Palaung from Chiang Mai Province 58 Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province 62 China Yao 98 Eastern China 86 Haplogroup G2a1d2c China Eastern China 86 Thailand Thai from Central Thailand 93 Haplogroup G2a1e Japan 61 Korea 61 83 Haplogroup G2a1f China 97 Taihang area in Henan province 99 61 Haplogroup G2a1g China 84 97 61 Mongols Karakalpak Haplogroup G2a1 G13194A Tibetan Tingri 88 61 Haplogroup G2a1h India Ladakh 61 Wancho 67 China Fujian Haplogroup G2a1i Lhoba 88 Haplogroup G2a1i1 C3417T Yakut Vilyuy 73 Buryat Eastern Buryat from Buryat Republic 100 Haplogroup G2a1j C5840T Thailand Tai Yuan from North Thailand 93 China Haplogroup G2a1k A8521G Poland 101 61 Haplogroup G2a1l C10043T Russia Pskov Oblast 101 Norway Buskerud 61 Haplogroup G2a1m C8766T Buryat Inner Mongolia 91 Haplogroup G2a1m1 C7229T Daur 64 61 Barga Inner Mongolia 91 Buryat Buryat Republic 91 Khamnigan Zabaikal Region 91 Haplogroup G2a1m1a A4395G Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz 102 91 Haplogroup G2a1n T14180C Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz 91 Haplogroup G2a1o T173C China Henan Province 103 Haplogroup G2a1p A374G Ladakh 61 Haplogroup G2a1q T16356C Deng 88 China Fujian 61 Haplogroup G2a T152C China Eastern China 86 Thai Chanthaburi 61 Haplogroup G2a2 China Uyghur Kyrgyz Artux 50 Tashkurgan 50 Kazakhstan Chelkan Turochak Biyka Kurmach Baigol Nogai Karachay Cherkess Republic 91 Yakut 64 61 Vilyuy 73 Northeast 73 Central 73 Buryat Kizhinginsky District 100 Olkhonsky District 100 Tunkinsky District 100 Bokhansky District 100 Hazara Pakistan 64 61 Volga Tatar Republic of Tatarstan 91 Hungary Finland Haplogroup G2a2a China 61 Uyghur 61 Buryat Bulagad from Bokhansky District 100 Soyot 100 Turkey Bashkortostan 61 Poland 61 104 Haplogroup G2a2b G12007A Buryat Tunkinsky District 100 61 Ekhirit Bulagatsky District 100 61 Haplogroup G2a2c T16136C Uyghur 61 Haplogroup G2a2d C5456T Uyghur 61 Haplogroup G2a2d1 T8978C Uyghur 61 Haplogroup G2a2e T4772C Buryat Ekhirid from Kurumkansky District 100 61 Bulagad Ekhirid from Ekhirit Bulagatsky District 100 61 Haplogroup G2a T152C C16262T ancient DNA from Irkutsk Oblast Irk067 from the Novyj Kachug site at the left bank of the upper Lena River cal BC 3755 to cal BC 3640 105 61 Haplogroup G2a3 Russia Tatarstan 61 Azerbaijanian Iran 49 Uyghur Artux 50 Haplogroup G2a3a Russia Tyumen Oblast 61 Tatar from Buinsk 106 61 Sweden Germany Haplogroup G2a4 China Taihang area in Henan province 99 61 Taiwan Taitung 107 61 Ukraine 104 61 Haplogroup G2a4b T6707C China Tianjin 61 Eastern China 86 Haplogroup G2a5 Japan 61 Korea 61 Kyrgyz Kazakh Karakalpak Telengit Tubalar Yakut 72 Balkar Kabardino Balkaria 61 Buryat Selenginsky District 100 61 Haplogroup G2a5a Buryat Barguzinsky District 100 Kizhinginsky District 100 Haplogroup G2a T152C T1189C Uyghur 61 Haplogroup G2a T152C T1189C A10804G Buryat Bulagad Ekhirid from Ekhirit Bulagatsky District 100 Bulagad Ekhirid from Selenginsky District 100 Haplogroup G2a T152C T1189C C6101T Daurs 64 61 Haplogroup G2a T152C T1189C T16271C China Liaoning 61 Nivkh Nogliki 61 108 Haplogroup G2a T152C C3351T China Jiangxi Province 103 Eastern China 86 Buryat Ekhirid Bulagad from Olkhonsky District 100 Haplogroup G2a T152C C10834T China Jilin 61 Thailand Iu Mien from Nan Province 62 Haplogroup G2 A3397G Haplogroup G2 A3397G T15262C China 61 Mongol Hulunbuir 64 61 Haplogroup G2 A3397G C6623T Uyghurs 61 Haplogroup G2c China 97 Taihang area in Henan province 99 Uyghurs 61 Haplogroup G2b TMRCA 22 776 4 5 059 2 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup G2b1 Tibetan Shannan 31 Cambodia 83 TMRCA 16 830 4 5 616 0 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup G2b1a China 97 Chongqing 61 Shaanxi 61 Thailand Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province 58 Kyrgyzstan 61 Spain 83 TMRCA 13 366 8 5 443 2 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup G2b1a1 Thailand Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province 58 Karen from Mae Hong Son Province 93 Myanmar Karen from Kayin State 89 and Bago Division 89 Haplogroup G2b1a1a C16239T Thailand Skaw Karen from southern Mae Hong Son Province 93 Skaw Karen from northern Mae Hong Son Province 62 Myanmar Karen from Kayin State 89 Haplogroup G2b1a2 Ewenki from Inner Mongolia 94 Haplogroup G2b1a2a G2120A China 109 97 Haplogroup G2b1a3 A4562T Taiwan Hakka 81 Haplogroup G2b1a4 C4599T Thailand Tai Khuen from Northern Thailand 93 Tai Lue from Chiang Rai Province 93 Haplogroup G2b1a5 T11353C China Hebei Province 110 Dungan 61 Haplogroup G2b1b Uyghurs 61 Tibetan Shannan 31 India Lachungpa 67 TMRCA 4 662 1 4 492 8 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup G2b2 Late Medieval eastern Mongolia SHU001 111 61 Sweden 83 Russia 83 Scotland 83 Iraq 83 Japan 83 TMRCA 20 476 0 5 481 6 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup G2b2a India Gallong 67 Kathodi 67 TMRCA 15 328 9 6 057 6 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup G2b2b China 84 Japan 83 Chiba Haplogroup G2b2c China Taihang area in Henan province 99 Tatar Buinsk 106 Haplogroup G2b2d T5641C Japan Tokyo 61 Kyrgyz Tashkurgan 50 Haplogroup G2b2d1 A6647T Uyghur 61 Kumandin Soltonsky District 61 Todzhi Adir Kezhig 108 Buryat Bulagad Ekhirid from Ekhirit Bulagatsky District 100 Haplogroup G2d A11443G Thailand Tai Yuan in Central Thailand 93 Iu Mien in Phayao Province 62 Haplogroup G2d1 A328G Thailand Tai Yuan in Central Thailand 93 Lisu in Mae Hong Son Province 62 Haplogroup G3 TMRCA 23 919 9 6 931 2 ybp CI 95 78 Haplogroup G3a Haplogroup G3a1 2 Pakistan Azad Kashmir Haplogroup G3a1 TMRCA 7 300 95 CI 3 700 lt gt 13 000 ybp 61 Haplogroup G3a1a Tibetan Shigatse 112 Sherpa 113 Naxi 64 61 Hani 114 Haplogroup G3a1b Tibet 61 Nagqu 112 Sarikoli Tashkurgan 50 Haplogroup G3a1c C2389A skeletal remains of Bo people from Chang an Township Weixin County Zhaotong Yunnan China and similar people from Yangxu Town Youjiang District Baise Guangxi China and Tham Lod rockshelter Pang Mapha District Mae Hong Son Province Thailand 115 Haplogroup G3a1 2 A12661G Uyghur 61 Haplogroup G3a2 TMRCA 12 600 95 CI 3 900 lt gt 30 200 ybp 61 Haplogroup G3a2 Taiwan Minnan 81 Haplogroup G3a2 T152C Haplogroup G3a2 T152C Udegey Agzu 116 Korea 83 Japan 83 Haplogroup G3a2a Japan 