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Haplogroup K (mtDNA)

January 07, 2023

This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup K-M9.

Haplogroup K, formerly Haplogroup UK, is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is defined by the HVR1 mutations 16224C and 16311C. It is now known that K is a subclade of U8.[3]

Haplogroup K
Possible time of origin26,700 ± 4,300 years ago[1]
Possible place of originPossibly West Asia
AncestorU8b'K
DescendantsK1, K2
Defining mutations3480 10550 11299 14798 16224 16311[2]

Origin

Haplogroup K is believed to have originated in the mid-Upper Paleolithic, between about 30,000 and 22,000 years ago. It is the most common subclade of haplogroup U8b.[4]

Distribution

 
Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup K.

Haplogroup K appears in Central Europe, Southern Europe, Northern Europe, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, South Asia and West Asia and in populations with such an ancestry. Overall the mtDNA haplogroup K is found in about 6% of the population of Europe and the Near East, but it is more common in certain populations.

Approximately 32% of people with Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry are in haplogroup K, with about 21% in K1a1b1a alone. This high percentage points to a genetic bottleneck occurring around the years 800-1000[5] under which K1a1b1a was particularly affected since K1a1b1a carriers' proportions of founder alleles and pathogenic variants were higher than in carriers of other haplogroups and the K1a1b1a carriers had longer total lengths for runs of homozygosity compared to carriers of other haplogroups.[6] Ashkenazi mtDNA K clusters into six subclades: K1a1b1*, K1a1b1a, K1a4a, K1a9, K2a*, and K2a2a1.[7] Several of these have Middle Eastern origins. A 2013 study had suggested that K1a1b1a, K1a9, and K2a2a1 could have originated from Western Europe.[8] However, K1a9 is shared with non-Jews in Syria and Iran[9] and K2a2a is shared with Mizrahi Jews from the Caucasus and Muslims on the Arabian Peninsula although K2a2a1 is also in Italy and the Iberian Peninsula.[10] K1a4a is found in Syria and Turkey but also found in non-Jewish Europeans, including Greeks and Italians.[11] Some of these kinds of matches to K haplogroups could support the contention that some of these individual female ancestors came from a Hebrew/Levantine mtDNA pool, whose descendants lived in Europe.[12]

In Europe, K appears to be most common in the Morbihan (17.5%) and Périgord-Limousin (15.3%) regions of France, and in Norway and Bulgaria (13.3%).[13] The level is 12.5% in Belgium, 11% in Georgia and 10% in Austria and Great Britain.[14] Some specific subclades of K among Europeans are K1a1b2b in Finland,[15] K1a3a1 in Sardinia,[16] K1a19 in Hungary,[17] K1b1b1a in Greeks,[18] K1b1c in Serbia,[19] Slovakia,[20] and Poland,[21] K1c2 in Irish[22] and Germans[23] and in Hungary,[24] and K2a9a in Sardinia.[25]

Approximately 16% of the Druze of Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan, belong to haplogroup K.[26] Examples of Druze branches of K are K1a5a[27] and K1a17a.[28] It is also found among 8% of Palestinians.[29] Additionally, K reaches a level of 17% in Kurdistan.[14]

Haplogroup K is also found among Gurage (10%),[29] Syrians (9.1%),[29] Afar (6.3%),[29] Zenata Berbers (4.11%),[30] Reguibate Sahrawi (3.70%),[30] Oromo (3.3%),[29] Iraqis (2.4%),[29] Saudis (0%-10.5%),[29] Yemenis (0%-9.8%),[29] and Algerians (0%-4.3%).[30]

