fbpx
Wikipedia

Hazaras

The Hazaras (Persian: هزاره, romanizedHəzārə; Hazaragi: آزره, romanized: Āzrə) are an ethnic group and a principal component of the population of Afghanistan, native to, and primarily residing in the Hazaristan region in central Afghanistan and the northern regions of the Baluchistan province in Pakistan.[23] They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan,[24][25][26][27] and a significant minority group in Pakistan, mostly in Quetta,[28][5] and as well as in Iran.[6] They speak the Dari and Hazaragi dialects of Persian. Dari is one of the two official languages in Afghanistan.[29][30][31][32][33]

Hazara
هزاره
Hazara schoolgirls in Bamyan, Afghanistan.
Total population
8–12 million[a]
Regions with significant populations
 Afghanistan4,500,000[1][2]
 Pakistan1,550,000 including 500,000 in Quetta[3][4][5]
 Iran500,000[6]
 Europe130,000[7]
 Turkey26,000[8]
 Australia41,766[9]
 Canada10,300[10]
 Indonesia3,800[11]
Languages
Dari and Hazaragi
(eastern varieties of Persian)
Religion
Predominantly Islam
(Shia majority, significant Sunni minority)[12][13]
Related ethnic groups
Aimaqs, Uzbeks, Tajiks,[14][15][16] Mongolic peoples[17][18][19] and Turkic peoples[20][21][22]

a. ^ The estimated figure includes the entire Hazara, both Shia and Sunni, and their other strata.

Hazaras are considered to be one of the most persecuted groups in Afghanistan,[34] and their persecution has occurred various times across previous decades.[35]

An 1879 portrait of a Daizangi Hazara man

Etymology

The etymology of the word "Hazara" still remains disputed, but some have differing opinions on the term.

  • Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire in the early 16th century, records the name "Hazara" in Baburnama.[36] He has mentioned "Hazara" as "Turkoman Hazaras" several times in Baburnama.[37]
  • Historian Abdul Hai Habibi considers the word "Hazara" (həzārə هزاره) to be very old, and it is derived from "Hazala" (həzālə هزاله), which has changed to "Hazara" over time and has meant "good-hearted".[38][39]
  • It is said that the name "Hazara" (həzārə هزاره) derives from the Persian word "Hazar" (həzār هزار) meaning "thousand". It may be the translation of the Mongolic word (mingghan), a military unit of 1,000 soldiers at the time of Genghis Khan.[40][41][42] The term could have been substituted for the Mongolic word and stands for the group of people,[43] while the Hazara people in their native language call themselves "Azra" (āzrə آزره) or (əzrə ازره).[44]

Origin

 

Despite being one of the principal population elements of Afghanistan,[32] the origins of the Hazara people have not been fully reconstructed. However, due to genetic and linguistic analysis, Hazaras are described as a ethnically mixed group[33] with Hazaras sharing varying degrees of ancestry with contemporary Iranian, Mongolic and Turkic populations.[33][45][20][21][46][22][17][18][19]

Over the course of centuries, invading Mongol (Turco-Mongol) and Turkic tribes, notably, the Qara'unas, the Chagatai Turco-Mongols, the Ilkhanate and the Timurids, merged with the local indigenous Iranic populations.[47] While academics agree that Hazaras are ultimately the result of a combination of several Turkic, Mongol and Iranic tribes, there is a dispute by some on what groups played the largest roles in this combination.[48]

Despite being a mix of multiple distinct ethnicities, a number of researchers in their works write focusing on the Mongolic component. Authors, along with the term Hazaras, use the name Hazara Mongols: such as Elizabeth Emaline Bacon,[18][49] Barbara A. West,[50] Yuri Averyanov,[51] Elbrus Sattsayev[52] and other. According to historian Lutfi Temirkhanov, the Mongolian detachments left in Afghanistan by Genghis Khan or his successors became the starting layer, the basis of the Hazara ethnogenesis.[17] According to him, the Turkic elements compared to the Mongolian ones played a secondary role.[48] The Hazaras in the Ghilji neighborhood are called Mongols.[53] The participation of the Mongols in the ethnogenesis of the Hazaras is evidenced by linguistic data, historical sources, data on toponymy,[54] as well as works on population genetics.[55] Such scholars as Vasily Bartold,[56] Ármin Vámbéry,[57] Vadim Masson, Vadim Romodin,[58] Ilya Petrushevsky,[59] Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, Yong-Gang Yao wrote about the historical use of the Mongolian language by the Hazaras.[60]

Genetics

 
Ethnic Hazara men in Behsud, Maidan Wardak
 
Hazara people on the anniversary of Abdul Ali Mazari's death in 2021 in Kabul, Afghanistan

Genetically, the Hazara combine varying amounts of West Eurasian and East Eurasian derived components. Genetic data shows that the Hazaras of Afghanistan cluster closely with the Uzbek population of the country, while both groups are at a notable distance from Afghanistan's Tajik and Pashtun populations as well as from East Asian populations.[61][22] There is evidence for both paternal and maternal relations to Iranian peoples, Turkic peoples and Mongols.[62]

The frequency of ancestry components among Hazaras vary according to tribal affiliation. One analysis argues that the Hazara share their highest genetic affinity to present-day Turkic-speaking populations in Northwest China, notably Uyghurs, and are rather distant to other Central/South Asian populations and Eastern Asians.[63][64][65][66][67][68][69]

Maternal haplogroups

The Hazara share c. 35% maternal haplogroups with contemporary East Asian populations, while c. 65% is shared with West Eurasian populations.[65] though the Hazaras as a whole have mostly west Eurasian mtDNA.[70][71][72]

Paternal haplogroups

The most common paternal DNA haplogroups of Hazaras from Afghanistan are the West Eurasian R1a and East Eurasian C-M217 clades, followed by West Eurasian J2-M172 and L-M20. Some Hazaras were also found to belong to the haplogroup R1a1a-M17, E1b1b1-M35, L-M20 and H-M69, which are shared with Tajiks, Pashtuns as well as Indian populations. One individual with haplogroup B-M60, normally found in Eastern Africa, was found as well.[73][74]

Pakistani Hazara harbored high frequency of haplogroup C-M217 at c. 40% (10/25) and Haplogroup R1b at c. 32% (8/25). A relatively high frequency of R1b was also found in Eastern Russian Tatars and Bashkirs. All three groups are thought to be associated with the Golden Horde.[75] Haplogroup C-M217, also known as C2, is the most frequent haplogroup in Mongol and Kazakh populations.[64] According to PhD Sabitov: "Y-DNA haplogroup C2 is certainly associated with the expansion of the Mongols".[76] According to PhD Zhabagin: "The high frequency of haplogroup C2-M217 is consistent with the Mongolian origin of the Hazaras".[77] Haplogroup C-M217 originated in Mongolia about ~ 1,000 years ago.[64]

History

The first mention of Hazaras is made by Babur in the early 16th century and later by the court historians of Shah Abbas of the Safavid dynasty. It is reported that they embraced Shia Islam between the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century, during the Safavid periods.[78][79] Hazara men, along with those of other ethnic groups, were recruited to the army of Ahmad Shah Durrani in the 18th century.[80]

19th century

During the second reign of Dost Mohammad Khan in the 19th century, Hazaras from Hazarajat began to be taxed for the first time. However, for the most part, they still managed to keep their regional autonomy until the 1892 Battle of Uruzgan[81] and subsequent subjugation of Abdur Rahman Khan began in the late 19th century.[82]

When the Treaty of Gandomak was signed and the Second Anglo-Afghan War ended in 1880, Abdur Rahman Khan set out a goal to bring Hazaristan, Turkistan and Kafiristan under his control. He launched several campaigns in Hazarajat due to resistance from the Hazaras in which his forces committed atrocities. The southern part of Hazarajat was spared as they accepted his rule, while the other parts of Hazarajat rejected Abdur Rahman and instead supported his uncle, Sher Ali Khan. In response to this Abdur Rahman waged a war against tribal leaders who rejected his policies and rule.[78] This is known as the Hazara Uprisings.

These campaigns had a catastrophic impact on the demographics of Hazaras causing over sixty percent of them to perish with some becoming displaced.[83]

After these massacres, Abdul Rahman Khan forced many Hazara families from the Hazara areas of Uruzgan and other parts of Hazarajat to leave their hometowns and ancestral lands. causing some many Hazaras fled to neighboring countries such as Central Asia, Iran, British India, Iraq and Syria. Those Hazaras living in the northern Hindu Kush went to Tsarist Russia, mostly in the southern cities of Russia, and some of them went to Iran. Hazara people living in the Tsarist Russian regions lost their language, accent and ethnic identity over time due to the similarities between the racial building and the physical appearance of the people of those regions, and they settled and gravitated among them. These fleeing Hazaras settled in previous Tsarist Russia regions, including Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Dagestan. But the Hazaras in northwestern Afghanistan migrated to Iran and settled in neighborhoods in and around Mashhad. These Hazaras later became known as Khawari or Barbari. Another part of Hazaras from the southeast of the Hazara regions of Afghanistan has moved to British India, which resides in Quetta, present-day Pakistan. One of the most famous political and military figures of these Hazaras is Muhammad Musa Khan, who held the general's military rank in Pakistani system. Another group has settled in Syria, Iraq and British India. These Hazara people who migrated to Pakistan, Iran, Syria and Iraq were unable to settle with the people of these areas because of the differences in physical appearance, so they have not lost their language, culture and ethnic identity.[84]

20th and 21st century

 
Abdul Khaliq, a Hazara school student who assassinated the king of Afghanistan, Mohammad Nadir Shah

In 1901, Habibullah Khan, Abdur Rahman's eldest son and successor granted amnesty to all people who were exiled by his predecessor. Hazara continued to face social, economic and political discrimination through most of the 20th century. In 1933 Mohammed Nadir Shah the King of Afghanistan was assassinated by Abdul Khaliq Hazara, a school student. The Afghan government captured and executed him later, along with several of his family members.[85]

Mistrust of the central government by the Hazaras and local uprisings continued. In particular, from 1945 to 1946, during Zahir Shah's rule, a revolt took place by the leadership of Ibrahim Khan most known as "Ibrahim Gawsawar" against new taxes that were exclusively imposed on Hazaras. The Kuchis meanwhile not only were exempted from taxes but also received allowances from the Afghan government.[78] The angry rebels began capturing and killing government officials. In response, the central government sent a force to subdue the region and later removed the taxes.[citation needed]

 
Ibrahim Khan known as Ibrahim Gawsawar, The leader of the armed uprising of the Hazara people in protest against taxes during Zahir Shah's rule
 
Abdul Ali Mazari, a politician and the leader of the Hizbe-Wahdat party during and following the Soviet–Afghan War

