Pharaoh Basileus of Egypt King of Macedonia King of Mauretania King of Syria King of Cyrene
Dissolution
AD 79
Deposition
279 BC (Macedon) 30 BC (Egypt) AD 40 (Mauretania)
Ptolemy, one of the seven somatophylakes (bodyguard companions), a general and possible half-brother of Alexander the Great, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself Pharaoh Ptolemy I, later known as Sōter "Saviour". The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt. Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC.
Dates in brackets represent the regnal dates of the Ptolemaic pharaohs. They frequently ruled jointly with their wives, who were often also their sisters, aunts or cousins. Several queens exercised regal authority. Of these, one of the last and most famous was Cleopatra ("Cleopatra VII Philopator", 51–30 BC), with her two brothers and her son serving as successive nominal co-rulers. Several systems exist for numbering the later rulers; the one used here is the one most widely employed by modern scholars.
Ptolemy VIII Physcon (170–163 BC, 145–116 BC) married Cleopatra II, then Cleopatra III; temporarily expelled from Alexandria by Cleopatra II from 131 to 127 BC, then reconciled with her in 124 BC.
Continuing the tradition established by previous Egyptian dynasties, the Ptolemies engaged in inbreeding including sibling marriage, with many of the pharaohs being married to their siblings and often co-ruling with them.[14] Ptolemy I and other early rulers of the dynasty were not married to their relatives, the childless marriage of siblings Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II[15] being an exception. The first child-producing incestuous marriage in the Ptolemaic dynasty was that of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III, who were succeeded as co-pharaohs by their son Ptolemy V, born 210 BC. The most well-known Ptolemaic pharaoh, Cleopatra VII, was at different times married to and ruled with two of her brothers (Ptolemy XIII until 47 BC and then Ptolemy XIV until 44 BC), and their parents were likely siblings or possibly cousins as well.[7]
Contemporaries describe a number of the Ptolemaic dynasty members as extremely obese,[16] whilst sculptures and coins reveal prominent eyes and swollen necks. Familial Graves' disease could explain the swollen necks and eye prominence (exophthalmos), although this is unlikely to occur in the presence of morbid obesity. This is all likely due to inbreeding depression. In view of the familial nature of these findings, members of the Ptolemaic dynasty likely suffered from a multi-organ fibrotic condition such as Erdheim–Chester disease or a familial multifocal fibrosclerosis where thyroiditis, obesity and ocular proptosis may have all occurred concurrently.[17]
^Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN9780806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonians, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.
^Pomeroy, Sarah B. (1990). Women in Hellenistic Egypt. Wayne State University Press. p. 16. while Ptolemaic Egypt was a monarchy with a Greek ruling class.
^Redford, Donald B., ed. (2000). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. Cleopatra VII was born to Ptolemy XII Auletes (80–57 BC, ruled 55–51 BC) and Cleopatra, both parents being Macedonian Greeks.
^Bard, Kathryn A., ed. (1999). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Routledge. p. 488. ISBN9780415185899. Ptolemaic kings were still crowned at Memphis and the city was popularly regarded as the Egyptian rival to Alexandria, founded by the Macedonians.
^Bard, Kathryn A., ed. (1999). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Routledge. p. 687. ISBN9780415185899. During the Ptolemaic period, when Egypt was governed by rulers of Greek descent...
^Epiphanius of Salamis, however, puts the total number of years of the Ptolemaic dynasty at 306, presumably calculated from 306/5 BC to 1 AD. See: Epiphanius' Treatise on Weights and Measures – The Syriac Version (ed. James Elmer Dean), University of Chicago Press 1935, p. 28 (note 104). Compare On Weights and Measures.
^ abMove over, Lannisters: No one did incest and murder like the last pharaohs on The A.V. Club
^Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (2001), "Painting with a portrait of a woman in profile", in Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (eds.), Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), pp. 314–315, ISBN9780691088358.
^Fletcher, Joann (2008). Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend. New York: Harper. ISBN978-0-06-058558-7, image plates and captions between pp. 246-247.
^Tunny, Jennifer(2001)The Health of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists/ Vol.38(1/4), pp.119-134
^W. Huß, Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit (Egypt in Hellenistic times). C. H. Beck, Munich 2001, p. 679
^Pfrommer, Michael; Towne-Markus, Elana (2001). Greek Gold from Hellenistic Egypt. Los Angeles: Getty Publications (J. Paul Getty Trust). ISBN0-89236-633-8, pp. 22–23.
