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Haplogroup C (mtDNA)

January 08, 2023

This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup C-M130.

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Haplogroup C
Possible time of origin36,473.3 (SD 7392.0) years[1]
Coalescence age27,370 (95% CI 19,550 <-> 35,440) ybp[2]
23,912.2 (SD 4780.8) years[1]
21,700 (95% CI 19,200 <-> 24,400) ybp[3]
Possible place of originEast Asia[4]
AncestorCZ
DescendantsC1, C4, C5, C7
Defining mutations489 10400 14783 15043[5]

Origin

Haplogroup C is believed to have arisen somewhere between the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal some 24,000 years before present. It is a descendant of the haplogroup M. Haplogroup C shares six mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with haplogroup Z and five mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with other members of haplogroup M8. This macro-haplogroup is known as haplogroup M8'CZ or simply as haplogroup M8.

Distribution

 
Frequency distribution of mtDNA haplogroup C in Eurasia
 
Approximate geographical distribution of the C1 sub-clades.

Haplogroup C is found in Northeast Asia[6] (including Siberia) and the Americas. In Eurasia, Haplogroup C is especially frequent among populations of arctic Siberia, such as Nganasans, Dolgans, Yakuts, Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs, and Koryaks.[7][8][9] Haplogroup C is one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas,[6] the others being A, B, D, and X. The subclades C1b, C1c, C1d, and C4c are found in the first people of the Americas. C1a is found only in Asia.

In 2010, Icelandic researchers discovered C1e lineage in their home country, estimating an introduction date of year 1700 AD or earlier, indicating a possible introduction during the Viking expeditions to the Americas. A Native American origin for this C1e lineage is likely, but the researchers note that a European or Asian one cannot be ruled out.[10][11][12]

In 2014, a study discovered a new mtDNA subclade C1f from the remains of 3 people found in north-western Russia and dated to 7,500 years ago. It has not been detected in modern populations. The study proposed the hypothesis that the sister C1e and C1f subclades had split early from the most recent common ancestor of the C1 clade and had evolved independently. Subclade C1e had a northern European origin. Iceland was settled by the Vikings 1,130 years ago and they had raided heavily into western Russia, where the sister subclade C1f is now known to have resided. They proposed that both subclades were brought to Iceland through the Vikings, however C1e went extinct on mainland northern Europe due to population turnover and its small representation, and subclade C1f went extinct completely.[13]

In 2015, a study conducted in the Aconcagua mummy identified its mtDNA lineage belongs to the subclade C1bi, which contains 10 distinct mutations from C1b.[14]

