Haplogroup I is a descendant (subclade) of haplogroup N1a1b and sibling of haplogroup N1a1b1 (Olivieri 2013). It is believed to have arisen somewhere in West Asia between 17,263 and 24,451 years before present (BP) (Behar 2012b), with coalescence age of 20.1 thousand years ago (Olivieri 2013). It has been suggested that its origin may be in Iran or more generally the Near East (Terreros 2011). It has diverged to at least seven distinct clades i.e. branches I1–I7, dated between 16–6.8 thousand years (Olivieri 2013). The hypothesis about its Near Eastern origin is based on the fact that all haplogroup I clades, especially those from Late Glacial period (I1, I4, I5, and I6), include mitogenomes from the Near East (Olivieri 2013). The age estimates and dispersal of some subclades (I1, I2’3, I5) are similar to those of major subclades of the mtDNA haplogroups J and T, indicating possible dispersal of the I haplogroup into Europe during the Late Glacial period (c. 18–12 kya) and postglacial period (c. 10–11 kya), several millennia before the European Neolithic period. Some subclades (I1a1, I2, I1c1, I3) show signs of the Neolithic diffusion of agriculture and pastoralism within Europe (Olivieri 2013).
It is noteworthy that, with the exception of its northern neighbor Azerbaijan, Iran is the only population in which haplogroup I exhibits polymorphic levels. Also, a contour plot based on the regional phylogeographic distribution of the I haplogroup exhibits frequency clines consistent with an Iranian cradle ... Moreover, when compared with other populations in the region, those from the Levant (Iraq, Syria and Palestine) and the Arabian Peninsula (Oman and UAE) exhibit significantly lower proportions of I individuals ... this haplogroup has been detected in European groups (Krk, a tiny island off the coast of Croatia (11.3%), and Lemko, an isolate from the Carpathian Highlands (11.3%)) at comparable frequencies to those observed in the North Iranian population. However, the higher frequencies of the haplogroup within Europe are found in geographical isolates and are likely the result of founder effects and/or drift ... it is plausible that the high levels of haplogroup I present in Iran may be the result of a localized enrichment through the action of genetic drift or may signal geographical proximity to the location of origin.
Haplogroup I ... dates to ∼25 ka ago and is overall most frequent in Europe ..., but the facts that it has a frequency peak in the Gulf region and that its highest diversity values are in the Gulf, Anatolia, and southeast Europe suggest that its origin is most likely in the Near East and/or Arabia ...
The highest frequencies of mitochondrial haplogroup I observed so far appear in the Cushitic-speaking El Molo (23%) and Rendille (>17%) in northern Kenya (Castrì 2008). The clade is also found at comparable frequencies among the Soqotri (~22%).[1]
Haplogroup I is present across West Asia and Central Asia, and is also found at trace frequencies in South Asia. Its highest frequency area is perhaps in northern Iran (9.7%). Terreros 2011 notes that it also has high diversity there and reiterates past studies that have suggested that this may be its place of origin. Found in Svan population from Georgia(Caucasus) I* 4.2%."Sequence polymorphisms of the mtDNA control region in a human isolate: the Georgians from Swanetia."Alfonso-Sánchez MA1, Martínez-Bouzas C, Castro A, Peña JA, Fernández-Fernández I, Herrera RJ, de Pancorbo MM.[citation needed] The table below shows some of the populations where it has been detected.
In Western Europe, haplogroup I is most common in Northwestern Europe (Norway,[citation needed] the Isle of Skye, and the British Isles). The frequency in these areas is between 2 and 5 percent. Its highest frequency in Brittany, France where it is over 9 percent of the population in Finistère. It is uncommon and sometimes absent in other parts of Western Europe (Iberia, South-West France, and parts of Italy).
In Eastern Europe, the frequency of haplogroup I is generally lower than in Western Europe (1 to 3 percent), but its frequency is more consistent between populations with fewer places of extreme highs or lows. There are two notable exceptions. Nikitin 2009 found that Lemkos (a sub- or co-ethnic group of Rusyns) in the Carpathian mountains have the "highest frequency of haplogroup I (11.3%) in Europe, identical to that of the population of Krk Island (Croatia) in the Adriatic Sea".[Footnote 1][Footnote 2]
Haplogroup I has until recently been absent from ancient European samples found in Paleolithic and Mesolithic grave sites. In 2017, in a site on Italian island of Sardinia was found a sample with the subclade I3 dated to 9124–7851 BC (Modi 2017), while in the Near East, in Levant was found a sample with yet-not-defined subclade dated 8850–8750 BC, while in Iran was found a younger sample with subclade I1c dated to 3972–3800 BC (Lazaridis 2016). In Neolithic Spain (c. 6090–5960 BC in Paternanbidea, Navarre) was found a sample with yet-not-defined subclade (Olivieri 2013). Haplogroup I displays a strong connection with the Indo-European migrations; especially its I1, I1a1 and I3a subclades, which have been found in Poltavka and Srubnaya cultures in Russia (Mathieson 2015), among ancient Scythians (Der Sarkissian 2011), and in Corded Ware and Unetice Culture burials in Saxony (Brandt 2013).I3a has also been found in the Unetice Culture in Lubingine, Germany 2,200 B.C. to 1,800 B.C. courtesy article on Unetice Culture Wikipedia of 2 Skeletons that were DNA tested. Haplogroup I (with undetermined subclades) has also been noted at significant frequencies in more recent historic grave sites (Melchior 2008 and Hofreiter 2010).
In 2013, Nature announced the publication of the first genetic study utilizing next-generation sequencing to ascertain the ancestral lineage of an Ancient Egyptian individual. The research was led by Carsten Pusch of the University of Tübingen in Germany and Rabab Khairat, who released their findings in the Journal of Applied Genetics. DNA was extracted from the heads of five Egyptian mummies that were housed at the institution. All the specimens were dated to between 806 BC and 124 AD, a time frame corresponding with the Late Dynastic and Ptolemaic periods. The researchers observed that one of the mummified individuals likely belonged to the I2 subclade.[2] Haplogroup I has also been found among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.[3]
Haplogroup I5 has also been observed among specimens at the mainland cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550–800).[4]
We have previously observed a high frequency of Hg I's among Iron Age villagers (Bøgebjerggård) and individuals from the early Christian cemetery, Kongemarken [16], [17]. This trend was also found for the additional sites reported here, Simonsborg, Galgedil and Riisby. The overall frequency of Hg I among the individuals from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age is 13% (7/53) compared to 2.5% for modern Danes [35]. The higher frequencies of Hg I can not be ascribed to maternal kinship since only two individuals share the same common motif (K2 and K7 at Kongemarken). Except for Skovgaarde (no Hg I's observed) frequencies range between 9% and 29% and there seems to be no trend in relation to time. No Hg I's were observed at the Neolithic Damsbo and the Bronze Age site Bredtoftegård, where all three individuals harbored Hg U4 or Hg U5a (Table 1).
The frequency of haplogroup I may have undergone a reduction in Europe following the Middle Ages. An overall frequency of 13% was found in ancient Danish samples from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age (including Vikings) from Denmark and Scandinavia compared to only 2.5% in modern samples. As haplogroup I is not observed in any ancient Italian, Spanish [contradicted by the recent research as have been found in pre-Neolithic Italy as well Neolithic Spain], British, central European populations, early central European farmers and Neolithic samples, according to the authors "Haplogroup I could, therefore, have been an ancient Southern Scandinavian type "diluted" by later immigration events" (Hofreiter 2010).
Subclades
Phylogenetic tree of haplogroups I (left) and W (right). Kya in the left scale bar stands for thousand years ago (Olivieri 2013).
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup I subclades with time estimates is based on the paper and published research (Olivieri 2013).
It formed during the Last Glacial pre-warming period. It is found mainly in Europe, Near East, occasionally in North Africa and the Caucasus. It is the most frequent clade of the haplogroup (Olivieri 2013).