Derenko et al. (2007) found haplogroup K in many samples of Iranic, Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic peoples of central Eurasia, including 6.8% (3/44) of a sample of Tajiks, 6.7% (6/90) of a sample of Altai Kizhi, 3.7% (3/82) of a sample of Persians, 2.7% (2/73) of a sample of West Evenks from the Krasnoyarsk region, 2.7% (3/110) of a sample of Kalmyks, 2.1% (1/47) of a sample of Mongolians, 2.0% (2/99) of a sample of Khamnigans, 1.9% (1/53) of a sample of Teleuts, 1.4% (4/295) of a sample of Buryats, and 1.2% (1/82) of a sample of Shors.[31] Min-Sheng Peng et al. found haplogroup K1 in 10.3% (7/68) of a sample of Kyrgyz from Taxkorgan, 7.6% (5/66) of a sample of Wakhi from Taxkorgan, 5.8% (5/86) of a sample of Sarikoli from Taxkorgan, 3.7% (1/27) of a sample of Uyghur from Artux, and 2.0% (1/50) of a sample of Pamiri from Gorno-Badakhshan. In eastern China, mtDNA haplogroup K has been found in 1.3% (1/149 K1a13, 1/149 K2a5) of a sample of Barga Mongols in Hulunbuir[32] and in 0.9% of a sample of Beijing Han.[33]

Ancient DNA

The more ancient evidence of Haplogroup K has been found in the remains of three individuals from Upper Palaeolithic Magdalenian of Spain with 11950 years[34] and in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B site of Tell Ramad, Syria, dating from c. 6000 BC.[35] The clade was also discovered in skeletons of early farmers in Central Europe dated to around 5500-5300 BC, at percentages that were nearly double the percentage present in modern Europe. Some techniques of farming, together with associated plant and animal breeds, spread into Europe from the Near East. The evidence from ancient DNA suggests that the Neolithic culture spread by human migration.[36]

Analysis of the mtDNA of Ötzi, the frozen mummy from 3300 BC found on the Austrian-Italian border, has shown that Ötzi belongs to the K1 subclade. It cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b or K1c). The new subclade has provisionally been named K1ö for Ötzi.[37] Multiplex assay study was able to confirm that the Iceman's mtDNA belongs to a new European mtDNA clade with a very limited distribution amongst modern data sets.[38]

A woman buried some time between 2650 and 2450 BC in a presumed Amorite tomb at Terqa (Tell Ashara), Middle Euphrates Valley, Syria carried Haplogroup K.[39]

A lock of hair kept at a reliquary at Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte Baume basilica, France, which local tradition holds belonged to the biblical figure Mary Magdalene, was also assigned to haplogroup K. Ancient DNA sequencing of a capillary bulb bore the K1a1b1a subclade and according to the highly controversial researcher Gérard Lucotte [fr], who claims to have discovered the DNA of Jesus Christ,[40] it would indicate that she would have been of Pharisian maternal origin.[41]

Haplogroup K1 has likewise been observed among specimens at the mainland cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550-800).[42]

In 2016, researchers extracted the DNA from the tibia of two individuals separately dated to 7288-6771 BCE and 7605-7529 BCE buried in Theopetra cave, Greece, the oldest known human-made structure, and both individuals were found to belong to mtDNA Haplogroup K1c.[43]

Thuya, the great-grandmother of Tutankhamun passed haplogroup K to her descendants, including that king. Haplogroup K has also been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom and Roman periods.[44] Fossils excavated at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud in Morocco, which have been dated to around 3,000 BCE, have likewise been observed to carry the K1 subclade.[45]

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup K subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[2] and subsequent published research.

Genetic traits

A study involving Caucasian patients showed that individuals classified as haplogroup J or K demonstrated a significant decrease in risk of Parkinson's disease versus individuals carrying the most common haplogroup, H.[46]

In popular culture

See also: List of haplogroups of historic people

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Katrine.

On an 18 November 2005 broadcast of the Today Show, during an interview with Dr. Spencer Wells of The National Geographic Genographic Project, host Katie Couric was revealed to belong to haplogroup K.[47][48]

On 14 August 2007, Stephen Colbert was told by geneticist Spencer Wells that he is a member of this haplogroup during a segment on The Colbert Report.

Henry Louis Gates Jr. states that Meryl Streep belongs to Haplogroup K in his book Faces of America.[49]

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup K (mtDNA).

