Bashkortostan
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
Bashkortostan (Bashkir: Башҡортостан; Russian: Башкортостан), officially the Republic of Bashkortostan,[note 1] also known as Bashkiria,[note 2] is a republic of Russia located between the Volga and the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. It covers 143,600 square kilometres (55,400 square miles) and has a population of 4 million. It is the seventh-most populous federal subject in Russia and the most populous republic.[13] Its capital and largest city is Ufa.
Republic of Bashkortostan Республика Башкортостан | |
|---|---|
| Official titular nation transcription(s) | |
| • Bashkir | Башҡортостан Республикаһы |
| Anthem: "State Anthem of the Republic of Bashkortostan"[2] | |
| Coordinates: 54°28′N 56°16′E / 54.467°N 56.267°ECoordinates: 54°28′N 56°16′E / 54.467°N 56.267°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal district[1] | Volga |
| Economic region[3] | Ural |
| Capital | Ufa[4] |
| Government | |
| • Type | State Assembly-Kurultay[5] |
| • Head[5] | Radiy Khabirov[6] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 142,947 km2 (55,192 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 4,091,423 |
| • Rank | 7th |
| • Density | 28.62/km2 (74.1/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 61.8% |
| • Rural | 38.2% |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (MSK+2[9]) |
| ISO 3166 code | RU-BA |
| Vehicle registration | 02, 102, 702 |
| Official language(s) | Bashkir[10] • Russian[11] |
| Website | http://www.bashkortostan.ru/ |
Bashkortostan was established on 28 November [O.S. 15 November] 1917.[14][15][16] On 20 March 1919 it was transformed into the Bashkir ASSR,[17] the first autonomous republic in the Russian SFSR.[18][19][20] On 11 October 1990, it adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty. In the Constitution of Bashkortostan and Constitution of Russia, Bashkortostan is defined as a state.[21][22]
Terminology
The name "Bashkortostan" derives from the name of the Bashkir ethnic group. While the root of the name is Turkic (being a combination of 'baş', which in Turkish can mean head, chief, main, principal and "qort" meaning wolf, one of the animals regarded as sacred to Turkic peoples);[citation needed] the suffix -stan is Persian, common to many Eurasian territorial names. The Bashkirs speak the Bashkir language, which belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic language group.
History
The first settlements in the territory of modern Bashkortostan date from the early Paleolithic period, but the Bronze Age spurred an upsurge in the population of this territory.[23] When people of the Abashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in the Southern Urals.
Bashkortostan takes its name from its native people, the Bashkirs. The Slavonic name of the country, Bashkiriya, formed at the end of the 16th century. Originally it appeared in the forms Bashkir land, Bashkir, Bashkirda and Bashkir horde. The ethnonym Bashkirs first became known in the 7th century. In the 10th century, Al-Balkhi wrote about Bashkirs as a people, divided into two groups, one of which inhabited the Southern Urals, while the other lived near the Danube River, close to the boundaries of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste described the Bashkirs as "an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountain ridge between Volga, Kama, Tobol and upstream of Yaik River".
Mausoleum of Turahan, 14th-century building.
Bashkirs near Hamburg during the Napoleonic Wars, c. 1813.
The Red Army cavalry unit, made up of Bashkirs, Russian Civil War, 1919.
After the early-feudal Mongolian state had broken down in the 14th century, the territory of modern Bashkortostan became divided between the Kazan and Siberia Khanates and the Nogai Horde. The tribes that lived there were headed by bi (tribal heads). After Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible in 1554–1555, representatives of western and northwestern Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join Muscovy.[citation needed]
Starting from the second half of the 16th century, Bashkiria's territory began taking shape as a part of the Russian state. In 1798 the Spiritual Assembly of Russian Muslims was established, an indication that the tsarist government recognized the rights of Bashkirs, Tatars, and other Muslim nations to profess Islam and perform religious rituals. Ufa Governorate (guberniya), with a center in Ufa, was formed in 1865—another step towards territorial identification.
After the Russian Revolution of 1917 were All-Bashkir Qoroltays (conventions) on which a decision on the need to create a national federal republic within Russia. As a result, on 28 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (Central) Shuro (Council) proclaimed the establishment of territorial and national autonomy in areas of Orenburg, Perm, Samara, and Ufa provinces with a predominantly Bashkir population.