The repressive policies[clarification needed] of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) after the Saur Revolution in 1978 caused uprisings throughout the country. Fearing Iranian influence, the Hazaras were particularly persecuted. President Hafizullah Amin published in October 1979 a list of 12,000 victims of the Taraki government. Among them were 7,000 Hazaras who were shot in the notorious Pul-e-Charkhi prison.[86]

During the Soviet-Afghan War, the Hazarajat region did not see as much heavy fighting as other regions of Afghanistan. Most of the Hazara mujahideen fought the Soviets in the regions which were on the periphery of the Hazarajat region. There was a division between the Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara, a party based in Quetta, of Hazara nationalists and secular intellectuals, and the Islamist parties in Hazarajat.[78] By 1979, the Hazara-Islamist groups had already liberated Hazarajat from the central Soviet-backed Afghan government and later took entire control of Hazarajat away from the secularists. By 1984, the Islamist dominance of Hazarajat was complete. As the Soviets withdrew in 1989, the Islamist groups felt the need to broaden their political appeal and turned their focus to Hazara nationalism.[78] This led to the establishment of the Hizbe-Wahdat, an alliance of all the Hazara resistance groups (except the Harakat-e Islami). In 1992 with the fall of Kabul, the Harakat-e Islami took sides with Burhanuddin Rabbani's government while the Hizbe-Wahdat took sides with the opposition. The Hizbe-Wahdat was eventually forced out of Kabul in 1995 when the Taliban movement captured and killed their leader Abdul Ali Mazari. With the Taliban's capture of Kabul in 1996, all the Hazara groups united with the new Northern Alliance against the common new enemy. However, despite fierce resistance Hazarajat fell to the Taliban in 1998. The Taliban had Hazarajat isolated from the rest of the world going as far as not allowing the United Nations to deliver food to the provinces of Bamyan, Ghor, Maidan Wardak and Daykundi.[87]

In 1997, a revolt broke out among Hazaras in Mazar-e Sharif when they refused to be disarmed by the Taliban; 600 Taliban were killed in subsequent fighting.[88] In retaliation, the genocidal policies of Abdur Rahman Khan's era was adopted by the Taliban. In 1998, six thousand Hazaras were killed in the north; the intention was ethnic cleansing of Hazaras.[89] In March 2001, the two giant Buddhas of Bamiyan, were also destroyed even though there was a lot of condemnation.[90]

 
Taller Buddha, 55 metres (180 ft) before and after destruction.
 
Smaller Buddha, 38 metres (125 ft) before and after destruction.
 
Qazi Muhammad Isa, Jinnah's close associate and a key figure of the All-India Muslim League in Balochistan, Pakistan

Hazaras have also played a significant role in the creation of Pakistan. One such Hazara was Qazi Muhammad Isa of the Sheikh Ali tribe, who had been close friends with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, having met each other for the first time while they were studying in London. He had been the first from his native province of Balochistan to obtain a Bar-at-Law degree and had helped set up the All-India Muslim League in Balochistan.[91][92]

Though Hazaras played a role in the anti-Soviet movement, other Hazaras participated in the new communist government, which actively courted Afghan minorities. Sultan Ali Kishtmand, a Hazara, served as prime minister of Afghanistan from 1981 to 1990 (with one brief interruption in 1988).[93] The Ismaili Hazara of Baghlan Province likewise supported the communists, and their pir (religious leader) Jaffar Naderi led a pro-Communist militia in the region.[94]

During the years that followed, Hazara suffered severe oppression, and many ethnic massacres, genocides, and pogroms were carried out by the predominantly ethnic Pashtun Taliban and are documented by such groups as the Human Rights Watch.[95]

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, American and Coalition forces invaded Afghanistan. After the fall of the Taliban many Hazaras became important figures in Afghanistan.[96] Hazara have also pursued higher education, enrolled in the army, and many have top government positions.[97] For example, Some Vice Presidents, ministers and governors were Hazara, including Karim Khalili, Sarwar Danish, Sima Samar, Muhammad Mohaqiq, Habiba Sarābi, Abdul Haq Shafaq, Sayed Anwar Rahmati, Qurban Ali Urozgani, Muhammad Arif Shah Jahan, Mahmoud Baligh, Mohammad Eqbal Munib and Mohammad Asim Asim. The mayor of Nili, Daykundi was Azra Jafari, who became the first female mayor in Afghanistan. Some other notable Hazaras include Sultan Ali Keshtmand, Abdul Wahed Sarābi, Akram Yari, Ghulam Ali Wahdat, Sayed Mustafa Kazemi, Ghulam Husain Naseri, Abbas Noyan, Daoud Naji, Abbas Ibrahim Zada, Ramazan Bashardost, Ahmad Shah Ramazan, Ahmad Behzad, Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili, Fahim Hashimy, Maryam Monsef and others.[98]

Although Afghanistan has been historically one of the poorest countries in the world, the Hazarajat region has been kept less developed by past governments. Since the ousting of the Taliban in late 2001, billions of dollars poured into Afghanistan for reconstruction and several large-scale reconstruction projects took place in Afghanistan from August 2012. For example, there have been more than 5000 kilometers of road pavement completed across Afghanistan, of which little was done in central Afghanistan (Hazarajat). On the other hand, the Band-e Amir in Bamyan Province became the first national park in Afghanistan. A road from Kabul to Bamyan was also built, along with new police stations, government institutions, hospitals and schools in the provinces of Bamyan, Daykundi and others mostly Hazara-populated provinces. The first ski resort in Afghanistan was also established in Bamyan Province.[99][100]

Discrimination indicates that Kuchis (Pashtun nomads who have historically been migrating from region to region depending on the season) are allowed to use Hazarajat pastures during the summer season. It is believed that allowing the Kuchis to use some of the grazing lands in Hazarajat began during the rule of Abdur Rahman Khan.[101] Living in mountainous Hazarajat, where little farmland exists, Hazara people rely on these pasture lands for their livelihood during the long and harsh winters. In 2007 some Kuchi nomads entered into parts of Hazarajat to graze their livestock, and when the local Hazara resisted, a clash took place and several people on both sides died using assault rifles. Such events continue to occur, even after the central government was forced to intervene, including President Hamid Karzai. In late July 2012, a Hazara police commander in Uruzgan province reportedly rounded up and killed 9 Pashtun civilians in revenge for the death of two local Hazara. The matter is being investigated by the Afghan government.[101]

The drive by President Hamid Karzai after the Peace Jirga to strike a deal with Taliban leaders caused deep unease in Afghanistan's minority communities, who fought the Taliban the longest and suffered the most during their rule. The leaders of the Tajik, Uzbek and Hazara communities, vowed to resist any return of the Taliban to power, referring to the large-scale massacres of Hazara civilians during the Taliban period.[102]

Following the fall of Kabul to the Taliban in 2021, which ended the war in Afghanistan, concerns were raised as to whether the Taliban would reimpose the persecution of Hazaras as in the 1990s. An academic at Melbourne's La Trobe University said that "The Hazaras are very fearful that the Taliban will likely be reinstating the policies of the 1990s" despite Taliban reassurances that they will not revert to the bad old ways of the 1990s.[103][104]

Demographics

 
Ethnic groups in Afghanistan

Some sources claim that Hazaras comprise about 20 to 30 percent of the total population of Afghanistan.[10][43][96][106] They were by far the largest ethnic group in the past, in 1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras over sixty percent of them were massacred with some being displaced and meanwhile they also lost a large part of their territory to Pashtuns and Tajiks that could double their land size today. [83]

Geographic distribution

Afghanistan

 
Afghanistan and the geographical area of Hazaristan in 1890

The historical and main homeland of Hazara people is the Hazaristan (Persian: هزارستان), or Hazarajat (هزاره‌جات), a region which is now located in the central highlands of Afghanistan. Until the 1880s, the Hazaras were completely autonomous and controlled the entire Hazaristan region. Nowadays, the vast majority of Hazaras reside in Hazaristan and many others reside in the cities of the country.[citation needed]

Pakistan

 
Muhammad Musa Khan, a senior general who served as the 4th Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army in 1958–66

During the period of British colonial rule on the Indian subcontinent in the 19th century, Hazaras worked during the winter months in coal mines, road construction, and other working-class jobs in some cities of what is now Pakistan. The earliest record of Hazara in the areas of Pakistan is found in Broadfoot's Sappers company from 1835 in Quetta. This company had also participated in the First Anglo-Afghan War. Some Hazara also worked on the agriculture farms in Sindh and the construction of the Sukkur barrage.[citation needed] In 1962, the government of Pakistan recognized the Hazaras as one of the ethnic groups of Pakistan.[107]

Most Pakistani Hazaras today live in the city of Quetta, in Balochistan, Pakistan. Localities in the city of Quetta with prominent Hazara populations include Hazara Town and Mehr Abad and Hazara tribes such as the Sardar are exclusively Pakistani. The literacy level among the Hazara community in Pakistan is relatively high compared to the Hazaras of Afghanistan, and they have integrated well into the social dynamics of the local society. Saira Batool, a Hazara woman, was one of the first female pilots in the Pakistan Air Force. Other notable Hazaras include Qazi Muhammad Isa, General Muhammad Musa Khan, who served as the 4th Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army from 1958 to 1968, Air Marshal Sharbat Ali Changezi, whose years of service in the Pakistan Air Force were from 1949 to 1987, Hussain Ali Yousafi, the slain chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party,[108] Sayed Nasir Ali Shah, MNA from Quetta and his father Haji Sayed Hussain Hazara who was a senator and member of Pakistan Parliament during the Zia-ul-Haq era.[citation needed]

Despite all of this, Hazaras are often targeted by militant groups such as the Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and others. "Activists say at least 800-1,000 Hazaras have been killed since 1999 and the pace is quickening. More than one hundred have been murdered in and around Quetta since January, according to Human Rights Watch."[109] The political representation of the community is served by Hazara Democratic Party, a secular liberal democratic party, headed by Abdul Khaliq Hazara.[110][111]

Iran

 
Muhammad Yusuf Khan Hazara known as Sulat al-Sultanah Hazara, a politician and the representative member in the Iranian Parliament

The Hazara people in Iran are also referred to as Khāwari (Persian: خاوری), or Barbari (بربری). Over many years as a result of political unrest in Afghanistan, some Hazaras have migrated to Iran. The local Hazara population has been estimated at 500,000 people including Afghan immigrants who make up the majority of it. At least one-third have spent more than half their life in Iran.[6] Before the separation of Afghanistan from Iran according to the Treaty of Paris in 1857 during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah, Greater Khorasan covered a part of the west of this land and various tribes or ethnic groups lived in it. One of these tribes was the Hazaras. This tribe, who settled on both sides of the border after drawing the border line between Iran and Afghanistan, has played many roles in the contemporary history of Khorasan province and especially Mashhad. The leadership of this tribe at the end of the Qajar period and also the Pahlavi period was with Sulat al-Sultanah Hazara, a Sunni Hazara who was a politician and the first Sunni and Hazara representative member in the Iranian Parliament and the only Sunni Iranian who has represented Mashhad in the history of Iran's legislatures.[112][113]

Diaspora

Alessandro Monsutti argues, in his recent anthropological book,[114] that migration is the traditional way of life of the Hazara people, referring to the seasonal and historical migrations which have never ceased and do not seem to be dictated only by emergencies such as war.[115] Due to the decades of war in Afghanistan and the sectarian violence in Pakistan, many Hazaras left their communities and have settled in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and particularly the Northern European countries such as Sweden and Denmark. Some go to these countries as exchange students while others through human smuggling, which sometimes costs them their lives. Since 2001, about 1,000 people have died in the ocean while trying to reach Australia by boats from Indonesia.[109] Many of these were Hazaras. The notable case was the Tampa affair in which a shipload of refugees, mostly Hazaras, was rescued by the Norwegian freighter MV Tampa and subsequently sent to Nauru.[116]

Culture

 
 
Hazara girls in traditional clothing.