^Walter Scheidel (September 1996). "Brother-sister and parent-child marriage outside royal families in ancient Egypt and Iran: A challenge to the sociobiological view of incest avoidance?". Ethology and Sociobiology. 17 (5): 321. doi:10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00074-X.
^Michalopoulos, A.; Tzelepis, G.; Geroulanos, S. (2003). ""Morbid obesity and hypersomnolence in several members of an ancient royal family"". Thorax. 58 (3): 281–282. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.3.281-b. PMC1746609. PMID 12612315.
^Ashrafian, Hutan (2005). "Familial proptosis and obesity in the Ptolemies". J. R. Soc. Med. 98 (2): 85–86. doi:10.1177/014107680509800224. PMC1079400. PMID 15684370.
A. Lampela, Rome and the Ptolemies of Egypt: The development of their political relations 273–80 B.C. (Helsinki, 1998).
J. G. Manning, The Last Pharaohs: Egypt Under the Ptolemies, 305–30 BC (Princeton, 2009).
Susan Stephens, Seeing Double: Intercultural Poetics in Ptolemaic Alexandria (Berkeley, 2002).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ptolemaic dynasty.
Livius.org: "Ptolemies"—by Jona Lendering
May 15, 2023
ptolemaic, dynasty, this, article, about, royal, family, territorial, state, over, which, ruled, ptolemaic, kingdom, ancient, greek, Πτολεμαῖοι, ptolemaioi, sometimes, referred, lagid, dynasty, Λαγίδαι, lagidae, after, ptolemy, father, lagus, macedonian, greek. This article is about the royal family For the territorial state over which it ruled see Ptolemaic Kingdom The Ptolemaic dynasty ˌ t ɒ l ɪ ˈ m eɪ ɪ k Ancient Greek Ptolemaῖoi Ptolemaioi sometimes referred to as the Lagid dynasty Lagidai Lagidae after Ptolemy I s father Lagus was a Macedonian Greek 1 2 3 4 5 royal dynasty which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Ancient Egypt during the Hellenistic period Their rule lasted for 275 years from 305 to 30 BC 6 The Ptolemaic was the last dynasty of ancient Egypt Ptolemaic dynastyPharaoh Ptolemy Soter British MuseumCountryAncient Egypt Ancient MacedoniaFounded305 BCFounderPtolemy I SoterFinal rulerCleopatra VII and Ptolemy XV Egypt Ptolemy XVI Syria Ptolemy of Mauretania Mauretania Final headDrusillaTitlesPharaoh Basileus of EgyptKing of Macedonia King of Mauretania King of Syria King of CyreneDissolutionAD 79Deposition279 BC Macedon 30 BC Egypt AD 40 Mauretania Ptolemy one of the seven somatophylakes bodyguard companions a general and possible half brother of Alexander the Great was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander s death in 323 BC In 305 BC he declared himself Pharaoh Ptolemy I later known as Sōter Saviour The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt Ptolemy s family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC Like the earlier dynasties of ancient Egypt the Ptolemaic dynasty practiced inbreeding including sibling marriage but this did not start in earnest until nearly a century into the dynasty s history 7 All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy while queens regnant were all called Cleopatra Arsinoe or Berenice The most famous member of the line was the last queen Cleopatra VII known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey and later between Octavian and Mark Antony Her apparent suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt Contents 1 Ptolemaic rulers and consorts 2 Ptolemaic family tree 2 1 Other notable members of the Ptolemaic dynasty 3 Health 4 Gallery of images 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksPtolemaic rulers and consorts Edit Ptolemy I Soter was the founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty and the first ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom Posthumous portrait of Cleopatra VII from Roman Herculaneum mid 1st century AD 8 9 The Gonzaga Cameo of Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Arsinoe II from Alexandria Hermitage Museum Cameo of Ptolemaic rulers Kunsthistorisches Museum The Cup of the Ptolemies front top and back bottom of the cup Cabinet des Medailles Dates in brackets represent the regnal dates of