In December 1917, delegates to the All-Bashkir (constituent) Congress, representing the interests of the population edge of all nationalities, voted unanimously for the resolution (Farman #2) of the Bashkir regional Shuro for the proclamation of national-territorial autonomy (of the Republic) Bashkurdistan. The congress formed the government of Bashkurdistan, the Pre-parliament—Kese-Qoroltay and other bodies of power and administration, and decisions were made on how to proceed.
In March 1919, based on the agreements of the Russian Government with the Bashkir Government was formed Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the Soviet period, Bashkiria was granted broad autonomous rights—the first among other Russian regions. The administrative structure of the Bashkir ASSR was based on principles similar to those of other autonomous republics of Russia.
On 11 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Republic adopted the declaration on state sovereignty of the Bashkir ASSR. On 25 February 1992, the Bashkir ASSR was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan.
On 31 March 1992, a Federative Compact "On separation of authorities and powers among federal organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed. On 3 August 1994,[24] a Compact "On separation of authorities and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed, granting the republic autonomy. This agreement was abolished on 7 July 2005.[25]
Geography
Bashkortostan contains part of the southern Urals and the adjacent plains.
Shihan Toratau. Single hills are popular symbols of Bashkortostan.
Atysh waterfall
Bashkir horses near Yakty-Kul lake
Autumn Yamantau
- Area: 143,600 square kilometers (55,400 sq mi) (according to the 2002 Census)
- Borders: Bashkortostan borders with Perm Krai (N), Sverdlovsk Oblast (NE), Chelyabinsk Oblast (NE/E/SE), Orenburg Oblast (SE/S/SW), the Republic of Tatarstan (W), and the Udmurt Republic (NW)
- Highest point: Mount Yamantau (1,638 m)
- Maximum North-South distance: 550 km
- Maximum East-West distance: over 430 km
Rivers
There are over 13,000 rivers in the republic. Many rivers are part of the deepwater transportation system of European Russia; they provide access to ports of the Baltic and Black seas.
Major rivers include:
- Belaya (Aghidhel) River (1,430 km)
- Ufa (Qaraidel) River (918 km)
- Sakmara River (760 km)
- Ik (Iq) River (571 km)
- Dyoma (Dim) River (556 km)
- Ay River (549 km)
- Yuruzan River (404 km)
- Bystry Tanyp River (345 km)
- Sim River (239 km)
- Nugush River (235 km)
- Tanalyk River (225 km)
- Zilim (Yethem) River (215 km)
- Syun River (209 km)
Lakes
There are 2,700 lakes and reservoirs in the republic. Major lakes and reservoirs include:
- Asylykül Lake (23.5 km2)
- Qandrykül Lake (15.6 km2)
- Urgun Lake (12.0 km2)
- Pavlovskoye Reservoir (120.0 km2)
- Nugushkoye Reservoir (25.2 km2)
Mountains
The Republic contains part of the southern Urals, which stretch from the northern to the southern border. The highest mountains include:
- Mount Yamantau (1,638 m)
- Mount Bolshoy Iremel (1,582 m)
- Mount Maly Iremel (1,449 m)
- Mount Arwyakryaz (1,068 m)
- Mount Zilmerdaq (909 m)
- Mount Alataw (845 m)
- Mount Yurmataw (842 m)
Natural resources
The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of the richest territories of Russia in mineral resources with deposits of some 3,000 mineral resources. Bashkortostan is rich in crude oil reserves, and is one of the principal centers of oil extraction in the Russian Federation. Other major resources are natural gas, coal, ferrous metal ores, manganese, chromite, iron ores, non-ferrous metals ores (lead, tungsten), non-metallic ores (rock crystal, fluorite, Iceland spar, sulfide pyrites, barite, silicates, silica, asbestos, talcum), deposits of precious and semi-precious stones and natural stones (malachite, jade, granite).
The republic has enough mineral resources to provide its power and fuel complex as well as petrochemical, chemical, agro-industrial complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, glass-making and ceramic branches with raw materials.
Bashkortostan is one of the major raw materials bases for Russia non-ferrous metallurgy. The republic has good deposits of lignite with a high degree of bitumen. This lignite can be used for obtaining a variety of different chemical products like resins, surface-active substances, gummy fertilizers, and other stimulants for plant growth. Mining-chemical raw materials (rock salt, lime, phosphorites, barytes, etc.) are quite substantial, and are utilized in the republic economy.
Bashkortostan is also rich in woods. The total territory covered with forests is about 62,000 square kilometres (24,000 sq mi). More than one third of the republic territory is covered with woods. The following types of trees dominate: birch tree, conifers, lime, oak, and maple. The general stock of timber according to some evaluation is 717.9 million m3. Bashkortostan forests have special sanctuaries and national parks. They cover more than 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi).