Table of Frequencies by ethnic group

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Evenks (Stony Tunguska) 0.769 39 Duggan 2013 C4a2=7, C4a1c=6, C4b1=5, C5d1=4, C4b=3, C4b3=3, C4a1c1a=1, C5b1b=1
Evenk 0.718 71 Starikovskaya 2005 C(xC1, C5)=41, C5=10
Yukaghir 0.670 100 Volodko 2008 C(xC1, C5)=54, C5=13
Evenk (East) 0.644 45 Derenko 2007 C(xC1, C5)=17, C5=12
Tofalar 0.621 58 Derenko 2003 C(xC1, C5)=31, C5=5
Evens (Sebjan) 0.556 18 Duggan 2013 C4b=6, C4a1c=3, C5b1b=1
Yukaghirs 0.550 20 Duggan 2013 C4a1c=4, C4b3a=2, C4b7=2, C4a2=1, C5a2=1, C5d1=1
Yukaghirs (Yakutia) 0.545 22 Fedorova 2013 C4b3a=5, C5d1=3, C4a1c=1, C4a2=1, C4b1=1, C5a2a=1
Evens (Tompo) 0.519 27 Duggan 2013 C4a1c=6, C4a2=3, C4b=2, C4b1=2, C5d1=1
Nganasans 0.513 39 Volodko 2008 C(xC1, C5)=12, C5=8
Tozhu Tuvans 0.479 48 Derenko 2003 C(xC1, C5)=16, C5=7
Evenks (Yakutia) 0.472 125 Fedorova 2013 C4b1=13, C4a1c=11, C4b9=9, C4a2=8, C4b=5, C5b1b=4, C5a2=3, C5d1=2, C4a1=1, C4a1d=1, C4b3a=1, C5a1=1
Tuvans 0.472 231 Derenko 2000 C(xC1, C5)=88, C5=21
Yakut 0.469 254 Derenko 1997 C(xC1, C5)=95, C5=24
Evens (Berezovka) 0.467 15 Duggan 2013 C4b3a=4, C4b=1, C4b1=1, C4b7=1
Evenk (West) 0.466 73 Derenko 2007 C(xC1, C5)=29, C5=5
Evenks (Taimyr) 0.458 24 Duggan 2013 C4a1c=5, C4b1=4, C4a1c1a=1, C4a2=1
Yakut (Central) 0.457 164 Fedorova 2013 C4a1c=16, C4a2=14, C5b1b=13, C4b1=8, C4a1d=7, C4b=4, C4b1a=3, C5a1=3, C4a1=2, C5b1a=2, C4b3a=1, C5a2=1, C7a1c=1
Evens (Yakutia) 0.457 105 Fedorova 2013 C4a1c=15, C5d1=11, C4a2=4, C4b3a=3, C4b1=2, C4b7=2, C4b9=2, C4b=2, C5a1=2, C7a1c=2, C4b1a=1, C4b2=1, C5a2a=1
Evenks (Nyukzha) 0.413 46 Fedorova 2013 C4a2=10, C4b1=3, C4a1c=2, C4a1d=1, C4b1a=1, C5a2=1, C7a1c=1
Yakut (Northern) 0.405 148 Fedorova 2013 C4a1c=17, C4b1=16, C4a2=11, C5b1a=4, C5b1b=4, C4b9=3, C4b=2, C5a1=2, C5d1=1
Koryaks 0.400 15 Duggan 2013 C4b=3, C5a2=3
Dolgans 0.390 154 Fedorova 2013 C4a1c=33, C4b1=9, C5b1b=5, C4b3a=3, C4a2=2, C4b1a=2, C5b1a=2, C4b8=1, C4b=1, C5d1=1, C7a1c=1
Even 0.377 191 Derenko 1997 C(xC1, C5)=50, C5=22
Koryak 0.368 182 Derenko 1997 C(xC1, C5)=39, C5=28
Yakut (Vilyuy) 0.360 111 Fedorova 2013 C4a1c=14, C4a2=10, C4b=5, C4b1=4, C4b1a=2, C5a2=2, C5b1b=2, C4a1=1
Evens (Kamchatka) 0.333 39 Duggan 2013 C4b1=6, C4b3a=3, C4a1c=2, C5a2=1, C5d1=1
Altai-Kizhi 0.322 90 Derenko 2007 C(xC1, C5)=21, C5=8
Chuvantsi 0.313 32 Volodko 2008 C(xC1, C5)=10
Oroqen 0.295 44 Kong 2003 C(xC1, C5)=9, C5=4
Teleut 0.283 53 Derenko 2007 C(xC1, C5)=11, C5=4
Evens (Sakkyryyr) 0.261 23 Duggan 2013 C4a1c=2, C4b=2, C4a1d=1, C4b1=1
Udegey 0.226 31 Duggan 2013 C4b1=6, C4a1d=1
