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Azerbaijanis

January 07, 2023

This article is about the Azerbaijani ethnic group. For an analysis of the population of the Republic of Azerbaijan, see Demographics of Azerbaijan.
"Azeri" redirects here. For other uses, see Azeri (disambiguation).

Azerbaijanis (/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒæni, -ɑːni/; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycanlılar, آذربایجانلیلار), Azeris (Azerbaijani: Azərilər, آذریلر), or Azerbaijani Turks (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Türkləri, آذربایجان تۆرکلری)[38][39][40] are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan. They are predominantly Shia Muslims.[35] They comprise the largest ethnic group in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the second-largest ethnic group in neighboring Iran and Georgia.[41] They speak the Azerbaijani language, belonging to the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages and carry a mixed heritage of Caucasian,[42][43] Turkic,[44][45] and Iranian elements.[6][46][47]

Azerbaijanis
Azərbaycanlılar
آذربایجانلیلار
Azerbaijani girls in traditional dresses
Regions with significant populations
 Iran12–20 million[1][2][3][4][5]
6–6.5 million (Arakelova)[6]
 Azerbaijan8,172,800[7][8]
 Russia603,070[9]
 Turkey530,000–800,000[10]
 Georgia233,178[11]
 Kazakhstan114,586[12]
 Ukraine45,176[13]
 Uzbekistan44,400[14]
 Turkmenistan33,365[15]
 United States24,377[16][17][18]
 Germany20,000–30,000[19]
 Netherlands18,000[20]
 Kyrgyzstan17,823[21]
 France70,000[22]
 Canada9,915[23]
 United Arab Emirates7,000[24]
 United Kingdom6,220[25]
 Belarus5,567[26]
 Sweden2,935[27]
 Latvia1,657[28]
 Australia1,036[29]
 Austria1,000[30]
 Estonia940[31]
 Norway806[32]
 Lithuania648[33]
 Italy552[34]
Languages
Azerbaijani
Persian, Turkish
Religion
Mainly Islam
(predominantly Shia Islam,[35] minority Sunni Islam)
Related ethnic groups
Turkish people[36] and Turkmen people[37]

Following the Russo-Persian Wars of 1813 and 1828, the territories of Qajar Iran in the Caucasus were ceded to the Russian Empire and the treaties of Gulistan in 1813 and Turkmenchay in 1828 finalized the borders between Russia and Iran.[48][49] After more than 80 years of being under the Russian Empire in the Caucasus, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was established in 1918 which established the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Etymology

Azerbaijan is believed to be named after Atropates, a Persian[50][51][52] satrap (governor) who ruled in Atropatene (modern Iranian Azerbaijan) circa 321 BC.[53][54]: 2  The name Atropates is the Hellenistic form of Old Persian Aturpat which means 'guardian of fire'[55] itself a compound of ātūr ( ) 'fire' (later garbled into ādur (آذر) in (early) New Persian, and is pronounced āzar today)[56] + -pat ( ) suffix for -guardian, -lord, -master[56] (-pat in early Middle Persian, -bod (بُد) in New Persian).

Present-day name Azerbaijan is the Arabicized form of Āzarpāyegān (Persian: آذرپایگان) meaning 'the guardians of fire' later becoming corrupted to Azerbaijan (Persian: آذربایجان) due to the phonemic shift from /p/ to /b/ and /g/ to /dʒ/ which is a result of the medieval Arabic influences that followed the Arab invasion of Iran, and is due to the lack of the phoneme /p/ and /g/ in the Arabic language.[57] The word Azarpāyegān itself is ultimately from Old Persian Āturpātakān (Persian: آتورپاتکان)[58][59] meaning 'the land associated with (satrap) Aturpat' or 'the land of fire guardians' (-an, here garbled into -kān , is a suffix for association or forming adverbs and plurals;[56] e.g.: Gilan 'land associated with Gil people').[60]

Ethnonym

See also: Azerbaijan (toponym)
 
Painting of Atropates, meeting with Alexander the Great. Iran's historic Azerbaijan region (also known as Iranian Azerbaijan) is believed to be named after him.

The modern ethnonym "Azerbaijani" or "Azeri" refers to the Turkic peoples of Iran's northwestern historic region of Azerbaijan (also known as Iranian Azerbaijan) and the Republic of Azerbaijan.[61] They historically called themselves or were referred to by others as Muslims, Turks. They were also referred to as Ajam (meaning from Iran), using the term incorrectly to denote their Shia belief rather than ethnic identity.[62] When the Southern Caucasus became part of the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century, the Russian authorities, who traditionally referred to all Turkic people as Tatars, defined Tatars living in the Transcaucasus region as Caucasian Tatars or more rarely[63] Aderbeijanskie (Адербейджанские) Tatars or even[64] Persian Tatars in order to distinguish them from other Turkic groups and the Persian speakers of Iran.[64][65] The Russian Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, written in the 1890s, also referred to Tatars in Azerbaijan as Aderbeijans (адербейджаны),[66] but noted that the term had not been widely adopted.[67] This ethnonym was also used by Joseph Deniker in 1900.[68] In Azerbaijani language publications, the expression "Azerbaijani nation" referring to those who were known as Tatars of the Caucasus first appeared in the newspaper Kashkul in 1880.[69]

During the early Soviet period, the term "Transcaucasian Tatars" was supplanted by "Azerbaijani Turks" and ultimately "Azerbaijanis."[70][71][72] For some time afterwards, the term "Azerbaijanis" was then applied to all Turkic-speaking Muslims in Transcaucasia, from the Meskhetian Turks in southwestern Georgia, to the Terekemes of southern Dagestan, as well as assimilated Tats and Talysh.[71] The temporary designation of Meskhetian Turks as "Azerbaijanis" was most likely related to the existing administrative framework of the Transcaucasian SFSR, as the Azerbaijan SSR was one of its founding members.[73] After the establishment of the Azerbaijan SSR,[74] on the order of Soviet leader Stalin, the "name of the formal language" of the Azerbaijan SSR was also "changed from Turkic to Azerbaijani".[74]

History

Main articles: History of Azerbaijan and Azerbaijan (Iran) § History

Ancient residents of the area spoke Old Azeri from the Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.[75] In the 11th century AD with Seljuq conquests, Oghuz Turkic tribes started moving across the Iranian Plateau into the Caucasus and Anatolia. The influx of the Oghuz and other Turkmen tribes was further accentuated by the Mongol invasion.[76] These Turkmen tribes spread as smaller groups, a number of which settled down in the Caucasus and Iran. Over time they converted to Shia Islam and gradually absorbed Azerbaijan and Shirvan.[77]

Ancient period

Caucasian-speaking Albanian tribes are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of the region in the north of Aras river, where the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan is located.[78] The region also saw Scythian settlement in the ninth century BC, following which the Medes came to dominate the area to the south of the Aras River.[79]

Alexander the Great defeated the Achaemenids in 330 BC, but allowed the Median satrap Atropates to remain in power. Following the decline of the Seleucids in Persia in 247 BC, an Armenian Kingdom exercised control over parts of Caucasian Albania.[80] Caucasian Albanians established a kingdom in the first century BC and largely remained independent until the Persian Sassanids made their kingdom a vassal state in 252 AD.[1]: 38  Caucasian Albania's ruler, King Urnayr, went to Armenia and then officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the fourth century AD, and Albania remained a Christian state until the 8th century.[81][82]

Medieval period

Sassanid control ended with their defeat by the Rashidun Caliphate in 642 AD through the Muslim conquest of Persia.[83] The Arabs made Caucasian Albania a vassal state after the Christian resistance, led by Prince Javanshir, surrendered in 667.[1]: 71  Between the ninth and tenth centuries, Arab authors began to refer to the region between the Kura and Aras rivers as Arran.[1]: 20  During this time, Arabs from Basra and Kufa came to Azerbaijan and seized lands that indigenous peoples had abandoned; the Arabs became a land-owning elite.[84]: 48  Conversion to Islam was slow as local resistance persisted for centuries and resentment grew as small groups of Arabs began migrating to cities such as Tabriz and Maraghah. This influx sparked a major rebellion in Iranian Azerbaijan from 816 to 837, led an Iranian Zoroastrian commoner named Babak Khorramdin.[85] However, despite pockets of continued resistance, the majority of the inhabitants of Azerbaijan converted to Islam. Later, in the 10th and 11th centuries, parts of Azerbaijan were ruled by the Kurdish dynasty of Shaddadid and Arab Radawids.

In the middle of the eleventh century, the Seljuq dynasty overthrew Arab rule and established an empire that encompassed most of Southwest Asia. The Seljuk period marked the influx of Oghuz nomads into the region. The emerging dominance of the Turkic language was chronicled in epic poems or dastans, the oldest being the Book of Dede Korkut, which relate allegorical tales about the early Turks in the Caucasus and Asia Minor.[1]: 45  Turkic dominion was interrupted by the Mongols in 1227, but it returned with the Timurids and then Sunni Qara Qoyunlū (Black Sheep Turkmen) and Aq Qoyunlū (White Sheep Turkmen), who dominated Azerbaijan, large parts of Iran, eastern Anatolia, and other minor parts of West Asia, until the Shi'a Safavids took power in 1501.[1]: 113 [84]: 285 

Early modern period

See also: Treaty of Gulistan and Treaty of Turkmenchay
 
Shirvan Tatar (i.e. Azerbaijani). Engraving from book of Jean Baptiste Benoît Eyriès. Voyage pittoresque en Asie et en Afrique: résumé général des voyages anciens et modernes... T. I, 1839

The Safavids, who rose from around Ardabil in Iranian Azerbaijan and lasted until 1722, established the foundations of the modern Iranian state.[86] The Safavids, alongside their Ottoman archrivals, dominated the entire West Asian region and beyond for centuries. At its peak under Shah Abbas the Great, it rivaled its political and ideological archrival the Ottoman empire in military strength. Noted for achievements in state-building, architecture, and the sciences, the Safavid state crumbled due to internal decay (mostly royal intrigues), ethnic minority uprisings and external pressures from the Russians, and the eventually opportunistic Afghans, who would mark the end of the dynasty. The Safavids encouraged and spread Shi'a Islam, as well as the arts and culture, and Shah Abbas the Great created an intellectual atmosphere that according to some scholars was a new "golden age".[87] He reformed the government and the military and responded to the needs of the common people.[87]

After the Safavid state disintegrated, it was followed by the conquest by Nader Shah Afshar, a Shia chieftain from Khorasan who reduced the power of the ghulat Shi'a and empowered a moderate form of Shi'ism,[84]: 300  and, exceptionally noted for his military genius, making Iran reach its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire. The brief reign of Karim Khan came next, followed by the Qajars, who ruled what is the present-day Azerbaijan Republic and Iran from 1779.[1]: 106  Russia loomed as a threat to Persian and Turkish holdings in the Caucasus in this period. The Russo-Persian Wars, despite already having had minor military conflicts in the 17th century, officially began in the eighteenth century and ended in the early nineteenth century with the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 and the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828, which ceded the Caucasian portion of Qajar Iran to the Russian Empire.[54]: 17  While Azerbaijanis in Iran integrated into Iranian society, Azerbaijanis who used to live in Aran, were incorporated into the Russian Empire.

