Wikipedia
Haplogroup A (mtDNA)
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
| Haplogroup A | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 40,000 ± 10,000 YBP 40,500 (95% CI 37,900 <-> 43,200) ybp[1] |
| Coalescence age | 18,600 (95% CI 14,200 <-> 23,900) ybp[1] 24,209 (SD 4,906) ybp[2] |
| Possible place of origin | Asia |
| Ancestor | N |
| Descendants | A3, A4, A5, A7, A8 |
| Defining mutations | 152, 235, 523-524d, 663, 1736, 4248, 4824, 8794, 16290, 16319[3] |
Origin edit
Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000–50,000 years BC. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N. However, the extant diversity of mitochondrial genomes that belong to Haplogroup A is low relative to the degree of divergence from its nearest outgroups in haplogroup N, which suggests that extant members of Haplogroup A might be descended from a population that has emerged from a bottleneck approximately 20,000 years ago.
Its highest frequencies are among Native Americans, its largest overall population is in East Asia, and its greatest variety (which suggests its origin point) is in East Asia. Thus, it might have originated in and spread from the Far East.[4]
Distribution edit
Its subclade A2 shares a T16362C mutation with subclades A1 (found in Japan, Tashkurgan, Veliky Novgorod, Mongols, and Altaians), A6 (found in Tibet and in the Yangtze River basin), A12'23 (found in Siberia and among Uralic and Turkic peoples), A13'14 (found in southern Siberia, Xinjiang, Ladakh, China, Yunnan, Thailand, and Vietnam), A15 (found in China, Naxi, Uyghur, Japan, and among the Sherpa of Tibet and Nepal), A16 (found in Uyghur, Buryat, Turkey), A17 (found in China, Miao, Yi, Tibet, Ladakh, Kyrgyz, Thailand, and Vietnam), A18 (found in China), A19 (found in China), A20 (found among Han Chinese and in Japan), A21 (found in Tibet and in Jammu and Kashmir), A22 (found in China), A24 (found in Beijing and West Bohemia), A25 (found in Japan and Yakutia), and A26 (found in Denmark). A2 is found in Chukotko–Kamchatka[5] and is also one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being B, C, D, and X.[4]
Haplogroup A2 is the most common haplogroup among the Inuit, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. Lineages belonging to haplogroup A2 also comprise the majority of the mtDNA pool of the Inuit and their neighbors, the Chukchis, in northeasternmost Siberia.[5][6][7]
Other branches of haplogroup A are less frequent but widespread among other populations of Asia.[8][9] Haplogroup A5 is rather limited to populations from Korea and Japan southward, though it has been detected as singletons in a pair of large samples of Khamnigans (1/99 = 1.0%) and Buryats (1/295 = 0.3%) from the Buryat Republic.[6]
In Asia, A(xA2) is especially frequent in Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, such as Tibetans (6/65 = 9.2%,[5] 25/216 = 11.6%,[10] 11/73 = 15.1%[10]). Approximately 7% to 15% of Koreans belong to haplogroup A.[6][11][12] Approximately 5% to 12% of the Japanese belong to haplogroup A (including A4, A5, and A(xA4, A5)).[5][13][14][15] Approximately 4% to 13% of Mongols belong to haplogroup A, almost all of whom are contained within the A4 subclade (2/47 = 4.3% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4,[11] 4/48 = 8.3% Mongols from New Barag Left Banner in haplogroup A(xA5),[12] 6/47 = 12.8% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4[6]). Approximately 3% to 9% of Chinese people belong to haplogroup A.[13] Haplogroup A also has been found in Vietnamese (2/42 = 4.8%, including one A4 and one A5(xA5a)).[11] Approximately 4% (3/71) of Tatars from Aznakayevo,[16] 3% (4/126) of Tatars from Buinsk,[16] and 2% of Turkish people belong to haplogroup A.[17] Haplogroup A4 has been found in 2.4% (2/82) of a sample of Persians from eastern Iran and in 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of Tajiks from Tajikistan.[6] Haplogroup A is not found among Austronesians.[18] In Nepalese population except Sherpa, haplogroup A was mirrored by its clades, A27, A14 and A17, of which A27 was the most abundant clade in Newar (3.99%).[19] Newly defined clade A27 only discerned so far in Newar and Nepali-mix coalesce at ~ 8.4 Kya suggesting their ancient origin and potentially insitu differentiation in Nepal.[19]
Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup A edit
Subclades edit
Tree edit
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup A subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[3] and subsequent published research.