Mongolian (Ulaanbaatar) 0.213 47 Jin 2009 C=10
Buryat 0.212 419 Derenko 2000 C(xC1, C5)=66, C1=3, C5=20
Khakassian 0.208 110 Derenko 2003 C(xC1, C5)=28, C5=2
Barghut 0.201 149 Derenko 2012 C4a1a1=6, C4a1a2=3, C4a1b2=3, C4a2a1=2, C4b1a=2, C4b1=2, C4=2, C5b=2, C4a1a=1, C4a1a1a2=1, C4a1a2a2=1, C4a2a2=1, C5a1=1, C5a2=1, C5b1a=1, C7=1
Tubalar 0.194 72 Starikovskaya 2005 C(xC1, C5)=12, C5=2
Altaian 0.191 110 Derenko 2003 C(xC1, C5)=21
Evenks (Iengra) 0.190 21 Duggan 2013 C4a2=2, C4b1=1, C5a2=1
Udege 0.174 46 Starikovskaya 2005 C(xC1, C5)=8
Mongolian (Ulaanbaatar) 0.170 47 Derenko 2007 C4=4, C*(xC1,C4,C5)=3, C5=1
Telenghit 0.169 71 Derenko 2007 C(xC1, C5)=10, C5=2
Mongolian 0.153 150 Kolman 1998 C(xC1, C5)=18, C1=2, C5=3
Negidal 0.152 33 Starikovskaya 2005 C(xC1, C5)=3, C5=2
Kyrgyz (Kyzylsu) 0.145 138 Guo 2020 C=20
Kyrgyz 0.140 200 Comas 1998 C(xC1, C5)=18, C1=1, C5=9
Ulch 0.138 87 Starikovskaya 2005 C(xC1, C5)=6, C1=1, C5=5
Turkmen 0.135 178 Malyarchuk 2002 C(xC1, C5)=14, C5=10
Chukchi 0.132 417 Starikovskaya 1998 C(xC1, C5)=27 C5=28
Kazakh (Xinjiang) 0.132 53 Yao 2004 C(xC1, C5)=5 C5=2
Itelmen 0.130 46 Shchurr 1999 C5=6
Shor 0.122 82 Derenko 2007 C(xC1, C5)=9 C5=1
Orok 0.115 61 Bermisheva 2005 C1=7
Kyrgyz (Taxkorgan) 0.103 68 Peng 2017 C4=6, C5=1
Thai 0.100 40 Jin 2009 C=4
Nanai 0.094 85 Tamm 2007 C(xC1, C5)=5, C1=1, C5=2
Kazakh 0.086 511 Comas 1998 C(xC1, C5)=32, C1=4, C5=8
Mongolian (Inner Mongolia) 0.083 97 Kong 2004 C(xC1, C5)=5
Altaian (Kazakhstan) 0.082 98 Derenko 2009 C(xC1, C5)=8
Kyrgyz (Artux) 0.074 54 Peng 2017 C4=4
Tajik 0.073 82 Derenko 2007 C(xC1, C5)=6
Sarikoli 0.070 86 Peng 2017 C4a1a+A14878G=2, C4a1=2, C4b1=1, C4+T152C!+T4742C+T8602C=1
Daur 0.066 45 Kong 2003 C(xC1, C5)=2, C1=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang) 0.064 47 Yao 2004 C(xC1, C5)=3
Uzbek 0.061 130 Quintana-Murci 2004 C(xC1, C5)=6, C5=2
Vietnamese 0.048 42 Jin 2009 C=2
Han Chinese 0.045 1930 Horai 1996 C(xC1, C5)=72, C5=15
Thai 0.034 552 Matspalu 2004 C(xC1, C5)=19
Korean (mostly Ulsan) 0.030 1094 Jeon 2020 C=33
Manchu 0.025 40 Jin 2009 C=1
Korean 0.024 694 Lee 2006 C=17
Korean (China) 0.020 51 Jin 2009 C=1
Korean (Korea) 0.016 185 Jin 2009 C=3
Korean 0.015 537 Tanaka 2004 C5=4, C(xC1,C5)=4
Korean 0.010 103 Derenko 2007 C(xC1,C4,C5)=1
Eskimo 0.008 254 Starikovskaya 1998 C(xC1, C5)=2
Japanese 0.005 1312 Tanaka 2004 C1=4, C5=1, C(xC1,C5)=1
Japanese (Tokyo) 0.000 118 Zheng 2011 -
Ainu 0.000 51 Horai 1996 -
Nivkh 0.000 38 Duggan 2013 -
Han (Beijing) 0.000 40 Jin 2009 -
Nivkh 0.000 56 Starikovskaya 2005 -