Bashkortostan is also rich in springs and sources of mineral, medicinal, and drinking water.
The Asselian Age at the start of the Permian Period of geological time is named after the Assel River in Bashkortostan.[26]
Climate
- Average annual temperature: +0.3 °C (32.5 °F) (mountains) to +2.8 °C (37.0 °F) (plains)
- Average January temperature: −16 °C (3 °F)
- Average July temperature: +18 °C (64 °F)
Administrative divisions
Politics
The head of the government of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the Head (before 1 January 2015 the title was called "President"[27]). According to the Constitution, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan guarantees rights and liberties of the country's people and citizens, protects economic and political interests of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and secures legitimacy, law, and order within its territory.
Since 11 October 2018, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan has been Radiy Khabirov. He was first appointed as acting head by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. In 2019 he was officially elected after winning 82% of the vote in the 2019 Bashkir head election. The next election will be in 2024. Before his current role, Radiy Khabirov was the Head of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast. His predecessor was Rustem Khamitov who was the leader since 19 July 2010. He resigned on 11 October 2018 ahead of the election because he personally decided to not run for re-election.[28]
The Republic's parliament is the State Assembly—Kurultai, popularly elected every five years. The one-chamber State Assembly has 110 deputies.
The Republic's Constitution was adopted on 24 December 1993. Article 1 of the Constitution stipulates that Bashkortostan is a sovereign state within Russia, it has state power beyond the limits of authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation concerning the aspect of the joint authority of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a full-fledged subject of the Russian Federation on equal and agreed bases.[citation needed]
The relations of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation are at present based on the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Federative Treaty (with amendments) and the Agreement on Separation of authorities and powers and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
The judicial power of the republic is in the hands of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, District Courts, and justices of the peace.
In full accord with universally recognized principles of international law, articles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Bashkortostan ensures in its Constitution that local self-government is recognized and guaranteed within the republic's territory.[citation needed]
The Republic of Bashkortostan resolves all issues of administrative-territorial structure on its own. The list of districts and towns, municipalities, as well as the order of establishing, amending and changing borders of municipalities and their names, are stipulated by the Republic of Bashkortostan law "On administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Bashkortostan and territory of municipalities".
The state has strong economic and cultural ties with its western neighbour, the Republic of Tatarstan.[29][30][31]
Economy
Bashkortostan is one of the most developed regions of the Russian Federation in terms of its cross regional output, the volume of industrial production, agricultural production, and investment in fixed assets.
The largest companies in the region include Bashneft (revenues of $9.57 billion in 2017), Ufa Engine Industrial Association (part of United Engine Corporation; $1.26 billion), Peton Holding ($1.04 billion), Bashkhim ($857 million), Ufaorgsintez ($473.07 million), Beloretsk Iron and Steel Works ($409.65 million).[32]
The extraction of crude oil in Bashkiria began in 1932. At the end of 1943 large crude oil deposits were discovered.[by whom?] During the Great Patriotic War of 1941 to 1945, Bashkiria became one of the major regions of the Soviet Union to accommodate plants and factories evacuated from Western Russia, as well as great masses of people, while also providing the country with weaponry, fuel, and foodstuffs. After the war, a number of industries developed further in Bashkiria, such as mining (Bakr-Tay and Blyavinsky copper mines), machine-building and (especially) oil-refining. Bashkiria's industry became a solid base for the further economic growth of all European outlying territories of Russia.
The economy of Bashkortostan, being one of the largest industrial centers of Russia, is very diverse. Bashkortostan has a large agricultural sector. But the republic's most important industry is chemical processing; Bashkortostan produces more oil than any other region of Russia, about 26 million tons annually, and provides 17% of the country's gasoline and 15% of its diesel fuel. Other important products manufactured in Bashkortostan include alcohols, pesticides, and plastics.