Hazara culture is a combination of customs, traditions, behaviors, beliefs and norms that have been formed in interaction and confrontation with the surrounding phenomena for many years and now it is displayed as a cultural identity. The Hazara culture is rich in heritage, with many unique cultures, and has common influences with various cultures of Central Asia and South Asia. The Hazara, outside of Hazarajat, have adopted the cultures of the cities where they dwell, resembling the cultures and traditions of the Afghan Tajiks and Pashtuns. Traditionally the Hazara are highland farmers. In Hazarajat, they have retained many of their own cultures and traditions, some of which are more closely related to those of Central Asians than to those of the Afghan Tajiks. The Hazara live in houses, but some of the Aimaq Hazara who are semi-nomadic live in yurts covered with felt.[117][118]

Attire

Hazara clothing have an important and special role in supporting the cultural, traditional and social identity of the Hazara ethnicity. Hazara clothes are produced manually and by machine; In Afghanistan these types of clothes are sewn in most parts of the country, especially in central provinces of Afghanistan.[119][120]

Male clothing

Hazara men traditionally wear barak, also called barag, and hat. Barak is one of the important components of Hazara people's clothing. Barak is a kind of soft, sticky and thick piece made from the first wool of lambs of special sheep that are raised in Hazarajat, provided. In addition to being a very acceptable, stylish, and regal clothe, the Hazara barak is also a warm winter that is resistant to moisture and does not get wet easily in snow and rain. Also, barak has a special property and softness, it reduces muscle pains and is also healing for joint pains. Nowadays, the most common clothes among Hazara men is the perahan o tunban and sometimes with a hat or a turban.[119][120][121]

Female clothing

The traditional clothing of Hazara women includes a pleated skirt with a tunban or undergarment. The lower tunbans are made of fabrics such as flowered chits and the upper skirts are made of better fabrics such as velvet or zari and net and have a border or decoration at the bottom. The women's shirt is calf-length, close-collared, and long-sleeved, and has slits on both sides that are placed on the skirts, which are admired for their completeness in the Islamic set. Hazara women's clothing has certain characteristics according to their social, economic, and age conditions. The clothes of young Hazara women are made of different fabrics in different colors and happy designs with beautiful and colorful chador, but older women prefer dark-colored fabrics with simple black and white designs. Hazara women's chador or head cover is often decorated with ornaments that is often silver or gold, and sometimes with a hat. The ornaments on the clothe is silver or gold necklace with colorful beads, buttons, bangles and silver or gold bracelets.[119][120]

Cuisine

The Hazara cuisine is strongly influenced by Central Asian, South Asian and Persian cuisines. However, there are special foods, cooking methods and different cooking styles that are specific to them. They have a hospitable dining etiquette. In their culture, it is customary to prepare special food for guests.[citation needed]

Art

Music

 
Dawood Sarkhosh, a folklore Hazara musician

Many Hazara musicians are widely hailed as being skilled in playing the dambura, a native, regional lute instrument similarly found in other Central Asian nations, such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Some of the famous Hazara musician and dambura players are, such as Sarwar Sarkhosh, Dawood Sarkhosh, Safdar Tawakoli, Sayed Anwar Azad and others.[117] In Hazara dambura revolutionary hymns are very common. The first singer who started singing revolutionary hymns on dambura was Sarwar Sarkhosh, and his main message was the uprising of the young generation and the fight against oppression.[122] Also Ghaychak a field instruments in music that is usually played like a fiddle. The resonance bowl is made of walnuts or berries and its wires are metal which is one of the stringed instruments in Hazara music.[123]

Cinema

 
Shamila Shirzad is an ethnic Hazara actress. She became famous by acting in the movie Sun Children

Hazara cinema artists have no older background, but nowadays some of their famous actors and actresses include Hussain Sadiqi, Abid Ali Nazish, Shamila Shirzad, Nikbakht Noruz and others.

Writers and poets

 
Faiz Muhammad Kateb, a contemporary writer and historian

Some famous Hazara writers and poets include Faiz Muhammad Kateb, Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, Ismael Balkhi, Hassan Poladi, Kazim Yazdani, Ali Mohaqiq Nasab, Kamran Mir Hazar, Basir Ahang, Sayed Askar Mousavi, Ali Baba Taj, Sayed Abutalib Mozaffari, Muhammad Akram Gizabi and so on.

Cultural sports

 
Buzkashi in Afghanistan

Buzkashi

Buzkashi is a Central Asian sport in which horse-mounted players attempt to place a goat or calf carcass in a goal. It is the national sport in Afghanistan and is one of the cultural sports of the Hazara people and they still practice this sport in Afghanistan.[124]

Tirandāzi

Tirandāzi is a kind of archery and an old cultural sport of Hazaras.[125]

Pahlawani

Pahlawani or Kushti is a kind of cultural wrestling sport that is performed by Hazaras. Pahlawani has a long history in Afghanistan and among the Hazaras. In Afghanistan, on holidays, Pahlawani fields are set up. Pahlawani is held in different age groups. This cultural sport has its special techniques. Because this sport is very ancient and familiar, it has been continued from generation to generation among the Hazara people.[126]

Language

Hazara people living in Hazaristan (Hazarajat) region speak the Hazaragi dialect.[31][127] According to Encyclopaedia of Islam, Hazaragi is a Persian dialect, which is infused with many Turkic and a few Mongolic words or loanwords.[32][106][128][129] According to Atif Adnan, the Hazara population speaks Persian with some Mongolian words.[64] The primary differences between Persian and Hazaragi are the accent.[30][31] Despite these differences, Hazaragi is mutually intelligible with Dari,[29] one of the two official languages in Afghanistan.[130]

According to Doctor of Sciences Lutfi Temirkhanov, the ancestors of the Hazaras were Mongol-speaking[17][54] and only after the resettlement, they mixed with the Persian-speaking and Turkic-speaking population: "hordes of Mongol princes and feudal lords found themselves in a Persian-speaking encirclement; they mixed with them, were influenced by the Persian-Tajik culture and gradually adopted the Persian language".[131] According to a number of sources, in the 16th century the Mongolian language was widespread among the Hazaras.[58][56] According to the Great Russian Encyclopedia, until the 19th century Hazaras spoke Mongolian.[19][57][59][60] And according to Temirkhanov, the Mongolian elements make up 10% of the Hazara vocabulary.[132]

Religion

 
A gathering of Hazaras on the final day of Ramadan in Daykundi, Afghanistan

Hazaras predominantly practice Islam, mostly the Shi'a of the Twelver sect, with significant Sunni, some Isma'ili and Non-denominational Muslim minorities.[12][13] The majority of Afghanistan's population practices Sunni Islam; this may have contributed to the discrimination against them.[43] There is no single theory about the acceptance of the Shi'a Islam by the majority of Hazaras. Probably most of them accepted Shi'a Islam during the first part of the 16th century, in the early days of the Safavid dynasty.[133][12][13]

Sunni Hazaras

 
Sher Muhammad Khan Hazara, the chieftain of the Qala e Naw Hazaras

A significant and almost a large population of Hazara people are Sunni Muslims. Sunni Hazaras have been Sunni since long ago and before the occupation of Hazara lands by Abdul Rahman, but some of them were converted from Shia to Sunni Islam after the occupation of Hazara lands by Abdul Rahman and 1888–1893 Hazara uprisings. In Afghanistan, they inhabit in different provinces such as Kabul, Baghlan, Badghis, Ghor, Kunduz, Panjshir, Bamyan, Badakhshan, Parwan and in some other regions of Afghanistan.[134][135] Some Sunni Hazaras, who have been attached to non-Hazara tribes are the Timuri and Aimaq Hazara.[citation needed]

A Sunni Hazara, Sher Muhammad Khan Hazara, the chieftain of the Hazaras of Qala e Naw region and a warlord who participant in the Sunni coalition that defended Herat in 1837. Also, one of the defeaters of British forces around Qandahar and Maiwand desert during the First Anglo-Afghan War in 1838–1842.[citation needed]

Isma'ili Hazaras

Isma'ili Hazaras mainly live in provinces of Kabul, Parwan, Baghlan and Bamyan. And their smaller groups live in Maidan Wardak, Samangan, Zabul and... The Isma'ili Hazaras have always been kept separate from the rest of the Hazaras on account of religious beliefs and political purposes.[136]

Hazara tribes

The Hazara people have been organized by various tribes. Some overarching Hazara tribes are Sheikh Ali, Jaghori, Jaghatu, Qara Baghi, Ghaznichi, Muhammad Khwaja, Behsudi, Daimirdadi, Turkmani, Uruzgani, Daikundi, Daizangi, Daichopan, Daizinyat, Qarlugh, Aimaq Hazara and others.[137] The different tribes come from Hazaristan (Hazara regions), such as Parwan, Bamyan, Ghazni, Ghor, Urozgan, Daikundi, Maidan Wardak and... have spread outwards from Hazaristan (main region) in other parts of Afghanistan, and also in other Hazara-populated areas.

Sports

 
Rohullah Nikpai, two-time Olympic bronze medalist in the sport of Taekwondo
 
Moshtaq Yaqoubi, an ethnic Hazara footballer who played for the Finland national team

Many Hazaras engaged in varieties of sports, including football, volleyball, wrestling, martial arts, boxing, karate, taekwondo, judo, wushu, Jujitsu, Cricket, Tennis and more. Pahlawan Ebrahim Khedri, a 62 kg wrestler, was the national champion for two decades in Afghanistan. Another famous Hazara wrestler, Wakil Hussain Allahdad, was killed in the 22 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombing in Dashte Barchi, Kabul.[138][139]

Rohullah Nikpai, won a bronze medal in Taekwondo at the Beijing Olympics 2008, beating world champion Juan Antonio Ramos of Spain 4–1 in a play-off final. It was Afghanistan's first-ever Olympic medal. He then won a second Olympic medal for Afghanistan in the London 2012 games.[citation needed]

Another famous Hazara athlete Sayed Abdul Jalil Waiz was the first ever badminton player representing Afghanistan in Asian Junior Championships in 2005 where he produced the first win for his country against Iraq, with 15–13, 15–1. He participated in several international championships since 2005 and achieved victories against Australia, the Philippines and Mongolia. Hamid Rahimi, a Hazara boxer from Afghanistan who lives in Germany. Hussain Sadiqi, a Hazara Australian martial artist who won an award for the best fight scene for an Australian made action movie.