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[5] and subsequent published research.

Popular culture

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Chochmingwu.

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup C (mtDNA).

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

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External links

January 08, 2023
haplogroup, mtdna, this, article, about, human, mtdna, haplogroup, human, haplogroup, haplogroup, m130, human, mitochondrial, genetics, haplogroup, human, mitochondrial, mtdna, haplogroup, haplogroup, cpossible, time, origin36, 7392, years, coalescence, age27,. This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup For the human Y DNA haplogroup see Haplogroup C M130 In human mitochondrial genetics Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA mtDNA haplogroup Haplogroup CPossible time of origin36 473 3 SD 7392 0 years 1 Coalescence age27 370 95 CI 19 550 lt gt 35 440 ybp 2 23 912 2 SD 4780 8 years 1 21 700 95 CI 19 200 lt gt 24 400 ybp 3 Possible place of originEast Asia 4 AncestorCZDescendantsC1 C4 C5 C7Defining mutations489 10400 14783 15043 5 Contents 1 Origin 2 Distribution 2 1 Table of Frequencies by ethnic group 3 Subclades 3 1 Tree 4 Popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksOrigin EditHaplogroup C is believed to have arisen somewhere between the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal some 24 000 years before present It is a descendant of the haplogroup M Haplogroup C shares six mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with haplogroup Z and five mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with other members of haplogroup M8 This macro haplogroup is known as haplogroup M8 CZ or simply as haplogroup M8 Distribution Edit Frequency distribution of mtDNA haplogroup C in Eurasia Approximate geographical distribution of the C1 sub clades Haplogroup C is found in Northeast Asia 6 including Siberia and the Americas In Eurasia Haplogroup C is especially frequent among populations of arctic Siberia such as Nganasans Dolgans Yakuts Evenks Evens Yukaghirs and Koryaks 7 8 9 Haplogroup C is one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas 6 the others being A B D and X The subclades C1b C1c C1d and C4c are found in the first people of the Americas C1a is found only in Asia In 2010 Icelandic researchers discovered C1e lineage in their home country estimating an introduction date of year 1700 AD or earlier indicating a possible introduction during the Viking expeditions to the Americas A Native American origin for this C1e lineage is likely but the researchers note that a European or Asian one cannot be ruled out 10 11 12 In 2014 a study discovered a new mtDNA subclade C1f from the remains of 3 people found in north western Russia and dated to 7 500 years ago It has not been detected in modern populations The study proposed the hypothesis that the sister C1e and C1f subclades had split early from the most recent common ancestor of the C1 clade and had evolved independently Subclade C1e had a northern European origin Iceland was settled by the Vikings 1 130 years ago and they had raided heavily into western Russia where the sister subclade C1f is now known to have resided They proposed that both subclades were brought to Iceland through the Vikings however C1e went extinct on mainland northern Europe due to population turnover and its small representation and subclade C1f went extinct completely 13 In 2015 a study conducted in the Aconcagua mummy identified its mtDNA lineage belongs to the subclade C1bi which contains 10 distinct mutations from C1b 14 Table of Frequencies by ethnic group Edit Population Frequency Count Source SubtypesEvenks Stony Tunguska 0 769 39 Duggan 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFDuggan2013 help C4a2 7 C4a1c 6 C4b1 5 C5d1 4 C4b 3 C4b3 3 C4a1c1a 1 C5b1b 1Evenk 0 718 71 Starikovskaya 2005harvnb error no target CITEREFStarikovskaya2005 help C xC1 C5 41 C5 10Yukaghir 0 670 100 Volodko 2008harvnb error no target CITEREFVolodko2008 help C xC1 C5 54 C5 13Evenk East 0 644 45 Derenko 2007harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2007 help C xC1 C5 17 C5 12Tofalar 0 621 58 Derenko 2003harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2003 help C xC1 C5 31 C5 5Evens Sebjan 0 556 18 Duggan 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFDuggan2013 help C4b 6 C4a1c 3 C5b1b 1Yukaghirs 0 550 20 Duggan 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFDuggan2013 help C4a1c 4 C4b3a 2 C4b7 2 C4a2 1 C5a2 1 C5d1 1Yukaghirs Yakutia 0 545 22 Fedorova 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFFedorova2013 help C4b3a 5 C5d1 3 C4a1c 1 C4a2 1 C4b1 1 C5a2a 1Evens Tompo 0 519 27 Duggan 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFDuggan2013 help C4a1c 6 C4a2 3 C4b 2 C4b1 2 C5d1 1Nganasans 0 513 39 Volodko 2008harvnb error no target CITEREFVolodko2008 help C xC1 C5 12 C5 8Tozhu Tuvans 0 479 48 Derenko 