Mishmi people
The Mishmi people are an ethnic group of Tibet and Arunachal Pradesh, India. The area is known as the Mishmi Hills.[3] Only one group, called the Deng, occupy Zayu County in southern Tibet.[3]
Mishmi celebrating a festival | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 35,000 approx[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| India | N/A |
| Arunachal Pradesh | N/A |
| China | N/A |
| Tibet Autonomous Region | N/A |
| Languages | |
| Northern Mishmi languages, Southern Mishmi languages | |
| Religion | |
| Animism[2] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Tibetans, Other Sino-Tibetan people | |
The Mishmi-Idu believes that Rukmini-Chief Consort of Lord Krishna belonged to their tribe.[4] The plays and dances on ‘Rukmini haran’ are common. There is a legend that Lord Krishna asked the Mishmi people to cut their hair as a form of punishment for not allowing him to marry Rukmini. Due to this Idu-Mishmi people are also called "chulikata" (chuli-hair, kata- cut).[5] Most of these are considered to be a fabrication. Historians point to the creation of these myths during the propagation of the eksarana-namadharma in the 16th century around Sadiya, which influenced the regional identity of the place.[6] The Mishmis began to identity with the legendary Vaishnava characters created during this period which led to the formation of an alternate identity.[7]
Clans edit
The Mishmi consist of four tribes: Idu Mishmi (Idu Lhoba); Digaro tribe (Taraon, Darang Deng), Miju Mishmi (Kaman Deng), and the Deng Mishmi. The four sub-divisions of the tribe emerged due to the geographical distribution, but racially all the four groups are of the same stock.[3]
The Idu are also known as Yidu Lhoba in Tibet and often referred as Chulikatas in Assam. The Idus are primarily concentrated in the Upper Dibang Valley and Lower Dibang Valley district and parts of the northern part of Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh in India. Taraon, also called Digaru Mishmis, are distributed in the hill and the foothills between the Dibang, Digaru and the Lohit rivers. Kamans are also known as the Miju Mishmis; they live between the Lohit and the Kambang rivers in the foothills and in the Mishmi Hills on both sides of the Lohit river right up to the frontiers to Rima river. There are around 30,000 of them in Arunachal Pradesh.
Distribution edit
They are located in the northeastern tip of the central Arunachal Pradesh in Upper and Lower Dibang Valley, Lohit and Anjaw Districts, all bordering southern Tibet in northeast India.
In China edit
In China, the Mishmi-Idu are classified as Lhoba people.
The Deng people (or Dengba, Chinese transcription of Taraon-Kaman languages: 代巴玫; Chinese: 僜人; Hanyu pinyin: Dèng Rén) live in nine villages in Tibet's Zayu County and virgin forest areas between the Himalayas and the Hengduan Mountains at an elevation of 1000 meters. Bradley (2007) reports 800 ta˧˩ ʒuaŋ˥ (Chinese: Darang Deng) and 200 kɯ˧˩ mɑn˧˥ (Chinese: Geman Deng; known as the Kaman or Miju Mishmi in India) in China, one village in Burma where they are known as Taraung, and the Taraon, Tayin, or Tain (formerly Digaru Mishmi) in northeastern India.[8]
There is little information on this group due to the sensitivity of the region. The last coordinated effort to understand the Mishmi occurred in the year 1985, after the Chinese academy of social sciences dispatched a total of four anthropologists hailing from the institute of Ethnology and Anthropology.[3]
The Deng Mishmi are not officially recognised by the government of People's Republic of China.[3] (Aiyadurai & Lee, 2018) note that instead, "...they are classified as an 'unidentified ethnicity' or 'others', largely due to the nature of a category for characterizing only a handful of people in contemporary China."[3] Many of them have migrated from China to India.[citation needed]
History edit
Under Tibetan Empire (7th century) edit
In ancient Tibetan text, the area resided by the Mishmi called Lhoyu came under Tubo Kingdom or Tibetan Empire by the 7th century C.E.[9]
Conquest by Samlongpha (13th century) edit
In Burmese chronicles, Mishmi country is one of the country occupied by Samlonpha, the first Chao Pha of Mongkawng with the capital in Mogaung in the early 1200s. In the chronicles the Mishmi country is referred to as "Kunung -Kumun".[10]
Contact with Ahoms (16th century) edit
In 1523, upon annexing the Chutia territories, the Ahom king Suhungmung Dihingia Raja came in contact with the hill tribes like Miris, Abors, Mishmis and Daflas.