It is the common root clade for subclades I2 and I3. There's a sample from Tanzania with which I2'3 shares a variant at position 152 from the root node of haplogroup I, and this "node 152" could be upstream I2'3s clade (Olivieri 2013). Both I2 and I3 might have formed during the Holocene period, and most of their subclades are from Europe, only few from the Near East (Olivieri 2013). Examples of this ancestral branch have not been documented.
Is the second most frequent clade of the haplogroup. Its subclades are found in Europe, e.g. I5a1, and the Near East, e.g. I5a2a and I5b (Olivieri 2013).
^Non, Amy. "ANALYSES OF GENETIC DATA WITHIN AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FRAMEWORK TO INVESTIGATE RECENT HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND COMPLEX DISEASE" (PDF). University of Florida. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
^Rabab Khairat; Markus Ball; Chun-Chi Hsieh Chang; Raffaella Bianucci; Andreas G. Nerlich; Martin Trautmann; Somaia Ismail; et al. (4 April 2013). "First insights into the metagenome of Egyptian mummies using next-generation sequencing". Journal of Applied Genetics. 54 (3): 309–325. doi:10.1007/s13353-013-0145-1. PMID 23553074. S2CID 5459033. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^Schuenemann, Verena J.; et al. (2017). "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods". Nature Communications. 8: 15694. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815694S. doi:10.1038/ncomms15694. PMC5459999. PMID 28556824.
^Sirak, Kendra; Frenandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Van Gerven, Dennis; Pinhasi, Ron (2016). "Abstract Book of the IUAES Inter-Congress 2016 - A community divided? Revealing the community genome(s) of Medieval Kulubnarti using next- generation sequencing". Abstract Book of the Iuaes Inter-Congress 2016. IUAES: 115.
Footnotes
^Nikitin 2009: 6/53 in Lemkos "Lemkos shared the highest frequency of haplogroup I ever reported and the highest frequency of haplogroup M* in the region."
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Poloni, Estella S.; Naciri, Yamama; Bucho, Rute; Niba, Régine; Kervaire, Barbara; Excoffier, Laurent; Langaney, André; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (2009). "Genetic Evidence for Complexity in Ethnic Differentiation and History in East Africa". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (6): 582–600. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00541.x. PMID 19706029. S2CID 2488794.
Pope, AM; Carr, SM; Smith, KN; Marshall, HD; Marshall, H. D. (2011). "Mitogenomic and microsatellite variation in descendants of the founder population of Newfoundland: High genetic diversity in an historically isolated population". Genome. 54 (2): 110–9. doi:10.1139/G10-102. PMID 21326367.
Quintana-Murci, Lluís; Chaix, Raphaëlle; Wells, R. Spencer; Behar, Doron M.; Sayar, Hamid; Scozzari, Rosaria; Rengo, Chiara; Al-Zahery, Nadia; et al. (2004). "Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 827–45. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC1181978. PMID 15077202.
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Richards, Martin; Rengo, Chiara; Cruciani, Fulvio; Gratrix, Fiona; Wilson, James F.; Scozzari, Rosaria; MacAulay, Vincent; Torroni, Antonio (2003). "Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (4): 1058–64. doi:10.1086/374384. PMC1180338. PMID 12629598.
Shlush, Liran I.; Behar, Doron M.; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Templeton, Alan; Hadid, Yarin; Basis, Fuad; Hammer, Michael; Itzkovitz, Shalev; Skorecki, Karl (2008). Gemmell, Neil John (ed.). "The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East". PLOS ONE. 3 (5): e2105. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2105S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002105. PMC2324201. PMID 18461126.
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Websites
Behar; Family Tree DNA (2012). "mtDNA Community".
Further reading
Černý, Viktor; Pereira, Luísa; Kujanová, Martina; VašÍková, Alžběta; Hájek, Martin; Morris, Miranda; Mulligan, Connie J. (2009). "Out of Arabia-The settlement of Island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 138 (4): 439–47. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20960. PMID 19012329.
Fellner, Robert O (1995). Cultural change and the epipalaeolithic of Palestine. Tempus Reparatum. ISBN9780860547754.
Kitchen, A.; Ehret, C.; Assefa, S.; Mulligan, C. J. (2009). "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1668): 2703–10. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0408. PMC2839953. PMID 19403539.
Petit-Maire, Nicole; Bouysse, Philippe (2000). "Geological records of the recent past, a key to the near future world environments" (PDF). Episodes. 23 (4): 230–246. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i4/001.
External links
General
Ian Logan's
Haplogroup I – based on PhyloTree.org (February 2016)
Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree for Haplogroup N1, including subtree of I (February 2016)
Haplogroup I
Family Tree DNA – mtDNA Haplogroup I Project
January 05, 2023
haplogroup, mtdna, this, article, about, human, mtdna, haplogroup, human, haplogroup, haplogroup, m170, haplogroup, human, mitochondrial, mtdna, haplogroup, believed, have, originated, about, years, during, last, glacial, maximum, period, west, asia, olivieri,. This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup For the human Y DNA haplogroup see Haplogroup I M170 Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA mtDNA haplogroup It is believed to have originated about 21 000 years ago during the Last Glacial Maximum LGM period in West Asia Olivieri 2013 Terreros 2011 Fernandes 2012 The haplogroup is unusual in that it is now widely distributed geographically but is common in only a few small areas of East Africa West Asia and Europe It is especially common among the El Molo and Rendille peoples of Kenya various regions of Iran the Lemko people of Slovakia Poland and Ukraine the island of Krk in Croatia the department of Finistere in France and some parts of Scotland and Ireland Haplogroup IPossible time of origin20 1 kya Olivieri 2013 Possible place of originWest Asia Terreros 2011 and Fernandes 2012 or Southwest AsiaAncestorN1a1b former N1e I Olivieri 2013 DescendantsI1 I2 3 I4 I5 I6 I7 Olivieri 2013 Defining mutationsT10034C G16129A G16391A Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 Contents 1 Origin 2 Distribution 2 1 Africa 2 2 Asia 2 3 Europe 2 3 1 Western Europe 2 3 2 Eastern Europe 2 4 Historic and Pre Historic Samples 2 4 1 Samples with determined subclades 2 4 2 Samples with unknown subclades 3 Subclades 3 1 Tree 3 2 Distribution 3 2 1 I1 3 2 1 1 I1a 3 2 1 1 1 I1a1 3 2 1 1 2 I1a1a 3 2 1 1 3 I1a1b 3 2 1 1 4 I1a1c 3 2 1 1 5 I1a1d 3 2 1 2 I1b 3 2 1 3 I1c 3 2 2 I2 3 3 2 2 1 I2 3 2 2 1 1 I2a 3 2 2 1 2 I2a1 3 2 2 1 3 I2b 3 2 2 1 4 I2c 3 2 2 1 5 I2d 3 2 2 1 6 I2e 3 2 2 2 I3 3 2 2 2 1 I3a 3 2 2 2 2 I3a1 3 2 2 2 3 I3b 3 2 3 I4 3 2 3 1 I4a 3 2 4 I5 3 2 4 1 I5a 3 2 4 1 1 I5a1 3 2 5 I6 3 2 5 1 I6a 3 2 6 I7 4 See also 4 1 Genetics 4 2 Backbone mtDNA Tree 5 References 5 1 Footnotes 5 2 Works Cited 5 2 1 Journals 5 2 2 Websites 