Despite the Russian conquest, throughout the entire 19th century, preoccupation with Iranian culture, literature, and language remained widespread amongst Shia and Sunni intellectuals in the Russian-held cities of Baku, Ganja and Tiflis (Tbilisi, now Georgia).[88] Within the same century, in post-Iranian Russian-held East Caucasia, an Azerbaijani national identity emerged at the end of the 19th century.[89]

Modern period in Republic of Azerbaijan

 
Map of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic presented by the Azerbaijani delegation Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
 
First flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (till 9 November 1918)[90]
 
Soldiers and officers of the army of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918

After the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I, the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was declared, constituting what are the present-day republics of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia. This was followed by March Days massacres[91][92] that took place between 30 March and 2 April 1918 in the city of Baku and adjacent areas of the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire.[93] When the republic dissolved in May 1918, the leading Musavat party adopted the name "Azerbaijan" for the newly established Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, which was proclaimed on 27 May 1918,[94] for political reasons,[95][96] even though the name of "Azerbaijan" had been used to refer to the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran.[97][98] The ADR was the first modern parliamentary republic in the Turkic world and Muslim world.[91][99][100] Among the important accomplishments of the Parliament was the extension of suffrage to women, making Azerbaijan the first Muslim nation to grant women equal political rights with men.[99] Another important accomplishment of ADR was the establishment of Baku State University, which was the first modern-type university founded in Muslim East.[99]

By March 1920, it was obvious that Soviet Russia would attack the much-needed Baku. Vladimir Lenin said that the invasion was justified as Soviet Russia could not survive without Baku's oil.[101][102] Independent Azerbaijan lasted only 23 months until the Bolshevik 11th Soviet Red Army invaded it, establishing the Azerbaijan SSR on 28 April 1920. Although the bulk of the newly formed Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt that had just broken out in Karabakh, Azeris did not surrender their brief independence of 1918–20 quickly or easily. As many as 20,000 Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest.[103]

The brief independence gained by the short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918–1920 was followed by over 70 years of Soviet rule.[104]: 91  Neverthelesss, it was in the early Soviet period that the Azerbaijani national identity was finally forged.[89] After the restoration of independence in October 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan became embroiled in a war with neighboring Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region.[104]: 97 

The First Nagorno-Karabakh War resulted in the displacement of approximately 725,000 Azerbaijanis and 300,000–500,000 Armenians from both Azerbaijan and Armenia.[105] As a result of 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Azerbaijan took back 5 cities, 4 towns, 286 villages in the region.[106] According to 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement, internally displaced persons and refugees shall return to the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh and adjacent areas under the supervision of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.[107]

Modern period in Iran

In Iran, Azerbaijanis such as Sattar Khan sought constitutional reform.[108] The Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906–11 shook the Qajar dynasty. A parliament (Majlis) was founded on the efforts of the constitutionalists, and pro-democracy newspapers appeared. The last Shah of the Qajar dynasty was soon removed in a military coup led by Reza Khan. In the quest to impose national homogeneity on a country where half of the population were ethnic minorities, Reza Shah banned in quick succession the use of the Azerbaijani language in schools, theatrical performances, religious ceremonies, and books.[109]

 
Sattar Khan (1868–1914) was a major revolutionary figure in the late Qajar period in Iran.

Upon the dethronement of Reza Shah in September 1941, Soviet forces took control of Iranian Azerbaijan and helped to set up the Azerbaijan People's Government, a client state under the leadership of Sayyid Jafar Pishevari backed by Soviet Azerbaijan. The Soviet military presence in Iranian Azerbaijan was mainly aimed at securing the Allied supply route during World War II. Concerned with the continued Soviet presence after World War II, the United States and Britain pressured the Soviets to withdraw by late 1946. Immediately thereafter, the Iranian government regained control of Iranian Azerbaijan. According to Professor Gary R. Hess, local Azerbaijanis favored the Iranian rule, while the Soviets forewent the Iranian Azerbaijan due to the exaggerated sentiment for autonomy and oil being their top priority.[110]

Origins

Main article: Origin of the Azerbaijanis

In many references, Azerbaijanis are designated as a Turkic people,[36][111] while some sources describe the origin of Azerbaijanis as "unclear",[112] mainly Caucasian,[113] mainly Iranian,[114][115] mixed Caucasian Albanian and Turkish,[42] and mixed with Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic elements.[45] Russian historian and orientalist Vladimir Minorsky writes that largely Iranian and Caucasian populations became Turkic-speaking:

In the beginning of the 11th century the Ghuzz hordes, first in smaller parties, and then in considerable numbers, under the Seljuqids occupied Azerbaijan. In consequence, the Iranian population of Azerbaijan and the adjacent parts of Transcaucasia became Turkophone while the characteristic features of Azeri Turkic, such as Persian intonations and disregard of the vocalic harmony, reflect the non-Turkic origin of the Turkicised population.[116]

Historical research suggests that the Old Azeri language, belonging to the Northwestern branch of the Iranian languages and believed to have descended from the language of the Medes,[117] gradually gained currency and was widely spoken in said region for many centuries.[118][119][120][121][122]

Some Azerbaijanis of the Republic of Azerbaijan are believed to be descended from the inhabitants of Caucasian Albania, an ancient country located in the eastern Caucasus region, and various Iranian peoples which settled the region.[123] They claim there is evidence that, due to repeated invasions and migrations, the aboriginal Caucasian population may have gradually been culturally and linguistically assimilated, first by Iranian peoples, such as the Persians,[124] and later by the Oghuz Turks. Considerable information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians, including their language, history, early conversion to Christianity, and relations with the Armenians and Georgians, under whose strong religious and cultural influence the Caucasian Albanians came in the coming centuries.[125][126]

Turkic origin and Turkification

See also: Turkification

Turkification of the non-Turkic population derives from the Turkic settlements in the area now known as Azerbaijan, which began and accelerated during the Seljuk period.[36] The migration of Oghuz Turks from present-day Turkmenistan, which is attested by linguistic similarity, remained high through the Mongol period, as many troops under the Ilkhanates were Turkic. By the Safavid period, the Turkic nature of Azerbaijan increased with the influence of the Qizilbash, an association of the Turkoman[127] nomadic tribes that was the backbone of the Safavid Empire.

According to Soviet scholars, the Turkicization of Azerbaijan was largely completed during the Ilkhanid period. Faruk Sümer posits three periods in which Turkicization took place: Seljuk, Mongol and Post-Mongol (Qara Qoyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu and Safavid). In the first two, Oghuz Turkic tribes advanced or were driven to Anatolia and Arran. In the last period, the Turkic elements in Iran (Oghuz, with lesser admixtures of Uyghur, Qipchaq, Qarluq as well as Turkicized Mongols) were joined now by Anatolian Turks migrating back to Iran. This marked the final stage of Turkicization.[36]

Iranian origin

Main articles: Iranian peoples, Persian peoples, Tat people (Iran), and Tat people (Caucasus)

10th-century Arab historian Al-Masudi attested the Old Azeri language and described that the region of Azerbaijan was inhabited by Persians.[128] Archaeological evidence indicates that the Iranian religion of Zoroastrianism was prominent throughout the Caucasus before Christianity and Islam.[129][130][131] According to Encyclopaedia Iranica, Azerbaijanis mainly originate from the earlier Iranian speakers, who still exist to this day in smaller numbers, and a massive migration of Oghuz Turks in the 11th and 12th centuries gradually Turkified Azerbaijan as well as Anatolia.[132]

Caucasian origin

 
Azerbaijani girl from Shusha in silk national garments.
Main articles: Peoples of the Caucasus and Caucasian Albania

According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the Azerbaijanis are of mixed descent, originating in the indigenous population of eastern Transcaucasia and possibly the Medians from northern Iran.[133] There is evidence that, due to repeated invasions and migrations, aboriginal Caucasians may have been culturally assimilated, first by Ancient Iranian peoples and later by the Oghuz. Considerable information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians including their language, history, early conversion to Christianity. The Udi language, still spoken in Azerbaijan, may be a remnant of the Albanians' language.[134]

Genetics

See also: Genetic history of the Middle East and Genetic history of Europe

Contemporary Western Asian genomes, a region that includes Azerbaijan, have been greatly influenced by early agricultural populations in the area; later population movements, such as those of Turkic speakers, also contributed.[135] However, as of 2017, there is no whole genome sequencing study for Azerbaijan; sampling limitations such as these prevent forming a "finer-scale picture of the genetic history of the region."[135]

A 2014 study comparing the genetics of the populations from Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, (which were grouped as "Western Silk Road") Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan (grouped as "Eastern Silk Road") found that the samples from Azerbaijan were the only group from the Western Silk Road to show significant contribution from the Eastern Silk Road, despite the overall clustering with the other samples from the Western Silk Road. The eastern input into the Azerbaijani genetics was estimated to be roughly 25 generations ago, corresponding to the time of the Mongolian expansion.[136]

A 2002 study focusing on eleven Y-chromosome markers suggested that Azerbaijanis are genetically more related to their Caucasian geographic neighbors than to their linguistic neighbors.[137] Iranian Azerbaijanis are genetically more similar to northern Azerbaijanis and the neighboring Turkic population than they are to geographically distant Turkmen populations.[138] Iranian-speaking populations from Azerbaijan (the Talysh and Tats) are genetically closer to Azerbaijanis of the Republic than to other Iranian-speaking populations (Persian people and Kurds from Iran, Ossetians, and Tajiks).[139] Several genetic studies suggested that the Azerbaijanis originate from a native population long resident in the area who adopted a Turkic language through language replacement, including possibility of elite dominance scenario.[140][141][137] However, the language replacement in Azerbaijan (and in Turkey) might not have been in accordance with the elite dominance model, with estimated Central Asian contribution to Azerbaijan being 18% for females and 32% for males.[142] A subsequent study also suggested 33% Central Asian contribution to Azerbaijan.[143]