2003harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2003 help C xC1 C5 16 C5 7Evenks Yakutia 0 472 125 Fedorova 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFFedorova2013 help C4b1 13 C4a1c 11 C4b9 9 C4a2 8 C4b 5 C5b1b 4 C5a2 3 C5d1 2 C4a1 1 C4a1d 1 C4b3a 1 C5a1 1Tuvans 0 472 231 Derenko 2000harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2000 help C xC1 C5 88 C5 21Yakut 0 469 254 Derenko 1997harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko1997 help C xC1 C5 95 C5 24Evens Berezovka 0 467 15 Duggan 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFDuggan2013 help C4b3a 4 C4b 1 C4b1 1 C4b7 1Evenk West 0 466 73 Derenko 2007harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2007 help C xC1 C5 29 C5 5Evenks Taimyr 0 458 24 Duggan 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFDuggan2013 help C4a1c 5 C4b1 4 C4a1c1a 1 C4a2 1Yakut Central 0 457 164 Fedorova 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFFedorova2013 help C4a1c 16 C4a2 14 C5b1b 13 C4b1 8 C4a1d 7 C4b 4 C4b1a 3 C5a1 3 C4a1 2 C5b1a 2 C4b3a 1 C5a2 1 C7a1c 1Evens Yakutia 0 457 105 Fedorova 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFFedorova2013 help C4a1c 15 C5d1 11 C4a2 4 C4b3a 3 C4b1 2 C4b7 2 C4b9 2 C4b 2 C5a1 2 C7a1c 2 C4b1a 1 C4b2 1 C5a2a 1Evenks Nyukzha 0 413 46 Fedorova 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFFedorova2013 help C4a2 10 C4b1 3 C4a1c 2 C4a1d 1 C4b1a 1 C5a2 1 C7a1c 1Yakut Northern 0 405 148 Fedorova 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFFedorova2013 help C4a1c 17 C4b1 16 C4a2 11 C5b1a 4 C5b1b 4 C4b9 3 C4b 2 C5a1 2 C5d1 1Koryaks 0 400 15 Duggan 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFDuggan2013 help C4b 3 C5a2 3Dolgans 0 390 154 Fedorova 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFFedorova2013 help C4a1c 33 C4b1 9 C5b1b 5 C4b3a 3 C4a2 2 C4b1a 2 C5b1a 2 C4b8 1 C4b 1 C5d1 1 C7a1c 1Even 0 377 191 Derenko 1997harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko1997 help C xC1 C5 50 C5 22Koryak 0 368 182 Derenko 1997harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko1997 help C xC1 C5 39 C5 28Yakut Vilyuy 0 360 111 Fedorova 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFFedorova2013 help C4a1c 14 C4a2 10 C4b 5 C4b1 4 C4b1a 2 C5a2 2 C5b1b 2 C4a1 1Evens Kamchatka 0 333 39 Duggan 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFDuggan2013 help C4b1 6 C4b3a 3 C4a1c 2 C5a2 1 C5d1 1Altai Kizhi 0 322 90 Derenko 2007harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2007 help C xC1 C5 21 C5 8Chuvantsi 0 313 32 Volodko 2008harvnb error no target CITEREFVolodko2008 help C xC1 C5 10Oroqen 0 295 44 Kong 2003harvnb error no target CITEREFKong2003 help C xC1 C5 9 C5 4Teleut 0 283 53 Derenko 2007harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2007 help C xC1 C5 11 C5 4Evens Sakkyryyr 0 261 23 Duggan 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFDuggan2013 help C4a1c 2 C4b 2 C4a1d 1 C4b1 1Udegey 0 226 31 Duggan 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFDuggan2013 help C4b1 6 C4a1d 1Mongolian Ulaanbaatar 0 213 47 Jin 2009harvnb error no target CITEREFJin2009 help C 10Buryat 0 212 419 Derenko 2000harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2000 help C xC1 C5 66 C1 3 C5 20Khakassian 0 208 110 Derenko 2003harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2003 help C xC1 C5 28 C5 2Barghut 0 201 149 Derenko 2012harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2012 help C4a1a1 6 C4a1a2 3 C4a1b2 3 C4a2a1 2 C4b1a 2 C4b1 2 C4 2 C5b 2 C4a1a 1 C4a1a1a2 1 C4a1a2a2 1 C4a2a2 1 C5a1 1 C5a2 1 C5b1a 1 C7 1Tubalar 0 194 72 Starikovskaya 2005harvnb error no target CITEREFStarikovskaya2005 help C xC1 C5 12 C5 2Altaian 0 191 110 Derenko 2003harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2003 help C xC1 C5 21Evenks Iengra 0 190 21 Duggan 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFDuggan2013 help C4a2 2 C4b1 1 C5a2 1Udege 0 174 46 Starikovskaya 2005harvnb error no target CITEREFStarikovskaya2005 help C xC1 C5 8Mongolian Ulaanbaatar 0 170 47 Derenko 2007harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2007 help C4 4 C xC1 C4 C5 3 C5 1Telenghit 0 169 71 Derenko 2007harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2007 help C xC1 C5 10 C5 2Mongolian 0 153 150 Kolman 1998harvnb error no target CITEREFKolman1998 help C xC1 C5 18 C1 2 C5 3Negidal 0 152 33 Starikovskaya 2005harvnb error no target CITEREFStarikovskaya2005 help C xC1 C5 3 C5 2Kyrgyz Kyzylsu 0 145 138 Guo 2020harvnb error no target CITEREFGuo2020 help C 20Kyrgyz 0 140 200 Comas 1998harvnb error no target CITEREFComas1998 help C xC1 C5 18 C1 1 C5 9Ulch 0 138 87 Starikovskaya 2005harvnb error no target CITEREFStarikovskaya2005 help C xC1 C5 6 C1 1 C5 5Turkmen 0 135 178 Malyarchuk 2002harvnb error no target CITEREFMalyarchuk2002 help C xC1 C5 14 C5 10Chukchi 0 132 417 Starikovskaya 1998harvnb error no target CITEREFStarikovskaya1998 help C xC1 C5 27 C5 28Kazakh Xinjiang 0 132 53 Yao 2004harvnb error no target CITEREFYao2004 