5 3 Further reading 6 External linksOrigin EditHaplogroup I is a descendant subclade of haplogroup N1a1b and sibling of haplogroup N1a1b1 Olivieri 2013 It is believed to have arisen somewhere in West Asia between 17 263 and 24 451 years before present BP Behar 2012b with coalescence age of 20 1 thousand years ago Olivieri 2013 It has been suggested that its origin may be in Iran or more generally the Near East Terreros 2011 It has diverged to at least seven distinct clades i e branches I1 I7 dated between 16 6 8 thousand years Olivieri 2013 The hypothesis about its Near Eastern origin is based on the fact that all haplogroup I clades especially those from Late Glacial period I1 I4 I5 and I6 include mitogenomes from the Near East Olivieri 2013 The age estimates and dispersal of some subclades I1 I2 3 I5 are similar to those of major subclades of the mtDNA haplogroups J and T indicating possible dispersal of the I haplogroup into Europe during the Late Glacial period c 18 12 kya and postglacial period c 10 11 kya several millennia before the European Neolithic period Some subclades I1a1 I2 I1c1 I3 show signs of the Neolithic diffusion of agriculture and pastoralism within Europe Olivieri 2013 It is noteworthy that with the exception of its northern neighbor Azerbaijan Iran is the only population in which haplogroup I exhibits polymorphic levels Also a contour plot based on the regional phylogeographic distribution of the I haplogroup exhibits frequency clines consistent with an Iranian cradle Moreover when compared with other populations in the region those from the Levant Iraq Syria and Palestine and the Arabian Peninsula Oman and UAE exhibit significantly lower proportions of I individuals this haplogroup has been detected in European groups Krk a tiny island off the coast of Croatia 11 3 and Lemko an isolate from the Carpathian Highlands 11 3 at comparable frequencies to those observed in the North Iranian population However the higher frequencies of the haplogroup within Europe are found in geographical isolates and are likely the result of founder effects and or drift it is plausible that the high levels of haplogroup I present in Iran may be the result of a localized enrichment through the action of genetic drift or may signal geographical proximity to the location of origin Terreros 2011 A similar view puts more emphasis on the Persian Gulf region of the Near East Fernandes 2012 Haplogroup I dates to 25 ka ago and is overall most frequent in Europe but the facts that it has a frequency peak in the Gulf region and that its highest diversity values are in the Gulf Anatolia and southeast Europe suggest that its origin is most likely in the Near East and or Arabia Fernandes 2012Distribution Edit Projected frequencies of mtDNA haplogroup I Haplogroup I is found at moderate to low frequencies in East Africa Europe West Asia and South Asia Fernandes 2012 In addition to the confirmed seven clades the rare basal paraphyletic clade I has been observed in three individuals two from Somalia and one from Iran Olivieri 2013 Africa Edit The highest frequencies of mitochondrial haplogroup I observed so far appear in the Cushitic speaking El Molo 23 and Rendille gt 17 in northern Kenya Castri 2008 The clade is also found at comparable frequencies among the Soqotri 22 1 Population Location Language Family N Frequency SourceAmhara Ethiopia Afro Asiatic gt Semitic 1 120 0 83 Kivisild 2004Egyptians Egypt Afro Asiatic gt Semitic 2 34 5 9 Stevanovitch 2004Beta Israel Ethiopia Afro Asiatic gt Cushitic 0 29 0 00 Behar 2008aDawro Konta Ethiopia Afro Asiatic gt Omotic 0 137 0 00 Castri 2008 and Boattini 2013Ethiopia Ethiopia Undetermined 0 77 0 00 Soares 2011Ethiopian Jews Ethiopia Afro Asiatic gt Cushitic 0 41 0 00 Non 2011Gurage Ethiopia Afro Asiatic gt Semitic 1 21 4 76 Kivisild 2004Hamer Ethiopia Afro Asiatic gt Omotic 0 11 0 00 Castri 2008 and Boattini 2013Ongota Ethiopia Afro Asiatic gt Cushitic 0 19 0 00 Castri 2008 and Boattini 2013Oromo Ethiopia Afro Asiatic gt Cushitic 0 33 0 00 Kivisild 2004Tigrai Ethiopia Afro Asiatic gt Semitic 0 44 0 00 Kivisild 2004Daasanach Kenya Afro Asiatic gt Cushitic 0 49 0 00 Poloni 2009Elmolo Kenya Afro Asiatic gt Cushitic 12 52 23 08 Castri 2008 and Boattini 2013Luo Kenya Nilo Saharan 0 49 0 00 Castri 2008 and Boattini 2013Maasai Kenya Nilo Saharan 0 81 0 00 Castri 2008 and Boattini 2013Nairobi Kenya Niger Congo 0 100 0 00 Brandstatter 2004Nyangatom Kenya Nilo Saharan 1 112 0 89 Poloni 2009Rendille Kenya Afro Asiatic gt Cushitic 3 17 17 65 Castri 2008 and Boattini 2013Samburu Kenya Nilo Saharan 3 35 8 57 Castri 2008 and Boattini 2013Turkana Kenya Nilo Saharan 0 51 0 00 Castri 2008 and Boattini 2013Hutu Rwanda Niger Congo 0 42 0 00 Castri 2009Dinka Sudan Nilo Saharan 0 46 0 00 Krings 1999Sudan Sudan Undetermined 0 102 0 00 Soares 2011Burunge Tanzania Afro Asiatic gt Cushitic 1 38 2 63 Tishkoff 2007Datoga Tanzania Nilo Saharan 0 57 0 00 Tishkoff 2007 and Knight 2003Iraqw Tanzania Afro Asiatic gt Cushitic 0 12 0 00 Knight 2003Sukuma Tanzania Niger Congo 0 32 0 00 Tishkoff 2007 and Knight 2003Turu Tanzania Niger Congo 0 29 0 00 Tishkoff 2007Yemeni Yemen Afro Asiatic gt Semitic 0 114 0 00 Kivisild 2004Asia Edit Haplogroup I is present across West Asia and Central Asia and is also found at trace frequencies in South Asia Its highest frequency area is perhaps in northern Iran 9 7 Terreros 2011 notes that it also has high diversity there and reiterates past studies that have suggested that this may be its place of origin Found in Svan population from Georgia Caucasus I 4 2 Sequence polymorphisms of the mtDNA control region in a human isolate the Georgians from Swanetia Alfonso Sanchez MA1 Martinez Bouzas C Castro A Pena JA Fernandez Fernandez I Herrera RJ de Pancorbo MM citation needed The table below shows some of the populations where it has been detected Population Language Family N Frequency SourceBaluch Indo European 0 39 0 00 Quintana Murci 2004Brahui Dravidian 0 38 0 00 Quintana Murci 2004Caucasus Georgia Kartvelian 1 58 1 80 Quintana Murci 2004Druze 11 311 3 54 Shlush 2008Gilaki Indo European 0 37 0 00 Quintana Murci 2004Gujarati Indo European 0 34 0 00 Quintana Murci 2004Hazara Indo European 0 23 0 00 Quintana Murci 2004Hunza Burusho Isolate 2 44 4 50 Quintana Murci 2004India 8 2544 0 30 Metspalu 2004Iran North 3 31 9 70 Terreros 2011Iran South 2 117 1 70 Terreros 2011Kalash Indo European 0 44 0 00 Quintana Murci 2004Kurdish Western Iran Indo European 1 20 5 00 Quintana Murci 2004Kurdish Turkmenistan Indo European 1 32 3 10 Quintana Murci 2004Lur Indo European 0 17 0 00 Quintana Murci 2004Makrani Indo European 0 33 0 00 Quintana Murci 2004Mazandarian Indo European 1 21 4 80 Quintana Murci 2004Pakistani Indo European 0 100 0 00 Quintana Murci 2004Pakistan 1 145 0 69 Metspalu 2004Parsi Indo European 0 44 0 00 Quintana Murci 2004Pathan Indo European 1 44 2 30 Quintana Murci 2004Persian Indo European 1 42 2 40 Quintana Murci 2004Shugnan Indo European 1 44 2 30 Quintana Murci 2004Sindhi Indo European 1 23 8 70 Quintana Murci 2004Turkish Azerbaijan Turkic 2 40 5 00 Quintana Murci 2004Turkish Anatolia Turkic 1 50 2 00 Quintana Murci 2004Turkmen Turkic 0 41 0 00 Quintana Murci 