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

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External links

January 07, 2023
haplogroup, mtdna, this, article, about, human, mtdna, haplogroup, human, haplogroup, haplogroup, haplogroup, formerly, haplogroup, human, mitochondrial, mtdna, haplogroup, defined, hvr1, mutations, 16224c, 16311c, known, that, subclade, haplogroup, kpossible,. This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup For the human Y DNA haplogroup see Haplogroup K M9 Haplogroup K formerly Haplogroup UK is a human mitochondrial DNA mtDNA haplogroup It is defined by the HVR1 mutations 16224C and 16311C It is now known that K is a subclade of U8 3 Haplogroup KPossible time of origin26 700 4 300 years ago 1 Possible place of originPossibly West AsiaAncestorU8b KDescendantsK1 K2Defining mutations3480 10550 11299 14798 16224 16311 2 Contents 1 Origin 2 Distribution 3 Ancient DNA 4 Subclades 4 1 Tree 5 Genetic traits 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksOrigin EditHaplogroup K is believed to have originated in the mid Upper Paleolithic between about 30 000 and 22 000 years ago It is the most common subclade of haplogroup U8b 4 Distribution Edit Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup K Haplogroup K appears in Central Europe Southern Europe Northern Europe North Africa the Horn of Africa South Asia and West Asia and in populations with such an ancestry Overall the mtDNA haplogroup K is found in about 6 of the population of Europe and the Near East but it is more common in certain populations Approximately 32 of people with Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry are in haplogroup K with about 21 in K1a1b1a alone This high percentage points to a genetic bottleneck occurring around the years 800 1000 5 under which K1a1b1a was particularly affected since K1a1b1a carriers proportions of founder alleles and pathogenic variants were higher than in carriers of other haplogroups and the K1a1b1a carriers had longer total lengths for runs of homozygosity compared to carriers of other haplogroups 6 Ashkenazi mtDNA K clusters into six subclades K1a1b1 K1a1b1a K1a4a K1a9 K2a and K2a2a1 7 Several of these have Middle Eastern origins A 2013 study had suggested that K1a1b1a K1a9 and K2a2a1 could have originated from Western Europe 8 However K1a9 is shared with non Jews in Syria and Iran 9 and K2a2a is shared with Mizrahi Jews from the Caucasus and Muslims on the Arabian Peninsula although K2a2a1 is also in Italy and the Iberian Peninsula 10 K1a4a is found in Syria and Turkey but also found in non Jewish Europeans including Greeks and Italians 11 Some of these kinds of matches to K haplogroups could support the contention that some of these individual female ancestors came from a Hebrew Levantine mtDNA pool whose descendants lived in Europe 12 In Europe K appears to be most common in the Morbihan 17 5 and Perigord Limousin 15 3 regions of France and in Norway and Bulgaria 13 3 13 The level is 12 5 in Belgium 11 in Georgia and 10 in Austria and Great Britain 14 Some specific subclades of K among Europeans are K1a1b2b in Finland 15 K1a3a1 in Sardinia 16 K1a19 in Hungary 17 K1b1b1a in Greeks 18 K1b1c in Serbia 19 Slovakia 20 and Poland 21 K1c2 in Irish 22 and Germans 23 and in Hungary 24 and K2a9a in Sardinia 25 Approximately 16 of the Druze of Syria Lebanon Israel and Jordan belong to haplogroup K 26 Examples of Druze branches of K are K1a5a 27 and K1a17a 28 It is also found among 8 of Palestinians 29 Additionally K reaches a level of 17 in Kurdistan 14 Haplogroup K is also found among Gurage 10 29 Syrians 9 1 29 Afar 6 3 29 Zenata Berbers 4 11 30 Reguibate Sahrawi 3 70 30 Oromo 3 3 29 Iraqis 2 4 29 Saudis 0 10 5 29 Yemenis 0 9 8 29 and Algerians 0 4 3 30 Derenko et al 2007 found