A 2001 study which looked into the first hypervariable segment of the MtDNA suggested that "genetic relationships among Caucasus populations reflect geographical rather than linguistic relationships", with Armenians and Azerbaijanians being "most closely related to their nearest geographical neighbours."[144] Another 2004 study that looked into 910 MtDNAs from 23 populations in the Iranian plateau, the Indus Valley, and Central Asia suggested that populations "west of the Indus basin, including those from Iran, Anatolia [Turkey] and the Caucasus, exhibit a common mtDNA lineage composition, consisting mainly of western Eurasian lineages, with a very limited contribution from South Asia and eastern Eurasia."[145] While genetic analysis of mtDNA indicates that Caucasian populations are genetically closer to Europeans than to Near Easterners, Y-chromosome results indicate closer affinity to Near Eastern groups.[137]

The range of haplogroups across the region may reflect historical genetic admixture,[146] perhaps as a result of invasive male migrations.[137]

In a comparative study (2013) on the complete mitochondrial DNA diversity in Iranians has indicated that Iranian Azeris are more related to the people of Georgia, than they are to other Iranians, as well as to Armenians. However the same multidimensional scaling plot shows that Azeris from the Caucasus, despite their supposed common origin with Iranian Azeris, "occupy an intermediate position between the Azeris/Georgians and Turks/Iranians grouping".[147]

A 2007 study which looked into class two Human leukocyte antigen suggested that there were "no close genetic relationship was observed between Azeris of Iran and the people of Turkey or Central Asians."[148] A 2017 study which looked into HLA alleles put the samples from Azeris in Northwest Iran "in the Mediterranean cluster close to Kurds, Gorgan, Chuvash (South Russia, towards North Caucasus), Iranians and Caucasus populations (Svan and Georgians)." This Mediterranean stock includes "Turkish and Caucasian populations." Azeri samples were also in a "position between Mediterranean and Central Asian" samples, suggesting Turkification "process caused by Oghuz Turkic tribes could also contribute to the genetic background of Azeri people."[149]

Demographics and society

See also: Demographics of Azerbaijan, Demographics of Iran, and List of Azerbaijanis
 
Azerbaijani-speaking regions
 
Russian Empire postcard depicting Tatars (i.e. Azerbaijanis) from Alexandropol (Gyumri)

The vast majority of Azerbaijanis live in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Iranian Azerbaijan. Between 8 and 18.5 million Azerbaijanis live in Iran, mainly in the northwestern provinces. Approximately 9.1 million Azerbaijanis are found in the Republic of Azerbaijan. A diaspora of over a million is spread throughout the rest of the world. According to Ethnologue, there are over 1 million speakers of the northern Azerbaijani dialect in southern Dagestan, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russian proper, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.[150] No Azerbaijanis were recorded in the 2001 census in Armenia,[151] where the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resulted in population shifts. Other sources, such as national censuses, confirm the presence of Azerbaijanis throughout the other states of the former Soviet Union.

In the Republic of Azerbaijan

See also: Wedding tradition in Azerbaijan

Azerbaijanis are by far the largest ethnic group in The Republic of Azerbaijan (over 90%), holding the second-largest community of ethnic Azerbaijanis after neighboring Iran. The literacy rate is very high, and is estimated at 99.5%.[152] Azerbaijan began the twentieth century with institutions based upon those of Russia and the Soviet Union, with an official policy of atheism and strict state control over most aspects of society. Since independence, there is a secular system.

Azerbaijan has benefited from the oil industry, but high levels of corruption have prevented greater prosperity for the population.[153] Despite these problems, there is a financial rebirth in Azerbaijan as positive economic predictions and an active political opposition appear determined to improve the lives of average Azerbaijanis.[154][155]

In Iran

Main article: Iranian Azerbaijanis
 
Ashiks performance in Tabriz
 
Iran's highest-ranking official, the supreme leader Ali Khamenei is Iranian Azeri on his father's side.

The exact number of Azerbaijanis in Iran is heavily disputed. Since the early twentieth century, successive Iranian governments have avoided publishing statistics on ethnic groups.[156] Unofficial population estimates of Azerbaijanis in Iran are around the 16% area put forth by the CIA and Library of Congress.[157][158] An independent poll in 2009 placed the figure at around 20–22%.[159] According to the Iranologist Victoria Arakelova in peer-reviewed journal Iran and the Caucasus, estimating the number of Azeris in Iran has been hampered for years since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, when the "once invented theory of the so called separated nation (i.e. the citizens of the Azerbaijan Republic, the so-called Azerbaijanis, and the Azaris in Iran), was actualised again (see in detail Reza 1993)". Arakelova adds that the number of Azeris in Iran, featuring in the politically biased publications as "Azerbaijani minority of Iran", is considered to be the "highly speculative part of this theory". Even though all Iranian censuses of population distinguish exclusively religious minorities, numerous sources have presented different figures regarding Iran's Turkic-speaking communities, without "any justification or concrete references".[6]

In the early 1990s, right after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the most popular figure depicting the number of "Azerbaijanis" in Iran was thirty-three millions, at a time when the entire population of Iran was barely sixty millions. Therefore, at the time, half of Iran's citizens were considered "Azerbaijanis". Shortly after, this figure was replaced by thirty millions, which became "almost a normative account on the demographic situation in Iran, widely circulating not only among academics and political analysts, but also in the official circles of Russia and the West". Then, in the 2000s, the figure decreased to 20 millions; this time, at least within the Russian political establishment, the figure became "firmly fixed". This figure, Arakelova adds, has been widely used and kept up to date, only with a few minor adjustments. A cursory look at Iran's demographic situation however, shows that all these figures have been manipulated and were "definitely invented on political purpose". Arakelova estimates the number of Azeris i.e. "Azerbaijanis" in Iran based on Iran's population demographics at 6 to 6.5 millions.[6]

Azerbaijanis in Iran are mainly found in the northwest provinces: West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, parts of Hamadan, Qazvin, and Markazi.[158] Azerbaijani minorities live in the Qorveh[160] and Bijar[161] counties of Kurdistan, in Gilan,[162][163][164][165] as ethnic enclaves in Galugah in Mazandaran, around Lotfabad and Dargaz in Razavi Khorasan,[166] and in the town of Gonbad-e Qabus in Golestan.[167] Large Azerbaijani populations can also be found in central Iran (Tehran # Alborz) due to internal migration. Azerbaijanis make up 25%[168] of Tehran's population and 30.3%[169] – 33%[170][171] of the population of the Tehran Province, where Azerbaijanis are found in every city.[172] They are the largest ethnic groups after Persians in Tehran and the Tehran Province.[173][174] Arakelova notes that the widespread "cliché" among residents of Tehran on the number of Azerbaijanis in the city ("half of Tehran consists of Azerbaijanis"), cannot be taken "seriously into consideration". Arakelova adds that the number of Tehran's inhabitants who have migrated from northwestern areas of Iran, who are currently Persian-speakers "for the most part", is not more than "several hundred thousands", with the maximum being one million.[6] Azerbaijanis have also emigrated and resettled in large numbers in Khorasan,[175] especially in Mashhad.[176]

Generally, Azerbaijanis in Iran were regarded as "a well integrated linguistic minority" by academics prior to Iran's Islamic Revolution.[177][178] Despite friction, Azerbaijanis in Iran came to be well represented at all levels of "political, military, and intellectual hierarchies, as well as the religious hierarchy".[156]

Resentment came with Pahlavi policies that suppressed the use of the Azerbaijani language in local government, schools, and the press.[179] However, with the advent of the Iranian Revolution in 1979, emphasis shifted away from nationalism as the new government highlighted religion as the main unifying factor. Islamic theocratic institutions dominate nearly all aspects of society. The Azerbaijani language and its literature are banned in Iranian schools.[180][181] There are signs of civil unrest due to the policies of the Iranian government in Iranian Azerbaijan and increased interaction with fellow Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan and satellite broadcasts from Turkey and other Turkic countries have revived Azerbaijani nationalism.[182] In May 2006, Iranian Azerbaijan witnessed riots over publication of a cartoon depicting a cockroach speaking Azerbaijani[183] that many Azerbaijanis found offensive.[184][185] The cartoon was drawn by Mana Neyestani, an Azeri, who was fired along with his editor as a result of the controversy.[186][187] One of the major incidents that happened recently was Azeris protests in Iran (2015) started in November 2015, after children's television programme Fitileha aired on 6 November on state TV that ridiculed and mocked the accent and language of Azeris and included offensive jokes.[188] As a result, hundreds of ethnic Azeris have protested a program on state TV that contained what they consider an ethnic slur. Demonstrations were held in Tabriz, Urmia, Ardabil, and Zanjan, as well as Tehran and Karaj. Police in Iran have clashed with protesting people, fired tear gas to disperse crowds, and many demonstrators were arrested. One of the protesters, Ali Akbar Murtaza, reportedly "died of injuries" in Urmia.[189] There were also protests held in front of Iranian embassies in Istanbul and Baku.[190] The head of the country's state broadcaster Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) Mohammad Sarafraz has apologized for airing the program, whose broadcast was later discontinued.[191]

Azerbaijanis are an intrinsic community of Iran, and their style of living closely resemble those of Persians:

The lifestyles of urban Azerbaijanis do not differ from those of Persians, and there is considerable intermarriage among the upper classes in cities of mixed populations. Similarly, customs among Azerbaijani villagers do not appear to differ markedly from those of Persian villagers.[158]

Azeris are famously active in commerce and in bazaars all over Iran their voluble voices can be heard. Older Azeri men wear the traditional wool hat, and their music & dances have become part of the mainstream culture. Azeris are well integrated, and many Azeri-Iranians are prominent in Persian literature, politics, and clerical world.[192]

There is significant cross-border trade between Azerbaijan and Iran, and Azerbaijanis from Azerbaijan go into Iran to buy goods that are cheaper, but the relationship was tense until recently.[180] However, relations have significantly improved since the Rouhani administration took office.

Subgroups

There are several Azerbaijani ethnic groups, each of which has particularities in the economy, culture, and everyday life. Some Azerbaijani ethnic groups continued in the last quarter of the 19th century.