2004Uzbek Turkic 0 42 0 00 Quintana Murci 2004Europe Edit Western Europe Edit In Western Europe haplogroup I is most common in Northwestern Europe Norway citation needed the Isle of Skye and the British Isles The frequency in these areas is between 2 and 5 percent Its highest frequency in Brittany France where it is over 9 percent of the population in Finistere It is uncommon and sometimes absent in other parts of Western Europe Iberia South West France and parts of Italy Population Language N Frequency SourceAustria Switzerland 4 187 2 14 Helgason 2001Basque Admix Zone Basque Labourdin cotier haut navarrais 0 56 0 00 Martinez Cruz 2012Basque Araba Basque Occidental 0 55 0 00 Martinez Cruz 2012Basque Bizkaia Basque Biscayen 1 59 1 69 Martinez Cruz 2012Basque Central Western Navarre Basque Haut navarrais meridional 2 63 3 17 Martinez Cruz 2012Basque Gipuskoa Basque Gipuzkoan 0 57 0 00 Martinez Cruz 2012Basque Navarre Labourdin Basque Bas navarrais 0 68 0 00 Martinez Cruz 2012Basque North Western Navarre Basque Haut navarrais septentrional 0 51 0 00 Martinez Cruz 2012Basque Roncal Basque Roncalais salazarais 0 55 0 00 Martinez Cruz 2012Basque Soule Basque Souletin 0 62 0 00 Martinez Cruz 2012Basque South Western Gipuskoa Basque Biscayen 0 64 0 00 Martinez Cruz 2012Bearn French 0 51 0 00 Martinez Cruz 2012Bigorre French 0 44 0 00 Martinez Cruz 2012Burgos Spanish 0 25 0 00 Martinez Cruz 2012Cantabria Spanish 0 18 0 00 Martinez Cruz 2012Chalosse French 0 58 0 00 Martinez Cruz 2012Denmark 6 105 5 71 Mikkelsen 2010England Wales 12 429 3 03 Helgason 2001Finland 1 49 2 04 Torroni 1996Finland Estonia 5 202 2 48 Helgason 2001France Finistere 2 22 9 10 Dubut 2003France Morbihan 0 40 0 00 Dubut 2003France Normandy 0 39 0 00 Dubut 2003France Perigord Limousin 2 72 2 80 Dubut 2003France Var 2 37 5 40 Dubut 2003France Italy 2 248 0 81 Helgason 2001Germany 12 527 2 28 Helgason 2001Iceland 21 467 4 71 Helgason 2001Ireland 3 128 2 34 Helgason 2001Italy Tuscany 2 48 4 20 Torroni 1996La Rioja Spanish 1 51 1 96 Martinez Cruz 2012North Aragon Spanish 0 26 0 00 Martinez Cruz 2012Orkney 5 152 3 29 Helgason 2001Saami 0 176 0 00 Helgason 2001Scandinavia 12 645 1 86 Helgason 2001Scotland 39 891 4 38 Helgason 2001Spain Portugal 2 352 0 57 Helgason 2001Sweden 0 37 0 00 Torroni 1996Western Bizkaia Spanish 0 18 0 00 Martinez Cruz 2012Western Isles Isle of Skye 15 246 6 50 Helgason 2001Eastern Europe Edit In Eastern Europe the frequency of haplogroup I is generally lower than in Western Europe 1 to 3 percent but its frequency is more consistent between populations with fewer places of extreme highs or lows There are two notable exceptions Nikitin 2009 found that Lemkos a sub or co ethnic group of Rusyns in the Carpathian mountains have the highest frequency of haplogroup I 11 3 in Europe identical to that of the population of Krk Island Croatia in the Adriatic Sea Footnote 1 Footnote 2 Population N Frequency SourceBoyko 0 20 0 00 Nikitin 2009Hutsul 0 38 0 00 Nikitin 2009Lemko 6 53 11 32 Nikitin 2009Belorussians 2 92 2 17 Belyaeva 2003Russia European 3 215 1 40 Helgason 2001Romanians Constanta 59 0 00 Bosch 2006Romanians Ploiesti 46 2 17 Bosch 2006Russia 1 50 2 0 Malyarchuk 2001Ukraine 0 18 0 00 Malyarchuk 2001Croatia Mainland 4 277 1 44 Pericic 2005Croatia Krk 15 133 11 28 Cvjetan 2004Croatia Brac 1 105 0 95 Cvjetan 2004Croatia Hvar 2 108 1 9 Cvjetan 2004Croatia Korcula 1 98 1 Cvjetan 2004Herzegovinians 1 130 0 8 Cvjetan 2004Bosnians 6 247 2 4 Cvjetan 2004Serbians 4 117 3 4 Cvjetan 2004Macedonians 2 146 1 4 Cvjetan 2004Macedonian Romani 7 153 4 6 Cvjetan 2004Slovenians 2 104 1 92 Malyarchuk 2003Bosnians 4 144 2 78 Malyarchuk 2003Poles 8 436 1 83 Malyarchuk 2003Caucasus Georgia 1 58 1 80 Quintana Murci 2004Russians 5 201 2 49 Malyarchuk 2003Bulgaria Turkey 2 102 1 96 Helgason 2001Historic and Pre Historic Samples Edit Haplogroup I has until recently been absent from ancient European samples found in Paleolithic and Mesolithic grave sites In 2017 in a site on Italian island of Sardinia was found a sample with the subclade I3 dated to 9124 7851 BC Modi 2017 while in the Near East in Levant was found a sample with yet not defined subclade dated 8850 8750 BC while in Iran was found a younger sample with subclade I1c dated to 3972 3800 BC Lazaridis 2016 In Neolithic Spain c 6090 5960 BC in Paternanbidea Navarre was found a sample with yet not defined subclade Olivieri 2013 Haplogroup I displays a strong connection with the Indo European migrations especially its I1 I1a1 and I3a subclades which have been found in Poltavka and Srubnaya cultures in Russia Mathieson 2015 among ancient Scythians Der Sarkissian 2011 and in Corded Ware and Unetice Culture burials in Saxony Brandt 2013 I3a has also been found in the Unetice Culture in Lubingine Germany 2 200 B C to 1 800 B C courtesy article on Unetice Culture Wikipedia of 2 Skeletons that were DNA tested Haplogroup I with undetermined subclades has also been noted at significant frequencies in more recent historic grave sites Melchior 2008 and Hofreiter 2010 In 2013 Nature announced the publication of the first genetic study utilizing next generation sequencing to ascertain the ancestral lineage of an Ancient Egyptian individual The research was led by Carsten Pusch of the University of Tubingen in Germany and Rabab Khairat who released their findings in the Journal of Applied Genetics DNA was extracted from the heads of five Egyptian mummies that were housed at the institution All the specimens were dated to between 806 BC and 124 AD a time frame corresponding with the Late Dynastic and Ptolemaic periods The researchers observed that one of the mummified individuals likely belonged to the I2 subclade 2 Haplogroup I has also been found among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt which date from the Pre Ptolemaic late New Kingdom Ptolemaic and Roman periods 3 Haplogroup I5 has also been observed among specimens at the mainland cemetery in Kulubnarti Sudan which date from the Early Christian period AD 550 800 4 Samples with determined subclades Edit Culture Country Site Date Haplogroup SourceUnetice Germany Esperstedt 2050 1800 BC I1 Adler 2012 Brandt 2013Bell Beaker Germany 2600 2500 BC I1a1 Lee 2012 Oliveiri 2013Unetice Germany Plotzkau 3 2200 1550 BC I1a1 Brandt 2013Unetice Germany Eulau 1979 1921 BC I1a1 Brandt 2013Srubnaya Russia Rozhdestveno I Samara Steppes Samara 1850 1600 BC I1a1 Mathieson 2015Seh Gabi Iran 3972 3800 BC I1c Lazaridis 2016Cami de Can Grau Spain 3500 3000 BC I1c1 Sampietro 2007 Olivieri 2013Late Dynastic Ptolemaic Egypt 806 BC 124 AD I2 Khairat 2013Su Carroppu Italy 9124 7851 BC I3 Modi 2017Scythian Russia Rostov on Don 500 200 BC I3 Der Sarkissian 2011Unetice Germany Benzingerode Heimburg 1653 1627 BC I3a Brandt 2013Unetice Germany Esperstedt 2131 1979 BC I3a Adler 2012 Brandt 2013 Haak 2015 Mathieson 2015Unetice Germany Esperstedt 2199 2064 BC I3a Adler 2012 Brandt 2013 Haak 2015Poltavka Russia Lopatino II Sok River Samara 2885 2665 BC I3a Mathieson 2015Karasuk Russia Sabinka 2 1416 1268 BC I4a1 Allentoft 2015Minoan Greece Ayios Charalambos 2400 1700 BC I5 Hughey 2013Minoan Greece Ayios Charalambos 2400 1700 BC I5 Hughey 2013Minoan Greece Ayios