Hazara football players are Zohib Islam Amiri who is currently playing for the Afghanistan national football team, Moshtaq Yaqoubi an Afghan-Finnish footballer who plays for HIFK, Mustafa Amini, a Hazara Australian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Danish Superliga club AGF and the Australian national team, Rahmat Akbari an Australian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Brisbane Roar, and others like Rohullah Iqbalzada, Omran Haydary, Zelfy Nazary, Moshtaq Ahmadi and Zahra Mahmoodi.[140]

A Pakistani Hazara Abrar Hussain, a former Olympic boxer served as deputy director-general of the Pakistan Sports Board. He represented Pakistan three times at the Olympics and won a gold medal at the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing. Another Hazara boxer from Pakistan is Haider Ali a Commonwealth Games gold medalist and Olympian who is currently retired. Some Hazara from Pakistan have also excelled in sports and have received numerous awards, particularly in boxing, football and field hockey. New Hazara youngsters are seen to appear in many sports in Pakistan mostly from Quetta. Rajab Ali Hazara, who is leading the under 16 Pakistan Football team as captain.[141]

Another is Kulsoom Hazara, a Pakistani female karate champion who has won several gold, silver and bronze medals on national and international stages, including Pride of Pakistan Award.[142] Other karateka Hazaras include Nargis Hameedullah who became the first Pakistani woman to win an individual medal (a bronze) at the Asian Games karate championship, and Shahida Abbasi.[citation needed]