- A
- A(xA5, A8, A10) – China (Han from Wuhan), Buryat (Inner Mongolia)
- A+T152C!+T16362C – Uyghur, Korea, Japan, Vietnam (Hmong from Lao Cai Province,[26] Kinh from Hanoi,[26] Cờ Lao)
- A1 [TMRCA 12,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 22,700) ybp[1]]
- A1* – Japan, Korea
- A1a [TMRCA 7,500 (95% CI 4,500 <-> 11,800) ybp[1]]
- A1a* – Japan (Aichi), Sarikoli (Tashkurgan), USA, England
- A1a1 [TMRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,200 <-> 9,800) ybp[1]]
- A1a1* – Buryat, Altai Kizhi
- A1a1a – Buryat, Mongol (Inner Mongolia) [TMRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 <-> 5,500) ybp[1]]
- A1a2 – Russia (Bashkortostan, Velikij Novgorod), Iran (Turkmen) [TMRCA 1,950 (95% CI 100 <-> 10,500) ybp[1]]
- A1a3 – Greece (Ioannina), United States (West Virginia) [TMRCA 1,150 (95% CI 75 <-> 6,000) ybp[1]]
- A2 – Ache, Waiwai, Zoro, Surui, Waiapi, Poturujara, Kayapo, Katuena, Guarani, Arsario, Cayapa, Dogrib, ancient Canada, USA (Pennsylvania, California), Mexico (Zapotec), Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina [TMRCA 10,600 (95% CI 9,600 <-> 11,700) ybp[1]]
- A2a – Eskimo (Greenland, Chukotka), Chukchi
- A2a1 – Inuit (Canada), Selkup[27]
- A2a2 – Eskimo (Chukotka), Chukchi
- A2a3 – Eskimo (Greenland, Canada, Chukotka), Chukchi
- A2a4 – USA (New Mexico, Arizona), Mexico (Chihuahua)
- A2a5 – Apache, USA (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas), Canada (Cree, Shuswap)
- A2b – Chukchi
- A2b1 – Chukchi, Koryak, Eskimo (Chukotka, Canada, Greenland)
- A2c
- A2d – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
- A2d1 – USA (Mexican)
- A2d1a – USA (Hispanic)
- A2d2 – USA (Hispanic)
- A2d1 – USA (Mexican)
- A2e'ao
- A2e
- A2ao
- A2ao1
- A2f
- A2f1 – Newfoundland
- A2f1a – Canada, USA (Native American)
- A2f2 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico
- A2f3 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
- A2f1 – Newfoundland
- A2g – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Iberian Peninsula
- A2g1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Latin America
- A2h – Colombia (Cocama of Amazonas, Arhuaco), Yanomama, Kogui
- A2h1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Latin America
- A2i – USA (Hispanic, etc.), Canada (Ojibwa, Prince Edward Island, Pabos in Quebec)
- A2j – USA (Hispanic)
- A2j1 – USA (Hispanic)
- A2k – USA (Puerto Rico)
- A2k1 – Ecuador, Wayuu, Mexico
- A2k1a – Venezuela, Colombia (Pasto of Putumayo), USA (Hispanic)
- A2k1 – Ecuador, Wayuu, Mexico
- A2l'm'n'o'ai'aj
- A2l
- A2m
- A2n – Canada
- A2o
- A2ai
- A2aj
- A2p'am
- A2q
- A2q1
- A2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican), Cuba
- A2r1 – Mexico, USA (Mexican)
- A2s
- A2t – USA (Mexican)
- A2u
- A2u1
- A2u2
- A2v
- A2v1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico (La Mixteca)
- A2v1a – Guatemala, USA (Mexican)
- A2v1b – Mexico
- A2v1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico (La Mixteca)
- A2w – Colombia (Kogi, Guambiano of Putumayo), Arsario, USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
- A2w1 – Mexico, Cayman Islands, Guatemala (La Tinta), Panama (Guaymi), Colombia
- A2x
- A2y
- A2z – USA (Hispanic, Puerto Rico)
- A2aa
- A2ab
- A2ac
- A2ac1
- A2ad
- A2ad1
- A2ad2
- A2ae
- A2af
- A2af1
- A2af1a
- A2af1a1
- A2af1a2
- A2af1b
- A2af1b1
- A2af1b1a
- A2af1b1b
- A2af1b2
- A2af1b1
- A2af1a
- A2af2
- A2af1
- A2ag
- A2ah
- A2ak
- A2al
- A2an
- A2ap
- A2aq
- A2a – Eskimo (Greenland, Chukotka), Chukchi
- A6 [TMRCA 12,000 (95% CI 8,600 <-> 16,100) ybp[1]]
- A12'23 – Austria, Romania, Poland, Russia, possibly found among Udmurts and Komis[27]
- A12 – Czech Republic, Germany [TMRCA 11,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 19,700) ybp[1]]
- A12a – Ireland, UK, New Zealand, USA, Nenets,[27] Selkup[27] [TMRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 7,600) ybp[1]]