 
 
Ayrum from Azerbaijan (left); Shahsevan girls from a rich family. End of the 19th century, Iran (right)

Major Azerbaijani ethnic groups:

Diaspora

Main article: Azerbaijani diaspora

Women

See also: Women in Azerbaijan and Women in Iran
 
Azeri woman from Baku (1900 postcard)

In Azerbaijan, women were granted the right to vote in 1917.[194] Women have attained Western-style equality in major cities such as Baku, although in rural areas more reactionary views remain.[154] Violence against women, including rape, is rarely reported, especially in rural areas, not unlike other parts of the former Soviet Union.[195] In Azerbaijan, the veil was abandoned during the Soviet period.[196] Women are under-represented in elective office but have attained high positions in parliament. An Azerbaijani woman is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in Azerbaijan, and two others are Justices of the Constitutional Court. In the 2010 election, women constituted 16% of all MPs (twenty seats in total) in the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.[197] Abortion is available on demand in the Republic of Azerbaijan.[198] The human rights ombudsman since 2002, Elmira Süleymanova, is a woman.

In Iran, a groundswell of grassroots movements have sought gender equality since the 1980s.[158] Protests in defiance of government bans are dispersed through violence, as on 12 June 2006 when female demonstrators in Haft Tir Square in Tehran were beaten.[199] Past Iranian leaders, such as the reformer ex-president Mohammad Khatami promised women greater rights, but the Guardian Council of Iran opposes changes that they interpret as contrary to Islamic doctrine. In the 2004 legislative elections, nine women were elected to parliament (Majlis), eight of whom were conservatives.[200] The social fate of Azerbaijani women largely mirrors that of other women in Iran.[citation needed]

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Azerbaijan and Culture of Iran

Language and literature

Main articles: Azerbaijani language and Azerbaijani literature
 
Portrait of Muhammad Fuzûlî by Azim Azimzade (1914). Fuzûlî is considered one of the greatest Azerbaijani poets.[201]

The Azerbaijanis speak the Azerbaijani language, a Turkic language descended from the branches of Oghuz Turkic language that became established in Azerbaijan in the 11th and 12th centuries CE. The Azerbaijani language is closely related to Qashqai, Gagauz, Turkish, Turkmen and Crimean Tatar, sharing varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with each of those languages.[202] Certain lexical and grammatical differences formed within the Azerbaijani language as spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Iran, after nearly two centuries of separation between the communities speaking the language; mutual intelligibility, however, has been preserved.[203] Additionally, the Turkish and Azerbaijani languages are mutually intelligible to a high enough degree that their speakers can have simple conversations without prior knowledge of the other.[104]

Early literature was mainly based on oral tradition, and the later compiled epics and heroic stories of Dede Korkut probably derive from it. The first written, classical Azerbaijani literature arose after the Mongol invasion, while the first accepted Oghuz Turkic text goes back to the 15th century.[204] Some of the earliest Azerbaijani writings trace back to the poet Nasimi (died 1417) and then decades later Fuzûlî (1483–1556). Ismail I, Shah of Safavid Iran wrote Azerbaijani poetry under the pen name Khatâ'i.

Modern Azerbaijani literature continued with a traditional emphasis upon humanism, as conveyed in the writings of Samad Vurgun, Shahriar, and many others.[205]

Azerbaijanis are generally bilingual, often fluent in either Russian (in Azerbaijan) or Persian (in Iran) in addition to their native Azerbaijani. As of 1996, around 38% of Azerbaijan's roughly 8,000,000 population spoke Russian fluently.[206] An independent telephone survey in Iran in 2009 reported that 20% of respondents could understand Azerbaijani, the most spoken minority language in Iran, and all respondents could understand Persian.[159]

Religion

Main articles: Religion in Azerbaijan, Islam in Azerbaijan, and Islam in Iran

The majority of Azerbaijanis are Twelver Shi'a Muslims. Religious minorities include Sunni Muslims (mainly Shafi'i just like other Muslims in the surrounding North Caucasus),[207][208] and Baháʼís. An unknown number of Azerbaijanis in the Republic of Azerbaijan have no religious affiliation. Many describe themselves as Shia Muslims.[154] There is a small number of Naqshbandi Sufis among Muslim Azerbaijanis.[209] Christian Azerbaijanis number around 5,000 people in the Republic of Azerbaijan and consist mostly of recent converts.[210][211] Some Azerbaijanis from rural regions retain pre-Islamic animist or Zoroastrian-influenced[212] beliefs, such as the sanctity of certain sites and the veneration of fire, certain trees and rocks.[213] In Azerbaijan, traditions from other religions are often celebrated in addition to Islamic holidays, including Nowruz and Christmas.

Performing arts

See also: Music of Azerbaijan and Music of Iran

In the group dance the performers come together in a semi-circular or circular formation as, "The leader of these dances often executes special figures as well as signaling and changes in the foot patterns, movements, or direction in which the group is moving, often by gesturing with his or her hand, in which a kerchief is held."[214]

Azerbaijani musical tradition can be traced back to singing bards called Ashiqs, a vocation that survives. Modern Ashiqs play the saz (lute) and sing dastans (historical ballads).[215] Other musical instruments include the tar (another type of lute), balaban (a wind instrument), kamancha (fiddle), and the dhol (drums). Azerbaijani classical music, called mugham, is often an emotional singing performance. Composers Uzeyir Hajibeyov, Gara Garayev and Fikret Amirov created a hybrid style that combines Western classical music with mugham. Other Azerbaijanis, notably Vagif and Aziza Mustafa Zadeh, mixed jazz with mugham. Some Azerbaijani musicians have received international acclaim, including Rashid Behbudov (who could sing in over eight languages), Muslim Magomayev (a pop star from the Soviet era), Googoosh, and more recently Sami Yusuf.[citation needed]

After the 1979 revolution in Iran due to the clerical opposition to music in general, Azerbaijani music took a different course. According to Iranian singer Hossein Alizadeh, "Historically in Iran, music faced strong opposition from the religious establishment, forcing it to go underground."[216]

Some Azerbaijanis have been film-makers, such as Rustam Ibragimbekov, who wrote Burnt by the Sun, winner of the Grand Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1994.

Sports

See also: Azerbaijan at the Olympics and List of Azerbaijani Olympic medalists
 
Chess player Shakhriyar Mamedyarov
 
Two-time Paralympic judo champion (2004, 2008) Ilham Zakiyev

Sports have historically been an important part of Azerbaijani life. Horseback competitions were praised in the Book of Dede Korkut and by poets and writers such as Khaqani.[217] Other ancient sports include wrestling, javelin throwing and fencing.

The Soviet legacy has in modern times propelled some Azerbaijanis to become accomplished athletes at the Olympic level.[217] The Azerbaijani government supports the country's athletic legacy and encourages youth participation. Iranian athletes have particularly excelled in weight lifting, gymnastics, shooting, javelin throwing, karate, boxing, and wrestling.[218] Weight lifters, such as Iran's Hossein Reza Zadeh, world super heavyweight-lifting record holder and two-time Olympic champion in 2000 and 2004, or Hadi Saei is a former Iranian[219] Taekwondo athlete who became the most successful Iranian athlete in Olympic history and Nizami Pashayev, who won the European heavyweight title in 2006, have excelled at the international level. Ramil Guliyev, an ethnic Azerbaijani who plays for Turkey, became the first world champion in athletics in the history of Turkey.

Chess is another popular pastime in the Republic of Azerbaijan.[220] The country has produced many notable players, such as Teimour Radjabov, Vugar Gashimov and Shahriyar Mammadyarov, all three highly ranked internationally. Karate is also popular, where Rafael Aghayev achieved particular success, becoming a five-time world champion and eleven-time European champion.

See also

References

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Cited sources

  • Chaumont, M. L. (15 December 1987). Atropates. Vol. III. Encyclopædia Iranica. pp. 17–18.
  • de Planhol, Xavier (15 December 2004). Iran i. Lands of Iran. Vol. XIII. Encyclopædia Iranica. pp. 204–212.
  • Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3550-4.