Charalambos 2400 1700 BC I5 Hughey 2013Christian Nubia Sudan Kulubnarti 550 800 AD I5 Sirak 2016Late Bronze Age Armenia Norabak 1209 1009 BC I5c Allentoft 2015Mezhovskava Russia Kapova cave 1598 1398 BC I5c Allentoft 2015Samples with unknown subclades Edit Populations N Frequency SourceRoman Iron Age sitesBogebjerggard AD 1 400 Simonsborg AD 1 200 Skovgaarde AD 200 400 3 24 12 5 Melchior 2008a Hofreiter 2010Viking Age burial sitesGalgedil AD 1000 Christian cemetery Kongemarken AD 1000 1250 medieval cemetery Riisby AD 1250 1450 4 29 13 79 Melchior 2008 Hofreiter 2010Anglo Saxon burial sitesLeicester 6Lavington 6Buckland 7Norton 12Norwich 17 1 48 2 08 Topf 2006We have previously observed a high frequency of Hg I s among Iron Age villagers Bogebjerggard and individuals from the early Christian cemetery Kongemarken 16 17 This trend was also found for the additional sites reported here Simonsborg Galgedil and Riisby The overall frequency of Hg I among the individuals from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age is 13 7 53 compared to 2 5 for modern Danes 35 The higher frequencies of Hg I can not be ascribed to maternal kinship since only two individuals share the same common motif K2 and K7 at Kongemarken Except for Skovgaarde no Hg I s observed frequencies range between 9 and 29 and there seems to be no trend in relation to time No Hg I s were observed at the Neolithic Damsbo and the Bronze Age site Bredtoftegard where all three individuals harbored Hg U4 or Hg U5a Table 1 Hofreiter 2010 The frequency of haplogroup I may have undergone a reduction in Europe following the Middle Ages An overall frequency of 13 was found in ancient Danish samples from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age including Vikings from Denmark and Scandinavia compared to only 2 5 in modern samples As haplogroup I is not observed in any ancient Italian Spanish contradicted by the recent research as have been found in pre Neolithic Italy as well Neolithic Spain British central European populations early central European farmers and Neolithic samples according to the authors Haplogroup I could therefore have been an ancient Southern Scandinavian type diluted by later immigration events Hofreiter 2010 Subclades Edit Phylogenetic tree of haplogroups I left and W right Kya in the left scale bar stands for thousand years ago Olivieri 2013 Tree Edit This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup I subclades with time estimates is based on the paper and published research Olivieri 2013 Hg July 2013 Age estimate thousand years 95 confidence interval thousand years N1a1b 28 6 23 5 33 9I 20 1 18 4 21 9I1 16 3 14 6 18 0I1a 11 6 9 9 13 3I1a1 4 9 4 2 5 6I1a1a 3 8 3 3 4 4I1a1b 1 4 0 5 2 2I1a1c 2 5 1 3 3 7I1a1d 1 8 1 0 2 6I1b 13 4 11 3 15 5I1c 10 3 8 4 12 2I1c1 7 2 5 4 9 0I1c1a 4 0 2 5 5 4I2 3 12 6 10 4 14 7I2 6 8 6 0 7 6I2a 4 7 3 8 5 7I2a1 3 2 2 1 4 4I2b 1 7 0 5 2 9I2c 4 7 3 6 5 8I2d 3 0 1 1 4 8I2e 3 1 1 4 4 8I3 10 6 8 8 12 4I3a 7 4 6 1 8 7I3a1 6 1 4 7 7 5I3b 2 6 1 1 4 2I3c 9 4 7 6 11 2I4 15 1 12 3 18 0I4a 6 4 5 4 7 4I4a1 5 7 4 5 6 7I4b 8 4 5 8 10 9I5 18 4 16 4 20 3I5a 16 0 14 0 17 9I5a1 9 2 7 1 11 3I5a2 12 3 10 2 14 4I5a2a 1 6 1 0 2 1I5a3 4 8 2 8 6 8I5a4 5 6 3 5 7 8I5b 8 8 6 3 11 2I6 18 4 16 2 20 6I6a 5 3 3 5 7 0I6b 13 1 10 4 15 8I7 9 1 6 3 11 9Distribution Edit I1 Edit Haplogroup I1Possible time of origin15 231 3 402 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorIDefining mutations455 1T G6734A G9966A T16311C Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 It formed during the Last Glacial pre warming period It is found mainly in Europe Near East occasionally in North Africa and the Caucasus It is the most frequent clade of the haplogroup Olivieri 2013 Genbank ID Population SourceJQ702472 Behar 2012bJQ702567 Germany Behar 2012bJQ704077 Germany Behar 2012bJQ705190 Behar 2012bJQ705840 Behar 2012b I1a Edit Haplogroup I1aPossible time of origin11 726 3 306 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI1Defining mutationsT152C G207A Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 The subclade frequency peaks circa 2 8 are mostly located in North Eastern Europe Olivieri 2013 Genbank ID Population SourceEU694173 FamilyTreeDNAHM454265 Turkey Armenian FamilyTreeDNAJQ245746 Chuvash Fernandes 2012 I1a1 Edit Haplogroup I1a1Possible time of origin5 294 2 134 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI1aDefining mutationsG203A C3990T G9947A A9966G T10915C Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 Genbank ID Population SourceEF177414 Portugal Pereira 2007JQ701900 Behar 2012bJQ702519 Behar 2012bJQ702820 Behar 2012bJQ702882 Behar 2012bJQ703835 Behar 2012bJQ705025 Behar 2012bJQ705645 Behar 2012bFJ460562 Tunisia Costa 2009JQ705889 Behar 2012bJQ245748 Czech Fernandes 2012JQ245749 Czech Fernandes 2012JQ245767 Turkey Fernandes 2012JQ245802 Morocco Fernandes 2012 I1a1a Edit Haplogroup I1a1aPossible time of origin3 327 2 720 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI1a1Defining mutationsG9053A Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 Genbank ID Population SourceAY339502 Finland Finnila 2001AY339503 Finland Finnila 2001AY339504 Finland Finnila 2001AY339505 Finland Finnila 2001AY339506 Finland Finnila 2001AY339507 Finland Finnila 2001AY339508 Finland Finnila 2001AY339509 Finland Finnila 2001JQ702939 Behar 2012bJQ703652 Behar 2012bJQ704013 Behar 2012bJQ705140 Behar 2012bJQ705378 Behar 2012b I1a1b Edit Haplogroup I1a1bPossible time of origin2 608 2 973 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI1a1Defining mutationsT14182C Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 Genbank ID Population SourceJQ702470 Behar 2012bJQ705595 Behar 2012bJQ704690 Behar 2012b I1a1c Edit Haplogroup I1a1cPossible time of originAbout 1 523 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI1a1Defining mutationsT6620C Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 Genbank ID Population SourceJQ702023 Behar 2012bJQ702457 Behar 2012bGU123027 Mishar Tatars Buinsk Malyarchuk 2010b I1a1d Edit Haplogroup I1a1dPossible time of originAbout 1 892 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI1a1Defining mutationsA1836G T4023C T13488C T16189C Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 Genbank ID Population SourceJQ702342 Behar 2012bJQ705189 Behar 2012b I1b Edit Haplogroup I1bPossible time of origin11 135 4 818 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI1Defining mutationsT6227C Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 Genbank ID Population SourceAY195769 Caucasian Mishmar 2003AY714041 India Palanichamy 2004EF556153 Jewish Diaspora Behar 2008aFJ234984 Armenian FamilyTreeDNAFJ968796 FamilyTreeDNAJQ704018 Behar 2012bJQ705376 Behar 2012bKJ890387 1 Swedish FamilyTreeDNA I1c Edit Haplogroup I1cPossible time of origin8 216 3 787 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI1Defining mutationsG8573A C16264T G16319A T16362C Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 GenBank ID Population SourceEU564849 FamilyTreeDNAJQ702655 Behar 2012bJQ705364 Behar 2012bJQ705932 Behar 2012b I2 3 Edit Haplogroup I2 3Possible time of origin11 308 4 154 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorIDefining mutationsT152C