Notable people

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ "سرور دانش درصد جمعیت شیعه و هزاره را در گزارش دولت آمریکا نادرست خواند". BBC News فارسی (in Persian). Retrieved 2023-01-08.
  2. ^ "Afghanistan |Data". data.worldbank.org.
  3. ^ "Hazaras of Pakistan". Retrieved 22 Dec 2022.
  4. ^ Census of Afghans in Pakistan 2005, UNHCR Statistical Summary Report (retrieved August 14, 2016)
  5. ^ a b Yusuf, Imran (5 October 2011). "Who are the Hazara?". Tribune. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  6. ^ a b c Smyth, Phillip (3 June 2014). "Iran's Afghan Shiite Fighters in Syria". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  7. ^ "Austria holds refugee talks as young Hazaras flee persecution to make 'dangerous' journey to Europe – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". mobile.abc.net.au. 2016-02-29. Retrieved 2017-08-19.
  8. ^ "Afghan Hazara Refugees Seek Justice in Turkey". 3 June 2014.
  9. ^ "Cultural Diversity". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2021-08-10. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  10. ^ a b The population of people with descent from Afghanistan in Canada is 48,090. Hazara make up an estimated 30% of the population of Afghanistan depending to the source. The Hazara population in Canada is estimated from these two figures. Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada
  11. ^ Afghan Hazaras' new life in Indonesia: Asylum-seeker community in West Java is large enough to easily man an eight-team Afghan football league, Al Jazeera, 21 March 2014, retrieved 5 August 2016
  12. ^ a b c The Afghans, Their History and Culture, Religion 2010-12-28 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ a b c "شناسنامه الکترونیکی،آخرین فرصت تثبیت هویت هزارههای سنی و اسماعیلی | سایت طرح نو، باشگاه اندیشه و گفتوگو". Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  14. ^ Brasher, Ryan (2011). "Ethnic Brother or Artificial Namesake? The Construction of Tajik Identity in Afghanistan and Tajikistan". Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 55: 97–120. JSTOR 23345249.
  15. ^ B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in: Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007.
  16. ^ "Sunni Hazaras of Afghanistan". September 17, 2020.
  17. ^ a b c d Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 86. In Russian: "...монгольские отряды, оставленные в Афганистане Чингиз-ханом или его преемниками, стали исходным пластом, основой хазарейского этногенеза. "
  18. ^ a b c Bacon, Elizabeth Emaline (1951). The Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan: A Study in Social Organization. Berkeley: University of California.
  19. ^ a b c "Хазарейцы • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия". bigenc.ru. In Russian: "Упоминаются с 16 в. До 19 в. говорили на монг. языке."
  20. ^ a b دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. pp. 37, 167, 257. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.
  21. ^ a b Babur, (Emperor of Hindustan) (1826). Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
  22. ^ a b c Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912.
  23. ^ "Shi'a and Hazaras". Minority Rights Group. 2018-06-14. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
  24. ^ Dupree, L. (2006). "AFGHANISTAN" [iv. Ethnography]. Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.).
  25. ^ "Afghanistan: 31,822,848 (July 2014 est.) @ 9% (2014)". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
  26. ^ Hyder, Kamal (November 12, 2011). "Hazara community finds safe haven in Peshawar". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
  27. ^ "COUNTRY PROFILE: AFGHANISTAN" (PDF). Library of Congress Country Studies. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  28. ^ Malik Ayub Sumbal. "The Plight of the Hazaras in Pakistan". The Diplomat. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  29. ^ a b "Attitudes towards Hazaragi". pp. 1–2. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  30. ^ a b Schurmann, Franz (1962). The Mongols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton. p. 17. OCLC 401634.
  31. ^ a b c Kieffer, Charles M. "HAZĀRA" [iv. Hazāragi dialect]. Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  32. ^ a b c Monsutti, Alessandro (2017-07-01), "Hazāras", Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Brill, retrieved 2022-05-07
  33. ^ a b c Bosworth, C. E. (2012-04-24), "Hazāras", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 2022-05-08
  34. ^ Emadi, Hafizullah (September 1997). "The Hazaras and their role in the process of political transformation in Afghanistan". Central Asian Survey. 16 (3): 363–387. doi:10.1080/02634939708400997. Hazaras are one of the oppressed and dispossessed national minority communities of the country.
  35. ^ Mousavi, S. A. (October 24, 2018). The Hazaras of Afghanistan. Routledge.
  36. ^ Babur, Z. M. (1987). Babur-nama. Lahore. pp. 300, 207, 214, 218, 221, 251–53.
  37. ^ Babur, Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad (1826). Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
  38. ^ یزدانی، حسینعلی. پژوهشی در تاریخ هزاره‌ها. چاپخانه مهتاب. ص 96
  39. ^ "هزاله - لغت‌نامهٔ دهخدا" [Dehkhoda Dictionary]. abadis.ir. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  40. ^ Schurmann, H. F. (1962). The Mon-gols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan. La Haye. p. 115.
  41. ^ Poladi, Hassan (1989). The Hazâras. Stockton. p. 22.
  42. ^ Mousavi, Sayed Askar (1998). The Hazaras of Afghanistan [An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study]. Richmond. pp. 23–25.
  43. ^ a b c Khazeni, Arash; Monsutti, Alessandro; Kieffer, Charles M. (December 15, 2003). "HAZĀRA". Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). United States. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
  44. ^ دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. p. 199. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.
  45. ^ "HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
  46. ^ Hartl, Daniel L.; Jones, Elizabeth W. (2009). Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7637-5868-4.
  47. ^ B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007
  48. ^ a b Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 94. In Russian: "тюркские элементы ... по сравнению с монгольскими ... играли второстепенную роль."
  49. ^ Elizabeth E. Bacon. (1951). "The Inquiry into the History of the Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. Vol. 7. No. 3. pp. 230–247.
  50. ^ West, Barbara A. West (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 272. ISBN 978-1438119137.
  51. ^ Аверьянов Ю. А. (2017). "Хазарейцы - ираноязычные монголы Афганистана"". Мир Центральной Азии. pp. 110–117.
  52. ^ Сатцаев Э. Б. (2009). "Монголы-хазарейцы Афганистана и аспекты "народного шиизма"". Единая Калмыкия в единой России: через века в будущее. pp. 413–415.
  53. ^ Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: "Ближайшие соседи хазарейцев – гильзаи – называли и называют их «монголы»."
  54. ^ a b Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: "Об участии монголов в этногенезе хазарейцев свидетельствуют и данные лингвистики... также исторические источники (например, «Записки Бабура») и данные топонимики"
  55. ^ Sabitov Zh. M. (2011)."Происхождение хазарейцев с точки зрения ДНК-генеалогии". The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2 (1): pp. 37–40.
  56. ^ a b Бартольд. В. В. (2022). Ислам. Культура мусульманства. Москва: Litres. p. 162. In Russian: "...еще в XVI веке говорили хазарейцы по-монгольски в северной части Афганистана..."
  57. ^ a b Ármin Vámbéry (2003). Путешествие по Средней Азии. Москва: Восточная литература. In Russian: "Говорят, что хазарейцы ... были перевезены Чингисханом из Монголии, своей прародины, на юг Средней Азии и благодаря влиянию шаха Аббаса II обращены в шиизм. Поразительно, что они заменили свой родной язык персидским, который даже в населенных ими областях не повсеместно распространен, и лишь небольшая часть, оставшаяся изолированной в горах поблизости от Герата и уже несколько столетий занимающаяся выжиганием угля, говорит на некоем жаргоне монгольского языка."
  58. ^ a b Массон В. М., Ромодин В. А. (1964). История Афганистана. Том I. С древнейших времен до начала XVI века. Москва: Наука. pp. 289–290. In Russian: "Еще в XVI в., по сообщению Бабура, среди хазарейцев был распространен монгольский язык, а небольшая часть их, по-видимому, и в XIX в. говорила на языке, близком к монгольскому."
  59. ^ a b Петрушевский И. П. (1952). Рашид-ад-дин и его исторический труд. Москва/Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР. P. 29. In Russian: "Как известно, большой массив монгольского населения (хезарейцы), отчасти сохранявшего свой язык еще в XIX в., сложился на территории Афганистана..."
  60. ^ a b Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, Yong-Gang Yao (2017)."mtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan". Forensic Science International: Genetics. Volume 30: Pages e1-e5. In English: "Moreover, there are also lines of evidence that some of the remote tribes of Hazaras spoke Mongol language till last century. Their central Asian facial features including sparse beards, high cheekbones and epicanthic eye folds further supports their Mongol origin."
  61. ^ Haber, M; Platt, DE; Ashrafian Bonab, M; et al. (2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
  62. ^ Rosenberg, Noah A.; et al. (December 2002). "Genetic Structure of Human Populations". Science. New Series. 298 (5602): 2381–85. Bibcode:2002Sci...298.2381R. doi:10.1126/science.1078311. PMID 12493913. S2CID 8127224.
  63. ^ He, Guanglin; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Guo, Jianxin; Rehman, Muhammad; Fawad, Abulhasan; Chen, Pengyu; Wang, Chuan-Chao (September 2019). "A comprehensive exploration of the genetic legacy and forensic features of Afghanistan and Pakistan Mongolian-descent Hazara". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 42: e1–e12. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.018. ISSN 1872-4973.
  64. ^ a b c d Adnan, Atif; Wen, Shao-Qing; Rakha, Allah; Alghafri, Rashed; Nazir, Shahid; Rehman, Muhammad; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Lu, Jie (2020). "Forensic features and genetic legacy of the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across Durand-line revealed by y chromosomal STRS". doi:10.1101/2020.11.21.392456. S2CID 227172830. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  65. ^ a b Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, Yong-Gang Yao (2017)."mtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan". Forensic Science International: Genetics. Volume 30: Page 3.
  66. ^ Quintana-Murci, L; Chaix, R; Wells, RS; et al. (May 2004). "Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 827–45. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC 1181978. PMID 15077202.
  67. ^ "MtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan". Retrieved 2021-03-12.
  68. ^ Quintana-Murci, L; Chaix, R; Wells, RS; et al. (May 2004). "Figure 1: Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 827–45. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC 1181978. PMID 15077202.
  69. ^ Xu, Shuhua; Wang, Sijia; Tang, Kun; Guan, Yaqun; Khan, Asifullah; Li, Jing; Zhang, Xi; Wang, Xiaoji; Tian, Lei (2017-10-01). "Genetic History of Xinjiang's Uyghurs Suggests Bronze Age Multiple-Way Contacts in Eurasia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (10): 2572–2582. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx177. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 28595347.