External links

 
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January 07, 2023
azerbaijanis, this, article, about, azerbaijani, ethnic, group, analysis, population, republic, azerbaijan, demographics, azerbaijan, azeri, redirects, here, other, uses, azeri, disambiguation, ɑː, azerbaijani, azərbaycanlılar, آذربایجانلیلار, azeris, azerbaij. This article is about the Azerbaijani ethnic group For an analysis of the population of the Republic of Azerbaijan see Demographics of Azerbaijan Azeri redirects here For other uses see Azeri disambiguation Azerbaijanis ˌ ae z er b aɪ ˈ dʒ ae n i ɑː n i Azerbaijani Azerbaycanlilar آذربایجانلیلار Azeris Azerbaijani Azeriler آذریلر or Azerbaijani Turks Azerbaijani Azerbaycan Turkleri آذربایجان تۆرکلری 38 39 40 are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan They are predominantly Shia Muslims 35 They comprise the largest ethnic group in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the second largest ethnic group in neighboring Iran and Georgia 41 They speak the Azerbaijani language belonging to the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages and carry a mixed heritage of Caucasian 42 43 Turkic 44 45 and Iranian elements 6 46 47 AzerbaijanisAzerbaycanlilar آذربایجانلیلارAzerbaijani girls in traditional dressesRegions with significant populations Iran12 20 million 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 5 million Arakelova 6 Azerbaijan8 172 800 7 8 Russia603 070 9 Turkey530 000 800 000 10 Georgia233 178 11 Kazakhstan114 586 12 Ukraine45 176 13 Uzbekistan44 400 14 Turkmenistan33 365 15 United States24 377 16 17 18 Germany20 000 30 000 19 Netherlands18 000 20 Kyrgyzstan17 823 21 France70 000 22 Canada9 915 23 United Arab Emirates7 000 24 United Kingdom6 220 25 Belarus5 567 26 Sweden2 935 27 Latvia1 657 28 Australia1 036 29 Austria1 000 30 Estonia940 31 Norway806 32 Lithuania648 33 Italy552 34 LanguagesAzerbaijaniPersian TurkishReligionMainly Islam predominantly Shia Islam 35 minority Sunni Islam Related ethnic groupsTurkish people 36 and Turkmen people 37 Following the Russo Persian Wars of 1813 and 1828 the territories of Qajar Iran in the Caucasus were ceded to the Russian Empire and the treaties of Gulistan in 1813 and Turkmenchay in 1828 finalized the borders between Russia and Iran 48 49 After more than 80 years of being under the Russian Empire in the Caucasus the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was established in 1918 which established the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan Contents 1 Etymology 2 Ethnonym 3 History 3 1 Ancient period 3 2 Medieval period 3 3 Early modern period 3 4 Modern period in Republic of Azerbaijan 3 5 Modern period in Iran 4 Origins 4 1 Turkic origin and Turkification 4 2 Iranian origin 4 3 Caucasian origin 4 4 Genetics 5 Demographics and society 5 1 In the Republic of Azerbaijan 5 2 In Iran 5 3 Subgroups 5 4 Diaspora 5 5 Women 6 Culture 6 1 Language and literature 6 2 Religion 6 3 Performing arts 6 4 Sports 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Citations 8 2 Cited sources 9 External linksEtymologyAzerbaijan is believed to be named after Atropates a Persian 50 51 52 satrap governor who ruled in Atropatene modern Iranian Azerbaijan circa 321 BC 53 54 2 The name Atropates is the Hellenistic form of Old Persian Aturpat which means guardian of fire 55 itself a compound of atur fire later garbled into adur آذر in early New Persian and is pronounced azar today 56 pat suffix for guardian lord master 56 pat in early Middle Persian bod ب د in New Persian Present day name Azerbaijan is the Arabicized form of Azarpayegan Persian آذرپایگان meaning the guardians of fire later becoming corrupted to Azerbaijan Persian آذربایجان due to the phonemic shift from p to b and g to dʒ which is a result of the medieval Arabic influences that followed the Arab invasion of Iran and is due to the lack of the phoneme p and g in the Arabic language 57 The word Azarpayegan itself is ultimately from Old Persian Aturpatakan Persian آتورپاتکان 58 59 meaning the land associated with satrap Aturpat or the land of fire guardians an here garbled into kan is a suffix for association or forming adverbs and plurals 56 e g Gilan land associated with Gil people 60 EthnonymSee also Azerbaijan toponym Painting of Atropates meeting with Alexander the Great Iran s historic Azerbaijan region also known as Iranian Azerbaijan is believed to be named after him The modern ethnonym Azerbaijani or Azeri refers to the Turkic peoples of Iran s northwestern historic region of Azerbaijan also known as Iranian Azerbaijan and the Republic of Azerbaijan 61 They historically called themselves or were referred to by others as Muslims Turks They were also referred to as Ajam meaning from Iran using the term incorrectly to denote their Shia belief rather than ethnic identity 62 When the Southern Caucasus became part of the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century the Russian authorities who traditionally referred to all Turkic people as Tatars defined Tatars living in the Transcaucasus region as Caucasian Tatars or more rarely 63 Aderbeijanskie Aderbejdzhanskie Tatars or even 64 Persian Tatars in order to distinguish them from other Turkic groups and the Persian speakers of Iran 64 65 The Russian Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary written in the 1890s also referred to Tatars in Azerbaijan as Aderbeijans aderbejdzhany 66 but noted that the term had not been widely adopted 67 This ethnonym was also used by Joseph Deniker in 1900 68 In Azerbaijani language publications the expression Azerbaijani nation referring to those who were known as Tatars of the Caucasus first appeared in the newspaper Kashkul in 1880 69 During the early Soviet period the term Transcaucasian Tatars was supplanted by Azerbaijani Turks and ultimately Azerbaijanis 70 71 72 For some time afterwards the term Azerbaijanis was then applied to all Turkic speaking Muslims in Transcaucasia from the Meskhetian Turks in southwestern Georgia to the Terekemes of southern Dagestan as well as assimilated Tats and Talysh 71 The temporary designation of Meskhetian Turks as Azerbaijanis was most likely related to the existing administrative framework of the Transcaucasian SFSR as the Azerbaijan SSR was one of its founding members 73 After the establishment of the Azerbaijan SSR 74 on the order of Soviet leader Stalin the name of the formal language of the Azerbaijan SSR was also changed from Turkic to Azerbaijani 74 HistoryMain articles History of Azerbaijan and Azerbaijan Iran History Ancient residents of the area spoke Old Azeri from the Iranian branch of the Indo European languages 75 In the 11th century AD with Seljuq conquests Oghuz Turkic tribes started moving across the Iranian Plateau into the Caucasus and Anatolia The influx of the Oghuz and other Turkmen tribes was further accentuated by the Mongol invasion 76 These Turkmen tribes spread as smaller groups a number of which settled down in the Caucasus and Iran Over time they converted to Shia Islam and gradually absorbed Azerbaijan and Shirvan 77 Ancient period Caucasian speaking Albanian tribes are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of the region in the north of Aras river where the modern day Republic of Azerbaijan is located 78 The region also saw Scythian settlement in the ninth century BC following which the Medes came to dominate the area to the south of the Aras River 79 Alexander the Great defeated the Achaemenids in 330 BC but allowed the Median satrap Atropates to remain in power Following the decline of the Seleucids in Persia in 247 BC an Armenian Kingdom exercised control over parts of Caucasian Albania 80 Caucasian Albanians established a kingdom in the first century BC and largely remained independent until the Persian Sassanids made their kingdom a vassal state in 252 AD 1 38 Caucasian Albania s ruler King Urnayr went to Armenia and then officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the fourth century AD and Albania remained a Christian state until the 8th century 81 82 Medieval period Sassanid control ended with their defeat by the Rashidun Caliphate in 642 AD through the Muslim conquest of Persia 83 The Arabs made Caucasian Albania a vassal state after the Christian resistance led by Prince Javanshir surrendered in 667 1 71 Between the ninth and tenth centuries Arab authors began to refer to the region between the Kura and Aras rivers as Arran 1 20 During this time Arabs from Basra and Kufa came to Azerbaijan and seized lands that indigenous peoples had abandoned the Arabs became a land owning elite 84 48 Conversion to Islam was slow as local resistance persisted for centuries and resentment grew as small groups of Arabs began migrating to cities such as Tabriz and Maraghah This influx sparked a major rebellion in Iranian Azerbaijan from 816 to 837 led an Iranian Zoroastrian commoner named Babak Khorramdin 85 However despite pockets of continued resistance the majority of the inhabitants of Azerbaijan converted to Islam Later in the 10th and 11th centuries parts of Azerbaijan were ruled by the Kurdish dynasty of Shaddadid and Arab Radawids In the middle of the eleventh century the Seljuq dynasty overthrew Arab rule and established an empire that encompassed most of Southwest Asia The Seljuk period marked the influx of Oghuz nomads into the region The emerging dominance of the Turkic language was chronicled in epic poems or dastans the oldest being the Book of Dede Korkut which relate allegorical tales about the early Turks in the Caucasus and Asia Minor 1 45 Turkic dominion was interrupted by the Mongols in 1227 but it returned with the Timurids and then Sunni Qara Qoyunlu Black Sheep Turkmen and Aq Qoyunlu White Sheep Turkmen who dominated Azerbaijan large parts of Iran eastern Anatolia and other minor parts of West Asia until the Shi a Safavids took power in 1501 1 113 84 285 Early modern period See also Treaty of Gulistan and Treaty of Turkmenchay Shirvan Tatar i e Azerbaijani Engraving from book of Jean Baptiste Benoit Eyries Voyage pittoresque en Asie et en Afrique resume general des voyages anciens et modernes T I 1839 The Safavids who rose from around Ardabil in Iranian Azerbaijan and lasted until 1722 established the foundations of the modern Iranian state 86 The Safavids alongside their Ottoman archrivals dominated the entire West Asian region and beyond for centuries At its peak under Shah Abbas the Great it rivaled its political and ideological archrival the Ottoman empire in military strength Noted for achievements in state building architecture and the sciences the Safavid state crumbled due to internal decay mostly royal intrigues ethnic minority uprisings and external pressures from the Russians and the eventually opportunistic Afghans who would mark the end of the dynasty The Safavids encouraged and spread Shi a Islam as well as the arts and culture and Shah Abbas the Great created an intellectual atmosphere that according to some scholars was a new golden age 87 He reformed the government and the military and responded to the needs of the common people 87 After the Safavid state disintegrated it was followed by the conquest by Nader Shah Afshar a Shia chieftain from Khorasan who reduced the power of the ghulat Shi a and empowered a moderate form of Shi ism 84 300 and exceptionally noted for his military genius making Iran reach its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire The brief reign of Karim Khan came next followed by the Qajars who ruled what is the present day Azerbaijan Republic and Iran from 1779 1 106 Russia loomed as a threat to Persian and Turkish holdings in the Caucasus in this period The Russo Persian Wars despite already having had minor military conflicts in the 17th century officially began in the eighteenth century and ended in the early nineteenth century with the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 and the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 which ceded the Caucasian portion of Qajar Iran to the Russian Empire 54 17 While Azerbaijanis in Iran integrated into Iranian society Azerbaijanis who used to live in Aran were incorporated into the Russian Empire Despite the Russian conquest throughout the entire 19th century preoccupation with Iranian culture literature and language remained widespread amongst Shia and Sunni intellectuals in the Russian held cities of Baku Ganja and Tiflis Tbilisi now Georgia 88 Within the same century in post Iranian Russian held East Caucasia an Azerbaijani national identity emerged at the end of the 19th century 89 Modern period in Republic of Azerbaijan Map of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic presented by the Azerbaijani delegation Paris Peace