G207A Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 It is the common root clade for subclades I2 and I3 There s a sample from Tanzania with which I2 3 shares a variant at position 152 from the root node of haplogroup I and this node 152 could be upstream I2 3s clade Olivieri 2013 Both I2 and I3 might have formed during the Holocene period and most of their subclades are from Europe only few from the Near East Olivieri 2013 Examples of this ancestral branch have not been documented I2 Edit Haplogroup I2Possible time of origin6 387 2 449 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI2 3Defining mutationsA15758G Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 GenBank ID Population SourceFJ911909 FamilyTreeDNAGU122984 Volga Tatars Malyarchuk 2010bGU294854 FamilyTreeDNAHQ287882 Pope 2011JQ701942 Behar 2012bJQ702191 Behar 2012bJQ702284 Behar 2012bJQ703850 Behar 2012bJQ704705 Behar 2012bJQ704765 Behar 2012bJQ704936 Behar 2012bJQ705000 Behar 2012bJQ705304 Behar 2012bJQ705379 Behar 2012bEU570217 FamilyTreeDNAJQ245744 Chechnya Fernandes 2012JQ245747 Czech Fernandes 2012JQ245771 Turkey Fernandes 2012 I2a Edit Haplogroup I2aPossible time of origin3 771 2 143 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI2Defining mutationsA11065G G16145A Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 GenBank ID Population SourceHQ326985 FamilyTreeDNAHQ714959 Scotland FamilyTreeDNAJQ703910 Behar 2012bJQ705175 Behar 2012bJQ705921 Behar 2012bHQ695930 FamilyTreeDNA I2a1 Edit Haplogroup I2a1Possible time of origin2 986 1 968 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI2aDefining mutationsT3398C Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 GenBank ID Population SourceAY339497 Finland Finnila 2001HQ724528 Ireland FamilyTreeDNAJN411083 Ireland FamilyTreeDNA I2b Edit Haplogroup I2bPossible time of originAbout 1 267 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI2Defining mutationsT6515C 8281 8289d A16166c Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 GenBank ID Population SourceAY339498 Finland Finnila 2001AY339499 Finland Finnila 2001AY339500 Finland Finnila 2001AY339501 Finland Finnila 2001 I2c Edit Haplogroup I2cPossible time of originAbout 2 268 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI2Defining mutationsT460C G9438A Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 GenBank ID Population SourceJQ702163 Behar 2012bJQ702253 Behar 2012bJQ703024 Behar 2012bJQ705187 Behar 2012bJQ705666 Behar 2012b I2d Edit Haplogroup I2dPossible time of originAbout 3 828 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI2Defining mutationsG6480A Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 GenBank ID Population SourceJQ705244 Behar 2012bJQ703829 Behar 2012b I2e Edit Haplogroup I2ePossible time of originAbout 2 936 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI2Defining mutationsG3591A Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 GenBank ID Population SourceJQ702578 Behar 2012bJQ703106 Behar 2012b I3 Edit Haplogroup I3Possible time of origin8 679 3 410 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI2 3Defining mutationsT239C Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 GenBank ID Population SourceJQ702493 Behar 2012bJQ702647 Behar 2012bJQ703862 Behar 2012bJQ703883 Behar 2012bJQ245751 Greece Fernandes 2012 I3a Edit Haplogroup I3aPossible time of origin6 091 3 262 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originOldest sample from Poltavka culture Russia Lopatino II Sok River Samara 2885 2665 BC Mathieson 2015 AncestorI3Defining mutationsT16086C Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 GenBank ID Population SourceEU746658 France FamilyTreeDNAEU869314 FamilyTreeDNAJQ702062 Behar 2012bJQ702109 Behar 2012bJQ702413 Behar 2012bJQ702041 Behar 2012b I3a1 Edit Haplogroup I3a1Possible time of origin5 070 3 017 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI3aDefining mutationsG2849A Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 GenBank ID Population SourceAY963586 Italy BandeltHQ420832 France FamilyTreeDNAJQ704837 Behar 2012b I3b Edit Haplogroup I3bPossible time of origin5 596 3 629 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI3Defining mutationsC16494T Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 GenBank ID Population SourceGU590993 Ireland FamilyTreeDNAJQ705377 Behar 2012b I4 Edit Haplogroup I4Possible time of origin14 913 5 955 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorIDefining mutationsG8519A Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 The clade splits into subclades I4a and newly defined I4b with samples found in Europe the Near East and the Caucasus Olivieri 2013 GenBank ID Population SourceJQ704976 Behar 2012bEF660987 Italy Gasparre 2007 I4a Edit Haplogroup I4aPossible time of originAbout 2 124 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI4Defining mutationsA10819G Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 GenBank ID Population SourceEF153786 Siberia Derenko 2007EU091245 FamilyTreeDNAHM804481 FamilyTreeDNAJN660158 Armenian FamilyTreeDNAJQ701909 Behar 2012bJQ701957 Behar 2012bJQ705060 Behar 2012bJQ705191 Behar 2012bJQ705303 Behar 2012bJQ705514 Behar 2012bJQ705906 Behar 2012bJQ706017 Behar 2012bJQ702369 Behar 2012b I5 Edit Haplogroup I5Possible time of origin18 806 4 005 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorIDefining mutationsA14233G Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 Is the second most frequent clade of the haplogroup Its subclades are found in Europe e g I5a1 and the Near East e g I5a2a and I5b Olivieri 2013 GenBank ID Population SourceHQ658465 German north FamilyTreeDNAJQ245724 North Ossetia Fernandes 2012 I5a Edit Haplogroup I5aPossible time of origin15 116 4 128 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI5Defining mutationsT5074C C16148T Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 GenBank ID Population SourceFJ348190 Hutterite Pichler 2010JQ701894 Behar 2012bJQ704768 Behar 2012bJQ245733 Dubai Fernandes 2012JQ245772 Turkey Fernandes 2012JQ245780 Yemen Fernandes 2012JQ245781 Yemen Fernandes 2012JQ245782 Yemen Fernandes 2012JQ245783 Yemen Fernandes 2012JQ245784 Yemen Fernandes 2012JQ245785 Yemen Fernandes 2012JQ245786 Yemen Fernandes 2012 I5a1 Edit Haplogroup I5a1Possible time of origin11 062 4 661 BP Behar 2012b Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI5aDefining mutations8281 8289d A12961G Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 GenBank ID Population SourceAF382007 Leon Maca Meyer 2001EU597573 Bedouin Israel Hartmann 2009JQ704713 Behar 2012bJQ705096 Behar 2012bEF660917 Italy Gasparre 2007JQ245807 Bulgaria Fernandes 2012 I6 Edit Haplogroup I6Possible time of originAbout 18 400 BP Olivieri 2013 Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorIDefining mutationsT3645C Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 The subclade is very rare found until July 2013 only in four samples from the Near East Olivieri 2013 GenBank ID Population SourceJQ245773 Turkey Fernandes 2012 I6a Edit Haplogroup I6aPossible time of originAbout 5 300 BP Olivieri 2013 Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorI6Defining mutations G203A G3915A A6116G