Bashkortostan's gross regional product (GRP) in 2016 was 1.34 trillion rubles,[33] making the republic the subject with the ninth-highest GRP in Russia. The state had a positive trade balance, with $13.7 billion exported and $1.2 billion imported in 2013.[34] 82.9% of enterprises in Bashkortostan are profitable,[35] higher than the nationwide average of 68.42%. Bashkortostan has been recognized as the subject with the lowest economic risk.[36][37]
Bashkortostan is among the leaders in real estate development,[38] developed electric power industry[39] and tourism.[40]
According to Forbes, Ufa is the best city in Russia for business among cities with a population of over one million (2013).[41]
Structure of GRP
GRP structure of Bashkortostan for 2013.[42]
| Sector | % |
|---|---|
| Manufacturing | 36.2 |
| Wholesale and retail trade | 16.7 |
| Transport and communications | 7.3 |
| Real estate transactions | 7 |
| Construction | 6.9 |
| Agriculture | 6.5 |
| Education | 4.1 |
| Healthcare and social services | 4.1 |
| State management and social insurance | 3.8 |
| Mining | 2.8 |
| Production of electricity, gas, water | 2.4 |
| Hotels and restaurants | 1.1 |
| Other | 1.1 |
- Some industrial products of Bashkortostan
Nefaz-VDL bus of Neftekamsk Automotive Plant.
Tourism
The development of tourism in Bashkortostan is regulated by the main provisions of the Program ..., regulatory and legal documents of the Russian Federation, as well as the "Concept for the development of tourist and recreational clusters in the Republic of Bashkortostan until 2030". Today, a lot of work continues to develop tourism and hospitality on the territory of the tourist and recreational cluster "North-East" of the Republic of Bashkortostan on the basis of the innovative scientific, educational and industrial infrastructure of the Geopark "Yangan-Tau".[43] The development of tourism and hospitality is possible on the basis of a multifunctional multidisciplinary center based on the Yangan-Tau and Toratau Geoparks (figures 1, 2). The Yangan-Tau Geopark was created in Bashkiria on October 18, 2017; it is the only one among the CIS countries that is included in the UNESCO Global Geoparks network. "Toratau" was created by the decree of the head of the region in December 2018. Then the authorities announced that the Geopark could become part of the UNESCO network, and a nomination dossier is currently being prepared.[44]
Demographics
Settlements
Largest cities or towns in Bashkortostan 2010 Russian Census | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Administrative Division | Pop. | |||||||
| Ufa Sterlitamak | 1 | Ufa | Ufimsky District | 1,062,319 | Salavat Neftekamsk | ||||
| 2 | Sterlitamak | Sterlitamaksky District | 273,486 | ||||||
| 3 | Salavat | City of republic significance of Salavat | 156,095 | ||||||
| 4 | Neftekamsk | City of republic significance of Neftekamsk | 121,733 | ||||||
| 5 | Oktyabrsky | City of republic significance of Oktyabrsky | 109,474 | ||||||
| 6 | Beloretsk | Beloretsky District | 68,806 | ||||||
| 7 | Tuymazy | Tuymazinsky District | 66,836 | ||||||
| 8 | Ishimbay | Ishimbaysky District | 66,259 | ||||||
| 9 | Kumertau | Town of republic significance of Kumertau | 62,851 | ||||||
| 10 | Sibay | Town of republic significance of Sibay | 62,763 | ||||||
Population development
| Year | Population |
|---|---|
| 1897 | 1,991,000 |
| 1913 | 2,811,000 |
| 1926 | 2,547,000 |
| 1939 | 3,158,000 |
| 1959 | 3,340,000 |
| 1970 | 3,818,000 |
| 1979 | 3,849,000 |
| 1989 | 3,950,482[45] |
| 2002 | 4,104,336[46] |
| 2010 | 4,072,292[13] |
| 2021 | 4,091,423[8] |
Vital statistics
- Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
| Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 3,817 | 63,498 | 28,004 | 35,494 | 16.6 | 7.3 | 9.3 | |
| 1975 | 3,825 | 63,096 | 31,802 | 31,294 | 16.5 | 8.3 | 8.2 | |