Conference in 1919 First flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic till 9 November 1918 90 Soldiers and officers of the army of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 After the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I the short lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was declared constituting what are the present day republics of Azerbaijan Georgia and Armenia This was followed by March Days massacres 91 92 that took place between 30 March and 2 April 1918 in the city of Baku and adjacent areas of the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire 93 When the republic dissolved in May 1918 the leading Musavat party adopted the name Azerbaijan for the newly established Azerbaijan Democratic Republic which was proclaimed on 27 May 1918 94 for political reasons 95 96 even though the name of Azerbaijan had been used to refer to the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran 97 98 The ADR was the first modern parliamentary republic in the Turkic world and Muslim world 91 99 100 Among the important accomplishments of the Parliament was the extension of suffrage to women making Azerbaijan the first Muslim nation to grant women equal political rights with men 99 Another important accomplishment of ADR was the establishment of Baku State University which was the first modern type university founded in Muslim East 99 By March 1920 it was obvious that Soviet Russia would attack the much needed Baku Vladimir Lenin said that the invasion was justified as Soviet Russia could not survive without Baku s oil 101 102 Independent Azerbaijan lasted only 23 months until the Bolshevik 11th Soviet Red Army invaded it establishing the Azerbaijan SSR on 28 April 1920 Although the bulk of the newly formed Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt that had just broken out in Karabakh Azeris did not surrender their brief independence of 1918 20 quickly or easily As many as 20 000 Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest 103 The brief independence gained by the short lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 1920 was followed by over 70 years of Soviet rule 104 91 Neverthelesss it was in the early Soviet period that the Azerbaijani national identity was finally forged 89 After the restoration of independence in October 1991 the Republic of Azerbaijan became embroiled in a war with neighboring Armenia over the Nagorno Karabakh region 104 97 The First Nagorno Karabakh War resulted in the displacement of approximately 725 000 Azerbaijanis and 300 000 500 000 Armenians from both Azerbaijan and Armenia 105 As a result of 2020 Nagorno Karabakh war Azerbaijan took back 5 cities 4 towns 286 villages in the region 106 According to 2020 Nagorno Karabakh ceasefire agreement internally displaced persons and refugees shall return to the territory of Nagorno Karabakh and adjacent areas under the supervision of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 107 Modern period in Iran In Iran Azerbaijanis such as Sattar Khan sought constitutional reform 108 The Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906 11 shook the Qajar dynasty A parliament Majlis was founded on the efforts of the constitutionalists and pro democracy newspapers appeared The last Shah of the Qajar dynasty was soon removed in a military coup led by Reza Khan In the quest to impose national homogeneity on a country where half of the population were ethnic minorities Reza Shah banned in quick succession the use of the Azerbaijani language in schools theatrical performances religious ceremonies and books 109 Sattar Khan 1868 1914 was a major revolutionary figure in the late Qajar period in Iran Upon the dethronement of Reza Shah in September 1941 Soviet forces took control of Iranian Azerbaijan and helped to set up the Azerbaijan People s Government a client state under the leadership of Sayyid Jafar Pishevari backed by Soviet Azerbaijan The Soviet military presence in Iranian Azerbaijan was mainly aimed at securing the Allied supply route during World War II Concerned with the continued Soviet presence after World War II the United States and Britain pressured the Soviets to withdraw by late 1946 Immediately thereafter the Iranian government regained control of Iranian Azerbaijan According to Professor Gary R Hess local Azerbaijanis favored the Iranian rule while the Soviets forewent the Iranian Azerbaijan due to the exaggerated sentiment for autonomy and oil being their top priority 110 OriginsMain article Origin of the Azerbaijanis The neutrality of this section is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message In many references Azerbaijanis are designated as a Turkic people 36 111 while some sources describe the origin of Azerbaijanis as unclear 112 mainly Caucasian 113 mainly Iranian 114 115 mixed Caucasian Albanian and Turkish 42 and mixed with Caucasian Iranian and Turkic elements 45 Russian historian and orientalist Vladimir Minorsky writes that largely Iranian and Caucasian populations became Turkic speaking In the beginning of the 11th century the Ghuzz hordes first in smaller parties and then in considerable numbers under the Seljuqids occupied Azerbaijan In consequence the Iranian population of Azerbaijan and the adjacent parts of Transcaucasia became Turkophone while the characteristic features of Azeri Turkic such as Persian intonations and disregard of the vocalic harmony reflect the non Turkic origin of the Turkicised population 116 Historical research suggests that the Old Azeri language belonging to the Northwestern branch of the Iranian languages and believed to have descended from the language of the Medes 117 gradually gained currency and was widely spoken in said region for many centuries 118 119 120 121 122 Some Azerbaijanis of the Republic of Azerbaijan are believed to be descended from the inhabitants of Caucasian Albania an ancient country located in the eastern Caucasus region and various Iranian peoples which settled the region 123 They claim there is evidence that due to repeated invasions and migrations the aboriginal Caucasian population may have gradually been culturally and linguistically assimilated first by Iranian peoples such as the Persians 124 and later by the Oghuz Turks Considerable information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians including their language history early conversion to Christianity and relations with the Armenians and Georgians under whose strong religious and cultural influence the Caucasian Albanians came in the coming centuries 125 126 Turkic origin and Turkification See also Turkification Turkification of the non Turkic population derives from the Turkic settlements in the area now known as Azerbaijan which began and accelerated during the Seljuk period 36 The migration of Oghuz Turks from present day Turkmenistan which is attested by linguistic similarity remained high through the Mongol period as many troops under the Ilkhanates were Turkic By the Safavid period the Turkic nature of Azerbaijan increased with the influence of the Qizilbash an association of the Turkoman 127 nomadic tribes that was the backbone of the Safavid Empire According to Soviet scholars the Turkicization of Azerbaijan was largely completed during the Ilkhanid period Faruk Sumer posits three periods in which Turkicization took place Seljuk Mongol and Post Mongol Qara Qoyunlu Aq Qoyunlu and Safavid In the first two Oghuz Turkic tribes advanced or were driven to Anatolia and Arran In the last period the Turkic elements in Iran Oghuz with lesser admixtures of Uyghur Qipchaq Qarluq as well as Turkicized Mongols were joined now by Anatolian Turks migrating back to Iran This marked the final stage of Turkicization 36 Iranian origin Main articles Iranian peoples Persian peoples Tat people Iran and Tat people Caucasus 10th century Arab historian Al Masudi attested the Old Azeri language and described that the region of Azerbaijan was inhabited by Persians 128 Archaeological evidence indicates that the Iranian religion of Zoroastrianism was prominent throughout the Caucasus before Christianity and Islam 129 130 131 According to Encyclopaedia Iranica Azerbaijanis mainly originate from the earlier Iranian speakers who still exist to this day in smaller numbers and a massive migration of Oghuz Turks in the 11th and 12th centuries gradually Turkified Azerbaijan as well as Anatolia 132 Caucasian origin Azerbaijani girl from Shusha in silk national garments Main articles Peoples of the Caucasus and Caucasian Albania According to Encyclopaedia Britannica the Azerbaijanis are of mixed descent originating in the indigenous population of eastern Transcaucasia and possibly the Medians from northern Iran 133 There is evidence that due to repeated invasions and migrations aboriginal Caucasians may have been culturally assimilated first by Ancient Iranian peoples and later by the Oghuz Considerable information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians including their language history early conversion to Christianity The Udi language still spoken in Azerbaijan may be a remnant of the Albanians language 134 Genetics See also Genetic history of the Middle East and Genetic history of Europe This section relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Azerbaijanis news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Contemporary Western Asian genomes a region that includes Azerbaijan have been greatly influenced by early agricultural populations in the area later population movements such as those of Turkic speakers also contributed 135 However as of 2017 there is no whole genome sequencing study for Azerbaijan sampling limitations such as these prevent forming a finer scale picture of the genetic history of the region 135 A 2014 study comparing the genetics of the populations from Armenia Georgia Azerbaijan which were grouped as Western Silk Road Kazakhstan Uzbekistan and Tajikistan grouped as Eastern Silk Road found that the samples from Azerbaijan were the only group from the Western Silk Road to show significant contribution from the Eastern Silk Road despite the overall clustering with the other samples from the Western Silk Road The eastern input into the Azerbaijani genetics was estimated to be roughly 25 generations ago corresponding to the time of the Mongolian expansion 136 A 2002 study focusing on eleven Y chromosome markers suggested that Azerbaijanis are genetically more related to their Caucasian geographic neighbors than to their linguistic neighbors 137 Iranian Azerbaijanis are genetically more similar to northern Azerbaijanis and the neighboring Turkic population than they are to geographically distant Turkmen populations 138 Iranian speaking populations from Azerbaijan the Talysh and Tats are genetically closer to Azerbaijanis of the Republic than to other Iranian speaking populations Persian people and Kurds from Iran Ossetians and Tajiks 139 Several genetic studies suggested that the Azerbaijanis originate from a native population long resident in the area who adopted a Turkic language through language replacement including possibility of elite dominance scenario 140 141 137 However the language replacement in Azerbaijan and in Turkey might not have been in accordance with the elite dominance model with estimated Central Asian contribution to Azerbaijan being 18 for females and 32 for males 142 A subsequent study also suggested 33 Central Asian contribution to Azerbaijan 143 A 2001 study which looked into the first hypervariable segment of the MtDNA suggested that genetic relationships among Caucasus populations reflect geographical rather than linguistic relationships with Armenians and Azerbaijanians being most closely related to their nearest geographical neighbours 144 Another 2004 study that looked into 910 MtDNAs from 23 populations in the Iranian plateau the Indus Valley and Central Asia suggested that populations west of the Indus basin including those from Iran Anatolia Turkey and the Caucasus exhibit a common mtDNA lineage composition consisting mainly of western Eurasian lineages with a very limited contribution from South Asia and eastern Eurasia 145 While genetic analysis of mtDNA indicates that Caucasian populations are genetically closer to Europeans than to Near Easterners Y chromosome results indicate closer affinity to Near Eastern groups 137 The range of haplogroups across the region may reflect historical genetic admixture 146 perhaps as a result of invasive male migrations 137 In a comparative study 2013 on the complete mitochondrial DNA diversity in Iranians has indicated that Iranian Azeris are more related to the people of Georgia than they are to other Iranians as well as to Armenians However the same multidimensional