haplogroup K in many samples of Iranic Turkic Mongolic and Tungusic peoples of central Eurasia including 6 8 3 44 of a sample of Tajiks 6 7 6 90 of a sample of Altai Kizhi 3 7 3 82 of a sample of Persians 2 7 2 73 of a sample of West Evenks from the Krasnoyarsk region 2 7 3 110 of a sample of Kalmyks 2 1 1 47 of a sample of Mongolians 2 0 2 99 of a sample of Khamnigans 1 9 1 53 of a sample of Teleuts 1 4 4 295 of a sample of Buryats and 1 2 1 82 of a sample of Shors 31 Min Sheng Peng et al found haplogroup K1 in 10 3 7 68 of a sample of Kyrgyz from Taxkorgan 7 6 5 66 of a sample of Wakhi from Taxkorgan 5 8 5 86 of a sample of Sarikoli from Taxkorgan 3 7 1 27 of a sample of Uyghur from Artux and 2 0 1 50 of a sample of Pamiri from Gorno Badakhshan In eastern China mtDNA haplogroup K has been found in 1 3 1 149 K1a13 1 149 K2a5 of a sample of Barga Mongols in Hulunbuir 32 and in 0 9 of a sample of Beijing Han 33 Ancient DNA EditThe more ancient evidence of Haplogroup K has been found in the remains of three individuals from Upper Palaeolithic Magdalenian of Spain with 11950 years 34 and in the Pre Pottery Neolithic B site of Tell Ramad Syria dating from c 6000 BC 35 The clade was also discovered in skeletons of early farmers in Central Europe dated to around 5500 5300 BC at percentages that were nearly double the percentage present in modern Europe Some techniques of farming together with associated plant and animal breeds spread into Europe from the Near East The evidence from ancient DNA suggests that the Neolithic culture spread by human migration 36 Analysis of the mtDNA of Otzi the frozen mummy from 3300 BC found on the Austrian Italian border has shown that Otzi belongs to the K1 subclade It cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade K1a K1b or K1c The new subclade has provisionally been named K1o for Otzi 37 Multiplex assay study was able to confirm that the Iceman s mtDNA belongs to a new European mtDNA clade with a very limited distribution amongst modern data sets 38 A woman buried some time between 2650 and 2450 BC in a presumed Amorite tomb at Terqa Tell Ashara Middle Euphrates Valley Syria carried Haplogroup K 39 A lock of hair kept at a reliquary at Saint Maximin la Sainte Baume basilica France which local tradition holds belonged to the biblical figure Mary Magdalene was also assigned to haplogroup K Ancient DNA sequencing of a capillary bulb bore the K1a1b1a subclade and according to the highly controversial researcher Gerard Lucotte fr who claims to have discovered the DNA of Jesus Christ 40 it would indicate that she would have been of Pharisian maternal origin 41 Haplogroup K1 has likewise been observed among specimens at the mainland cemetery in Kulubnarti Sudan which date from the Early Christian period AD 550 800 42 In 2016 researchers extracted the DNA from the tibia of two individuals separately dated to 7288 6771 BCE and 7605 7529 BCE buried in Theopetra cave Greece the oldest known human made structure and both individuals were found to belong to mtDNA Haplogroup K1c 43 Thuya the great grandmother of Tutankhamun passed haplogroup K to her descendants including that king Haplogroup K has also been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt which date from the Pre Ptolemaic late New Kingdom and Roman periods 44 Fossils excavated at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud in Morocco which have been dated to around 3 000 BCE have likewise been observed to carry the K1 subclade 45 Subclades EditTree Edit This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup K subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation 2 and subsequent published research mtDNA HG K p treeU8b K U8b K K1 K1a K1a1 K1a1a K1a1a1 K1a1b K1a1b1 K1a1b1a K1a1b1b K1a1b2 K1a1b2a K1a2 K1a2a K1a2b K1a3 K1a3a