  70. ^ Quintana-Murci, L; Chaix, R; Wells, RS; et al. (May 2004). "Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 827–45. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC 1181978. PMID 15077202.
  71. ^ "MtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan". Retrieved 2021-03-12.
  72. ^ Quintana-Murci, L; Chaix, R; Wells, RS; et al. (May 2004). "Figure 1: Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 827–45. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC 1181978. PMID 15077202.
  73. ^ Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John; Balanovsky, Oleg; Wells, R. Spencer; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Consortium, The Genographic (28 March 2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
  74. ^ John William Whale. Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Four Ethnic Groups of Afghanistan. http://eprints.port.ac.uk/9862/1/John_Whale_MPhil_Thesis_2012.pdf 2017-08-02 at the Wayback Machine
  75. ^ Lkhagvasuren, Gavaachimed; Shin, Heejin; Lee, Si Eun; Tumen, Dashtseveg; Kim, Jae-Hyun; Kim, Kyung-Yong; Kim, Kijeong; Park, Ae Ja; Lee, Ho Woon; Kim, Mi Jin; Choi, Jaesung; Choi, Jee-Hye; Min, Na Young; Lee, Kwang-Ho (14 September 2016). "Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161622. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161622L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161622. PMC 5023095. PMID 27627454. "Eastern Russian Tatars, Bashkirs, and Pakistani Hazara were found to carry R1b-M343 at unusually high frequencies of 12.65%, 46.07%, and 32%, respectively, compared to other regions of Eastern Asia, which rarely have this haplotype"
  76. ^ Sabitov Zh. M. (2011)."Происхождение хазарейцев с точки зрения ДНК-генеалогии". The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2 (1): pp. 37–40. In Russian: "Гаплогруппа СЗ безусловно связана с экспансией монголов..."
  77. ^ Жабагин М. К. (2017). Анализ связи полиморфизма Y-хромосомы и родоплеменной структуры в казахской популяции Москва. p. 71. In Russian: "...за счет высокой частоты гаплогруппы С2-М217, что согласуется с монгольским происхождением хазарейцев."
  78. ^ a b c d e "HAZĀRA: ii. HISTORY". Alessandro Monsutti (Online ed.). United States: Encyclopædia Iranica. December 15, 2003. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  79. ^ Sarabi, Humayun (2005). [Sectarian Politics in Afghanistan]. Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Archived from the original on 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
  80. ^ "Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire". Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. 1997. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  81. ^ "THE AMEER CAPTURES URZAGHAN". The New York Times. 1892-10-02. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  82. ^ Mousavi, Sayed Askar (1998). The Hazaras of Afghanistan : an historical, cultural, economic and political study. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 978-1-315-02693-0. OCLC 1100424512.
  83. ^ a b دلجو, عباس (2014). تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها. کابل: انتشارات امیری. ISBN 978-9936801509.
  84. ^ "کوچ اجباری و اثرات فرهنگی واجتماعی آن بر جامعه هزاره". archive.mashal.org. Retrieved 2022-08-31.
  85. ^ Runion, Meredith L. (2017). The History of Afghanistan, 2nd edition. ABC-CLIO-LLC. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-61069-778-1.
  86. ^ Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005). Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present. London: Hurst & Company. p. 104. ISBN 1-85065-703-3.
  87. ^ Rashid, Ahmed (March 1, 2001). Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (Paperback ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08902-8.
  88. ^ Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, London and New Haven, 2000, p. 58
  89. ^ Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, London and New Haven, 2000, pp. 67–74
  90. ^ "Taliban blow apart 2,000 years of Buddhist history". The Guardian. 3 March 2001.
  91. ^ "Who is Justice Qazi Faez Isa?". DAWN.COM. June 19, 2020.
  92. ^ "Qazi Muhammad Isa and the reference against Justice Qazi Faez Isa". June 14, 2020.
  93. ^ Fida Yunas, S. (2008). Pg 33. Sultan Ali Kishtmand had remained Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 10 January 1981 to 26 May 1990, with a brief break of about nine months, when Dr Hassan Sharq replaced him from 20 June 1988 to .... Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  94. ^ Williams, Brian Glyn (2011-09-22). Afghanistan Declassified: A Guide to America's Longest War – Brian Glyn Williams – Google Books. ISBN 978-0-8122-0615-9. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  95. ^ "Afghanistan: massacres of Hazaras". Human Rights Watch. February 2001. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
  96. ^ a b Larson, Marisa (June 17, 2008). "Hazara People". National Geographic. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  97. ^ Sappenfield, Mark (August 6, 2007). "Afghanistan's success story: The liberated Hazara minority". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
  98. ^ . Pajhwok.com. 2011-01-22. Archived from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  99. ^ . Wanderlust.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  100. ^ Levinson, Charles (March 7, 2012). "Since Skiing Came to Afghanistan, It Has Been Pretty Much All Downhill". Wall Street Journal.
  101. ^ a b "Afghan nomad clashes raise fears of ethnic strife". Bangkok Post. AFP. 7 August 2012.
  102. ^ "Afghan Overture to Taliban Aggravates Ethnic Tensions". The New York Times, 27 June 2010.
  103. ^ "Afghanistan's minority Hazaras see gains of past two decades 'falling apart'". France 24. 23 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  104. ^ Mogul, Rhea (29 August 2021). "Afghanistan's religious minorities live in fear of Taliban, brace for persecution". NBC News. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  105. ^ Anonym. ""The people will fight the Taliban" | tellerreport.com". www.tellerreport.com. Retrieved 2021-09-03.
  106. ^ a b "AFGHANISTAN iv. Ethnography". L. Dupree (Online ed.). United States: Encyclopædia Iranica. December 15, 1983.
  107. ^ پولادی, حسن (1387). هزاره‌ها.
  108. ^ "Hussain Ali Yousafi, chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party'", BBC News, 26 January 2009
  109. ^ a b Bigg, Matthew (2012-10-25). "Insight: Pakistani death squads spur desperate voyage to Australia". Reuters. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  110. ^ "Balochistan's Hazaras speak out — Qurat ul ain Siddiqui interviews Secretary-General of the Hazara Democratic Party, Abdul Khaliq Hazara". Dawn.com. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  111. ^ "List of Political parties". Hazarapress.com. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  112. ^ ««شورش خراسان» در کتابفروشی‌ها شکل می‌گیرد»
  113. ^ بیات, کاوه (2016). شورش خراسان و صولت‌السلطنه هزاره (زمستان 1320). موسسه فرهنگی هنری جهان کتاب. ISBN 978-6006732688.
  114. ^ Monsutti, Alessandro (2005). War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97508-7.
  115. ^ Monsutti, Alessandro (2005). War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan. Translated by Patrick Camiller. Routledge, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97508-7.
  116. ^ Australia ships out Afghan refugees BBC News.
  117. ^ a b Latham, Robert Gordon (1859). Eastern and northern Asia Europe. J. van Voorst. p. 333. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
  118. ^ افغانستان, روزنامه. "استقبال گسترده از روز فرهنگ هزارگی در کشور - روزنامه افغانستان". www.dailyafghanistan.com (in Persian). Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  119. ^ a b c tebyan.net, موسسه فرهنگی واطلاع رسانی تبیان | (2017-06-09). "لباس های سنتی زنان و مردان هزاره". fa. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  120. ^ a b c "Clothing of the Hazāra Tribes". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  121. ^ "Barak". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  122. ^ "The Hazara Nationalism: in Music and Historical Literature".
  123. ^ "قیچک - لغت‌نامه دهخدا [Dehkhoda Dictionary]".
  124. ^ YJC, خبرگزاری باشگاه خبرنگاران | آخرین اخبار ایران و جهان | (9 May 2017). "تاریخچه ورزش "بزکشی" در افغانستان + تصاویر" [History of "Buzkashi" sport in Afghanistan + Pictures]. fa (in Persian). Retrieved 2021-09-13.
  125. ^ "مسابقات تیراندازی با کمان در بامیان، میدان و غزنی" (in Persian). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  126. ^ "کشتی محلی افغانستان؛ ورزشی پرهیجان با علاقمندان فراوان+تصاویر". af.shafaqna.com. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  127. ^ Mongols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan Mouton, The Hague, Netherlands, page 17, OCLC 401634
  128. ^ Malistani, A. H. Tariq and Gehring, Roman (compilers) (1993) Farhang-i ibtidal-i milli-i Hazarah : bi-inzimam-i tarjamah bih Farsi-i Ingilisi = Hazaragi – Dari/Persian- English: a preliminary glossary A. H. Tariq Malistani, Quetta, OCLC 33814814
  129. ^ Farhadi, A. G. Ravan (1955). Le persan parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du kâboli accompagnée d'un recuil de quatrains populaires de la région de Kâbol. Paris.
  130. ^ "Languages in Afghanistan". The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (SCA). Retrieved 2021-02-14.
  131. ^ Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 93-94. In Russian: "орды монгольских царевичей и феодалов оказались в таджикском окружении; они смешивались с таджиками, подвергались влиянию персидско-таджикской культуры и постепенно принимали язык таджиков, отсюда и таджикская речь хазарейцев".
  132. ^ Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: "монгольские элементы составляют 10% хазарейской лексики".
  133. ^ Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005). Revolution unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the present, By Gilles Dorronsoro, pg.44. ISBN 978-1-85065-703-3. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  134. ^ پولادی, حسن (1387). هزاره‌ها: تاریخ، سیاست، اقتصاد و فرهنگ. ترجمهٔ علی عالمی کرمانی. انتشارات عرفان. pp. 205–206. ISBN 978--964-06-0527-1.
  135. ^ گیزابی, محمداکرم (1375). هزاره‌ها و هزارستان اثر گروه تحقیقی پیدی میتلند. ترجمهٔ محمداکرم گیزابیی. مجمع نویسندگان افغانستان. p. 192.
  136. ^ خواتی, شفق (1382). مجله طلوع. pp. 52–68.
  137. ^ Hazara tribal structure, Program for Culture and Conflict Studies, US Naval Postgraduate School.
  138. ^ Nordland, Rod; Faizi, Fatima (September 20, 2018). "'Suicider!' Came the Warning. For Afghans, Wrestlers' Deaths Resound. (Published 2018)". Archived from the original on 2022-01-03 – via NYTimes.com.
  139. ^ Mashal, Mujib (2018-04-23). "After Each Attack He Carried the Wounded. Then He Became a Victim. (Published 2018)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2022-01-03. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  140. ^ "Islam Amiri Hazara – Afghan national football team captain and Fans "player of the year"". Hazara.net. 24 September 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2014.
  141. ^ "Rajab Ali Hazara to lead under 16 Pakistan Football team as captain". www.hazara.net. 2013-09-24. Retrieved 2014-09-18.
  142. ^ Adil, Hafsa. "'Role model': Pakistan's Hazara woman packing a punch". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-02-10.