- A12a* – Mansi, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin),[30] Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)[31]
- A12a1 – Kyordyughen Site (Ymyiakhtakh Culture, Yakutia),[32] Hungary (Debrecen) [TMRCA 2,800 (95% CI 1,450 <-> 4,900) ybp[1]]
- A12a2 – Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai,[6] Stony Tunguska River basin[30]) [TMRCA 1,250 (95% CI 100 <-> 6,600) ybp[1]]
- A12b – Buryat,[6] Karos-Eperjesszög (Hungarian conqueror period)[33] [TMRCA 3,000 (95% CI 425 <-> 10,700) ybp[1]]
- A12a – Ireland, UK, New Zealand, USA, Nenets,[27] Selkup[27] [TMRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 7,600) ybp[1]]
- A23 – Mongol (Inner Mongolia),[34] Buryat,[6] Ket,[27] Qashqai (Iran),[35] ancient Scythian (Chylenski) [TMRCA 6,200 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 10,600) ybp[1]]
- A12 – Czech Republic, Germany [TMRCA 11,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 19,700) ybp[1]]
- A13'14 – Russia (Buryat, Khamnigan), China (Shiyan, Tu, Uyghur, etc.), Ladakh, Thailand, Vietnam (Mang), Korea, Japan, Paraguay (Alto Parana[36][1]), Ireland
- A13
- A13a - Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province and Lampang Province[37][1]), China[1]
- A13b
- A14 – Russia (Altai Kizhi, etc.), Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, China, Han Chinese (Denver), Taiwan, Thailand (Lawa from Chiang Mai Province, Mon from Lopburi Province[37]), Vietnam (Pa Then)
- A13
- A15 – Uyghur
- A16 – Buryat, Uyghur, Turk
- A17 – China (Han from Beijing, Lanzhou,[39] etc.), Miao, Yi, Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa, Tingri), Ladakh, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Thailand (Lawa from Chiang Mai Province and Mae Hong Son Province,[37] Blang from Chiang Rai Province,[37] Mon from Ratchaburi Province[37]), Vietnam (Phù Lá, Hà Nhì)
- A18 – Japan, China (Han from Fujian, Han from Beijing, Han from Lanzhou[39]), Romania
- A19 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
- A20 – Japan, Han Chinese (Denver)
- A21 – Tibet (Sherpa, Deng, etc.), Jammu and Kashmir
- A22 – China, Han Chinese (Denver)
- A24 – China (Han in Beijing), Turkey, Czech Republic (West Bohemia)
- A25 – Japan (Chiba), China, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)
- A26 – Denmark
- A1 [TMRCA 12,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 22,700) ybp[1]]
- A3 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea [TMRCA 6,800 (95% CI 3,200 <-> 12,600) ybp[1]]
- A3a – Japan (Aichi, etc.) [TMRCA 4,300 (95% CI 1,400 <-> 9,800) ybp[1]]
- A7 [TMRCA 8,800 (95% CI 5,400 <-> 13,500) ybp[1]]
- A9
- A11 – Nepal, Korea,[1] Russia [TMRCA 14,500 (95% CI 9,700 <-> 20,800) ybp[1]]
- A+T152C!+T16362C – Uyghur, Korea, Japan, Vietnam (Hmong from Lao Cai Province,[26] Kinh from Hanoi,[26] Cờ Lao)
- A5 – China (incl. Hong Kong), Japan [TMRCA 16,200 (95% CI 11,100 <-> 22,800) ybp]
- A5a – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.), Korea, China [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 7,600) ybp[1]]
- A5a1 - Korea
- A5a1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
- A5a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.), Korea[40]
- A5a1a1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
- A5a1a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, etc.), Korea
- A5a1a2 – Japan, Korea
- A5a1a2a – Japan (Aichi)
- A5a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.), Korea[40]
- A5a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
- A5a1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
- A5a2 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
- A5a3
- A5a3* – Korea, USA (African American)
- A5a3a
- A5a3a* – Japan (Tokyo)
- A5a3a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
- A5a4 – Japan
- A5a5 – Japan, South Korea (Seoul), Uyghur
- A5a1 - Korea
- A5b – China (Tujia, Hui, etc.) [TMRCA 12,800 ybp (95% CI 8,400 <-> 18,800) ybp[1]]