K1a3a1 K1a3a1a K1a4 K1a4a K1a4a1 K1a4a1a K1a4a1b K1a4a1c K1a4a1d K1a4a1e K1a4a1f K1a4a1g K1a4b K1a4b1 K1a4c K1a4d K1a5 K1a6 K1a7 8 K1a7 K1a8 K1a8a K1a9 K1a10 K1a11 K1a12 K1a12a K1b K1b1 K1b1a K1b1a1 K1b1b K1b1c K1b2 K1b2a K1b2b K1c K1c1 K1c1a K1c1b K1c2 K1o K2 K2a K2a1 K2a1a K2a2 K2a2a K2a3 K2a4 K2a5 K2a6 K2b K2b1 K2b1a K2cGenetic traits EditA study involving Caucasian patients showed that individuals classified as haplogroup J or K demonstrated a significant decrease in risk of Parkinson s disease versus individuals carrying the most common haplogroup H 46 In popular culture EditSee also List of haplogroups of historic people In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Katrine On an 18 November 2005 broadcast of the Today Show during an interview with Dr Spencer Wells of The National Geographic Genographic Project host Katie Couric was revealed to belong to haplogroup K 47 48 On 14 August 2007 Stephen Colbert was told by geneticist Spencer Wells that he is a member of this haplogroup during a segment on The Colbert Report Henry Louis Gates Jr states that Meryl Streep belongs to Haplogroup K in his book Faces of America 49 See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup K mtDNA Genealogical DNA test Genetic genealogy Haplogroup K1a1b1a mtDNA Human mitochondrial genetics Population genetics Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroupPhylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA mtDNA haplogroups Mitochondrial Eve L L0 L1 6 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6M N CZ D E G Q O A S R I W X YC Z B F R0 pre JT P UHV JT KH V J TReferences Edit Behar et al 2012 haplogroup org a b van Oven Mannis Manfred Kayser 13 Oct 2008 Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation Human Mutation 30 2 E386 E394 doi 10 1002 humu 20921 PMID 18853457 S2CID 27566749 A Gonzalez et al The mitochondrial lineage U8a reveals a Paleolithic settlement in the Basque country BMC Genomics 2006 Gonzalez Ana M 2006 The mitochondrial lineage U8a reveals a Paleolithic settlement in the Basque country BMC Genomics 7 124 doi 10 1186 1471 2164 7 124 PMC 1523212 PMID 16719915 Waldman Shamam Backenroth Daniel et al 30 November 2022 Genome wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre dated the 14th century Cell 185 Supplemental Data S1 p 48 doi 10 1016 j cell 2022 11 002 Waldman Shamam Backenroth Daniel et al 30 November 2022 Genome wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre dated the 14th century Cell 185 Supplemental Data S1 p 33 doi 10 1016 j cell 2022 11 002 Brook Kevin Alan 2022 The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews Academic Studies Press p 15 ISBN 978 1644699843 Richards Martin B Pereira Luisa Soares Pedro Carr Martin Macaulay Vincent Eng Ken Khong Woodward Scott R Hatina Jiri Naumova Oksana Rychkov Sergei Perego Ugo A Achilli Alessandro Olivieri Anna Fernandes Veronica Pala Maria Pereira Joana B Costa Marta D 8 October 2013 A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages Nature Communications 4 2543 Bibcode 2013NatCo 4 2543C doi 10 1038 ncomms3543 PMC 3806353 PMID 24104924 Brook Kevin Alan 2022 The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews Academic Studies Press p 75 ISBN 978 1644699843 Brook Kevin Alan 2022 The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews Academic Studies Press p 77 ISBN 978 1644699843 Brook Kevin Alan 2022 The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews Academic Studies Press p 73 74 ISBN 978 1644699843 Behar Doron M Metspalu E Kivisild T et al March 2006 The matrilineal ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry portrait of a recent founder event American Journal of Human Genetics 78 3 487 97 doi 10 1086 500307 PMC 1380291 PMID 16404693 Dubut Vincent 2003 mtDNA polymorphisms in five