the Ptolemaic pharaohs They frequently ruled jointly with their wives who were often also their sisters aunts or cousins Several queens exercised regal authority Of these one of the last and most famous was Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Philopator 51 30 BC with her two brothers and her son serving as successive nominal co rulers Several systems exist for numbering the later rulers the one used here is the one most widely employed by modern scholars Ptolemy I Soter 303 282 BC 10 married first Thais then Artakama then Eurydice and finally Berenice I Ptolemy II Philadelphus 285 246 BC 11 married Arsinoe I then Arsinoe II ruled jointly with Ptolemy Epigonos 267 259 BC Ptolemy III Euergetes 246 221 BC married Berenice II Ptolemy IV Philopator 221 203 BC married Arsinoe III Ptolemy V Epiphanes 203 181 BC married Cleopatra I Syra Ptolemy VI Philometor 181 164 BC 163 145 BC married Cleopatra II briefly ruled jointly with Ptolemy Eupator in 152 BC Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator possibly never reigned Ptolemy VIII Physcon 170 163 BC 145 116 BC married Cleopatra II then Cleopatra III temporarily expelled from Alexandria by Cleopatra II from 131 to 127 BC then reconciled with her in 124 BC Cleopatra II Philometora Soteira 131 127 BC in opposition to Ptolemy VIII Physcon Ptolemy Apion c 120 96 BC son of Ptolemy VIII Last Ptolemaic king of Cyrene Cleopatra III Philometor Soteira Dikaiosyne Nikephoros Kokke 116 101 BC ruled jointly with Ptolemy IX Lathyros 116 107 BC and Ptolemy X Alexander I 107 101 BC Ptolemy IX Lathyros 116 107 BC 88 81 BC as Soter II married Cleopatra IV then Cleopatra Selene ruled jointly with Cleopatra III in his first reign Ptolemy X Alexander I 107 88 BC married Cleopatra Selene then Berenice III ruled jointly with Cleopatra III till 101 BC Berenice III Philopator 81 80 BC Ptolemy XI Alexander II 80 BC married and ruled jointly with Berenice III before murdering her ruled alone for 19 days after that Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Auletes 80 58 BC 55 51 BC married Cleopatra V Tryphaena Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 58 57 BC ruled jointly with Berenice IV Epiphaneia 58 55 BC possibly identical with Cleopatra V Tryphaena 12 Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Philopator 51 30 BC ruled jointly with Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 51 47 BC Ptolemy XIV 47 44 BC and Ptolemy XV Caesarion 44 30 BC Arsinoe IV 48 47 BC in opposition to Cleopatra Ptolemy of Mauretania 13 or 9 BC AD 40 Client king and ruler of Mauretania for RomePtolemaic family tree EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Lagus of Eordea MacedonArsinoe of MacedonPtolemy ISoter Kg 303 282 BC Berenice IPhilipArsinoe IIPtolemy IIPhiladelphus Kg 285 246 BC Arsinoe IMagasof CyreneApama IIPtolemy IIIEuergetes Kg 246 221 BC Berenice IIPtolemy IVPhilopator Kg 221 203 BC Arsinoe IIIPtolemy VEpiphanes Kg 203 181 BC Cleopatra ISyraPtolemy VIPhilometor Kg 181 164 BC 163 145 BC Cleopatra II Qn 131 127 BC Ptolemy VIIIPhyscon Kg 170 163 BC 145 116 BC EirenePtolemy VIINeos PhilopatorCleopatra III Qn 116 101 BC PtolemyMemphitesPtolemy ApionCleopatra IVPtolemy IXLathyros Kg 116 107 BC as Soter II 88 81 BC CleopatraSelenePtolemy XAlexander I Kg 107 88 BC Ptolemy XIIAuletes Kg 80 58 BC 55 51 BC Berenice III Qn 81 80 BC Ptolemy XIAlexander II Kg 80 BC for 19 days Cleopatra V Qn 58 55 BC Cleopatra VI Qn 58 BC Berenice IV Qn 58 55 BC Ptolemy XIIITheos Philopator Kg 51 47 BC Cleopatra VIIThea Philopator Qn 51 30 BC Ptolemy XIV Kg 47 44 BC Arsinoe IV Qn 48 47 BC Julius CaesarMark AntonyPtolemy XVCaesarion Kg 44 30 BC Alexander HeliosPtolemy PhiladelphusCleopatraSelene IIPtolemy of MauretaniaDetailed Ptolemaic family treeAntipaterLagusArsinoe of MacedonEurydice Ptolemy ISoter Kg 303 282 BC Berenice I Philip Magasof Cyrene Apama II See below Berenice II LysimachusLysandraPtolemaisPtolemy CeraunusArsinoe II Ptolemy IIPhiladelphus Kg 285 246 BC Arsinoe IBerenice II of Egypt daughter ofMagas of Cyrene see above Berenice I Ptolemy IIIEuergetes