| 1980 | 3,850 | 67,743 | 36,067 | 31,676 | 17.6 | 9.4 | 8.2 | |
| 1985 | 3,868 | 76,839 | 39,101 | 37,738 | 19.9 | 10.1 | 9.8 | |
| 1990 | 3,952 | 63,899 | 38,157 | 25,742 | 16.2 | 9.7 | 6.5 | |
| 1991 | 3,975 | 58,240 | 39,638 | 18,602 | 14.7 | 10.0 | 4.7 | |
| 1992 | 4,005 | 53,271 | 43,539 | 9,732 | 13.3 | 10.9 | 2.4 | |
| 1993 | 4,030 | 46,772 | 50,738 | -3,966 | 11.6 | 12.6 | -1.0 | |
| 1994 | 4,050 | 47,296 | 54,267 | -6,971 | 11.7 | 13.4 | -1.7 | |
| 1995 | 4,074 | 45,622 | 51,734 | -6,112 | 11.2 | 12.7 | -1.5 | |
| 1996 | 4,091 | 45,228 | 49,600 | -4,372 | 11.1 | 12.1 | -1.1 | |
| 1997 | 4,103 | 43,776 | 49,354 | -5,578 | 10.7 | 12.0 | -1.4 | |
| 1998 | 4,113 | 44,465 | 48,470 | -4,005 | 10.8 | 11.8 | -1.0 | |
| 1999 | 4,119 | 41,368 | 52,608 | -11,240 | 10.0 | 12.8 | -2.7 | |
| 2000 | 4,117 | 41,642 | 53,550 | -11,908 | 10.1 | 13.0 | -2.9 | |
| 2001 | 4,112 | 42,793 | 55,001 | -12,208 | 10.4 | 13.4 | -3.0 | |
| 2002 | 4,104 | 45,481 | 57,836 | -12,355 | 11.1 | 14.1 | -3.0 | |
| 2003 | 4,095 | 45,583 | 58,237 | -12,654 | 11.1 | 14.2 | -3.1 | |
| 2004 | 4,084 | 45,733 | 57,726 | -11,993 | 11.2 | 14.1 | -2.9 | |
| 2005 | 4,074 | 44,094 | 57,787 | -13,693 | 10.8 | 14.2 | -3.4 | |
| 2006 | 4,064 | 45,055 | 55,319 | -10,264 | 11.1 | 13.6 | -2.5 | |
| 2007 | 4,060 | 51,453 | 55,144 | -3,691 | 12.7 | 13.6 | -0.9 | |
| 2008 | 4,059 | 54,493 | 55,568 | -1,075 | 13.4 | 13.7 | -0.3 | |
| 2009 | 4,062 | 55,587 | 53,227 | 2,360 | 13.7 | 13.1 | 0.6 | 1,74 |
| 2010 | 4,067 | 57,093 | 54,457 | 2,636 | 14.0 | 13.4 | 0.6 | 1,77 |
| 2011 | 4,072 | 55,806 | 54,432 | 1,374 | 13.7 | 13.4 | 0.3 | 1,74 |
| 2012 | 4,064 | 59,180 | 53,624 | 5,556 | 14.6 | 13.2 | 1.4 | 1.86 |
| 2013 | 4,065 | 59,260 | 53,346 | 5,914 | 14.6 | 13.1 | 1.5 | 1.89 |
| 2014 | 4,071 | 60,239 | 53,509 | 6,730 | 14.8 | 13.1 | 1.7 | 1.95 |
| 2015 | 4,072 | 59,196 | 54,107 | 5,087 | 14.5 | 13.3 | 1.2 | 1.94 |
| 2016 | 4,069 | 55,708 | 52,283 | 3,425 | 13.7 | 12.8 | 0.9 | 1.86 |
| 2017 | 4 065 | 49,260 | 50,261 | -1,001 | 12.1 | 12.3 | -0.2 | 1.70 |
| 2018 | 47,044 | 50,473 | -3,429 | 11.6 | 12.4 | -0.8 | 1.65 | |
| 2019 | 42,031 | 49,195 | -7,164 | 10.4 | 12.2 | -1.8 | 1.51 | |
| 2020 | 41,043 | 60,211 | -19,168 | 10.2 | 15.0 | -4.8 | 1.52 |
Note: Total fertility rate source.[47]
Ethnic groups
Bashkirs as the indigenous (autochthonal) peoples of Bashkortostan have the sole rights to self-determination.[48][49][50] According to the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition was:[51]
- Russians 37.5%
- Bashkirs 31.5%
- Volga Tatars 24.2%
- Mari 2.1%
- Chuvash 2.0%
- Udmurts 0.4%
- Ukrainians 0.4%
| Ethnic group | 1920 Census | 1926 Census | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census | 2021 Census1 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Bashkirs | 807,213 | 40.13% | 625,845 | 23.5% | 671,188 | 21.2% | 737,744 | 22.1% | 892,248 | 23.4% | 935,880 | 24.3% | 863,808 | 21.9% | 1,221,302 | 29.8% | 1,172,287 | 29.5% | 1,268,806 | 31.5% |
| Russians | 794,131 | 39.48% | 1,064,707 | 39.9% | 1,281,347 | 40.6% | 1,418,147 | 42.4% | 1,546,304 | 40.5% | 1,547,893 | 40.3% | 1,548,291 | 39.3% | 1,490,715 | 36.3% | 1,432,906 | 36.1% | 1,509,246 | 37.5% |
| Tatars | 103,928 | 5.17% | 461,871 | 17.3% | 777,230 | 24.6% | 768,566 | 23.0% | 944,505 | 24.7% | 940,436 | 24.5% | 1,120,702 | 28.4% | 990,702 | 24.1% | 1,009,295 | 25.4% | 974,533 | 24.2% |
| Mari | 84,809 | 4.22% | 79,298 | 3.0% | 90,163 | 2.9% | 93,902 | 2.8% | 109,638 | 2.9% | 106,793 | 2.8% | 105,768 | 2.7% | 105,829 | 2.6% | 103,658 | 2.6% | 84,988 | 2.1% |
| Chuvash | 47,929 | 2.38% | 84,886 | 3.2% | 106,892 | 3.4% | 109,970 | 3.3% | 126,638 | 3.3% | 122,344 | 3.2% | 118,509 | 3.0% | 117,317 | 2.9% | 107,450 | 2.7% | 79,950 | 2.0% |