A7804G T15287C A16293c Behar amp Family Tree DNA 2012 GenBank ID Population SourceAY245555 Janssen 2006JQ705382 Behar 2012b I7 Edit Haplogroup I7Possible time of originAbout 9 100 BP Olivieri 2013 Possible place of originInsufficient DataAncestorIDefining mutationsC3534T A4829G T16324CIt is the rarest defined subclade until July 2013 found only in two samples from the Near East and the Caucasus Olivieri 2013 GenBank ID Population SourceJF298212 Armenian FamilyTreeDNAKF146253 Kuwait Olivieri 2013See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup I mtDNA Genetics Edit Genealogical DNA test Genetic genealogy Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup Human mitochondrial genetics Human mitochondrial molecular clock Mitochondrial Eve mtDNA Haplogroups by Populations Population genetics Backbone mtDNA Tree Edit Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA mtDNA haplogroups Mitochondrial Eve L L0 L1 6 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6M N CZ D E G Q O A S R I W X YC Z B F R0 pre JT P UHV JT KH V J TReferences Edit Non Amy ANALYSES OF GENETIC DATA WITHIN AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FRAMEWORK TO INVESTIGATE RECENT HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND COMPLEX DISEASE PDF University of Florida Retrieved 12 April 2016 Rabab Khairat Markus Ball Chun Chi Hsieh Chang Raffaella Bianucci Andreas G Nerlich Martin Trautmann Somaia Ismail et al 4 April 2013 First insights into the metagenome of Egyptian mummies using next generation sequencing Journal of Applied Genetics 54 3 309 325 doi 10 1007 s13353 013 0145 1 PMID 23553074 S2CID 5459033 Retrieved 8 June 2016 Schuenemann Verena J et al 2017 Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub Saharan African ancestry in post Roman periods Nature Communications 8 15694 Bibcode 2017NatCo 815694S doi 10 1038 ncomms15694 PMC 5459999 PMID 28556824 Sirak Kendra Frenandes Daniel Novak Mario Van Gerven Dennis Pinhasi Ron 2016 Abstract Book of the IUAES Inter Congress 2016 A community divided Revealing the community genome s of Medieval Kulubnarti using next generation sequencing Abstract Book of the Iuaes Inter Congress 2016 IUAES 115 Footnotes Edit Nikitin 2009 6 53 in Lemkos Lemkos shared the highest frequency of haplogroup I ever reported and the highest frequency of haplogroup M in the region Cvjetan 2004 15 133 Works Cited Edit Journals Edit Behar DM Metspalu E Kivisild T Rosset S Tzur S Hadid Y Yudkovsky G Rosengarten D et al 2008 MacAulay Vincent ed Counting the founders The matrilineal genetic ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora PLOS ONE 3 4 e2062 Bibcode 2008PLoSO 3 2062B doi 10 1371 journal pone 0002062 PMC 2323359 PMID 18446216 Behar Doron M Van Oven Mannis Rosset Saharon Metspalu Mait Loogvali Eva Liis Silva Nuno M Kivisild Toomas Torroni Antonio Villems Richard 2012 A Copernican Reassessment of the Human Mitochondrial DNA Tree from its Root The American Journal of Human Genetics 90 4 675 84 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2012 03 002 PMC 3322232 PMID 22482806 Belyaeva Olga Bermisheva Marina Khrunin Andrey Slominsky Petr Bebyakova Natalia Khusnutdinova E K Elza Kamilevna Mikulich Aleksei Ignatevich Limborskaia S A Svetlana Andreevna 2003 Mitochondrial DNA variations in Russian and Belorussian populations Human Biology 75 5 647 60 doi 10 1353 hub 2003 0069 PMID 14763602 S2CID 23876546 Boattini Alessio Castri Loredana Sarno Stefania Useli Antonella Cioffi Manuela Sazzini Marco Garagnani Paolo De Fanti Sara Pettener Davide Luiselli Donata 2013 MtDNA variation in East Africa unravels the history of afro asiatic groups American Journal of Physical Anthropology 150 3 375 385 doi 10 1002 ajpa 22212 PMID 23283748 Bosch E Calafell F Gonzalez Neira A Flaiz C Mateu E 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294 306 doi 10 1007 s00414 004 0466 z PMID 15248073 S2CID 19703169 Castri Loredana Garagnani P Useli A Pettener D Luiselli D 2008 Kenyan crossroads migration and gene flow in six ethnic groups from Eastern Africa Journal of Anthropological Sciences 86 189 192 PMID 19934476 Castri Loredana Tofanelli Sergio Garagnani Paolo Bini Carla Fosella Xenia Pelotti Susi Paoli Giorgio Pettener Davide Luiselli Donata 2009 MtDNA variability in two Bantu speaking populations Shona and Hutu from Eastern Africa Implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub Saharan Africa American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140 2 302 11 doi 10 1002 ajpa 21070 PMID 19425093 Costa MD Cherni L Fernandes V Freitas F Ammar El Gaaied AB Pereira L 2009 Data from complete mtDNA sequencing of Tunisian centenarians Testing haplogroup association and the golden mean to longevity Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 130 4 222 6 doi 10 1016 j mad 2008 12 001 PMID 19133286 S2CID 6102820 Cvjetan S Tolk HV Lauc LB Colak I Dordevic D Efremovska L Janicijevic B Kvesic A et al 2004 Frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups in southeastern Europe Croatians Bosnians and Herzegovinians Serbians Macedonians and Macedonian Romani Collegium Antropologicum 28 1 193 8 PMID 15636075 Derenko M Malyarchuk B Grzybowski T Denisova G Dambueva I Perkova M Dorzhu C Luzina F et al 2007 Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA in northern Asian populations American Journal of Human Genetics 81 5 1025 41 doi 10 1086 522933 PMC 2265662 PMID 17924343 Dubut Vincent Chollet Lionel Murail Pascal Cartault Francois Beraud Colomb Eliane Serre Myriam Mogentale Profizi Nerina 2003 MtDNA polymorphisms in five French groups Importance of regional sampling European Journal of Human Genetics 12 4 293 300 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201145 PMID 14694359 Fernandes Veronica Alshamali Farida Alves Marco Costa Marta D Pereira Joana B Silva Nuno M Cherni Lotfi Harich Nourdin et al 2012 The Arabian Cradle Mitochondrial Relicts of the First Steps along 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Oefner PJ 2009 Validation of microarray based resequencing of 93 worldwide mitochondrial genomes Human Mutation 30 1 115 22 doi 10 1002 humu 20816 PMID 18623076 S2CID 205918494 Helgason Agnar Hickey Eileen Goodacre Sara Bosnes Vidar Stefansson Kari Ward Ryk Sykes Bryan 2001 mtDNA and the Islands of the North Atlantic Estimating the Proportions of Norse and Gaelic Ancestry The American Journal of Human Genetics 68 3 206 15 doi 10 1086 318785 PMC 1274484 PMID 11179019 Hofreiter Linea Lynnerup Niels Siegismund Hans R Kivisild Toomas Dissing Jorgen 2010 Hofreiter Michael ed Genetic Diversity among Ancient Nordic Populations PLOS ONE 5 7 e11898 Bibcode 2010PLoSO 511898M doi 10 1371 journal pone 0011898 PMC 2912848 PMID 20689597 The overall occurrence of haplogroups did not deviate from extant Scandinavians however haplogroup I was significantly more frequent among the ancient Danes average 13 than among extant Danes and Scandinavians 2 5 as well as among other ancient population samples reported Haplogroup I could therefore have been an ancient Southern Scandinavian type diluted by later immigration events Janssen GM Neu A t Hart LM Van De Sande CM Antonie Maassen J 2006 Novel mitochondrial DNA length