Kg 246 221 BC Berenice SyraAntiochus III the GreatArsinoe III Ptolemy IVPhilopator Kg 221 203 BC Cleopatra ISyra Ptolemy VEpiphanes Kg 203 181 BC Ptolemy VIPhilometor Kg 181 164 BC 163 145 BC Cleopatra II Qn 131 127 BC Ptolemy VIIIPhyscon Kg 170 163 BC 145 116 BC Eirene Ptolemy EupatorCleopatra Thea Ptolemy VIINeos PhilopatorCleopatra III Qn 116 101 BC PtolemyMemphitesPtolemy ApionCleopatra TryphaenaCleopatra IV Ptolemy IXLathyros Kg 116 107 BC as Soter II 88 81 BC Cleopatra VSelene Ptolemy XAlexander I Kg 107 88 BC Berenice III Qn 81 80 BC Ptolemy XIAlexander II Kg 80 BC for 19 days Ptolemy of Cyprus Ptolemy XIIAuletes Kg 80 58 BC 55 51 BC Cleopatra VI Qn 58 BC Berenice IV Qn 58 55 BC Ptolemy XIIITheos Philopator Kg 51 47 BC Cleopatra VIIThea Philopator Qn 51 30 BC Ptolemy XIV Kg 47 44 BC Arsinoe IV Qn 48 47 BC Julius CaesarMark Antony Ptolemy XVCaesarion Kg 44 30 BC Alexander HeliosCleopatraSelene IIJuba IIof MauretaniaPtolemy PhiladelphusPtolemy of MauretaniaOther notable members of the Ptolemaic dynasty Edit A seated woman in a fresco from the Roman Villa Boscoreale dated mid 1st century BC It likely represents Berenice II of Ptolemaic Egypt wearing a stephane i e royal diadem on her head 13 Ptolemy Keraunos died 279 BC eldest son of Ptolemy I Soter Eventually became king of Macedonia Ptolemy Apion died 96 BC son of Ptolemy VIII Physcon Made king of Cyrenaica Bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome Ptolemy Philadelphus born 36 BC son of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII Ptolemy of Mauretania died 40 AD son of King Juba II of Numidia and Mauretania and Cleopatra Selene II daughter of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony King of Mauretania Ptolemy II of Telmessos grandson of Ptolemy Epigonos flourished second half of 3rd century BC and first half of 2nd century BC Ptolemy of Cyprus king of Cyprus c 80 58 BC younger brother of Ptolemy XII AuletesHealth EditSee also Incest Antiquity and Inbreeding Royalty and nobility Continuing the tradition established by previous Egyptian dynasties the Ptolemies engaged in inbreeding including sibling marriage with many of the pharaohs being married to their siblings and often co ruling with them 14 Ptolemy I and other early rulers of the dynasty were not married to their relatives the childless marriage of siblings Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II 15 being an exception The first child producing incestuous marriage in the Ptolemaic dynasty was that of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III who were succeeded as co pharaohs by their son Ptolemy V born 210 BC The most well known Ptolemaic pharaoh Cleopatra VII was at different times married to and ruled with two of her brothers Ptolemy XIII until 47 BC and then Ptolemy XIV until 44 BC and their parents were likely siblings or possibly cousins as well 7 Contemporaries describe a number of the Ptolemaic dynasty members as extremely obese 16 whilst sculptures and coins reveal prominent eyes and swollen necks Familial Graves disease could explain the swollen necks and eye prominence exophthalmos although this is unlikely to occur in the presence of morbid obesity This is all likely due to inbreeding depression In view of the familial nature of these findings members of the Ptolemaic dynasty likely suffered from a multi organ fibrotic condition such as Erdheim Chester disease or a familial multifocal fibrosclerosis where thyroiditis obesity and ocular proptosis may have all occurred concurrently 17 Gallery of images Edit Ptolemy of Macedon founded the Ptolemaic Dynasty Ptolemy II Ptolemy III Ptolemy IV Ptolemy V Ptolemy VI Cleopatra II right Ptolemy VIII Ptolemy IX Ptolemy X Ptolemy XI Ptolemy XII Ptolemy XIII and Isis Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Ptolemy XV commonly called Caesarion Sardonyx cameo of a Ptolemaic prince as the Greek god Hermes Cabinet des medailles Paris See also Edit Ancient Egypt portal Egypt portal History portalArgead dynasty another Greek dynasty in Egypt which ruled immediately prior to the Ptolemies