61 Korean 61 Uzbek 114 Haplogroup G3a2b C13209T Uyghur 61 Haplogroup G3a2b1 G13718C China Eastern China 86 Shandong 117 Haplogroup G3a3 TMRCA 12 900 95 CI 6 000 lt gt 24 200 ybp 61 China 109 Buryat Khori from Khorinsky District 100 Ukraine 83 Poland 83 Slovakia 83 Albania 83 United Kingdom 83 Haplogroup G3a3a G16156A China 97 Uyghur Artux 50 Haplogroup G3a3a1 A390G Inner Mongolia 61 Haplogroup G3a3a1a C2263A Uyghur 61 Haplogroup G3a3a1a1 A3523G Bashkortostan 61 Haplogroup G3b TMRCA 17 800 95 CI 12 800 lt gt 24 100 ybp 61 India Lachungpa 67 Tibetan Lhasa 31 Lhoba 88 Haplogroup G3b1 Tibet Tibetan from Nyingchi 31 Tibetan from Tingri 88 Monpa 88 Deng 88 India 118 83 Dirang Monpa 67 Haplogroup G3b2 China 97 Tibet Monpa 88 Qinghai 114 Thailand Lawa from the southwest of Mae Hong Son Province 58 Tai Yuan from Central Thailand 93 Haplogroup G4 Japan TMRCA 7 500 95 CI 3 100 lt gt 15 500 ybp 61 Haplogroup G5 Vietnam Dao 95 Thailand Lao Isan from Nakhon Ratchasima Province 62 TMRCA 7 900 95 CI 5 400 lt gt 11 200 ybp 61 Haplogroup M13 46 61 Haplogroup M13 small clade found among Tibetans in Tibet 31 Oirat Mongols in Xinjiang 119 Barghuts in Hulunbuir 79 Koreans 114 and Yakuts and Dolgans in central Siberia 120 TMRCA 43 169 4 4 944 0 ybp CI 95 78 M13a TMRCA 19 266 4 6 720 0 ybp CI 95 78 M13a1 China Uyghurs Mongol Tibetan Chamdo Nagqu India TMRCA 9 539 2 6 249 6 ybp CI 95 78 M13a1a Japan M13a1b China Tibet Uyghurs M13a1b1 Buryat Barghut Yakut Central Evenk Taimyr M13a2 Tibet Thailand TMRCA 8 726 0 4 828 8 ybp CI 95 78 M13b TMRCA 31 191 8 6 873 6 ybp CI 95 78 M13b1 Nepal Tharu Northeast India Thailand Jahai TMRCA 22 537 6 7 123 2 ybp CI 95 78 M13b2 Sherdukpen Dirang Monpa Tibet TMRCA 5 441 4 3 888 0 ybp CI 95 78 M13c Myanmar Thailand Mon in Kanchanaburi Province 58 China Lahu Haplogroup M46 Myanmar Moken Urak Lawoi Malagasy Haplogroup M61 Thailand Phuan in Suphan Buri Province Phuan in Phichit Province Phuan in Sukhothai Province Saek in Nakhon Phanom Province 58 Myanmar Vietnam Borneo Haplogroup M61a China Yi Tibet Lachungpa Haplogroup M14 Australia Kalumburu Saudi Arabia India Tibet 31 Haplogroup M15 Australia Kalumburu Tibet 31 Haplogroup M17 found in Luzon 40 Chams 41 121 Maniq 121 Mon 121 Blang 121 Lawa 121 Thai 121 and Laotians 121 Haplogroup M17a Thailand Vietnam Cham Haplogroup M17c Vietnam Cham Haplogroup M17c1 Philippines Abaknon Haplogroup M17c1a Indonesia Haplogroup M17c1a1 Philippines Abaknon Haplogroup M17c1a1a Cambodia incl Stieng Haplogroup M19 53 Haplogroup M19 found in the Batak people of Palawan 122 Haplogroup M53 India Haplogroup M53b Kamar of Chhattisgarh Haplogroup M21 20 small clade found in SE Asia Semang Semelai Temuan 121 Jehai 121 Thailand Maniq 121 Mon 121 Karen 121 Indonesia China and Bangladesh Haplogroup M21a Batek Haplogroup M21b Haplogroup M21b1 Cambodia Lao Tompoun Haplogroup M21b1a Semelai Philippines Cuyunon of Palawan Island Indonesia Haplogroup M21b2 Moken Cham Malaysia India Haplogroup M22 Drung Yunnan Haplogroup M22a Vietnam Kinh Cham Temuan Haplogroup M22b Vietnam Kinh China Han in Meizhou Cambodia Haplogroup M23 75 China M23 found in Madagascar South Africa USA Canada M75 found in China 59 USA Haplogroup M24 41 123 Haplogroup M24 Haplogroup M24a found in Thailand Cambodia Khmer Palawan Tagbanua 122 and China Haplogroup M24b found in Thailand Cambodia Jarai and China Haplogroup M41 found in South Asia Haplogroup M41b found in Andhra Pradesh India 21 Haplogroup M41c found in Andhra Pradesh India 21 Haplogroup M27 21 found in Melanesia Haplogroup M28 22 found in Melanesia and in a single Han individual from China 31 Haplogroup M29 Q Haplogroup M29 23 found in Melanesia Haplogroup Q 24 found in Melanesia and Australia Aboriginal peoples Haplogroup M31 25 found among the Onge in the Andaman Islands 21 Haplogroup M31a Haplogroup M31a1 Haplogroup M31a1a Andaman Islands Haplogroup M31a1b Andaman Islands Haplogroup M31a2 Haplogroup M31a2a northern India Munda etc Myanmar Haplogroup M31a2b India Paudibhuiya Haplogroup M31b c Haplogroup M31b northern India Nepal Myanmar Haplogroup M31c Nepal Tharu Haplogroup M32 56 Thailand Haplogroup M32 Haplogroup M32a 26 found in the Andaman Islands Haplogroup M32c Madagascar Saudi Arabia Thailand Laos USA Haplogroup M56 India Korku 67 Haplogroup M33 27 small clade found in South Asia Belarus citation needed southern China 34 and in two Han Chinese living in Southern California 31 Haplogroup M33a found in Nepal Tharu 65 50 Haplogroup M33a1 Haplogroup M33a1a Lepcha Tharu Haplogroup M33a1b Dongri Bhil Gujarat 21 Haplogroup M33a2 3 Haplogroup M33a2 India Katkari etc Egypt Siwa Haplogroup M33a2a India Iraq Marsh Arab Saudi Arabia Haplogroup M33a3 found among Hindus in New Delhi 65 India 50 Haplogroup M33a3a Myanmar Toto Haplogroup M33a3b found in Thailand and in Tajiks in Dushanbe Tajikistan 50 Haplogroup M33b c Haplogroup M33b Nepal Tharu Haplogroup M33b1 Sonowal Kachari Dai Jianshui Haplogroup M33b2 India Nepal Kathmandu Haplogroup M33c Jews Lithuania Russia Belarus Ukraine USA Hungary Austria Latvia Poland Han Chinese Zhanjiang Yao Jianghua Haplogroup M33d India Malpaharia etc Haplogroup M34 57 Haplogroup M34 28 small clade found in South Asia Haplogroup M34a found in Karnataka India 21 Haplogroup M34a1 India Haplogroup M34a1a India Myanmar Haplogroup M34a2 India Pauri Bhuiya Munda Haplogroup M34b India Nihal etc Haplogroup M57 India Kathakur Haplogroup M57a India Katkari Nihal England Ireland Haplogroup M57b India Kathakur Haplogroup M57b1 India Dongri Bhil Haplogroup M35 29 Nepal Tharu Haplogroup M35a Sarikoli 50 Armenia Mesolithic Sri Lanka 124 Haplogroup M35a1 India Andh Dongri Bhil Mauritius Haplogroup M35a1a India Betta Kurumba Mullukurunan Haplogroup M35a2 India Andh etc Haplogroup M35b found in Karnataka Ladakh Nepal Tharu Myanmar Thailand Slovakia 125 Haplogroup M35b1 2 3 India Germany USA Haplogroup M35b1 India Madia Haplogroup M35b2 India Kathodi Munda Russia Haplogroup M35b3 India Ladakh Haplogroup M35b4 India Toto Nepal Kathmandu Haplogroup M35c India Kathodi Andh Haplogroup M39 70 126 Haplogroup M39 30 found in South Asia 21 Haplogroup M70 Nepal Sherpas etc Tibet Vietnam La Hủ Haplogroup M40 31 found in South Asia 21 Haplogroup M40a Yemen Haplogroup M40a1 Haplogroup M40a1a Haplogroup M40a1b Haplogroup M42 74 