During the British Raj edit
The beginning of British rule in India with regards to the hill people was generally one of non-interference due to a fear of rebellion from these groups.[3]
However, this policy changed when the British began to realize how important the frontier region of Assam and the adjoining hills (including the Mishmi Hills) were for trade.[3]
According to (Aiyadurai & Lee, 2018), "Another strategic reason to manage such an area was that the British were concerned that if they did not take interest in this region, the Mishmi people would end up becoming 'Chinese' subjects. To win over the local native people, governmental representatives carried with them tea and cigarettes as 'political presents'".[3] Officially, it was not until the murder of Noel Williamson (a political officer) and Dr Gregorson (a tea planter and doctor) that the British began to clamp down on the Mishmi in a show of force and dominance.[3]
The British perceived the Mishmi as something to be contained, and not understood. The Mishmi, in 1882, were labelled as “untouched by any civilizing influences”. The natives in general were typically viewed “as less than human and abominable”.[3]
Creation myth edit
很久以前，世界上一片茫茫大水，德饶高创造了大地，金人阿加尼与老鹰通婚，繁衍成了僜人。
Long ago, the world is a vast-flood. Deraogao created the earth, and the gold-people Ajiani married the eagle. Deng people are their offspring.
It is part of the folklore of the Deng people that their ancestor is Ajiani.[citation needed]
Notes edit
- ^ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Mishmi". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Aug. 2015, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mishmi. Accessed 4 April 2021.
- ^ "the Mishmi as it is connected to their animist religion and tradition"(Mayilvaganan, Bej & Khatoon 2020:108)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Aiyadurai A., & Lee C. S. (2018). "Living on the Sino-Indian Border: The Story of the Mishmis in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India". Asian Ethnology. 76 (2): 367–378 – via Ebsco.
- ^ "A twist in the myth: Rukmini's vague Arunachal connection | the Arunachal Times".
- ^ Roychowdhury, Adrija (29 March 2018). "Fact Check: Did Rukmini come from Arunachal Pradesh? Here is what we know". The Indian Express. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
- ^ "Among many works of Śankaradeva, the Rukmiṇīharaṇa, the poem of Rukmiṇī and Kṛṣṇa, gained considerable popularity in the Sadiya area and influenced its regional identity connstruction. Rukmiṇī, in this poem, was a daughter of king Bhīṣmaka"(Shin 2020:55)
- ^ "Considering the wide popularity of the Rukmiṇīharaṇa among the people, especially as the staged performance, it is not surprising that many toponyms of the area were derived from this Vaiṣṇava legend and the legendary places associated with Bhīṣmaka were reproduced in the local landscape.....Some tribal groups like the Idu Mishmis of the Dibang valley began to link themselves more explicitly with the legendary Vaiṣṇava figure, and this practice led to conscious identity construction."(Shin 2020:57)
- ^ Bradley, David (2007). "Language Endangerment in China and Mainland Southeast Asia". In Matthias Brenzinger, ed. Language diversity endangered. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- ^ Xiaoming Zhang (2004). China's Tibet. 五洲传播出版社. p. 23. ISBN 7-5085-0608-1.
- ^ (Gogoi 1956:133)
References edit
- Shin, Jae-Eun (2020). "Descending from demons, ascending to kshatriyas: Genealogical claims and political process in pre-modern Northeast India, The Chutiyas and the Dimasas". The Indian Economic and Social History Review. 57 (1): 49–75. doi:10.1177/0019464619894134. S2CID 213213265.
- Mayilvaganan, M.; Bej, Sourina; Khatoon, Nasima (2020). Tawang, Monpas and Tibetan Buddhism in Transition-Life and Society Along the India-China Borderland. Springer Singapore.
- Aiyadurai, A., & Lee, C. S. (2017). Living on the Sino-Indian border : The story of the Mishmis in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India. Asian Ethnology, 76(2), 367–395.
External links edit
- Photo of two Miju Mishmi women
- Britannica entry of the Mishmi
- http://www.ethnic-china.com/Deng/dengindex.htm
- ethnic-china.com