Further reading

  • Monsutti, Alessandro (2005). War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan. Translated by Patrick Camiller. Routledge, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97508-7.
  • Mousavi, Sayed Askar (1998) [1997]. The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study. Richmond, New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-17386-9.
  • Frederiksen, Birthe; Nicolaisen, Ida (1996). Caravans and trade in Afghanistan: The changing life of the nomadic Hazarbuz. Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-01687-9.
  • Poladi, Hassan (1989). The Hazāras. Stockton, California: Mughal Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-929824-00-0.
  • Kakar, M. Hasan (1973). The pacification of the Hazaras of Afghanistan. New York: Afghanistan Council, Asia Society. OCLC 1111643.
  • Harpviken, Kristian Berg (1996). (PDF). Rapportserien ved Sosiologi, Nr. 9 1996. Oslo: Institutt for Sosiologi, Universitetet i Oslo. ISBN 978-82-570-0127-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-04-27.

External links

hazaras, this, article, about, ethnic, group, afghanistan, confused, with, hindko, speaking, hazarewal, people, hazara, region, pakistan, with, historic, khazars, persian, هزاره, romanized, həzārə, hazaragi, آزره, romanized, Āzrə, ethnic, group, principal, com. This article is about the ethnic group of Afghanistan It is not to be confused with the Hindko speaking Hazarewal people of the Hazara region in Pakistan or with the historic Khazars The Hazaras Persian هزاره romanized Hezare Hazaragi آزره romanized Azre are an ethnic group and a principal component of the population of Afghanistan native to and primarily residing in the Hazaristan region in central Afghanistan and the northern regions of the Baluchistan province in Pakistan 23 They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan 24 25 26 27 and a significant minority group in Pakistan mostly in Quetta 28 5 and as well as in Iran 6 They speak the Dari and Hazaragi dialects of Persian Dari is one of the two official languages in Afghanistan 29 30 31 32 33 HazaraهزارهHazara schoolgirls in Bamyan Afghanistan Total population8 12 million a Regions with significant populations Afghanistan4 500 000 1 2 Pakistan1 550 000 including 500 000 in Quetta 3 4 5 Iran500 000 6 Europe130 000 7 Turkey26 000 8 Australia41 766 9 Canada10 300 10 Indonesia3 800 11 LanguagesDari and Hazaragi eastern varieties of Persian ReligionPredominantly Islam Shia majority significant Sunni minority 12 13 Related ethnic groupsAimaqs Uzbeks Tajiks 14 15 16 Mongolic peoples 17 18 19 and Turkic peoples 20 21 22 a The estimated figure includes the entire Hazara both Shia and Sunni and their other strata Hazaras are considered to be one of the most persecuted groups in Afghanistan 34 and their persecution has occurred various times across previous decades 35 An 1879 portrait of a Daizangi Hazara man Contents 1 Etymology 2 Origin 3 Genetics 3 1 Maternal haplogroups 3 2 Paternal haplogroups 4 History 4 1 19th century 4 2 20th and 21st century 5 Demographics 6 Geographic distribution 6 1 Afghanistan 6 2 Pakistan 6 3 Iran 6 4 Diaspora 7 Culture 7 1 Attire 7 1 1 Male clothing 7 1 2 Female clothing 7 2 Cuisine 7 3 Art 7 3 1 Music 7 3 2 Cinema 7 3 3 Writers and poets 7 4 Cultural sports 7 4 1 Buzkashi 7 4 2 Tirandazi 7 4 3 Pahlawani 8 Language 9 Religion 9 1 Sunni Hazaras 9 2 Isma ili Hazaras 10 Hazara tribes 11 Sports 12 Notable people 13 Gallery 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External linksEtymologyThe etymology of the word Hazara still remains disputed but some have differing opinions on the term Babur founder of the Mughal Empire in the early 16th century records the name Hazara in Baburnama 36 He has mentioned Hazara as Turkoman Hazaras several times in Baburnama 37 Historian Abdul Hai Habibi considers the word Hazara hezare هزاره to be very old and it is derived from Hazala hezale هزاله which has changed to Hazara over time and has meant good hearted 38 39 It is said that the name Hazara hezare هزاره derives from the Persian word Hazar hezar هزار meaning thousand It may be the translation of the Mongolic word mingghan a military unit of 1 000 soldiers at the time of Genghis Khan 40 41 42 The term could have been substituted for the Mongolic word and stands for the group of people 43 while the Hazara people in their native language call themselves Azra azre آزره or ezre ازره 44 Origin Miniature of Emir Muhammad Khwaja Despite being one of the principal population elements of Afghanistan 32 the origins of the Hazara people have not been fully reconstructed However due to genetic and linguistic analysis Hazaras are described as a ethnically mixed group 33 with Hazaras sharing varying degrees of ancestry with contemporary Iranian Mongolic and Turkic populations 33 45 20 21 46 22 17 18 19 Over the course of centuries invading Mongol Turco Mongol and Turkic tribes notably the Qara unas the Chagatai Turco Mongols the Ilkhanate and the Timurids merged with the local indigenous Iranic populations 47 While academics agree that Hazaras are ultimately the result of a combination of several Turkic Mongol and Iranic tribes there is a dispute by some on what groups played the largest roles in this combination 48 Despite being a mix of multiple distinct ethnicities a number of researchers in their works write focusing on the Mongolic component Authors along with the term Hazaras use the name Hazara Mongols such as Elizabeth Emaline Bacon 18 49 Barbara A West 50 Yuri Averyanov 51 Elbrus Sattsayev 52 and other According to historian Lutfi Temirkhanov the Mongolian detachments left in Afghanistan by Genghis Khan or his successors became the starting layer the basis of the Hazara ethnogenesis 17 According to him the Turkic elements compared to the Mongolian ones played a secondary role 48 The Hazaras in the Ghilji neighborhood are called Mongols 53 The participation of the Mongols in the ethnogenesis of the Hazaras is evidenced by linguistic data historical sources data on toponymy 54 as well as works on population genetics 55 Such scholars as Vasily Bartold 56 Armin Vambery 57 Vadim Masson Vadim Romodin 58 Ilya Petrushevsky 59 Allah Rakha Fatima Min Sheng Peng Atif Adan Rui Bi Memona Yasmin Yong Gang Yao wrote about the historical use of the Mongolian language by the Hazaras 60 Genetics Ethnic Hazara men in Behsud Maidan Wardak Hazara people on the anniversary of Abdul Ali Mazari s death in 2021 in Kabul Afghanistan Genetically the Hazara combine varying amounts of West Eurasian and East Eurasian derived components Genetic data shows that the Hazaras of Afghanistan cluster closely with the Uzbek population of the country while both groups are at a notable distance from Afghanistan s Tajik and Pashtun populations as well as from East Asian populations 61 22 There is evidence for both paternal and maternal relations to Iranian peoples Turkic peoples and Mongols 62 The frequency of ancestry components among Hazaras vary according to tribal affiliation One analysis argues that the Hazara share their highest genetic affinity to present day Turkic speaking populations in Northwest China notably Uyghurs and are rather distant to other Central South Asian populations and Eastern Asians 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 Maternal haplogroups The Hazara share c 35 maternal haplogroups with contemporary East Asian populations while c 65 is shared with West Eurasian populations 65 though the Hazaras as a whole have mostly west Eurasian mtDNA 70 71 72 Paternal haplogroups The most common paternal DNA haplogroups of Hazaras from Afghanistan are the West Eurasian R1a and East Eurasian C M217 clades followed by West Eurasian J2 M172 and L M20 Some Hazaras were also found to belong to the haplogroup R1a1a M17 E1b1b1 M35 L M20 and H M69 which are shared with Tajiks Pashtuns as well as Indian populations One individual with haplogroup B M60 normally found in Eastern Africa was found as well 73 74 Pakistani Hazara harbored high frequency of haplogroup C M217 at c 40 10 25 and Haplogroup R1b at c 32 8 25 A relatively high frequency of R1b was also found in Eastern Russian Tatars and Bashkirs All three groups are thought to be associated with the Golden Horde 75 Haplogroup C M217 also known as C2 is the most frequent haplogroup in Mongol and Kazakh populations 64 According to PhD Sabitov Y DNA haplogroup C2 is certainly associated with the expansion of the Mongols 76 According to PhD Zhabagin The high frequency of haplogroup C2 M217 is consistent with the Mongolian origin of the Hazaras 77 Haplogroup C M217 originated in Mongolia about 1 000 years ago 64 HistoryThe first mention of Hazaras is made by Babur in the early 16th century and later by the court historians of Shah Abbas of the Safavid dynasty It is reported that they embraced Shia Islam between the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century during the Safavid periods 78 79 Hazara men along with those of other ethnic groups were recruited to the army of Ahmad Shah Durrani in the 18th century 80 19th century Main articles 1888 1893 Hazara uprisings Battle of Uruzgan and Persecution of Hazaras During the second reign of Dost Mohammad Khan in the 19th century Hazaras from Hazarajat began to be taxed for the first time However for the most part they still managed to keep their regional autonomy until the 1892 Battle of Uruzgan 81 and subsequent subjugation of Abdur Rahman Khan began in the late 19th century 82 When the Treaty of Gandomak was signed and the Second Anglo Afghan War ended in 1880 Abdur Rahman Khan set out a goal to bring Hazaristan Turkistan and Kafiristan under his control He launched several campaigns in Hazarajat due to resistance from the Hazaras in which his forces committed atrocities The southern part of Hazarajat was spared as they accepted his rule while the other parts of Hazarajat rejected Abdur Rahman and instead supported his uncle Sher Ali Khan In response to this Abdur Rahman waged a war against tribal leaders who rejected his policies and rule 78 This is known as the Hazara Uprisings These campaigns had a catastrophic impact on the demographics of Hazaras causing over sixty percent of them to perish with some becoming displaced 83 After these massacres Abdul Rahman Khan forced many Hazara families from the Hazara areas of Uruzgan and other parts of Hazarajat to leave their hometowns and ancestral lands causing some many Hazaras fled to neighboring countries such as Central Asia Iran British India Iraq and Syria Those Hazaras living in the northern Hindu Kush went to Tsarist Russia mostly in the southern cities of Russia and some of them went to Iran Hazara people living in the Tsarist Russian regions lost their language accent and ethnic identity over time due to the similarities between the racial building and the physical appearance of the people of those regions and they settled and gravitated among them These fleeing Hazaras settled in previous Tsarist Russia regions including Uzbekistan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Kazakhstan and Dagestan But the Hazaras in northwestern Afghanistan migrated to Iran and settled in neighborhoods in and around Mashhad These Hazaras later became known as Khawari or Barbari Another part of Hazaras from the southeast of the Hazara regions of Afghanistan has moved to British India which resides in Quetta present day Pakistan One of the most famous political and military figures of these Hazaras is Muhammad Musa Khan who held the general s military rank in Pakistani system Another group has settled in Syria Iraq and British India These Hazara people who migrated to Pakistan Iran Syria and Iraq were unable to settle with the people of these areas because of the differences in physical appearance so they have not lost their language culture and ethnic identity 84 20th and 21st century This section s tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia See Wikipedia s guide to writing better articles for suggestions October 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Abdul Khaliq a Hazara school student who assassinated the king of Afghanistan Mohammad Nadir Shah In 1901 Habibullah Khan Abdur Rahman s eldest son and successor granted amnesty to all people who were exiled by his predecessor Hazara continued to face social economic and political discrimination through most of the 20th century In 1933 Mohammed Nadir Shah the King of Afghanistan was assassinated by Abdul Khaliq Hazara a school student The Afghan government captured and executed him later along with several of his family members 85 Mistrust of the central government by the Hazaras and local uprisings continued In particular from 1945 to 1946 during Zahir Shah s rule a revolt took place by the leadership of Ibrahim Khan most known as Ibrahim Gawsawar against new taxes that were exclusively imposed on Hazaras The Kuchis meanwhile not only were exempted from taxes but also received allowances from the Afghan government 78 The angry rebels began capturing and killing government officials In response the central government sent a force to subdue the region and later removed the taxes citation needed Ibrahim Khan known as Ibrahim Gawsawar The leader of the armed uprising of the Hazara people in protest against taxes during Zahir Shah s rule Abdul Ali Mazari a politician and the leader of the Hizbe Wahdat party during and following the Soviet Afghan War The repressive policies clarification needed of the People s Democratic Party of Afghanistan PDPA after the Saur Revolution in 1978 caused uprisings throughout the country Fearing Iranian influence the Hazaras were particularly persecuted President Hafizullah Amin published in October 1979 a list of 12 000 victims of the Taraki government Among them were 7 000 Hazaras who were shot in the notorious Pul e Charkhi prison 86 During the Soviet Afghan War the Hazarajat region did not see as much heavy fighting as other regions of Afghanistan Most of the Hazara mujahideen fought the Soviets in the regions which were on the periphery of the Hazarajat region There was a division between the Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara a party based in Quetta of Hazara nationalists and secular intellectuals and the Islamist parties in Hazarajat 78 By 1979 the Hazara Islamist groups had already liberated Hazarajat from the central Soviet backed Afghan government and later took entire control of Hazarajat away from the secularists By 1984 the Islamist dominance of Hazarajat was complete As the Soviets withdrew in 1989 the Islamist groups felt the need to broaden their political appeal and turned their focus to Hazara nationalism 78 This led to the establishment of the Hizbe Wahdat an alliance of all the Hazara resistance groups except the Harakat e Islami In 1992 with the fall of Kabul the Harakat e Islami took sides with Burhanuddin Rabbani s government while the Hizbe Wahdat took sides with the opposition The Hizbe Wahdat was eventually forced out of Kabul in 1995 when the Taliban movement captured and killed their leader Abdul Ali Mazari With the Taliban s capture of Kabul in 1996 all the Hazara groups united with the new Northern Alliance against the common new enemy However despite fierce resistance Hazarajat fell to the Taliban in 1998 The Taliban had Hazarajat isolated from the rest of the world going as far as not allowing the United Nations to deliver food to the provinces of Bamyan Ghor Maidan Wardak and Daykundi 87 In 1997 a revolt broke out among Hazaras in Mazar e Sharif when they refused to be disarmed by the Taliban 600 Taliban were killed in subsequent fighting 88 In retaliation the genocidal policies of Abdur Rahman Khan s era was adopted by the Taliban In 1998 six thousand Hazaras were killed in the north the intention was ethnic cleansing of Hazaras 89 In March 2001 the two giant Buddhas of Bamiyan were also destroyed even though there was a lot of condemnation 90 Taller Buddha 55 metres 180 ft before and after destruction Smaller Buddha 38 metres 125 ft before and after destruction Qazi Muhammad Isa Jinnah s close associate and a key figure of the All India Muslim League in Balochistan Pakistan Hazaras have also played a significant role in the creation of Pakistan One such Hazara was Qazi Muhammad Isa of the Sheikh Ali tribe who had been close friends with Muhammad Ali Jinnah having met each other for the first time while they were studying in London He had been the first from his native province of Balochistan to obtain a Bar at Law degree and had helped set up the All India Muslim League in Balochistan 91 92 Though Hazaras played a role in the anti Soviet movement other Hazaras participated in the new communist government which actively courted Afghan minorities Sultan Ali Kishtmand a Hazara served as prime minister of Afghanistan from 1981 to 1990 with one brief interruption in 1988 93 The Ismaili Hazara of Baghlan Province likewise supported the communists and their pir religious leader Jaffar Naderi led a pro Communist militia in the region 94 During the years that followed Hazara suffered severe oppression and many ethnic massacres genocides and pogroms were carried out by the predominantly ethnic Pashtun Taliban and are documented by such groups as the Human Rights Watch 95 Following the September 11 2001 attacks in the United States American