scaling plot shows that Azeris from the Caucasus despite their supposed common origin with Iranian Azeris occupy an intermediate position between the Azeris Georgians and Turks Iranians grouping 147 A 2007 study which looked into class two Human leukocyte antigen suggested that there were no close genetic relationship was observed between Azeris of Iran and the people of Turkey or Central Asians 148 A 2017 study which looked into HLA alleles put the samples from Azeris in Northwest Iran in the Mediterranean cluster close to Kurds Gorgan Chuvash South Russia towards North Caucasus Iranians and Caucasus populations Svan and Georgians This Mediterranean stock includes Turkish and Caucasian populations Azeri samples were also in a position between Mediterranean and Central Asian samples suggesting Turkification process caused by Oghuz Turkic tribes could also contribute to the genetic background of Azeri people 149 Demographics and societySee also Demographics of Azerbaijan Demographics of Iran and List of Azerbaijanis Azerbaijani speaking regions Russian Empire postcard depicting Tatars i e Azerbaijanis from Alexandropol Gyumri The vast majority of Azerbaijanis live in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Iranian Azerbaijan Between 8 and 18 5 million Azerbaijanis live in Iran mainly in the northwestern provinces Approximately 9 1 million Azerbaijanis are found in the Republic of Azerbaijan A diaspora of over a million is spread throughout the rest of the world According to Ethnologue there are over 1 million speakers of the northern Azerbaijani dialect in southern Dagestan Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russian proper Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan 150 No Azerbaijanis were recorded in the 2001 census in Armenia 151 where the Nagorno Karabakh conflict resulted in population shifts Other sources such as national censuses confirm the presence of Azerbaijanis throughout the other states of the former Soviet Union In the Republic of Azerbaijan See also Wedding tradition in Azerbaijan Azerbaijanis are by far the largest ethnic group in The Republic of Azerbaijan over 90 holding the second largest community of ethnic Azerbaijanis after neighboring Iran The literacy rate is very high and is estimated at 99 5 152 Azerbaijan began the twentieth century with institutions based upon those of Russia and the Soviet Union with an official policy of atheism and strict state control over most aspects of society Since independence there is a secular system Azerbaijan has benefited from the oil industry but high levels of corruption have prevented greater prosperity for the population 153 Despite these problems there is a financial rebirth in Azerbaijan as positive economic predictions and an active political opposition appear determined to improve the lives of average Azerbaijanis 154 155 In Iran Main article Iranian Azerbaijanis Ashiks performance in Tabriz Iran s highest ranking official the supreme leader Ali Khamenei is Iranian Azeri on his father s side The exact number of Azerbaijanis in Iran is heavily disputed Since the early twentieth century successive Iranian governments have avoided publishing statistics on ethnic groups 156 Unofficial population estimates of Azerbaijanis in Iran are around the 16 area put forth by the CIA and Library of Congress 157 158 An independent poll in 2009 placed the figure at around 20 22 159 According to the Iranologist Victoria Arakelova in peer reviewed journal Iran and the Caucasus estimating the number of Azeris in Iran has been hampered for years since the dissolution of the Soviet Union when the once invented theory of the so called separated nation i e the citizens of the Azerbaijan Republic the so called Azerbaijanis and the Azaris in Iran was actualised again see in detail Reza 1993 Arakelova adds that the number of Azeris in Iran featuring in the politically biased publications as Azerbaijani minority of Iran is considered to be the highly speculative part of this theory Even though all Iranian censuses of population distinguish exclusively religious minorities numerous sources have presented different figures regarding Iran s Turkic speaking communities without any justification or concrete references 6 In the early 1990s right after the collapse of the Soviet Union the most popular figure depicting the number of Azerbaijanis in Iran was thirty three millions at a time when the entire population of Iran was barely sixty millions Therefore at the time half of Iran s citizens were considered Azerbaijanis Shortly after this figure was replaced by thirty millions which became almost a normative account on the demographic situation in Iran widely circulating not only among academics and political analysts but also in the official circles of Russia and the West Then in the 2000s the figure decreased to 20 millions this time at least within the Russian political establishment the figure became firmly fixed This figure Arakelova adds has been widely used and kept up to date only with a few minor adjustments A cursory look at Iran s demographic situation however shows that all these figures have been manipulated and were definitely invented on political purpose Arakelova estimates the number of Azeris i e Azerbaijanis in Iran based on Iran s population demographics at 6 to 6 5 millions 6 Azerbaijanis in Iran are mainly found in the northwest provinces West Azerbaijan East Azerbaijan Ardabil Zanjan parts of Hamadan Qazvin and Markazi 158 Azerbaijani minorities live in the Qorveh 160 and Bijar 161 counties of Kurdistan in Gilan 162 163 164 165 as ethnic enclaves in Galugah in Mazandaran around Lotfabad and Dargaz in Razavi Khorasan 166 and in the town of Gonbad e Qabus in Golestan 167 Large Azerbaijani populations can also be found in central Iran Tehran Alborz due to internal migration Azerbaijanis make up 25 168 of Tehran s population and 30 3 169 33 170 171 of the population of the Tehran Province where Azerbaijanis are found in every city 172 They are the largest ethnic groups after Persians in Tehran and the Tehran Province 173 174 Arakelova notes that the widespread cliche among residents of Tehran on the number of Azerbaijanis in the city half of Tehran consists of Azerbaijanis cannot be taken seriously into consideration Arakelova adds that the number of Tehran s inhabitants who have migrated from northwestern areas of Iran who are currently Persian speakers for the most part is not more than several hundred thousands with the maximum being one million 6 Azerbaijanis have also emigrated and resettled in large numbers in Khorasan 175 especially in Mashhad 176 Generally Azerbaijanis in Iran were regarded as a well integrated linguistic minority by academics prior to Iran s Islamic Revolution 177 178 Despite friction Azerbaijanis in Iran came to be well represented at all levels of political military and intellectual hierarchies as well as the religious hierarchy 156 Resentment came with Pahlavi policies that suppressed the use of the Azerbaijani language in local government schools and the press 179 However with the advent of the Iranian Revolution in 1979 emphasis shifted away from nationalism as the new government highlighted religion as the main unifying factor Islamic theocratic institutions dominate nearly all aspects of society The Azerbaijani language and its literature are banned in Iranian schools 180 181 There are signs of civil unrest due to the policies of the Iranian government in Iranian Azerbaijan and increased interaction with fellow Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan and satellite broadcasts from Turkey and other Turkic countries have revived Azerbaijani nationalism 182 In May 2006 Iranian Azerbaijan witnessed riots over publication of a cartoon depicting a cockroach speaking Azerbaijani 183 that many Azerbaijanis found offensive 184 185 The cartoon was drawn by Mana Neyestani an Azeri who was fired along with his editor as a result of the controversy 186 187 One of the major incidents that happened recently was Azeris protests in Iran 2015 started in November 2015 after children s television programme Fitileha aired on 6 November on state TV that ridiculed and mocked the accent and language of Azeris and included offensive jokes 188 As a result hundreds of ethnic Azeris have protested a program on state TV that contained what they consider an ethnic slur Demonstrations were held in Tabriz Urmia Ardabil and Zanjan as well as Tehran and Karaj Police in Iran have clashed with protesting people fired tear gas to disperse crowds and many demonstrators were arrested One of the protesters Ali Akbar Murtaza reportedly died of injuries in Urmia 189 There were also protests held in front of Iranian embassies in Istanbul and Baku 190 The head of the country s state broadcaster Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting IRIB Mohammad Sarafraz has apologized for airing the program whose broadcast was later discontinued 191 Azerbaijanis are an intrinsic community of Iran and their style of living closely resemble those of Persians The lifestyles of urban Azerbaijanis do not differ from those of Persians and there is considerable intermarriage among the upper classes in cities of mixed populations Similarly customs among Azerbaijani villagers do not appear to differ markedly from those of Persian villagers 158 Azeris are famously active in commerce and in bazaars all over Iran their voluble voices can be heard Older Azeri men wear the traditional wool hat and their music amp dances have become part of the mainstream culture Azeris are well integrated and many Azeri Iranians are prominent in Persian literature politics and clerical world 192 There is significant cross border trade between Azerbaijan and Iran and Azerbaijanis from Azerbaijan go into Iran to buy goods that are cheaper but the relationship was tense until recently 180 However relations have significantly improved since the Rouhani administration took office Subgroups There are several Azerbaijani ethnic groups each of which has particularities in the economy culture and everyday life Some Azerbaijani ethnic groups continued in the last quarter of the 19th century Ayrum from Azerbaijan left Shahsevan girls from a rich family End of the 19th century Iran right Major Azerbaijani ethnic groups Ayrums 193 Afshars Bayat Qaradaghis Qizilbash Karapapak Padar tribe 193 Terekeme Shahsevan 193 Qajars Diaspora Main article Azerbaijani diaspora Women See also Women in Azerbaijan and Women in Iran Azeri woman from Baku 1900 postcard In Azerbaijan women were granted the right to vote in 1917 194 Women have attained Western style equality in major cities such as Baku although in rural areas more reactionary views remain 154 Violence against women including rape is rarely reported especially in rural areas not unlike other parts of the former Soviet Union 195 In Azerbaijan the veil was abandoned during the Soviet period 196 Women are under represented in elective office but have attained high positions in parliament An Azerbaijani woman is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in Azerbaijan and two others are Justices of the Constitutional Court In the 2010 election women constituted 16 of all MPs twenty seats in total in the National Assembly of Azerbaijan 197 Abortion is available on demand in the Republic of Azerbaijan 198 The human rights ombudsman since 2002 Elmira Suleymanova is a woman In Iran a groundswell of grassroots movements have sought gender equality since the 1980s 158 Protests in defiance of government bans are dispersed through violence as on 12 June 2006 when female demonstrators in Haft Tir Square in Tehran were beaten 199 Past Iranian leaders such as the reformer ex president Mohammad Khatami promised women greater rights but the Guardian Council of Iran opposes changes that they interpret as contrary to Islamic doctrine In the 2004 legislative elections nine women were elected to parliament Majlis eight of whom were conservatives 200 The social fate of Azerbaijani women largely mirrors that of other women in Iran citation needed CultureMain articles Culture of Azerbaijan and Culture of Iran Language and literature Main articles Azerbaijani language and Azerbaijani literature Portrait of Muhammad Fuzuli by Azim Azimzade 1914 Fuzuli is considered one of the greatest Azerbaijani poets 201 The Azerbaijanis speak the Azerbaijani language a Turkic language descended from the branches of Oghuz Turkic language that became established in Azerbaijan in the 11th and 12th centuries CE The Azerbaijani language is closely related to Qashqai Gagauz Turkish Turkmen and Crimean Tatar sharing varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with each of those languages 202 Certain