help C xC1 C5 5 C5 2Itelmen 0 130 46 Shchurr 1999harvnb error no target CITEREFShchurr1999 help C5 6Shor 0 122 82 Derenko 2007harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2007 help C xC1 C5 9 C5 1Orok 0 115 61 Bermisheva 2005harvnb error no target CITEREFBermisheva2005 help C1 7Kyrgyz Taxkorgan 0 103 68 Peng 2017harvnb error no target CITEREFPeng2017 help C4 6 C5 1Thai 0 100 40 Jin 2009harvnb error no target CITEREFJin2009 help C 4Nanai 0 094 85 Tamm 2007harvnb error no target CITEREFTamm2007 help C xC1 C5 5 C1 1 C5 2Kazakh 0 086 511 Comas 1998harvnb error no target CITEREFComas1998 help C xC1 C5 32 C1 4 C5 8Mongolian Inner Mongolia 0 083 97 Kong 2004harvnb error no target CITEREFKong2004 help C xC1 C5 5Altaian Kazakhstan 0 082 98 Derenko 2009harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2009 help C xC1 C5 8Kyrgyz Artux 0 074 54 Peng 2017harvnb error no target CITEREFPeng2017 help C4 4Tajik 0 073 82 Derenko 2007harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2007 help C xC1 C5 6Sarikoli 0 070 86 Peng 2017harvnb error no target CITEREFPeng2017 help C4a1a A14878G 2 C4a1 2 C4b1 1 C4 T152C T4742C T8602C 1Daur 0 066 45 Kong 2003harvnb error no target CITEREFKong2003 help C xC1 C5 2 C1 1Uyghur Xinjiang 0 064 47 Yao 2004harvnb error no target CITEREFYao2004 help C xC1 C5 3Uzbek 0 061 130 Quintana Murci 2004harvnb error no target CITEREFQuintana Murci2004 help C xC1 C5 6 C5 2Vietnamese 0 048 42 Jin 2009harvnb error no target CITEREFJin2009 help C 2Han Chinese 0 045 1930 Horai 1996harvnb error no target CITEREFHorai1996 help C xC1 C5 72 C5 15Thai 0 034 552 Matspalu 2004harvnb error no target CITEREFMatspalu2004 help C xC1 C5 19Korean mostly Ulsan 0 030 1094 Jeon 2020harvnb error no target CITEREFJeon2020 help C 33Manchu 0 025 40 Jin 2009harvnb error no target CITEREFJin2009 help C 1Korean 0 024 694 Lee 2006harvnb error no target CITEREFLee2006 help C 17Korean China 0 020 51 Jin 2009harvnb error no target CITEREFJin2009 help C 1Korean Korea 0 016 185 Jin 2009harvnb error no target CITEREFJin2009 help C 3Korean 0 015 537 Tanaka 2004harvnb error no target CITEREFTanaka2004 help C5 4 C xC1 C5 4Korean 0 010 103 Derenko 2007harvnb error no target CITEREFDerenko2007 help C xC1 C4 C5 1Eskimo 0 008 254 Starikovskaya 1998harvnb error no target CITEREFStarikovskaya1998 help C xC1 C5 2Japanese 0 005 1312 Tanaka 2004harvnb error no target CITEREFTanaka2004 help C1 4 C5 1 C xC1 C5 1Japanese Tokyo 0 000 118 Zheng 2011harvnb error no target CITEREFZheng2011 help Ainu 0 000 51 Horai 1996harvnb error no target CITEREFHorai1996 help Nivkh 0 000 38 Duggan 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFDuggan2013 help Han Beijing 0 000 40 Jin 2009harvnb error no target CITEREFJin2009 help Nivkh 0 000 56 Starikovskaya 2005harvnb error no target CITEREFStarikovskaya2005 help Subclades EditTree Edit This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation 5 and subsequent published research CZ C Russia Bashkortostan 3 India C1 Paraguay Alto Parana 15 ancient DNA from specimen I0061 from Yuzhniy Oleni Ostrov Lake Onega Russia 7450 6950 ybp C1a C1a Ulchi 16 Nanai 17 Daur 18 C1a1 Buryat 19 Kyrgyz Kyrgyzstan 20 C1a2 Japan C1b C1b C1b1 C1b1 C1b1a C1b1a Mexican American C1b1a1 Mexican American C1b1b Native American Mexican American C1b2 C1b2 Peru Paraguay C1b2a Peru C1b2b Colombia C1b2c C1b2c USA Puerto Rico Paraguay Spain C1b2c1 Paraguay C1b3 C1b3 Peru C1b3a Indonesia Java Borneo Sumatera Papua Nugini dan Sulawesi C1b3a Peru C1b3a1 Argentina C1b4 Ecuador Peru USA C1b5 C1c C1c1 C1c2 C1d Argentina Buenos Aires 21 Colombia Boyaca 21 Mexico Tamaulipas 21 Guanajuato 21 Chihuahua 21 etc United States Mexican Americans 22 Canada Shuswap 23 C1d1 C1d2 Colombia Mestizo 21 C1d2a Colombia Mestizos 21 C1e Iceland C1f Pamiri Tajik Gorno Badakhshan 24 3 India Marathi 3 Scotland Italy Mesolithic NW Russia C1g Mesolithic NW Russia Karelia 25 C4 Upper Palaeolithic 14050 13770 ybp Ust Kyakhta Buryatia Late Neolithic Bronze Age Irkutsk Oblast 26 Late Neolithic Iron Age Yakutia 26 Tubalar Ederbes Todzhin Toora Hem 27 Iiy 27 Adir Kezhig 27 Yukaghir Andrushkino 27 Yukaghir Chuvan Markovo 27 Russian 2 Myanmar C4a b c Irkutsk Oblast 6815 ybp 3 India Jenu Kuruba 28 C4a China Guangdong 3 Han from Beijing C4a1 Tashkurgan Kyrgyz Sarikoli Wakhi 24 Czech Republic citation needed Denmark citation needed C4a1a Korea 3 China Uyghur Buryat South Siberia 2 Denmark Sweden France Scotland Canada C4a1a1 C4a1a1a C4a1a1a1 Lepcha 28 Sherpa Nepal citation needed C4a1a1a2 Lachungpa 28 C4a1a1a3 Wancho 28 C4a1a1b Poland 29 Finland Hamina C T195C Ireland Scotland England USA Hungary Szeged region 30 Poland Belarus citation needed Russia Russian 2 Buryat Turkey Pakistan Hazara India Jammu and Kashmir China Bargut and Mongol in Inner Mongolia etc Korea C4a1a2 China C4a1a2a China Han from Ili Han from Henan etc C4a1a2b C4a1a2b1 China C4a1a2b2 Uyghur C4a1a3 Bronze Age Irkutsk Oblast Ust Belaya Khaptsagai Silinskij Chastaja Padi Russian Kemerovo Oblast 3 Koryak 27 