variants and genetic instability in a family with diabetes and deafness Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology amp Diabetes 114 4 168 74 doi 10 1055 s 2006 924066 PMID 16705548 Keyser Christine Bouakaze Caroline Crubezy Eric Nikolaev Valery G Montagnon Daniel Reis Tatiana Ludes Bertrand 2009 Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people Human Genetics 126 3 395 410 doi 10 1007 s00439 009 0683 0 PMID 19449030 S2CID 21347353 Kivisild T Reidla M Metspalu E Rosa A Brehm A Pennarun E Parik J Geberhiwot T et al 2004 Ethiopian mitochondrial DNA heritage Tracking gene flow across and around the gate of tears American Journal of Human Genetics 75 5 752 70 doi 10 1086 425161 PMC 1182106 PMID 15457403 Knight A Underhill PA Mortensen HM 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Meyer N Gonzalez AM Larruga JM Flores C Cabrera VM 2001 Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions BMC Genetics 2 13 doi 10 1186 1471 2156 2 13 PMC 55343 PMID 11553319 MacAulay Vincent Richards Martin Hickey Eileen Vega Emilce Cruciani Fulvio Guida Valentina Scozzari Rosaria Bonne Tamir Batsheva et al 1999 The Emerging Tree of West Eurasian mtDNAs A Synthesis of Control Region Sequences and RFLPs The American Journal of Human Genetics 64 1 232 49 doi 10 1086 302204 PMC 1377722 PMID 9915963 Malyarchuk B A Derenko M V 2001 Mitochondrial DNA variability in Russians and Ukrainians Implication to the origin of the Eastern Slavs Annals of Human Genetics 65 Pt 1 63 78 doi 10 1046 j 1469 1809 2001 6510063 x PMID 11415523 S2CID 9392520 Malyarchuk BA Grzybowski T Derenko MV Czarny J Drobnic K Miscicka Sliwka D 2003 Mitochondrial DNA variability in Bosnians and Slovenians Annals of Human Genetics 67 Pt 5 412 25 doi 10 1046 j 1469 1809 2003 00042 x PMID 12940915 S2CID 2105448 Malyarchuk B Derenko M Denisova G Kravtsova O 2010 Mitogenomic diversity in Tatars from the Volga Ural region of Russia Molecular Biology and Evolution 27 10 2220 6 doi 10 1093 molbev msq065 PMID 20457583 Martinez Cruz B Harmant C Platt D E Haak W Manry J Ramos Luis E Soria Hernanz D F Bauduer F et al 2012 Evidence of Pre Roman Tribal Genetic Structure in Basques from Uniparentally Inherited Markers PDF Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 9 2211 22 doi 10 1093 molbev mss091 PMID 22411853 Melchior Linea Kivisild Toomas Lynnerup Niels Dissing Jorgen 2008 Ahmed Niyaz ed Evidence of Authentic DNA from Danish Viking Age Skeletons Untouched by Humans for 1 000 Years PLOS ONE 3 5 e2214 Bibcode 2008PLoSO 3 2214M doi 10 1371 journal pone 0002214 PMC 2386972 PMID 18509537 Metspalu Mait Kivisild Toomas Metspalu Ene Parik Juri Hudjashov Georgi Kaldma Katrin Serk Piia Karmin Monika Behar Doron M Gilbert M Thomas P Endicott Phillip Mastana Sarabjit Papiha Surinder S Skorecki Karl Torroni Antonio Villems Richard 2004 Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans BMC Genetics 5 26 doi 10 1186 1471 2156 5 26 PMC 516768 PMID 15339343 Mikkelsen Martin Sorensen Erik Rasmussen Erik Michael Morling Niels 2010 Mitochondrial DNA HV1 and HV2 variation in Danes Forensic Science International Genetics 4 4 e87 8 doi 10 1016 j fsigen 2009 07 007 PMID 20457038 Mishmar D Ruiz Pesini E Golik P MacAulay V Clark AG Hosseini S Brandon M Easley K et al 2003 Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA variation in humans Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 1 171 6 Bibcode 2003PNAS 100 171M doi 10 1073 pnas 0136972100 PMC 140917 PMID 12509511 Modi Alessandra 2017 Complete mitochondrial sequences from Mesolithic Sardinia Scientific Reports 7 42869 Bibcode 2017NatSR 742869M doi 10 1038 srep42869 PMC 5335606 PMID 28256601 Musilova Eliska Fernandes Veronica Silva Nuno M Soares Pedro Alshamali Farida Harich Nourdin Cherni Lotfi Gaaied Amel Ben Ammar El et al 2011 Population history of the Red Sea genetic exchanges between the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa signaled in the mitochondrial DNA HV1 haplogroup American Journal of Physical Anthropology 145 4 592 8 doi 10 1002 ajpa 21522 PMID 21660931 Nikitin Alexey G Kochkin Igor T June Cynthia M Willis Catherine M McBain Ian Videiko Mykhailo Y 2009 Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation in the Boyko Hutsul and Lemko Populations of the Carpathian Highlands Human Biology 81 1 43 58 doi 10 3378 027 081 0104 PMID 19589018 S2CID 45791162 Non Amy L Al Meeri Ali Raaum Ryan L Sanchez Luisa F Mulligan Connie J 2011 Mitochondrial DNA reveals distinct evolutionary histories for Jewish populations in Yemen and Ethiopia American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144 1 1 10 doi 10 1002 ajpa 21360 PMID 20623605 Olivieri Anna Pala Maria Gandini Francesca Kashani Baharak Hooshiar Perego Ugo A 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I Janicijevic B Rudan P 2005 Review of Croatian genetic heritage as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomal lineages Croatian Medical Journal 46 4 502 13 PMID 16100752 Pichler Irene Fuchsberger Christian Platzer Christa Caliskan Minal Marroni Fabio Pramstaller Peter P Ober Carole 2010 Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape Inference from Y chromosome and mtDNA genotypes European Journal of Human Genetics 18 4 463 70 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2009 172 PMC 2987252 PMID 19844259 Poloni Estella S Naciri Yamama Bucho Rute Niba Regine Kervaire Barbara Excoffier Laurent Langaney Andre Sanchez Mazas Alicia 2009 Genetic Evidence for Complexity in Ethnic Differentiation and History in East Africa Annals of Human Genetics 73 6 582 600 doi 10 1111 j 1469 1809 2009 00541 x PMID 19706029 S2CID 2488794 Pope AM Carr SM Smith KN Marshall HD Marshall H D 2011 Mitogenomic and microsatellite variation in descendants of the founder population of Newfoundland High genetic 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comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation Human Mutation 30 2 E386 94 doi 10 1002 humu 20921 PMID 18853457 S2CID 27566749 Websites Edit Behar Family Tree DNA 2012 mtDNA Community Further reading Edit Cerny Viktor Pereira Luisa Kujanova Martina VasIkova Alzbeta Hajek Martin Morris Miranda Mulligan Connie J 2009 Out of Arabia The settlement of Island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138 4 439 47 doi 10 1002 ajpa 20960 PMID 19012329 Fellner Robert O 1995 Cultural change and the epipalaeolithic of Palestine Tempus Reparatum ISBN 9780860547754 Kitchen A Ehret C Assefa S Mulligan C J 2009 Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 276 1668 2703 10 doi 10 1098 rspb 2009 0408 PMC 2839953 PMID 19403539 Petit Maire Nicole Bouysse Philippe 2000 Geological records of the recent past a key to the near future world environments PDF Episodes 23 4 230 246 doi 10 18814 epiiugs 2000 v23i4 001 External links EditGeneral Ian Logan s Mitochondrial DNA Site Haplogroup I based on PhyloTree org February 2016 Mannis van Oven s PhyloTree for Haplogroup N1 including subtree of I February 2016 Haplogroup IFamily Tree DNA mtDNA Haplogroup I Project Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Haplogroup I mtDNA amp oldid 1119675495, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