lexical and grammatical differences formed within the Azerbaijani language as spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Iran after nearly two centuries of separation between the communities speaking the language mutual intelligibility however has been preserved 203 Additionally the Turkish and Azerbaijani languages are mutually intelligible to a high enough degree that their speakers can have simple conversations without prior knowledge of the other 104 Early literature was mainly based on oral tradition and the later compiled epics and heroic stories of Dede Korkut probably derive from it The first written classical Azerbaijani literature arose after the Mongol invasion while the first accepted Oghuz Turkic text goes back to the 15th century 204 Some of the earliest Azerbaijani writings trace back to the poet Nasimi died 1417 and then decades later Fuzuli 1483 1556 Ismail I Shah of Safavid Iran wrote Azerbaijani poetry under the pen name Khata i Modern Azerbaijani literature continued with a traditional emphasis upon humanism as conveyed in the writings of Samad Vurgun Shahriar and many others 205 Azerbaijanis are generally bilingual often fluent in either Russian in Azerbaijan or Persian in Iran in addition to their native Azerbaijani As of 1996 around 38 of Azerbaijan s roughly 8 000 000 population spoke Russian fluently 206 An independent telephone survey in Iran in 2009 reported that 20 of respondents could understand Azerbaijani the most spoken minority language in Iran and all respondents could understand Persian 159 Religion Main articles Religion in Azerbaijan Islam in Azerbaijan and Islam in Iran The majority of Azerbaijanis are Twelver Shi a Muslims Religious minorities include Sunni Muslims mainly Shafi i just like other Muslims in the surrounding North Caucasus 207 208 and Bahaʼis An unknown number of Azerbaijanis in the Republic of Azerbaijan have no religious affiliation Many describe themselves as Shia Muslims 154 There is a small number of Naqshbandi Sufis among Muslim Azerbaijanis 209 Christian Azerbaijanis number around 5 000 people in the Republic of Azerbaijan and consist mostly of recent converts 210 211 Some Azerbaijanis from rural regions retain pre Islamic animist or Zoroastrian influenced 212 beliefs such as the sanctity of certain sites and the veneration of fire certain trees and rocks 213 In Azerbaijan traditions from other religions are often celebrated in addition to Islamic holidays including Nowruz and Christmas Performing arts See also Music of Azerbaijan and Music of Iran Mugham triads In the group dance the performers come together in a semi circular or circular formation as The leader of these dances often executes special figures as well as signaling and changes in the foot patterns movements or direction in which the group is moving often by gesturing with his or her hand in which a kerchief is held 214 Azerbaijani musical tradition can be traced back to singing bards called Ashiqs a vocation that survives Modern Ashiqs play the saz lute and sing dastans historical ballads 215 Other musical instruments include the tar another type of lute balaban a wind instrument kamancha fiddle and the dhol drums Azerbaijani classical music called mugham is often an emotional singing performance Composers Uzeyir Hajibeyov Gara Garayev and Fikret Amirov created a hybrid style that combines Western classical music with mugham Other Azerbaijanis notably Vagif and Aziza Mustafa Zadeh mixed jazz with mugham Some Azerbaijani musicians have received international acclaim including Rashid Behbudov who could sing in over eight languages Muslim Magomayev a pop star from the Soviet era Googoosh and more recently Sami Yusuf citation needed After the 1979 revolution in Iran due to the clerical opposition to music in general Azerbaijani music took a different course According to Iranian singer Hossein Alizadeh Historically in Iran music faced strong opposition from the religious establishment forcing it to go underground 216 Some Azerbaijanis have been film makers such as Rustam Ibragimbekov who wrote Burnt by the Sun winner of the Grand Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1994 Sports See also Azerbaijan at the Olympics and List of Azerbaijani Olympic medalists Chess player Shakhriyar Mamedyarov Two time Paralympic judo champion 2004 2008 Ilham Zakiyev Sports have historically been an important part of Azerbaijani life Horseback competitions were praised in the Book of Dede Korkut and by poets and writers such as Khaqani 217 Other ancient sports include wrestling javelin throwing and fencing The Soviet legacy has in modern times propelled some Azerbaijanis to become accomplished athletes at the Olympic level 217 The Azerbaijani government supports the country s athletic legacy and encourages youth participation Iranian athletes have particularly excelled in weight lifting gymnastics shooting javelin throwing karate boxing and wrestling 218 Weight lifters such as Iran s Hossein Reza Zadeh world super heavyweight lifting record holder and two time Olympic champion in 2000 and 2004 or Hadi Saei is a former Iranian 219 Taekwondo athlete who became the most successful Iranian athlete in Olympic history and Nizami Pashayev who won the European heavyweight title in 2006 have excelled at the international level Ramil Guliyev an ethnic Azerbaijani who plays for Turkey became the first world champion in athletics in the history of Turkey Chess is another popular pastime in the Republic of Azerbaijan 220 The country has produced many notable players such as Teimour Radjabov Vugar Gashimov and Shahriyar Mammadyarov all three highly ranked internationally Karate is also popular where Rafael Aghayev achieved particular success becoming a five time world champion and eleven time European champion See also Azerbaijan portal Iran portalList of Azerbaijanis Peoples of the Caucasus Iranian Azerbaijanis Azerbaijan Iran Peoples of the Caucasus in IranReferencesCitations a b c d e f g Swietochowski amp Collins 1999 p 165 Today Iranian Azerbaijan has a solid majority of Azeris with an estimated population of at least 15 million over twice the population of the Azerbaijani Republic 1999 Iran Ethnologue Archived from the original on 4 September 2019 Retrieved 26 October 2018 Ethnic population 16 700 000 2019 Elling Rasmus Christian 18 February 2013 Minorities in Iran Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini Springer p 28 ISBN 978 1 137 04780 9 CIA and Library of Congress estimates range from 16 percent to 24 percent that is 12 18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran s population 77 8 million Gheissari Ali 2 April 2009 Contemporary Iran Economy Society 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Minister of the Republic of Armenia and President of the Russian Federation Kremlin ru Pistor Hatam Anja 20 July 2009 Sattar Khan Encyclopaedia Iranica Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 Retrieved 6 February 2012 Swietochowski Tadeusz 1995 Russia and Azerbaijan A Borderland in Transition Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 07068 3 Hess Gary R March 1974 The Iranian Crisis of 1945 46 and the Cold War PDF Political Science Quarterly 89 1 117 146 doi 10 2307 2148118 JSTOR 2148118 Archived PDF from the original on 25 March 2009 Retrieved 28 January 2012 Turkic Peoples Encyclopedia Americana Vol 27 Grolier 1998 p 276 ISBN 978 0 7172 0130 3 Anna Matveeva 2002 The South Caucasus Nationalism Conflict and Minorities PDF Report Minority Rights Group International Retrieved 11 March 2021 The ethnic origins of the Azeris are unclear The prevailing view is that Azeris are a Turkic people but there is also a claim that Azeris are Turkicized Caucasians or as the Iranian official history claims Turkicized Aryans Kobishchanov Yuri M 1979 Axum Pennsylvania State University Press p 89 ISBN 978 0 271 00531 7 Archived from the original on 4 February 2021 Retrieved 8 May 2020 Roy Olivier 2007 The new Central Asia I B Tauris p 6 ISBN 978 1 84511 552 4 The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateaux which remained Persian and established themselves more to the west in Anatolia Here they divided into Ottomans who were Sunni and settled and Turkmens who were nomads and in part Shiite or rather Alevi The latter was to keep the name Turkmen for a long time from the 13th century onwards they Turkified the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat which is still found in residual forms thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish These are the people today known as Azeris Frye R N 15 December 2004 IRAN v PEOPLES OF IRAN 1 A General Survey Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved 11 March 2021 Minorsky V Azarbaijan In Bearman P Bianquis Th Bosworth C E van Donzel E Heinrichs W P eds Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed Brill The Iranian languages Windfuhr Gernot London Routledge 2009 ISBN 9780700711314 OCLC 312730458 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Planhol Xavier de IRAN i LANDS OF IRAN Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol XIII pp 204 212 Archived from the original on 17 May 2016 Retrieved 30 December 2012 Frye R N IRAN v PEOPLES OF IRAN 1 A General Survey Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol XIII pp 321 326 Archived from the original on 17 May 2019 Retrieved 30 December 2012 Minorsky V Azerbaijan In Bearman P Bianquis Th Bosworth C E Donzel E van Heinrichs W P eds Encyclopaedia of Islam Brill Roy Olivier 2007 The new Central Asia I B Tauris p 6 ISBN 978 1 84511 552 4 Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 Retrieved 8 May 2020 The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateau which remained Persian and established themselves more to the west in Anatolia Here they divided into Ottomans who were Sunni and settled and Turkmens who were nomads and in part Shiite or rather Alevi The latter were to keep the name Turkmen for a long time from the 13th century onwards they Turkised the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat which is still found in residual forms thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish These are the people today known as Azeris Yarshater Ehsan 15 December 1988 AZERBAIJAN vii The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan Encyclopaedia Iranica Archived from the original on 31 January 2013 Retrieved 3 May 2015 Sourdel D 1959 V MINORSKY A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th 11th centuries 1 vol in 8 187 p et 32 p texte arabe Cambridge Heffer and Sons 1958 Arabica 6 3 326 327 doi 10 1163 157005859x00208 ISSN 0570 5398 Istorii a Vostoka v shesti tomakh Rybakov R B Kapit s a Mikhail Stepanovich Rybakov R B Kapica Mihail Stepanovich Institut vostokovedenii a Rossiĭskai a akademii a nauk Institut vostokovedeniya Rossiĭskai a akademii a nauk Moskva Izdatelʹskai a firma Vostochnai a lit ra RAN 1995 2008 ISBN 5020181021 OCLC 38520460 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Weitenberg J J S 1984 Thomas J SAMUELIAN ed Classical Armenian Culture Influences and Creativity Proceedings of the first Dr H Markarian Conference on Armenian culture University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies 4 Scholars Press Chico CA 1982 xii and 233 pp paper 15 75 members 10 50 cloth 23 50 members 15 75 Journal for the Study of Judaism 15 1 2 198 199 doi 10 1163 157006384x00411 ISSN 0047 2212 Suny Ronald G Stork Joe July 1988 Ronald G Suny What Happened in Soviet Armenia Middle East Report 153 37 40 doi 10 2307 3012134 ISSN 0899 2851 JSTOR 3012134 David Blow Shah Abbas The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend p 165 The primary court language remained Turkish But it was not the Turkish of Istambul It was a Turkish dialect the dialect of the Qizilbash Turkomans Al Mas udi 1894 De Goeje M J ed Kitab al Tanbih wa l Ishraf in Arabic Brill pp 77 78 Arabic text قد قدمنا فيما سلف من كتبنا ما قاله الناس في بدء النسل وتفرقهم على وجه الأرض وما ذهب إليه كل فريق منهم في ذلك من الشرعيين وغيرهم ممن قال بحدوث العالم وأبى الانقياد إلى الشرائع من البراهمة وغيرهم وما قاله أصحاب القدم في ذلك من الهند والفلاسفة وأصحاب الاثنين من المانوية وغيرهم على تباينهم في ذلك فلنذكر الآن الأمم السبع ذهب من عني بأخبار سوالف الأمم ومساكنهم إلى أن أجل الأمم وعظماءهم كانوا في سوالف الدهر سبعا يتميزون بثلاثة أشياء بشيمهم الطبيعية وخلقهم الطبيعية وألسنتهم فالفرس أمة حد بلادها الجبال من الماهات وغيرها وآذربيجان إلى ما يلي بلاد أرمينية وأران والبيلقان إلى دربند وهو الباب والأبواب والري وطبرستن والمسقط والشابران وجرجان وابرشهر وهي نيسابور وهراة ومرو وغير ذلك من بلاد خراسان وسجستان وكرمان وفارس والأهواز وما اتصل بذلك من أرض الأعاجم في هذا الوقت وكل هذه البلاد كانت مملكة 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