127 Haplogroup M42 32 Sri Lanka Haplogroup M42a Australian Aboriginal peoples Haplogroup M42b Haplogroup M42b1 Haplogroup M42b2 Haplogroup M74 Cambodia Kampong Thom 61 Brao 128 61 Thailand Lao Isan 58 Central Thai 121 Vietnam Thai 95 Haplogroup M74a Thailand Hmong 62 Iu Mien 62 Lao Isan from Nakhon Ratchasima Province 62 Vietnam Cờ Lao Nung H Mong Mang China Taiwan Haplogroup M74b Haplogroup M74b1 Haplogroup M74b2 Haplogroup M48 33 rare clade found in Saudi Arabia Haplogroup M49 found among ancient specimens in the Euphrates valley Haplogroup M55 77 129 Haplogroup M55 Myanmar Thailand Malay Haplogroup M77 Indonesia 130 Haplogroup M62 68 131 Haplogroup M62 Haplogroup M68 132 Haplogroup M68a1 Haplogroup M68a1a Cambodia Vietnam Haplogroup M68a1b Haplogroup M68a2 Haplogroup M68a2a Cambodia Haplogroup M68a2b Haplogroup M68a2c Haplogroup M71 India Haplogroup M71a b M71 C151T India Myanmar Cambodia Mel Laos Lao in Vientiane Thailand Lawa Karen Shan Blang Phuan Lao Isan Khon Mueang Vietnam Ede Haplogroup M71a Thailand Thai Tai Yuan Khon Mueang China Fujian Haplogroup M71a1 China Han from Xiamen and Lanzhou 74 Naxi Haplogroup M71a1a China Bouyei from Pingtang etc Vietnam Mang Kinh Thailand Phuan from Central Thailand Haplogroup M71a2 India Myanmar Thailand Thai from Central Thailand and Eastern Thailand 133 Tai Yuan and Tai Khun from Northern Thailand 133 Blang 58 Indonesia Philippines 40 Haplogroup M71b Thailand Thai from Western Thailand 121 Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province 58 Tai Yuan 121 Tai Khun 121 China Bouyei from Pingtang 59 Han from Dongguan 59 Haplogroup M71c Thailand Urak Lawoi Moken Thai from Central Thailand Vietnam Cham from Binh Thuận Kinh Haplogroup M73 79 134 Haplogroup M73 135 Haplogroup M73a Haplogroup M73a1 Haplogroup M73a1a Haplogroup M73a1b Vietnam Haplogroup M73a2 Papua New Guinea East Timor Haplogroup M73a3 Philippines Aklan Haplogroup M73b Indonesia Haplogroup M73b1 Vietnam Cambodia Indonesia Haplogroup M73c Haplogroup M79 China 136 Haplogroup M80 D Haplogroup M80 found in Batak people of Palawan 122 Haplogroup D found in Eastern Eurasia Native Americans Central Asia 137 and occasionally also in West Asia and Europe Subclades EditTree Edit This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup M subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation 13 and subsequent published research M M1 M1a M1a1 M1a1a M1a1b M1a1b1 M1a1c M1a1d M1a1e M1a1f M1a2 M1a2a M1a2b M1a3 M1a3a M1a3b M1a4 M1a5 M1b M1b1 M1b1a M1b2 M1b2a M2 M2a M2a1 M2a2 M2a3 M2b M2b1 M2b2 M3 M3a M4 45 M4 M4a M4b M4b1 M18 38 M18 M38 M30 M30a M30b M30c M30c1 M30c1a M30c1a1 M30d M37 M37a M43 M45 M5 M5a M5a1 M5a1a M5a1b M5a2 M5a2a M6 M7 M7a M7a1 M7a1a M7a1a1 M7a1a1a M7a1a2 M7a1a3 M7a1a4 M7a1a4a M7a1a5 M7a1a6 M7a1a7 M7a1b M7a2 M7a2a M7a2b M7b c d e M7b d M7b M7b1 2 M7b1 M7b2 M7b2a M7b2b M7b2c M7b3 M7b3a M7d M7c e M7c M7c1 M7c1a M7c1b M7c1b1 M7c2 M7c2a M7c3 M7c3a M7c3b M7c3c M7e M8 M8a M8a1 M8a2 M8a2a M8a2b CZ C Z M9 M9a b c d M9a c d M9a d M9a M9a1 M9a2 M9a3 M9d M9c M9b E M10 42 M10 M10a M10a1 M10a2 M42 M42a M11 M11a M11b M12 G M12 M12a G M13 M13a M13a1 M14 M15 M21 M21a b M21a M21b M21c d M21c M21d M22 M23 M25 M27 M27a M27b M27c M28 M28a M28b M29 Q M29 M29a M29b Q M31 M31a M31a1 M31a1a M31a1b M31a2 M31b c M31b M31b1 M31b2 M31c M32 56 M32 M32a M32c M56 M33 M33a M33b M33c M34 M34a M35 M35a M35b M36 M36a M39 M39a M40 M40a M41 M44 52 M44 M52 M46 M47 50 M47 M50 M48 M49 M51 M52 58 M52 DSee also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup M mtDNA Genealogical DNA test Genetic genealogy Human mitochondrial genetics Population genetics Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroupsPhylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA mtDNA haplogroups Mitochondrial Eve L L0 L1 6 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6M N CZ D E G Q O A S R I W X YC Z B F R0 pre JT P UHV JT KH V J TReferences Edit a b c Soares P Alshamali F Pereira J B Fernandes V Silva N M Afonso C Costa M D Musilova E MacAulay V Richards M B Cerny V Pereira L 2011 The Expansion of mtDNA Haplogroup L3 within and out of Africa Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 3 915 927 doi 10 1093 molbev msr245 PMID 22096215 a b Vai S Sarno S Lari M Luiselli D Manzi G Gallinaro M Mataich S Hubner A Modi A Pilli E Tafuri MA Caramelli D di Lernia S March 2019 Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage from the Neolithic green Sahara Sci Rep 9 1 3530 Bibcode 2019NatSR 9 3530V doi 10 1038 s41598 019 39802 1 PMC 6401177 PMID 30837540 a b c d e f g h Rajkumar et al 2005 Phylogeny and antiquity of M macrohaplogroup inferred from complete mt DNA sequence of Indian specific lineages BMC Evolutionary Biology 5 26 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 5 26 PMC 1079809 PMID 15804362 a b Macaulay V Hill C Achilli A Rengo C Clarke D Meehan W Blackburn J Semino O et al 2005 Single Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes PDF Science 308 5724 1034 6 Bibcode 2005Sci 308 1034M doi 10 1126 science 1109792 PMID 15890885 S2CID 31243109 Haplogroup L3 the African clade that gave rise to the two basal non African clades haplogroups M and N is 84 000 years old and haplogroups M and N themselves are almost identical in age at 63 000 years old with haplogroup R diverging rapidly within haplogroup N 60 000 years ago a b c d e f g h i j k Gonzalez et al 2007 Mitochondrial lineage M1 traces an early human backflow to Africa BMC Genomics 8 223 doi 10 1186 1471 2164 8 223 PMC 1945034 PMID 17620140 a b Abu Amero KK Larruga JM Cabrera VM Gonzalez AM et al 2008 Mitochondrial DNA structure in the Arabian Peninsula BMC Evolutionary Biology 8 45 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 8 45 PMC 2268671 PMID 18269758 Kivisild M Kivisild T Metspalu E Parik J Hudjashov G Kaldma K Serk P Karmin M Behar DM Gilbert M Thomas P Endicott Phillip Mastana Sarabjit Papiha Surinder S Skorecki Karl Torroni Antonio Villems Richard 2004 Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans BMC Genetics 5 26 doi 10 1186 1471 2156 5 26 PMC 516768 PMID 15339343 a b c Kivisild T Rootsi S Metspalu M Mastana S Kaldma K Parik J Metspalu E Adojaan M et al 2003 The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations American Journal of Human Genetics 72 2 313 