- A5b1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Thailand, Vietnam (Tay), Singapore [TMRCA 8,600 (95% CI 6,600 <-> 11,100) ybp[1]]
- A5b1* – Uyghur
- A5b1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea[29] [TMRCA 6,700 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 11,300) ybp[1]]
- A5b1b – China (Han from Fujian, Miao, etc.), Uyghur, Korea[41] [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 5,600 <-> 9,400) ybp[1]]
- A5b1b* – Han Chinese
- A5b1b1
- A5b1b1* – Miao
- A5b1b1a – China
- A5b1b1b – China
- A5b1b2 – Uyghur
- A5b1c – Han Chinese (Denver) [TMRCA 7,600 (95% CI 3,100 <-> 15,500) ybp[1]]
- A5b1c1 – Taiwan (Hakka, Bunun, Paiwan) [TMRCA 5,400 (95% CI 1,800 <-> 12,600) ybp[1]]
- A5b1d [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 13,000) ybp[1]]
- A5b1d* – China
- A5b1d1 – Siamese (Central Thailand), Tay (Vietnam)
- A5b2 – China (Tujia, etc.)
- A5b1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Thailand, Vietnam (Tay), Singapore [TMRCA 8,600 (95% CI 6,600 <-> 11,100) ybp[1]]
- A5c – Japan (Aichi, etc.), Korea,[41] Khamnigan, Buryat, Barghut[1] [TMRCA 8,200 (95% CI 4,800 <-> 13,000) ybp[1]]
- A5c1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.)
- A5a – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.), Korea, China [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 7,600) ybp[1]]
- A8 – Uyghur [TMRCA 14,000 (95% CI 9,500 <-> 19,800) ybp[1]]
- A10 – China (Uyghur), Afghanistan (Hazara, Uzbek), Russia (Mansi, Volga Tatars, etc.), France, Canada, New York [TMRCA 9,200 (95% CI 4,900 <-> 15,600) ybp[1]]
- A(xA5, A8, A10) – China (Han from Wuhan), Buryat (Inner Mongolia)
Popular culture edit
The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A.[42][43]
In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Aiyana.
Eva Longoria, an American actress of Mexican descent, belongs to Haplogroup A2.
See also edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup A (mtDNA).
References edit
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- ^ Fuku, Noriyuki; Park, Kyong Soo; Yamada, Yoshiji; Nishigaki, Yutaka; Cho, Young Min; Matsuo, Hitoshi; Segawa, Tomonori; Watanabe, Sachiro; Kato, Kimihiko; Yokoi, Kiyoshi; Nozawa, Yoshinori; Lee, Hong Kyu; Tanaka, Masashi (March 2007). "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (3): 407–415. doi:10.1086/512202. PMC 1821119. PMID 17273962.
- ^ a b Fuyun Ji, Mark S. Sharpley, Olga Derbeneva et al., "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans", PNAS (May 8, 2012), vol. 109, no. 19, 7391–7396. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202484109
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i Kazuo Umetsu, Masashi Tanaka, Isao Yuasa et al., "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations", Electrophoresis (2005), 26, 91–98. DOI 10.1002/elps.200406129
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External links edit
- General
- Ian Logan's
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- Haplogroup A
- Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders (PLoS)
- , from National Geographic
- Aiyana
- A10 Ancient DNA – Ancient Chumash Paleoasiatic remains. A10 haplogroup assignment. www.pcas.org/assets/docu Results of Mitochondrial DNA Analyses from Monterey County, California
- A10 (( A10 ancient America sample.......Chumash documented origin, Cayegues (Kayiwish) Coastal Paleoasiatic California Indian populations, John R. Johnson, Anthropology 131CA http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/classes/anth131ca/California%20Genetic%20Prehistory.pdf
- A10 In the Johnson & Lorenz (2006) study, case JJ168 (haploTYPE A10), does not qualify the PhyloTree.org criteria to be classified as belonging to haploGROUP A10. In HVR1 (the only region their research tested), JJ168 does not present criterion mutations 16227c nor 16311.