Yukaghir 7 8 Yakut 8 Evenk Nyukzha 8 Chumikan 27 Nelkan Dzhigda 27 Even Sakkyryyr 8 Sebjan 8 Tompo 8 Markovo 27 Kamchatka 8 Udinsk Buryat Kushun 27 Todzhin Toora Hem 27 Adir Kezhig 27 Altai Kizhi 2 Iran Qashqai 31 Sweden C4a1a3a Yakut 8 Buryat 2 Buryat Republic citation needed Irkutsk Oblast citation needed Bargut 2 Nentsi 32 C4a1a3a1 Yakut 8 Nganasan Vadei of Taimyr Peninsula 7 C4a1a3a1a Evenk Taimyr 8 Stony Tunguska 8 C4a1a3a1b Tofalar 33 16 34 C4a1a3b Bargut 2 Uyghur C4a1a3b1 Chelkan Tubalar 7 C4a1a3c Evenk Taimyr Peninsula 8 Stony Tunguska 8 C4a1a3d Yakut 8 C4a1a4 Buryat 2 Kazakhstan C4a1a4a Evenk Okhotsk region 7 Shor 2 C4a1a5 Teleut 2 Ladakh C4a1a6 C4a1a6a Russia Bashkortostan Khamnigan 2 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz 20 Inner Mongolia Bargut 2 Buryat citation needed C4a1a6b Buryat South Siberia 2 Inner Mongolia citation needed Uyghur C4a1a7 Denmark 35 C4a1b China Thailand Palaung 36 C4a1c Russia Bashkortostan citation needed Adygei Iran Azerbaijanian 31 China Xibo C4a2 C4a2a Yakut 8 Evenk Chumikan 27 C4a2a1 Bronze Age 2275 2040 cal BC Irkutsk Oblast specimen irk076 from burial 3 at the Shamanka 2 site South Baikal 26 3 Shor 2 Chelkan Teleut Altai Kizhi 2 Yakut 8 17 Kazakh Ket 37 38 27 Evenk Stony Tunguska 8 Taimyr 8 Buryat Irkutsk Oblast citation needed Inner Mongolia citation needed China Korea C4a2a1a Yukaghir 7 8 Yakut 8 Evenk Nyukzha 8 Iyengra 8 Nelkan Dzhigda 27 Even Tompo 8 C4a2a1b Evenk 39 16 Nyukzha 8 Yakut 8 C4a2a1b1 Evenk Nyukzha 8 C4a2a1c China Zhejiang 3 Uyghurs 3 Buryat 2 Todzhin Iiy 27 Karanogay Dagestan 3 C4a2a1c1 Tofalar Alygdzher 27 Nerkha 27 V Gutara 27 Khamnigan 2 C4a2a1c2 Uyghurs C4a2a1d Uyghurs C4a2a1d1 Udinsk Buryat Kushun 27 Tofalar V Gutara 27 Evenk Central Siberia 2 C4a2a1d2 Evenk Nelkan Dzhigda 27 Evenk Nivkh Val 27 C4a2a1e Bargut Inner Mongolia 2 Buryat Irkutsk Oblast citation needed C4a2a1f Buryat South Siberia 2 Irkutsk Oblast citation needed C4a2a1g Ket 27 C4a2b Tibet Korea 3 C4a2b1 Wancho 28 C4a2b2 China Han from Beijing C4a2b2a Tibet Sherpa citation needed C4a2c Bargut Inner Mongolia 2 C4a2c1 India Jenu Kuruba 28 C4a2c2 Lepcha 28 C4a2c2a Ladakh C4b Yukaghir 7 Altai Kizhi 2 Ukraine Slovakia C4b1 Yukaghir 7 Buryat 2 C4b1a Bargut Inner Mongolia 2 C4b1b Evenk Stony Tunguska 8 Buryat 2 C4b2 Koryak 8 C4b2a Koryak 2 Chukchi 7 C4b3 Yakut 8 Altai Kizhi 2 C4b3a Yukaghir 7 Even Berezovka 8 C4b3a1 Yukaghir 7 C4b3b Buryat 39 Evenk Stony Tunguska 8 C4b5 Khamnigan 2 Buryat 2 C4b6 Altai Kizhi 2 Tubalar 7 C4b7 Yukaghir 7 C4b8 Yakut 8 C4b8a Nganasan 7 16 C4c Ijka 40 C4c1 Sioux Carson County of South Dakota citation needed Shuswap 23 Canada USA France Spain C4c1a Cherokee Flint District of Oklahoma citation needed C4c1b Chippewa Trempealeau in Wisconsin citation needed Ottawa or Chippewa Sault Saint Marie Chippewa County Michigan citation needed Canada C4c2 Metis Red River Manitoba citation needed USA C4 T152C Russia Bashkortostan 3 England citation needed C4 T152C A12780G Uyghur C4d Turkey Tibet Chamdo Nyingchi Shannan Lhoba citation needed Thailand Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province 36 Han from Beijing C4 T152C T4742C Altai Republic ancient DNA Uyghur C4 T152C T4742C T16093C Kyrgyz Kyrgyzstan 20 Tibet Nyingchi C4 T152C T4742C T8602C Sarikoli Tashkurgan 24 Burusho Pakistan 18 C4 T152C T4742C T8602C G11176A Pamiri Gorno Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan 24 C4e Teleut 2 Shor 2 C5 India C5a Azeri C5a1 Bargut Inner Mongolia 2 Buryat Irkutsk Oblast citation needed Xibo HGDP Kazakhstan C5a1a Khanty 17 Altai Kizhi 2 C5a1b Even Severo Evensk district 2 Ulchi 16 C5a1c Yakut Khamnigan South Siberia 2 C5a1d Buryat South Siberia 2 Inner Mongolia citation needed C5a1e Uyghur C5a1f Uyghur C5a2 C5a2a Buryat South Siberia 2 Buryat Republic citation needed Turkey C5a2a1 Evenk Nyukzha 8 Iyengra 8 C5a2b Yukaghir 7 8 Nelemnoye 27 Koryak 2 27 Chukchi Evenk Nelkan Dzhigda 27 Even Kamchatka 8 C5a2b1 Koryak 17 2 8 C5b Poland 2 41 C5b1 Buryat South Siberia 2 Tofalar 33 Todjin 33 Tuvan 33 Sojot 33 Ladakh Japan C5b1a Evenk Central Siberia 2 C5b1a1 Nganasan 16 Yakut 8 Buryat South Siberia 2 Khamnigan South Siberia 2 Kyrgyz Tashkurgan 24 C5b1a1a Tofalar Nerkha 27 Alygdzher 27 V Gutara 27 Todzhi Tuva Alygdzher 27 Buryat South Siberia 2 C5b1a2 Altai Kizhi South Siberia 2 Irtysh Barabinsk Tatar Novosibirsk Oblast C5b1b Khakas 33 C5b1b Buryat South Siberia 2 Russia citation needed Chechen Republic 3 Bulgaria citation needed Turk in Dobrich 3 C5b1b1 Yakut 8 C5b1b1a Yakut 2 8 Even Sebjan 8 Evenk Stony Tunguska 8 Russian 2 C5b1b2 Uyghur C5 T16093C Japan Aichi Han Beijing C5c Tubalar 7 Teleut 2 Afghanistan Persian Iran 31 Czech Republic C5c C16234T Kurd Iran 31 Armenia Turkey Kuwait C5c1 Poland 2 Sweden Greece C5c1a Russian Uzbekistan Ukraine Lithuania Poland 2 Slovakia Austria Germany England Scotland Ireland Italy USA Canada C5d China Vietnam Hmong C5d1 Altai Kizhi 2 Tuvan 16 Evenk Stony Tunguska 8 Yukaghir 7 8 C5d2 Khamnigan 2 China citation needed C7 South Korea Seoul 