32 doi 10 1086 346068 PMC 379225 PMID 12536373 Marrero Patricia Abu Amero Khaled K Larruga Jose M Cabrera Vicente M 2016 Carriers of human mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup M colonized India from southeastern Asia BMC Evolutionary Biology 16 1 246 doi 10 1186 s12862 016 0816 8 PMC 5105315 PMID 27832758 Quintana Murci Lluis et al 1999 Where West Meets East The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor Am J Hum Genet 74 5 827 45 doi 10 1086 383236 PMC 1181978 PMID 15077202 Chandrasekar Adimoolam Kumar Satish Sreenath Jwalapuram Sarkar Bishwa Nath Urade Bhaskar Pralhad Mallick Sujit Bandopadhyay Syam Sundar Barua Pinuma Barik Subihra Sankar Basu Debasish Kiran Uttaravalli Gangopadhyay Prodyot Sahani Ramesh Prasad Bhagavatula Venkata Ravi Gangopadhyay Shampa Lakshmi Gandikota Rama Ravuri Rajasekhara Reddy Padmaja Koneru Venugopal Pulamaghatta N Sharma Madhu Bala Rao Vadlamudi Raghavendra 2009 Updating Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup M in India Dispersal of Modern Human in South Asian Corridor PLOS ONE 4 10 e7447 Bibcode 2009PLoSO 4 7447C doi 10 1371 journal pone 0007447 PMC 2757894 PMID 19823670 Osman Maha M et al Mitochondrial HVRI and whole mitogenome sequence variations portray similar scenarios on the genetic structure and ancestry of northeast Africans PDF Institute of Endemic Diseases Meta Gene a b van Oven M Kayser M et al 2009 Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation Human Mutation 30 2 E386 E394 doi 10 1002 humu 20921 PMID 18853457 S2CID 27566749 a b c d e f g h Metspalu M Kivisild T Metspalu E Parik J Hudjashov G Kaldma K Serk P Karmin M Behar DM Gilbert M Thomas P Endicott Phillip Mastana Sarabjit Papiha Surinder S Skorecki Karl Torroni Antonio Villems Richard et al 2004 Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans BMC Genetics 5 26 doi 10 1186 1471 2156 5 26 PMC 516768 PMID 15339343 Fregel R Cabrera V Larruga JM Abu Amero KK Gonzalez AM 2015 Carriers of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup N Lineages Reached Australia around 50 000 Years Ago following a Northern Asian Route PLOS ONE 10 6 e0129839 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1029839F doi 10 1371 journal pone 0129839 PMC 4460043 PMID 26053380 Correcting for Purifying Selection An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock Supplementary material p 84 PDF 2009 89 Archived from the original PDF on 2009 12 29 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b c Quintana et al 1999 Genetic evidence of an early exit of Homo sapiens sapiens from Africa through eastern Africa PDF a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Dubut V Cartault F Payet C Thionville MD Murail P et al 2009 Complete mitochondrial sequences for haplogroups M23 and M46 insights into the Asian ancestry of the Malagasy population Human Biology 81 4 495 500 doi 10 3378 027 081 0407 PMID 20067372 S2CID 31809306 Ricaut FX Razafindrazaka H Cox MP Dugoujon JM Guitard E Sambo C Mormina M Mirazon Lahr M Ludes B Crubezy Eric et al 2009 A new deep branch of eurasian mtDNA macrohaplogroup M reveals additional complexity regarding the settlement of Madagascar BMC Genomics 10 605 doi 10 1186 1471 2164 10 605 PMC 2808327 PMID 20003445 a b Maruyama Sayaka Minaguchi Kiyoshi Saitou Naruya 2003 Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population Int J Legal Med 117 4 218 225 doi 10 1007 s00414 003 0379 2 PMID 12845447 S2CID 1224295 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Thangaraj et al 2006 In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup M in India BMC Genomics 2006 7 151 Chandrasekar Adimoolam Kumar S Sreenath J Sarkar BN Urade BP et al 2009 Updating Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup M in India Dispersal of Modern Human in South Asian Corridor PLOS ONE 4 10 e7447 Bibcode 2009PLoSO 4 7447C doi 10 1371 journal pone 0007447 PMC 2757894 PMID 19823670 a b c Olivieri et al 2006 The mtDNA legacy of the Levantine early Upper Palaeolithic in Africa Science 2006 Dec 15 314 5806 1767 70 Hudjashov G Kivisild T Underhill PA Endicott P Sanchez JJ Lin AA Shen P Oefner P et al 2007 Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 21 8726 30 Bibcode 2007PNAS 104 8726H doi 10 1073 pnas 0702928104 PMC 1885570 PMID 17496137 Ghezzi et al 2005 Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup K is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson s disease in Italians European Journal of Human Genetics 13 6 748 752 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201425 PMID 15827561 Michael D Petraglia Bridget Allchin 2007 The evolution and history of human populations in South Asia Springer ISBN 978 1 4020 5561 4 As haplogroup M except for the African sub clade M1 is not notably present in regions west of the Indian subcontinent while it covers the majority of Indian mtDNA variation Endicott Phillip Metspalu Mait Stringer Chris Macaulay Vincent Cooper Alan Sanchez Juan J 2006 12 20 Multiplexed SNP Typing of Ancient DNA Clarifies the Origin of Andaman mtDNA Haplogroups amongst South Asian Tribal Populations PLOS ONE 1 1 e81 Bibcode 2006PLoSO 1 81E doi 10 1371 journal pone 0000081 PMC 1766372 PMID 17218991 The 200 000 Year Evolution of Homo sapiens sapiens Language and Myth Families based on the mtDNA Phylotree Fossil mtDNA and Archaeology A Thought Experiment 2014 1 Hill C Soares P Mormina M MacAulay V Clarke D Blumbach P B Vizuete Forster M Forster P Bulbeck D Oppenheimer S Richards M 2006 A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia American Journal of Human Genetics 80 1 29 43 doi 10 1086 510412 PMC 1876738 PMID 17160892 Hill C Soares P Mormina M Macaulay V Clarke D Blumbach PB Vizuete Forster M Forster P Bulbeck D Oppenheimer S Richards M 2007 A mitochondrial stratigraphy for island southeast Asia Am J Hum Genet 80 1 29 43 doi 10 1086 510412 PMC 1876738 PMID 17160892 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Ji Fuyun Sharpley Mark S Derbeneva Olga et al 2012 Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high altitude Tibetans PNAS 109 19 7391 7396 Bibcode 2012PNAS 109 7391J doi 10 1073 pnas 1202484109 PMC 3358837 PMID 22517755 a b c d e f Umetsu Kazuo Tanaka Masashi Yuasa Isao et al 2005 Multiplex amplified product