French groups importance of regional sampling European Journal of Human Genetics 12 4 293 300 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201145 PMID 14694359 a b Lucia Simoni Francesc Calafell Davide Pettener Jaume Bertranpetit and Guido Barbujani Geographic Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in Europe American Journal of Human Genetics vol 66 2000 pp 262 278 GenBank Accession number JX153625 1 GenBank Accession number KY410196 1 GenBank Accession number MG952853 1 GenBank Accession number KC847159 1 GenBank Accession number KT697998 1 GenBank Accession number KT698038 1 GenBank Accession number KT698035 1 GenBank Accession number HQ342147 1 GenBank Accession number MF929062 1 GenBank Accession number MG952847 1 GenBank Accession number KY410181 1 Skorecki Karl Quintana Murci Lluis Pergola Sergio Della Kaplan Matthew Rosengarten Dror David Gurwitz Richards Martin Bonne Tamir Batsheva Villems Richard Garrigan Daniel Hammer Michael F Behar Doron M 1 May 2004 MtDNA evidence for a genetic bottleneck in the early history of the Ashkenazi Jewish population European Journal of Human Genetics 12 5 355 364 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201156 PMID 14722586 GenBank Accession number EU600367 1 GenBank Accession number EU600361 1 a b c d e f g h Non Amy ANALYSES OF GENETIC DATA WITHIN AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FRAMEWORK TO INVESTIGATE RECENT HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND COMPLEX DISEASE PDF University of Florida Retrieved 17 April 2016 a b c Asmahan Bekada Lara R Arauna Tahria Deba Francesc Calafell Soraya Benhamamouch David Comas September 24 2015 Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations PLOS ONE 10 9 e0138453 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1038453B doi 10 1371 journal pone 0138453 PMC 4581715 PMID 26402429 S5 Table Miroslava Derenko Boris Malyarchuk Tomasz Grzybowski et al 2007 Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations Am J Hum Genet 2007 81 1025 1041 doi 10 1086 522933 Derenko M Malyarchuk B Denisova G Perkova M Rogalla U et al 2012 Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe PLoS ONE 7 2 e32179 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0032179 Rishishwar L Jordan IK 2017 Implications of human evolution and admixture for mitochondrial replacement therapy BMC Genomics 18 1 140 doi 10 1186 s12864 017 3539 3 PMC 5299762 PMID 28178941 CAS 181 191 202 Los Cascajos Navarre https docs google com spreadsheets d 1xfeK8HvVjkCY7mKj3WEKAjapAqltooWJMptY0nStKbo edit gid 1942507897 amp range B4875 Fernandez Dominguez Eva 16 December 2005 Polimorfismos de DNA mitocondrial en poblaciones antiguas de la cuenca mediterranea Universitat de Barcelona ISBN 9788468964799 Retrieved 19 October 2017 W Haak et al Ancient DNA from the First European Farmers in 7500 Year Old Neolithic Sites Science vol 310 no 5750 2005 pp 1016 1018 B Bramanti Ancient DNA Genetic analysis of aDNA from sixteen skeletons of the Vedrovice Anthropologie vol 46 l no 2 3 2008 pp 153 160 B Bramanti et al Genetic Discontinuity Between Local Hunter Gatherers and Central Europe s First Farmers Science published online 3 Sep 2009 Luca Ermini et al Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman Current Biology vol 18 no 21 30 October 2008 pp 1687 1693 Endicott et al Genotyping human ancient mtDNA control and coding region polymorphisms with a multiplexed Single Base Extension assay the singular maternal history of the Tyrolean Iceman BMC Genetics vol 10 no 29 19 June 2009 J Tomczyk et al Anthropological Analysis of the Osteological Material from an Ancient Tomb Early Bronze Age from the Middle Euphrates Valley Terqa Syria International Journal of Osteoarchaeology published online ahead of print 2010 Andre Marion et Gerard