| Udmurts | 23,907 | 1.32% | 23,256 | 0.9% | 25,103 | 0.8% | 25,388 | 0.8% | 27,918 | 0.7% | 25,906 | 0.7% | 23,696 | 0.6% | 22,625 | 0.6% | 21,477 | 0.5% | 17,149 | 0.4% |
| Ukrainians | 57,024 | 2.84% | 76,710 | 2.9% | 99,289 | 3.1% | 83,594 | 2.5% | 76,005 | 2.0% | 75,571 | 2.0% | 74,990 | 1.9% | 55,249 | 1.3% | 39,875 | 1.0% | 14,876 | 0.4% |
| Others | 5,103 | 0.12% | 249,263 | 9.3% | 107,757 | 3.4% | 104,298 | 3.1% | 94,819 | 2.5% | 87,445 | 2.3% | 87,349 | 2.2% | 96,231 | 2.3% | 87,772 | 2.2% | 75,819 | 1.9% |
| 1 66,056 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[52] | ||||||||||||||||||||
Languages
According to the 2021 Census, spoken languages: Russian (97%), Bashkir (23%) and Tatar (20%),.[53]
Religion
Islam is adhered to by a majority of the nation's population[56] of Bashkir and Tatar descent. The Muslims of Bashkortostan follow the Sunni Hanafi school of Islamic law.
Most ethnic Russians, Chuvash, and Ukrainians are Orthodox Christians. Most Mari are Pagan. Non-religious people form a substantial part of any ethnic group in Bashkortostan. There are 13,000 Jews in the republic, with a historic synagogue in Ufa, and a new Jewish Community Center built in 2008.[57]
According to the 2012 Sreda survey which interviewed 56,900 people,[54] 58% of the population of Bashkortostan are Muslim, 17% adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Orthodox churches, and 2% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), the Mari native religion, Chuvash Vattisen Yaly or Tengrism. In addition, 4% of the population declare to be "spiritual but not religious", 5% are atheist, and 7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[54] Note, however, that this survey has been criticized as biased. It was conducted by the service "Sreda", which has ties to the Christian organizations.[58]
In 2010, there were over 1,000 mosques in Bashkortostan,[59] 200 Orthodox churches and 60 religious buildings of other confessions.[60]
Education
About sixty scientific organizations are active in the republic. Fundamental and applied scientific research is underway at twelve institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, twenty-nine institutes of different branches of industry, as well as numerous design bureaus and organizations, universities, and colleges.
The country's system of popular education took shape over many centuries and reflects the Bashkir people's folklore, national customs, and traditions. When Islam spread in Bashkiria in the 10th century, an educational system began to emerge gradually— primarily religious schools operated under the supervision of mosques (maktabeh and madrasah).
In addition, many institutions of higher education operate in the republic, including branches of 16 leading Russian universities and colleges. Specialists graduate with degrees in about 200 trades and professions.
Sport
Russian Premier League football club FC Ufa is from Ufa. KHL team Salavat Yulaev Ufa plays in the city, as does Supreme Hockey League teams Toros Neftekamsk and HC Gornyak Uchaly, Minor Hockey League team Tolpar Ufa and Russian Women's Hockey League team Agidel. Russian Volleyball Super League team Ural and volleyball team Samrau-UGNTU are from Ufa. Russian Handball Super League team Ugntu-VNZM and Russian Women's Handball Super League team Ufa-Alisa are from Ufa. Formula One driver Daniil Kvyat hails from Ufa. It was decided in 2018 to revive bandy.[61][62][63] There are even preliminary plans for building an indoor arena.[64]
Culture
Bashkortostan is home to song and dance companies, a network of national theaters, museums, and libraries, and a number of annual folk festivals. The republic has seven Bashkir, four Russian, and two Tatar State Drama Theaters, a State Opera and Ballet Theater, a National Symphony Orchestra, "Bashkortostan" film studio, thirty philharmonic collectives, and the Bashkir State Folk Dance Ensemble.