length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations Electrophoresis 26 1 91 98 doi 10 1002 elps 200406129 PMID 15624129 S2CID 44989190 Asari Masaru Umetsu Kazuo Adachi Noboru et al 2007 Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population Legal Medicine 9 5 237 240 doi 10 1016 j legalmed 2007 01 007 PMID 17467322 a b c d Zheng H X Yan S Qin Z D Wang Y Tan J Z et al 2011 Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time Evidence of mtDNA Genomes PLOS ONE 6 10 e25835 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 625835Z doi 10 1371 journal pone 0025835 PMC 3188578 PMID 21998705 Edwin et al 2002 Mitochondrial DNA diversity among five tribal populations of southern India PDF Current Science 83 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 06 07 Retrieved 2008 10 25 Kim W Yoo T K Shin D J Rho H W Jin H J et al 2008 Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup Analysis Reveals no Association between the Common Genetic Lineages and Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population PLOS ONE 3 5 e2211 Bibcode 2008PLoSO 3 2211K doi 10 1371 journal pone 0002211 PMC 2376063 PMID 18493608 a b c Jin H J Tyler Smith C Kim W 2009 The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomal Markers PLOS ONE 4 1 e4210 Bibcode 2009PLoSO 4 4210J doi 10 1371 journal pone 0004210 PMC 2615218 PMID 19148289 a b c d e f g h i j k Derenko Miroslava Malyarchuk Boris Grzybowski Tomasz et al 2007 Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations Am J Hum Genet 81 5 1025 1041 doi 10 1086 522933 PMC 2265662 PMID 17924343 Beom Hong Seung Cheol Kim Ki Kim Wook 2014 Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and homogeneity in the Korean population Genes amp Genomics 36 5 583 590 doi 10 1007 s13258 014 0194 9 S2CID 16827252 a b c Tabbada Kristina A Trejaut Jean Loo Jun Hun et al Jan 2010 Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia Mol Biol Evol 27 1 21 31 doi 10 1093 molbev msp215 PMID 19755666 a b Peng Min Sheng Ho Quang Huy Pham Dang Khoa et al 2010 Tracing the Austronesian Footprint in Mainland Southeast Asia A Perspective from Mitochondrial DNA Mol Biol Evol 27 10 2417 2430 doi 10 1093 molbev msq131 PMID 20513740 a b Bodner Martin Zimmermann Bettina Rock Alexander et al 2011 Southeast Asian diversity first insights into the complex mtDNA structure of Laos BMC Evolutionary Biology 11 49 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 11 49 PMC 3050724 PMID 21333001 Kayser Manfred Choi Ying van Oven Mannis et al July 2008 2008 The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia Molecular Biology and Evolution 25 7 1362 1374 doi 10 1093 molbev msn078 PMID 18390477 Hudjashov Georgi Kivisild Toomas Underhill Peter A et al 2007 Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis PNAS 104 21 8726 8730 Bibcode 2007PNAS 104 8726H doi 10 1073 pnas 0702928104 PMC 1885570 PMID 17496137 Shipley G P Taylor D A Tyagi A Tiwari G Redd A 2015 Genetic structure among Fijian island populations Journal of Human Genetics 60 2 69 75 doi 10 1038 jhg 2014 105 PMID 25566758 S2CID 26321736 Non Amy ANALYSES OF GENETIC DATA WITHIN AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FRAMEWORK TO INVESTIGATE RECENT HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND COMPLEX DISEASE PDF University of Florida Retrieved 12 April 2016 Holden MtDNA variation in North East and Central African populations gives clues to a possible back migration from the Middle East American Association of Physical Anthropologists Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 13 April 2016 Luisa Pereira Viktor Cerny Maria Cerezo Nuno M Silva Martin Hajek Alzbeta Vasikova Martina Kujanova Radim Brdicka Antonio Salas 17 March 2010 Linking the sub Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel European Journal of Human Genetics 18 8 915 923 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2010 21 PMC 2987384 PMID 20234393 a b c d e Derenko M Malyarchuk B Bahmanimehr A Denisova G Perkova M et al 2013 Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians PLOS ONE 8 11 e80673 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 880673D doi 10 1371 journal pone 0080673 PMC 3828245 PMID 24244704 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Min Sheng Peng Weifang Xu Jiao Jiao Song et al 2017 Mitochondrial genomes uncover the maternal history of the Pamir populations European Journal of Human Genetics https doi org 10 1038 s41431 017 0028 8 Witas HW Tomczyk J Jedrychowska Danska K Chaubey G Ploszaj T 2013 mtDNA from the Early Bronze Age to the Roman Period Suggests a Genetic Link between the Indian Subcontinent and Mesopotamian Cradle of Civilization PLOS ONE 8 9 e73682 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 873682W doi 10 1371 journal pone 0073682 PMC 3770703 PMID 24040024 Cosimo Posth Gabriel Renaud Alissa Mittnik Dorothee G Drucker Helene Rougier Christophe Cupillard Frederique Valentin Corinne Thevenet Anja Furtwangler Christoph Wissing Michael Francken Maria Malina Michael Bolus Martina Lari Elena Gigli Giulia Capecchi Isabelle Crevecoeur Cedric Beauval Damien Flas Mietje Germonpre Johannes van der Plicht Richard Cottiaux Bernard Gely Annamaria Ronchitelli Kurt Wehrberger Dan Grigorescu Jiri Svoboda Patrick Semal David Caramelli Herve Bocherens Katerina Harvati Nicholas J Conard Wolfgang Haak Adam Powell March 21 2016 Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe Current Biology 26 6 827 833 doi 10 1016 j cub 2016 01 037 hdl 2440 114930 PMID 26853362 S2CID 140098861 van de Loosdrecht et al 2018 03 15 Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub Saharan African human populations Science 360 6388 548 552 Bibcode 2018Sci 360 548V doi 10 1126 science aar8380 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 29545507 Reyhan Yaka Archaeogenetics of Late Iron Age Cemialo Sirti Batman Investigating maternal genetic continuity in North Mesopotamia since the Neolithic bioRxiv 10 1101 172890 Schuenemann Verena J et al 2017 Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub Saharan African ancestry in post Roman periods Nature Communications 8 15694 Bibcode 2017NatCo 815694S doi 10 1038 ncomms15694 PMC 5459999 PMID 28556824 Fregel et al 2018 Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe bioRxiv 10 1101 191569 Konstantina Drosou Campbell Price Terence A Brown February 2018 The kinship of two 12th Dynasty mummies revealed by ancient DNA sequencing Journal of Archaeological Science 17 793 797 doi 10 1016 j jasrep 2017 12 025 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Kutanan W Kampuansai J Srikummool M Kangwanpong D Ghirotto S Brunelli A and Stoneking M Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai Kadai languages Hum Genet 2016 a b c d Kong Qing Peng et al 2010 Large Scale mtDNA Screening Reveals a Surprising Matrilineal Complexity in East Asia and Its Implications to the Peopling of the Region Jinam Timothy A Hong Lih Chun Phipps Maude E Stoneking Mark Ameen Mahmood Edo Juli Hugo SNP Consortium Pan Asian Saitou Naruya 2012 Evolutionary History of Continental Southeast Asians Early Train Hypothesis Based on Genetic Analysis of Mitochondrial and Autosomal DNA Data Mol Biol Evol 29 11 3513 3527 doi 10 1093 molbev mss169 PMID 22729749 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du YFull MTree 1 01 14609 as of August 21 2019 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wibhu Kutanan Rasmi Shoocongdej Metawee Srikummool et al 2020 Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong Mien and Sino Tibetan groups from Thailand European Journal of Human Genetics https doi org 10 1038 s41431 020 0693 x Hartmann et al 2009 Validation of microarray based resequencing of 93 worldwide mitochondrial genomes a b c d e f g h Lippold S Xu H Ko A Li M Renaud G Butthof A Schroder R Stoneking M 2014 Human paternal and maternal demographic histories insights from high resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences Investig Genet 5 13 bioRxiv 10 1101 001792 doi 10 1186 2041 2223 5 13 PMC 4174254 PMID 25254093 a b c d e Fornarino Simona Pala Maria Battaglia Vincenza et al 2009 Mitochondrial and Y chromosome diversity of the Tharus Nepal a reservoir of genetic variation BMC Evolutionary Biology 9 154 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 9 154 PMC 2720951 PMID 19573232 https www nature com articles s10038 022 01099 w epdf sharing token lAw MUL8bjW4ZVcSLKhCUtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0PO2roAz6WGW6t6BlvG2gC 1yxHwCv2QZBaHa6zj062Jw9U2GkSJPVH2hWHoy2P5irDVPl 3o6Tn54B8iHxtRVcSB79WZBTsP8cpck83kb3KoY1sANf 2VCIpHjCDNgBhc 3D a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Chandrasekar A Kumar S Sreenath J Sarkar BN Urade BP et al 2009 Updating Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup M in India Dispersal of Modern Human in South Asian Corridor PLOS ONE 4 10 e7447 Bibcode 2009PLoSO 4 7447C doi 10 1371 journal pone 0007447 PMC 2757894 PMID 19823670 Malyarchuk B A Perkova M A Derenko M V Vanecek T Lazur J Gomolcak P 2008 Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Slovaks with Application to the Roma Origin Annals of Human Genetics 72 2 228 240 doi 10 1111 j 1469 1809 2007 00410 x PMID 18205894 S2CID 205598108 Kutanan W Kampuansai J Brunelli A Ghirotto S Pittayaporn P Ruangchai S Schroder R Macholdt E Srikummool M Kangwanpong D Hubner A Arias L and Stoneking M New insights from Thailand into the maternal genetic history of Mainland Southeast Asia Eur J Hum Genet 2018 Peng et al 2011 Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders a perspective from mitochondrial DNA BMC Evolutionary Biology 11 46 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 11 46 PMC 3048540 PMID 21324107 Sukernik Rem I Volodko Natalia V Mazunin Ilya O Eltsov Nikolai P Dryomov Stanislav V Starikovskaya Elena B 2012 Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Tubalar Even and Ulchi Contribution to Prehistory of Native Siberians and Their Affinities to Native Americans American Journal of Physical Anthropology 148 1 123 138 doi 10 1002 ajpa 22050 PMID 22487888 a b Fedorova Sardana A Reidla Maere Metspalu Ene et al 2013 Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha Yakutia implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 127 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 13 127 PMC 3695835 PMID 23782551 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Duggan AT Whitten M Wiebe V Crawford M Butthof A et al 2013 Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y chromosomal Markers PLOS ONE 8 12 e83570 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 883570D doi 10 1371 journal pone 0083570 PMC 3861515 PMID 24349531 a b c d Hongbin Yao Mengge Wang Xing Zou et al New insights into the fine scale history of western eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome wide genetic legacy Mol Genet Genomics 2021 Mar 1 doi 10 1007 s00438 021 01767 0 a b Tanaka Masashi Cabrera Vicente M Gonzalez Ana M et al October 2004 Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan Genome Res 14 10 1832 1850 doi 10 1101 gr 2286304 PMC 524407 PMID 15466285 Basnet Rajdip Rai Niraj Tamang Rakesh Awasthi Nagendra Prasad Pradhan Isha Parajuli Pawan Kashyap Deepak Reddy Alla Govardhan Chaubey Gyaneshwer Das Manandhar Krishna Shrestha Tilak Ram Thangaraj Kumarasamy 2022 10 15 The matrilineal ancestry of Nepali populations Human Genetics doi 10 1007 s00439 022 02488 z ISSN 0340 6717 Zhang Xiaoming Ji Xueping Li Chunmei Yang Tingyu Huang Jiahui Zhao Yinhui Wu Yun Ma Shiwu Pang Yuhong Huang Yanyi He Yaoxi July 2022 A Late Pleistocene human genome from Southwest China Current Biology doi 10 1016 j cub 2022 06 016 ISSN 0960 9822 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Behar et al 2012b a b c Derenko M Malyarchuk B Denisova G Perkova M Rogalla U et al 2012 Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe PLOS ONE 7 2 e32179 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 732179D doi 10 1371 journal pone 0032179 PMC 3283723 PMID 22363811 Juras A Krzewinska M Nikitin A G Ehler E Chylenski M Lukasik S Krenz Niedbala M Sinika V Piontek J Ivanova S Dabert M Gotherstrom A 2017 Diverse origin of mitochondrial lineages in Iron Age Black Sea Scythians Sci Rep 7 43950 Bibcode 2017NatSR 743950J doi 10 1038 srep43950 PMC 5339713 PMID 28266657 a b c Ko Albert Min Shan Chen Chung Yu Fu Qiaomei Delfin Frederick Li Mingkun Chiu Hung Lin Stoneking Mark Ko Ying Chin 2014 Early Austronesians into and out of Taiwan The American Journal of