Lucotte L Eglise Le linceul de Turin et la tunique d Argenteuil Paris Presses de la Renaissance 2006 ISBN 978 2 7509 0204 9 Lucotte Gerard December 2016 The Mitochondrial DNA Mitotype of Sainte Marie Madeleine PDF International Journal of Sciences 5 12 Retrieved 16 February 2017 Sirak Kendra Frenandes Daniel Novak Mario Van Gerven Dennis Pinhasi Ron 2016 Abstract Book of the IUAES Inter Congress 2016 A community divided Revealing the community genome s of Medieval Kulubnarti using next generation sequencing Abstract Book of the Iuaes Inter Congress 2016 IUAES 115 Hofmanova Zuzana Kreutzer Susanne Hellenthal Garrett Sell Christian Diekmann Yoan Diez del Molino David van Dorp Lucy Lopez Saioa Kousathanas Athanasios Link Vivian Kirsanow Karola Cassidy Lara M Martiniano Rui Strobel Melanie Scheu Amelie Kotsakis Kostas Halstead Paul Triantaphyllou Sevi Kyparissi Apostolika Nina Urem Kotsou Dushka Ziota Christina Adaktylou Fotini Gopalan Shyamalika Bobo Dean M Winkelbach Laura Blocher Jens Unterlander Martina Leuenberger Christoph Cilingiroglu Ciler Horejs Barbara Gerritsen Fokke Shennan Stephen J Bradley Daniel G Currat Mathias Veeramah Krishna R Wegmann Daniel Thomas Mark G Papageorgopoulou Christina Burger Joachim 2016 Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 25 6886 6891 doi 10 1073 pnas 1523951113 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 4922144 PMID 27274049 Schuenemann Verena J et al 2017 Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub Saharan African ancestry in post Roman periods Nature Communications 8 15694 Bibcode 2017NatCo 815694S doi 10 1038 ncomms15694 PMC 5459999 PMID 28556824 Fregel et al 2018 Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe bioRxiv 10 1101 191569 van der Walt Joelle M Nicodemus Kristin K Martin Eden R Scott William K Nance Martha A Watts Ray L Hubble Jean P Haines Jonathan L Koller William C Lyons Kelly Pahwa Rajesh Stern Matthew B Colcher Amy Hiner Bradley C Jankovic Joseph Ondo William G Allen Jr Fred H Goetz Christopher G Small Gary W Mastaglia Frank Stajich Jeffrey M McLaurin Adam C Middleton Lefkos T Scott Burton L Schmechel Donald E Pericak Vance Margaret A Vance Jeffery M 2003 Mitochondrial Polymorphisms Significantly Reduce the Risk of Parkinson Disease The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 4 804 811 doi 10 1086 373937 ISSN 0002 9297 PMC 1180345 PMID 12618962 Okwu Michael November 18 2005 Family tree project helps trace deep history The Today Show NBC Universal Retrieved July 27 2021 Slatalla Michelle October 25 2007 Marie Antoinette Is That You The New York Times Retrieved July 27 2021 Gates Henry Louis Jr 2010 Faces of America How 12 Extraordinary People Discovered their Pasts NYU Press p 49 ISBN 978 0 8147 3265 6 Behar DM van Owen M Rosset Metspalu M et al 2012 A Copernican reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root Am J Hum Genet 90 4 675 684 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2012 03 002 PMC 3322232 PMID 22482806 Soares P Ermini L Thomson N Mormina M Rito T Rohl A Salas A Oppenheimer S et al 2009 Correcting for Purifying Selection An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock American Journal of Human Genetics 84 6 740 59 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2009 05 001 PMC 2694979 PMID 19500773 External links EditGeneral Mannis van Oven s Phylotree Haplogroup K Spread of Haplogroup K from National Geographic Eupedia Haplogroup K page mtDNA Haplogroup K Project at Family Tree DNA Danish Demes Regional DNA Project mtDNA Haplogroup K permanent dead link Ian Logan s Mitochondrial DNA Site Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Haplogroup K mtDNA amp oldid 1125273808, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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