The Bashkir School of Dance is well respected,[citation needed] with many students receiving international awards at competitions in Russia and other countries. World-renowned ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev, as a child, was encouraged to dance in Bashkir folk performances, and began his dancing career in Ufa.
Bashkir literature is the literary tradition of the Republic of Bashkortostan.[65][66][67]
There are many museums in the Republic where you can get acquainted with the history of the region. The National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Bashkir Nesterov Art Museum, the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography are the largest of them.
See also
Notes
- ^ /bɑːʃˈkɔːrtoʊstæn/; Bashkir: Башҡортостан Республикаһы, romanized: Bashqortostan Respublikahy;[12] Russian: Республика Башкортостан, romanized: Respublika Bashkortostan, Russian pronunciation: [rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə bəʂkərtɐˈstan]
- ^ Russian: Башкирия, romanized: Bashkiriya, Russian pronunciation: [bɐʂˈkʲirʲɪjə]
References
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Law #10-z
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Article 65
- ^ a b Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Article 6
- ^ "Путин назначил врио глав Курской области и Башкирии". Vedomosti.ru. October 11, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). [Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
- ^ a b "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Article 1
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ "BASHKIR : Cyrillic script" (PDF). Transliteration.eki.ee. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ Национально-государственное устройство Башкортостана, 1917–1925 гг: Общее введение и Том 1 // Билал Хамитович Юлдашбаев, Китап, 2002, ISBN 5295029166, 9785295029165
- ^ Хрестоматия по истории Башкортостана: Документы и материалы с древнейших времен до 1917 года // Фарит Гумеров, "Китап", 2001
- ^ Зулькарнаева Е. З., Кульшарипова Н. М. Фарман. // Башкортостан: краткая энциклопедия. — Уфа: Башкирская энциклопедия, 1996. — С. 603. — 672 с. — ISBN 5-88185-001-7.
- ^ Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987., p. 25
- ^ БСЭ т.4 1950 год стр 347
- ^ Smele, Jonathan D. (November 19, 2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars,1916–1926. Vol. 2. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 179. ISBN 978-1442252806.
- ^ The Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 30. Danbury, Conn. : Grolier. 1984. p. 310. ISBN 0717201155.
- ^ . Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ "Konstitutsiya Respubliki Bashkortostan ot 24 dekabrya 1993 g. N VS-22/15 / Glava 1. Osnovy konstitutsionnogo stroya Respubliki Bashkortostan" Конституция Республики Башкортостан от 24 декабря 1993 г. N ВС-22/15 / Глава 1. Основы конституционного строя Республики Башкортостан [Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan dated December 24, 1993 N ВС-22/15 / Chapter 1. Fundamentals of the constitutional order of the Republic of Bashkortostan]. Constitution/garant/ru (in Russian). Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ "Главархитектура г. Уфы – История г. Уфы". Gorodufa.ru.
- ^ Solnick, Steven (May 29, 1996). (PDF). The National Council for Soviet and East European Research: 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 28, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
- ^ Turner, Cassandra (May 2018). "We Never Said We're Independent": Natural Resources, Nationalism, and the Fight for Political Autonomy in Russia's Regions (Undergraduate thesis). University of Mississippi. p. 49.
As the treaty was not successfully re-approved, Bashkortostan lost its autonomy on July 7th, 2005.
- ^ Lucas, Spencer G.; Zeigler, Kate E., eds. (2005). "The Nonmarine Permian". Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. 30: 48.
- ^ [Parliamentarians of Bashkiria adopted the Law "On the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan"]. Bashinform.ru (in Russian). December 25, 2014. Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
- ^ "Glava Bashkirii Khamitov ushel v otstavku" Глава Башкирии Хамитов ушел в отставку [Head of Bashkiria Khamitov resigned]. Interfax.ru (in Russian).
- ^ [View Publication : Republic of Tatarstan] (in Russian). Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ "IslamRF.ru: Татарстан и Башкортостан в первой половине 2012–го года: от альянса в экономике к сотрудничеству в сферах языка и религии". Islamrf.ru. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ . Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО. СБИС (in Russian). Retrieved October 20, 2018.