Human Genetics 94 3 426 436 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2014 02 003 PMC 3951936 PMID 24607387 Hwan Young Lee Ji Eun Yoo Myung Jin Park Ukhee Chung Chong Youl Kim and Kyoung Jin Shin East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans Haplogroup level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup level control region sequence analysis Electrophoresis 2006 DOI 10 1002 elps 200600151 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag MtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA a b c Dandan Yu Xiaoyun Jia A Mei Zhang Shiqiang Li Yang Zou Qingjiong Zhang and Yong Gang Yao 2010 Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Haplogroup Distribution in Chinese Patients with LHON and m 14484T C PLoS ONE 5 10 e13426 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0013426 Yanli Ji A Mei Zhang Xiaoyun Jia et al 2008 Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups M7b102 and M8a Affect Clinical Expression of Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy in Chinese Families with the m 11778G A Mutation The American Journal of Human Genetics 83 760 768 December 12 2008 DOI 10 1016 j ajhg 2008 11 002 a b c d e f g h Dan Zhao Yingying Ding Haijiang Lin Xiaoxiao Chen Weiwei Shen Meiyang Gao Qian Wei Sujuan Zhou Xing Liu and Na He 2019 Mitochondrial Haplogroups N9 and G Are Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Patients in China AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses Jun 2019 536 543 http doi org 10 1089 aid 2018 0151 Dongsheng Lu Haiyi Lou Kai Yuan et al 2016 Ancestral Origins and Genetic History of Tibetan Highlanders The American Journal of Human Genetics 99 580 594 September 1 2016 a b c d e f g h i Longli Kang Hong Xiang Zheng Menghan Zhang et al 2016 MtDNA analysis reveals enriched pathogenic mutations in Tibetan highlanders Scientific Reports 6 31083 DOI 10 1038 srep31083 a b c d Monika Summerer Jurgen Horst Gertraud Erhart et al 2014 Large scale mitochondrial DNA analysis in Southeast Asia reveals evolutionary effects of cultural isolation in the multi ethnic population of Myanmar BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 14 17 http www biomedcentral com 1471 2148 14 17 Max Ingman and Ulf Gyllensten 2007 Rate variation between mitochondrial domains and adaptive evolution in humans Human Molecular Genetics 2007 Vol 16 No 19 2281 2287 doi 10 1093 hmg ddm180 a b c d e f g h i j k l Pankratov V Litvinov S Kassian A et al East Eurasian ancestry in the middle of Europe genetic footprints of Steppe nomads in the genomes of Belarusian Lipka Tatars Sci Rep 6 30197 2016 https doi org 10 1038 srep30197 Rebecca S Just Melissa K Scheible Spence A Fast et al 2015 Full mtGenome reference data Development and characterization of 588 forensic quality haplotypes representing three U S populations Forensic Science International Genetics 14 2015 141 155 http dx doi org 10 1016 j fsigen 2014 09 021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wibhu Kutanan Jatupol Kampuansai Andrea Brunelli et al 2018 New insights from Thailand into the maternal genetic history of Mainland Southeast Asia European Journal of Human Genetics 2018 26 898 911 https doi org 10 1038 s41431 018 0113 7 a b Qing Peng Kong Yong Gang Yao Chang Sun et al 2003 Phylogeny of East Asian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages Inferred from Complete Sequences Am J Hum Genet 73 671 676 2003 a b c Duong N T Macholdt E Ton N D et al Complete human mtDNA genome sequences from Vietnam and the phylogeography of Mainland Southeast Asia Sci Rep 8 1 11651 2018 Yang Zou Xiaoyun Jia A Mei Zhang et al 2010 The MT ND1 and MT ND5 genes are mutational hotspots for Chinese families with clinical features of LHON but lacking the three primary mutations Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Volume 399 Issue 2 20 August 2010 Pages 179 185 https doi org 10 1016 j bbrc 2010 07 051 a b c d e f g h Jiang C Cui J Liu F Gao L Luo Y Li P Guan L and Gao Y Mitochondrial DNA 10609T Promotes Hypoxia Induced Increase of Intracellular ROS and Is a Risk Factor of High Altitude Polycythemia PLoS ONE 9 1 E87775 2014 Kong QP Sun C Wang HW Zhao M Wang WZ Zhong L Hao XD Pan H Wang SY Cheng YT Zhu CL Wu SF Liu LN Jin JQ Yao YG Zhang YP Large scale mtDNA screening reveals a surprising matrilineal complexity in east Asia and its implications to the peopling of the region Mol Biol Evol 2011 Jan 28 1 513 22 doi 10 1093 molbev msq219 Epub 2010 Aug 16 PMID 20713468 a b c d Jia Liu Li Dong Wang Yan Bo Sun et al 2012 Deciphering the Signature of Selective Constraints on Cancerous Mitochondrial Genome Mol Biol Evol 29 4 1255 1261 doi 10 1093 molbev msr290 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Miroslava Derenko Galina Denisova Boris Malyarchuk Irina Dambueva and Boris Bazarov Mitogenomic diversity and differentiation of the Buryats Journal of Human Genetics 2018 63 71 81 https doi org 10 1038 s10038 017 0370 2 a b Boris Malyarchuk Andrey Litvinov Miroslava Derenko et al 2017 Mitogenomic diversity in Russians and Poles FSI Genetics Volume 30 p51 56 September 01 2017 DOI https doi org 10 1016 j fsigen 2017 06 003 Marchi N Hegay T Mennecier P et al 2017 Sex specific genetic diversity is shaped by cultural factors in Inner Asian human populations American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2017 Apr 162 4 627 640 DOI 10 1002 ajpa 23151 a b Hua Wei Wang Xiaoyun Jia Yanli Ji et al 2008 Strikingly different penetrance of LHON in two Chinese families with primary mutation G11778A is independent of mtDNA haplogroup background and secondary mutation G13708A Mutation Research 643 2008 48 53 doi 10 1016 j mrfmmm 2008 06 004 a b Mielnik Sikorska M Daca P Malyarchuk B Derenko M Skonieczna K et al 2013 The History of Slavs Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences PLoS ONE 8 1 e54360 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0054360 Gulsah Merve Kilinc Natalija Kashuba Reyhan Yaka et al 2018 Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes Scientific Reports 2018 8 8969 DOI 10 1038 s41598 018 27325 0 a b Boris Malyarchuk Miroslava Derenko Galina Denisova and Olga Kravtsova 2010 Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga Ural Region of Russia Mol Biol Evol 