2 China 42 Taiwan Hakka Thailand Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province 36 Vietnam Kinh Tay Jarai C7a Han Beijing Yunnan Denver etc 43 Uyghur Taiwan Paiwan Minnan Lahu Thailand incl Urak Lawoi Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province Khon Mueang in Lamphun Province Khon Mueang in Lampang Province Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province Black Tai in Loei Province Phuan in Suphan Buri Province 36 Vietnam Hani Yao Gelao C7a1 China Taiwan Makatao USA Han Chinese in Denver Korea C7a1a Thailand Mon in Lopburi Province 36 C7a1a1 Wancho 28 C7a1a2 Dirang Monpa 28 C7a1b Northern Thailand Tai Lue 44 Vietnam Nung C7a1c Uyghurs Chinese Fengcheng 45 Shandong 3 Fujian 3 Taixing etc Taiwan Korea 3 Vietnam C7a1c1 Evenk Central Siberia 2 Nyukzha River basin 8 Okhotsk region 7 Uyghur C7a1d Wancho 28 C7a1f Thailand Karen C7a1f1 Thailand Karen Shan Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province Mon from Kanchanaburi Province C7a1f1a Thailand S gaw Karen Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province 36 C7a2 China 46 Dai Laos Lao in Luang Prabang 36 Thailand Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province Lao Isan in Roi Et Province Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province Mon in Nakhon Ratchasima Province 36 Myanmar Yangon C7a2a China Shantou etc 47 Taiwan Hakka Makatao etc C7a3 C7a4 C7a5 C7a6 C7 A16051G Bargut Inner Mongolia 2 C7b Gallong 28 Naxi Ukraine Moldova Austria C7c Korea C7d Taiwan Hakka Vietnam Vietnamese Thailand Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province Lao Isan in Roi Et Province Cambodia Kampong Cham C7e Cambodia Takeo Thailand Khmer in Surin Province Popular culture EditIn his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Chochmingwu See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup C mtDNA Genealogical DNA test Genetic genealogy Human mitochondrial genetics Population genetics Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups Indigenous American genetic studiesPhylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA mtDNA haplogroups Mitochondrial Eve L L0 L1 6 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6M N CZ D E G Q O A S R I W X YC Z B F R0 pre JT P UHV JT KH V J TReferences EditThis article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is See broken references Please help improve this article if you can January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message a b Behar et al 2012b a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg Derenko M Malyarchuk B Grzybowski T Denisova G Rogalla U Perkova M Dambueva I and Zakharov I Origin and post glacial dispersal of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups C and D in northern Asia PLoS ONE 5 12 E15214 2010 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s YFull MTree 1 02 7045 as of January 11 2021 Derenko Miroslava Malyarchuk Boris Grzybowski Tomasz Denisova Galina Rogalla Urszula Perkova Maria Dambueva Irina Zakharov Ilia 2010 Origin and Post Glacial Dispersal of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups C and D in Northern Asia PLOS ONE 5 12 e15214 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0015214 ISSN 1932 6203 More than a half of the northern Asian pool of mtDNA is fragmented into a number of subclades of haplogroups C and D two of the most frequent haplogroups throughout northern eastern central Asia and America Previous studies have proposed that haplogroups C and D originated around 30 50 kya in eastern Asia from where they subsequently expanded northwards to southern Siberia and further deep into northern Asia and the Americas and westwards along the Steppe Belt extending from Manchuria to Europe 14 15 It has been also shown that haplogroups C and D were strongly involved in the late glacial expansions from southern China to northeastern India 16 In addition because of their high frequency and wide distribution haplogroups C and D most likely participated in all subsequent episodes of putative gene flow in northern Eurasia These include i the Paleolithic colonization of Siberia that is associated with the development of macroblade industries 40 30 kya ii further recolonization and possible replacement of early Siberians by microblade making human populations from the Lake Baikal Yenisei River and Lena River basin 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Bibliography EditGomez Carballa Alberto Catelli Laura November 12 2015 The complete mitogenome of a 500 year old Inca child mummy Scientific Reports 5 16462 Bibcode 2015NatSR 516462G doi 10 1038 srep16462 PMC 4642457 PMID 26561991 External links EditGeneral Ian Logan s Mitochondrial DNA Site Mannis van Oven s Phylotree Haplogroup C Spread of Haplogroup C from National Geographic Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Haplogroup C mtDNA amp oldid 1130488112, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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