- ^ "ВРП Башкирии в 2014 году преодолел новый рубеж — 1,3 трлн рублей". Bashinform.ru. March 12, 2015.
- ^ "Республика Башкортостан в цифрах и фактах". Pobashkirii.ru. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
- ^ "РЕЙТИНГ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ СУБЪЕКТОВ РФ ИТОГИ 2014 ГОДА" (PDF). Vid1..rian.ru. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
- ^ "Вести.Ru: Башкортостан признан регионом с минимальными экономическими рисками". Vesti.ru. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ . Archived from the original on February 8, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
- ^ "Ввод жилья в России – 2014: рейтинг регионов по итогам III квартала". Top-rf.ru. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ . Resbash.ru. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ [Republic of Bashkortostan] (in Russian). Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ "30 luchshikh gorodov dlya biznesa — 2013" 30 лучших городов для бизнеса — 2013 [Top 30 Cities for Business 2013]. Forbes.ru (in Russian). Retrieved March 2, 2022.
- ^ "Валовой региональный продукт - Республика Башкортостан - Российская Федерация - knoema.com". Knoema.
- ^ Serova, O V; Kudinova, G E; Rozenberg, A G; Kudinov, A K; Lazareva, N V (July 1, 2021). "Development of Regional Tourism on the Example of the Republic of Bashkortostan". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 818 (1): 012046. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/818/1/012046. ISSN 1755-1315. S2CID 235918998. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 3.0 license.
- ^ "Развитие двух геопарков в Башкирии оценили в 920 миллионов рублей". РБК (in Russian). Retrieved January 2, 2023.
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ [Publications catalogue::Federal State Statistics Service] (in Russian). Archived from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ "Self-determination and secession in constitutional law, CDL-INF(2000)002, 41st Meeting (Venice, 10–11 December 1999)". Venice Commission.
- ^ See: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 in Wikisource
- ^ See: Chapter I – Purposes and Principles of Charter of the United Nations in Wikisource
- ^ "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
- ^ . Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ Russian Census 2002. 6. Владение языками (кроме русского) населением отдельных национальностей по республикам, автономной области и автономным округам Российской Федерации November 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine(Knowledge of languages other than Russian by the population of republics, autonomous oblast and autonomous districts)(in Russian)
- ^ a b c "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
- ^ . Ogonek. No. 34 (5243). August 27, 2012. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
- ^ . Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
- ^ "Bashkortostan Jews Centered", Dateline World Jewry, World Jewish Congress, July/August 2008
- ^ "Sotsiologicheskiye oprosy "Sredy", ili kto zakazyvayet "magiyu tsifr"?!" Социологические опросы "Среды", или кто заказывает "магию цифр"?! [Opinion polls "Wednesday", or who orders the "magic of numbers"?!]. Ruskline.ru (in Russian). September 6, 2012.
- ^ "Интерфакс-Религия: Говорить о притеснении ислама в России кощунственно, считает Талгат Таджуддин". Interfax-religion.ru. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ "25.08.2010 :: События :: Духовное управление мусульман Республики Башкортостан – Официальный сайт". Dumrb.ru. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ "Google Translate". translate.google.co.uk.
- ^ "Google Translate". translate.google.co.uk. February 26, 2019.
- ^ "Google Translate". translate.google.co.uk.
- ^ "Google Translate". translate.google.co.uk.
- ^ Frank, Allen J. (2012). Bukhara and the Muslims of Russia: Sufism, Education, and the Paradox of Islamic Prestige. Brill. p. 11. ISBN 9789004234901. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
Tatar and Bashkir literary works constitute a particularly rich body of indigenous historical sources of Inner Asia, particularly for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
- ^ Kavanagh, Julie (2011). Nureyev: The Life. Random House. p. 51. ISBN 9780307807342. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
A celebration of Bashkirian Literature and Art to be held in Moscow..
- ^ Barnes, Christopher (2004). Boris Pasternak: A Literary Biography, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780521520737. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
The main themes of the meeting were the discussion of the state of Byelorussian and Bashkirian literature..
Further reading
- Ilishev, Ildus G. (December 1998). "Russian federalism: Political, legal, and ethnolingual aspects — a view from the republic of Bashkortostan". Nationalities Papers. 26 (4): 723–759. doi:10.1080/00905999808408597. S2CID 155083799.
- Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 556–557.
External links
- The centralized portal of the authorities of the Republic of Bashkortostan July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)