27 10 2220 2226 doi 10 1093 molbev msq065 Jun Hun Loo Jean A Trejaut Ju Chen Yen et al 2014 Mitochondrial DNA association study of type 2 diabetes with or without ischemic stroke in Taiwan BMC Res Notes 2014 7 223 Published online 2014 Apr 9 doi 10 1186 1756 0500 7 223 a b Dryomov SV Nazhmidenova AM Starikovskaya EB Shalaurova SA Rohland N Mallick S et al 2021 Mitochondrial genome diversity on the Central Siberian Plateau with particular reference to the prehistory of northernmost Eurasia PLoS ONE 16 1 e0244228 https doi org 10 1371 journal pone 0244228 a b Wang C Y Li H Hao X D Liu J Wang J X Wang W Z Kong Q P amp Zhang Y P 2011 Uncovering the profile of somatic mtDNA mutations in Chinese colorectal cancer patients PloS one 6 6 e21613 https doi org 10 1371 journal pone 0021613 A Mei Zhang Xiaoyun Jia Yong Gang Yao and Qingjiong Zhang 2008 Co occurrence of A1555G and G11778A in a Chinese family with high penetrance of Leber s hereditary optic neuropathy Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 376 2008 221 224 doi 10 1016 j bbrc 2008 08 128 Choongwon Jeong Ke Wang Shevan Wilkin William Timothy Treal Taylor Bryan K Miller Jan H Bemmann Raphaela Stahl Chelsea Chiovelli Florian Knolle Sodnom Ulziibayar Dorjpurev Khatanbaatar Diimaajav Erdenebaatar Ulambayar Erdenebat Ayudai Ochir Ganbold Ankhsanaa Chuluunkhuu Vanchigdash Battuga Ochir Chuluunbat Munkhbayar Dashzeveg Tumen Alexey Kovalev Nikolay Kradin Bilikto A Bazarov Denis A Miyagashev Prokopiy B Konovalov Elena Zhambaltarova Alicia Ventresca Miller Wolfgang Haak Stephan Schiffels Johannes Krause Nicole Boivin Myagmar Erdene Jessica Hendy and Christina Warinner A Dynamic 6 000 Year Genetic History of Eurasia s Eastern Steppe Cell Volume 183 Issue 4 2020 Pages 890 904 e29 ISSN 0092 8674 https doi org 10 1016 j cell 2020 10 015 a b Mian Zhao Qing Peng Kong Hua Wei Wang et al 2009 Mitochondrial genome evidence reveals successful Late Paleolithic settlement on the Tibetan Plateau PNAS vol 106 no 50 21230 21235 http www pnas org cgi doi 10 1073 pnas 0907844106 Longli Kang Hong Xiang Zheng Feng Chen et al 2013 mtDNA Lineage Expansions in Sherpa Population Suggest Adaptive Evolution in Tibetan Highlands Molecular Biology and Evolution Volume 30 Issue 12 December 2013 Pages 2579 2587 https doi org 10 1093 molbev mst147 a b c d Kong Qing Peng Bandelt Hans Jurgen Sun Chang et al 2006 Updating the East Asian mtDNA phylogeny a prerequisite for the identification of pathogenic mutations Human Molecular Genetics 15 13 2076 2086 doi 10 1093 hmg ddl130 PMID 16714301 Xiaoming Zhang Chunmei Li Yanan Zhou et al 2020 A Matrilineal Genetic Perspective of Hanging Coffin Custom in Southern China and Northern Thailand iScience 23 101032 April 24 2020 https doi org 10 1016 j isci 2020 101032 Dryomov S V Starikovskaya E B Nazhmidenova A M et al Genetic legacy of cultures indigenous to the Northeast Asian coast in mitochondrial genomes of nearly extinct maritime tribes BMC Evol Biol 20 83 2020 https doi org 10 1186 s12862 020 01652 1 Cheng Ye Wang and Zhong Bao Zhao 2012 Somatic mtDNA mutations in lung tissues of pesticide exposed fruit growers Toxicology 291 2012 51 55 doi 10 1016 j tox 2011 10 018 Ingman M Kaessmann H Paabo S Gyllensten U 2000 Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans Nature 408 6813 708 713 Bibcode 2000Natur 408 708I doi 10 1038 35047064 PMID 11130070 S2CID 52850476 Yao Yong Gang Kong Qing Peng Wang Cheng Ye et al 2004 Different Matrilineal Contributions to Genetic Structure of Ethnic Groups in the Silk Road Region in China Mol Biol Evol 21 12 2265 2280 doi 10 1093 molbev msh238 PMID 15317881 Fedorova Sardana A Reidla Maere Metspalu Ene et al 2013 Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha Yakutia implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 127 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 13 127 PMC 3695835 PMID 23782551 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Kutanan Wibhu Kampuansai Jatupol Changmai Piya et al 2018 Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic variation of hunter gatherer groups in Thailand Scientific Reports 8 1 1536 Bibcode 2018NatSR 8 1536K doi 10 1038 s41598 018 20020 0 PMC 5784115 PMID 29367746 a b c Scholes Clarissa Siddle Katherine Ducourneau Axel et al 2011 Genetic Diversity and Evidence for Population Admixture in Batak Negritos from Palawan American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146 1 62 72 doi 10 1002 ajpa 21544 PMID 21796613 M24 41 MTree https www nature com articles s10038 022 01099 w epdf sharing token lAw MUL8bjW4ZVcSLKhCUtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0PO2roAz6WGW6t6BlvG2gC 1yxHwCv2QZBaHa6zj062Jw9U2GkSJPVH2hWHoy2P5irDVPl 3o6Tn54B8iHxtRVcSB79WZBTsP8cpck83kb3KoY1sANf 2VCIpHjCDNgBhc 3D Malyarchuk B et al 2008c Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Slovaks with Application to the Roma Origin M39 70 MTree M42 74 MTree Zhang X Qi X Yang Z et al Analysis of mitochondrial genome diversity identifies new and ancient maternal lineages in Cambodian aborigines Nat Commun 4 2599 2013 M55 77 MTree M77 MTree M62 68 MTree M68 MTree a b Wibhu Kutanan Jatupol Kampuansai Piya Changmai et al 2018 Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic variation of hunter gatherer groups in Thailand Scientific Reports volume 8 Article number 1536 doi 10 1038 s41598 018 20020 0 M73 79 MTree M73 MTree M79 MTree Comas et al 2004 Admixture migrations and dispersals in Central Asia evidence from maternal DNA lineages European Journal of Human Genetics 2004 12 495 504 External links EditGeneral Ian Logan s Mitochondrial DNA Site The India DNA geographical project at Family Tree DNA The China DNA geographical project at Family Tree DNA Haplogroup M Mannis van Oven s PhyloTree org mtDNA subtree M Spread of Haplogroup M from National Geographic Tree of M haplogroup as for 2006 Haplogroup M mtDNA interest group on Facebook Another tree emphasizing the Andamanese and Nicobarese populations in comparison with other peoples with high M presence K Tharanghaj et al In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup M in India PDF document Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Haplogroup M mtDNA amp oldid 1126039623, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.