Donations of Alexandria Hellenistic period History of ancient Egypt List of pharaohs Ptolemaic Dynasty List of Seleucid rulers On Weights and Measures which contains a chronology of the Ptolemies Ptolemaic Decrees Roman pharaohsReferences Edit Jones Prudence J 2006 Cleopatra A Sourcebook University of Oklahoma Press p 14 ISBN 9780806137414 They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonians who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror Alexander the Great Pomeroy Sarah B 1990 Women in Hellenistic Egypt Wayne State University Press p 16 while Ptolemaic Egypt was a monarchy with a Greek ruling class Redford Donald B ed 2000 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt Oxford University Press Cleopatra VII was born to Ptolemy XII Auletes 80 57 BC ruled 55 51 BC and Cleopatra both parents being Macedonian Greeks Bard Kathryn A ed 1999 Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt Routledge p 488 ISBN 9780415185899 Ptolemaic kings were still crowned at Memphis and the city was popularly regarded as the Egyptian rival to Alexandria founded by the Macedonians Bard Kathryn A ed 1999 Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt Routledge p 687 ISBN 9780415185899 During the Ptolemaic period when Egypt was governed by rulers of Greek descent Epiphanius of Salamis however puts the total number of years of the Ptolemaic dynasty at 306 presumably calculated from 306 5 BC to 1 AD See Epiphanius Treatise on Weights and Measures The Syriac Version ed James Elmer Dean University of Chicago Press 1935 p 28 note 104 Compare On Weights and Measures a b Move over Lannisters No one did incest and murder like the last pharaohs on The A V Club Walker Susan Higgs Peter 2001 Painting with a portrait of a woman in profile in Walker Susan Higgs Peter eds Cleopatra of Egypt from History to Myth Princeton N J Princeton University Press British Museum Press pp 314 315 ISBN 9780691088358 Fletcher Joann 2008 Cleopatra the Great The Woman Behind the Legend New York Harper ISBN 978 0 06 058558 7 image plates and captions between pp 246 247 Wasson Donald February 3 2012 Ptolemy I World History Encyclopedia Retrieved October 1 2016 Tunny Jennifer 2001 The Health of Ptolemy II Philadelphus The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists Vol 38 1 4 pp 119 134 W Huss Agypten in hellenistischer Zeit Egypt in Hellenistic times C H Beck Munich 2001 p 679 Pfrommer Michael Towne Markus Elana 2001 Greek Gold from Hellenistic Egypt Los Angeles Getty Publications J Paul Getty Trust ISBN 0 89236 633 8 pp 22 23 Walter Scheidel September 1996 Brother sister and parent child marriage outside royal families in ancient Egypt and Iran A challenge to the sociobiological view of incest avoidance Ethology and Sociobiology 17 5 321 doi 10 1016 S0162 3095 96 00074 X Ptolemy II Philadelphus on Encyclopaedia Britannica Michalopoulos A Tzelepis G Geroulanos S 2003 Morbid obesity and hypersomnolence in several members of an ancient royal family Thorax 58 3 281 282 doi 10 1136 thorax 58 3 281 b PMC 1746609 PMID 12612315 Ashrafian Hutan 2005 Familial proptosis and obesity in the Ptolemies J R Soc Med 98 2 85 86 doi 10 1177 014107680509800224 PMC 1079400 PMID 15684370 Further reading EditBingen Jean Hellenistic Egypt Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press 2007 hardcover ISBN 0 7486 1578 4 paperback ISBN 0 7486 1579 2 Roberta Casagrande Kim ed 2014 When the Greeks Ruled Egypt From Alexander the Great to Cleopatra Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0691165547 A Lampela Rome and the Ptolemies of Egypt The development of their political relations 273 80 B C Helsinki 1998 J G Manning The Last Pharaohs Egypt Under the Ptolemies 305 30 BC Princeton 2009 Susan Stephens Seeing Double Intercultural Poetics in Ptolemaic Alexandria Berkeley 2002 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ptolemaic dynasty Livius org Ptolemies by Jona Lendering Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ptolemaic dynasty amp oldid 1154664840, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