and Coalition forces invaded Afghanistan After the fall of the Taliban many Hazaras became important figures in Afghanistan 96 Hazara have also pursued higher education enrolled in the army and many have top government positions 97 For example Some Vice Presidents ministers and governors were Hazara including Karim Khalili Sarwar Danish Sima Samar Muhammad Mohaqiq Habiba Sarabi Abdul Haq Shafaq Sayed Anwar Rahmati Qurban Ali Urozgani Muhammad Arif Shah Jahan Mahmoud Baligh Mohammad Eqbal Munib and Mohammad Asim Asim The mayor of Nili Daykundi was Azra Jafari who became the first female mayor in Afghanistan Some other notable Hazaras include Sultan Ali Keshtmand Abdul Wahed Sarabi Akram Yari Ghulam Ali Wahdat Sayed Mustafa Kazemi Ghulam Husain Naseri Abbas Noyan Daoud Naji Abbas Ibrahim Zada Ramazan Bashardost Ahmad Shah Ramazan Ahmad Behzad Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili Fahim Hashimy Maryam Monsef and others 98 Although Afghanistan has been historically one of the poorest countries in the world the Hazarajat region has been kept less developed by past governments Since the ousting of the Taliban in late 2001 billions of dollars poured into Afghanistan for reconstruction and several large scale reconstruction projects took place in Afghanistan from August 2012 For example there have been more than 5000 kilometers of road pavement completed across Afghanistan of which little was done in central Afghanistan Hazarajat On the other hand the Band e Amir in Bamyan Province became the first national park in Afghanistan A road from Kabul to Bamyan was also built along with new police stations government institutions hospitals and schools in the provinces of Bamyan Daykundi and others mostly Hazara populated provinces The first ski resort in Afghanistan was also established in Bamyan Province 99 100 Discrimination indicates that Kuchis Pashtun nomads who have historically been migrating from region to region depending on the season are allowed to use Hazarajat pastures during the summer season It is believed that allowing the Kuchis to use some of the grazing lands in Hazarajat began during the rule of Abdur Rahman Khan 101 Living in mountainous Hazarajat where little farmland exists Hazara people rely on these pasture lands for their livelihood during the long and harsh winters In 2007 some Kuchi nomads entered into parts of Hazarajat to graze their livestock and when the local Hazara resisted a clash took place and several people on both sides died using assault rifles Such events continue to occur even after the central government was forced to intervene including President Hamid Karzai In late July 2012 a Hazara police commander in Uruzgan province reportedly rounded up and killed 9 Pashtun civilians in revenge for the death of two local Hazara The matter is being investigated by the Afghan government 101 The drive by President Hamid Karzai after the Peace Jirga to strike a deal with Taliban leaders caused deep unease in Afghanistan s minority communities who fought the Taliban the longest and suffered the most during their rule The leaders of the Tajik Uzbek and Hazara communities vowed to resist any return of the Taliban to power referring to the large scale massacres of Hazara civilians during the Taliban period 102 Following the fall of Kabul to the Taliban in 2021 which ended the war in Afghanistan concerns were raised as to whether the Taliban would reimpose the persecution of Hazaras as in the 1990s An academic at Melbourne s La Trobe University said that The Hazaras are very fearful that the Taliban will likely be reinstating the policies of the 1990s despite Taliban reassurances that they will not revert to the bad old ways of the 1990s 103 104 Karim Khalili former 2nd Vice President of Afghanistan with turban is standing next to Mohammed Fahim George W Bush facing Hamid Karzai Habiba Sarabi is a hematologist politician and former Governor of Bamyan province in Afghanistan Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili is a politician and former representative of the people Daykundi province in the fifteenth and sixteenth parliamentary sessions of the Afghanistan Parliament Abbas Noyan is a politician who served as a member of the Afghanistan Parliament representative of the people of Kabul province from 2005 to 2010 He is the former Afghanistan s ambassador to Sweden 105 Fahim Hashimy is a politician and former Minister for Telecommunication and Information Technology in Afghanistan DemographicsFurther information Ethnic groups in Afghanistan Ethnic groups in Afghanistan Some sources claim that Hazaras comprise about 20 to 30 percent of the total population of Afghanistan 10 43 96 106 They were by far the largest ethnic group in the past in 1888 1893 Uprisings of Hazaras over sixty percent of them were massacred with some being displaced and meanwhile they also lost a large part of their territory to Pashtuns and Tajiks that could double their land size today 83 Geographic distributionAfghanistan Further information Hazaristan and Demographics of Afghanistan Afghanistan and the geographical area of Hazaristan in 1890 The historical and main homeland of Hazara people is the Hazaristan Persian هزارستان or Hazarajat هزاره جات a region which is now located in the central highlands of Afghanistan Until the 1880s the Hazaras were completely autonomous and controlled the entire Hazaristan region Nowadays the vast majority of Hazaras reside in Hazaristan and many others reside in the cities of the country citation needed Pakistan Further information Demographics of Pakistan and Afghans in Pakistan Muhammad Musa Khan a senior general who served as the 4th Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Army in 1958 66 During the period of British colonial rule on the Indian subcontinent in the 19th century Hazaras worked during the winter months in coal mines road construction and other working class jobs in some cities of what is now Pakistan The earliest record of Hazara in the areas of Pakistan is found in Broadfoot s Sappers company from 1835 in Quetta This company had also participated in the First Anglo Afghan War Some Hazara also worked on the agriculture farms in Sindh and the construction of the Sukkur barrage citation needed In 1962 the government of Pakistan recognized the Hazaras as one of the ethnic groups of Pakistan 107 Most Pakistani Hazaras today live in the city of Quetta in Balochistan Pakistan Localities in the city of Quetta with prominent Hazara populations include Hazara Town and Mehr Abad and Hazara tribes such as the Sardar are exclusively Pakistani The literacy level among the Hazara community in Pakistan is relatively high compared to the Hazaras of Afghanistan and they have integrated well into the social dynamics of the local society Saira Batool a Hazara woman was one of the first female pilots in the Pakistan Air Force Other notable Hazaras include Qazi Muhammad Isa General Muhammad Musa Khan who served as the 4th Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Army from 1958 to 1968 Air Marshal Sharbat Ali Changezi whose years of service in the Pakistan Air Force were from 1949 to 1987 Hussain Ali Yousafi the slain chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party 108 Sayed Nasir Ali Shah MNA from Quetta and his father Haji Sayed Hussain Hazara who was a senator and member of Pakistan Parliament during the Zia ul Haq era citation needed Despite all of this Hazaras are often targeted by militant groups such as the Lashkar e Jhangvi and others Activists say at least 800 1 000 Hazaras have been killed since 1999 and the pace is quickening More than one hundred have been murdered in and around Quetta since January according to Human Rights Watch 109 The political representation of the community is served by Hazara Democratic Party a secular liberal democratic party headed by Abdul Khaliq Hazara 110 111 Iran Further information Afghans in Iran Muhammad Yusuf Khan Hazara known as Sulat al Sultanah Hazara a politician and the representative member in the Iranian Parliament The Hazara people in Iran are also referred to as Khawari Persian خاوری or Barbari بربری Over many years as a result of political unrest in Afghanistan some Hazaras have migrated to Iran The local Hazara population has been estimated at 500 000 people including Afghan immigrants who make up the majority of it At least one third have spent more than half their life in Iran 6 Before the separation of Afghanistan from Iran according to the Treaty of Paris in 1857 during the reign of Naser al Din Shah Greater Khorasan covered a part of the west of this land and various tribes or ethnic groups lived in it One of these tribes was the Hazaras This tribe who settled on both sides of the border after drawing the border line between Iran and Afghanistan has played many roles in the contemporary history of Khorasan province and especially Mashhad The leadership of this tribe at the end of the Qajar period and also the Pahlavi period was with Sulat al Sultanah Hazara a Sunni Hazara who was a politician and the first Sunni and Hazara representative member in the Iranian Parliament and the only Sunni Iranian who has represented Mashhad in the history of Iran s legislatures 112 113 Diaspora Main articles Hazara diaspora Afghan diaspora Hazaras in Europe and Hazara Australians Alessandro Monsutti argues in his recent anthropological book 114 that migration is the traditional way of life of the Hazara people referring to the seasonal and historical migrations which have never ceased and do not seem to be dictated only by emergencies such as war 115 Due to the decades of war in Afghanistan and the sectarian violence in Pakistan many Hazaras left their communities and have settled in Australia New Zealand Canada the United States the United Kingdom and particularly the Northern European countries such as Sweden and Denmark Some go to these countries as exchange students while others through human smuggling which sometimes costs them their lives Since 2001 about 1 000 people have died in the ocean while trying to reach Australia by boats from Indonesia 109 Many of these were Hazaras The notable case was the Tampa affair in which a shipload of refugees mostly Hazaras was rescued by the Norwegian freighter MV Tampa and subsequently sent to Nauru 116 CultureMain article Hazara culture Further information Culture of Afghanistan Hazara girls in traditional clothing Hazara culture is a combination of customs traditions behaviors beliefs and norms that have been formed in interaction and confrontation with the surrounding phenomena for many years and now it is displayed as a cultural identity The Hazara culture is rich in heritage with many unique cultures and has common influences with various cultures of Central Asia and South Asia The Hazara outside of Hazarajat have adopted the cultures of the cities where they dwell resembling the cultures and traditions of the Afghan Tajiks and Pashtuns Traditionally the Hazara are highland farmers In Hazarajat they have retained many of their own cultures and traditions some of which are more closely related to those of Central Asians than to those of the Afghan Tajiks The Hazara live in houses but some of the Aimaq Hazara who are semi nomadic live in yurts covered with felt 117 118 Attire Main article Hazara clothing Further information Clothing in Afghanistan Central Asian clothing and Islamic clothing Hazara clothing have an important and special role in supporting the cultural traditional and social identity of the Hazara ethnicity Hazara clothes are produced manually and by machine In Afghanistan these types of clothes are sewn in most parts of the country especially in central provinces of Afghanistan 119 120 Male clothing Further information Barak cloth Hazara men traditionally wear barak also called barag and hat Barak is one of the important components of Hazara people s clothing Barak is a kind of soft sticky and thick piece made from the first wool of lambs of special sheep that are raised in Hazarajat provided In addition to being a very acceptable stylish and regal clothe the Hazara barak is also a warm winter that is resistant to moisture and does not get wet easily in snow and rain Also barak has a special property and softness it reduces muscle pains and is also healing for joint pains Nowadays the most common clothes among Hazara men is the perahan o tunban and sometimes with a hat or a turban 119 120 121 Female clothing The traditional clothing of Hazara women includes a pleated skirt with a tunban or undergarment The lower tunbans are made of fabrics such as flowered chits and the upper skirts are made of better fabrics such as velvet or zari and net and have a border or decoration at the bottom The women s shirt is calf length close collared and long sleeved and has slits on both sides that are placed on the skirts which are admired for their completeness in the Islamic set Hazara women s clothing has certain characteristics according to their social economic and age conditions The clothes of young Hazara women are made of different fabrics in different colors and happy designs with beautiful and colorful chador but older women prefer dark colored fabrics with simple black and white designs Hazara women s chador or head cover is often decorated with ornaments that is often silver or gold and sometimes with a hat The ornaments on the clothe is silver or gold necklace with colorful beads buttons bangles and silver or gold bracelets 119 120 Cuisine Main article Hazara cuisine Further information Central Asian cuisine South Asian cuisine and Persian cuisine The Hazara cuisine is strongly influenced by Central Asian South Asian and Persian cuisines However there are special foods cooking methods and different cooking styles that are specific to them They have a hospitable dining etiquette In their culture it is customary to prepare special food for guests citation needed Art Music Further information Music of Central Asia Music of Afghanistan Dambura and Ghaychak Dawood Sarkhosh a folklore Hazara musician Many Hazara musicians are widely hailed as being skilled in playing the dambura a native regional lute instrument similarly found in other Central Asian nations such as Kazakhstan Uzbekistan and Tajikistan Some of the famous Hazara musician and dambura players are such as Sarwar Sarkhosh Dawood Sarkhosh Safdar Tawakoli Sayed Anwar Azad and others 117 In Hazara dambura revolutionary hymns are very common The first singer who started singing revolutionary hymns on dambura was Sarwar Sarkhosh and his main message was the uprising of the young generation and the fight against oppression 122 Also Ghaychak a field instruments in music that is usually played like a fiddle The resonance bowl is made of walnuts or berries and its wires are metal which is one of the stringed instruments in Hazara music 123 Cinema Shamila Shirzad is an ethnic Hazara actress She became famous by acting in the movie Sun Children Hazara cinema artists have no older background but nowadays some of their famous actors and actresses include Hussain Sadiqi Abid Ali Nazish Shamila Shirzad Nikbakht Noruz and others Writers and poets Faiz Muhammad Kateb a contemporary writer and historian Some famous Hazara writers and poets include Faiz Muhammad Kateb Amir Khosrow Dehlavi Ismael Balkhi Hassan Poladi Kazim Yazdani Ali Mohaqiq Nasab Kamran Mir Hazar Basir Ahang Sayed Askar Mousavi Ali Baba Taj Sayed Abutalib Mozaffari Muhammad Akram Gizabi and so on Cultural sports Buzkashi in Afghanistan Buzkashi Main article Buzkashi Buzkashi is a Central Asian sport in which horse mounted players attempt to place a goat or calf carcass in a goal It is the national sport in Afghanistan and is one of the cultural sports of the Hazara people and they still practice this sport in Afghanistan 124 Tirandazi Further information Archery Tirandazi is a kind of archery and an old cultural sport of Hazaras 125 Pahlawani Further information Pahlawani and Wrestling Pahlawani or Kushti is a kind of cultural wrestling sport that is performed by Hazaras Pahlawani has a long history in Afghanistan and among the Hazaras In Afghanistan on holidays Pahlawani fields are set up Pahlawani is held in different age groups This cultural sport has its special techniques Because this sport is very ancient and familiar it has been continued from generation to generation among the Hazara people 126 LanguageMain articles Hazaragi and Dari Hazara people living in Hazaristan Hazarajat region speak the Hazaragi dialect 31 127 According to Encyclopaedia of Islam Hazaragi is a Persian dialect which is infused with many Turkic and a few Mongolic words or loanwords 32 106 128 129 According to Atif Adnan the Hazara population speaks Persian with some Mongolian words 64 The primary differences between Persian and Hazaragi are the accent 30 31 Despite these differences Hazaragi is mutually intelligible with Dari 29 one of the two official languages in Afghanistan 130 According to Doctor of Sciences Lutfi Temirkhanov the ancestors of the Hazaras were Mongol speaking 17 54 and only after the resettlement they mixed with the Persian speaking and Turkic speaking population hordes of Mongol princes and feudal lords found themselves in a Persian speaking encirclement they mixed with them were influenced by the Persian Tajik culture and gradually adopted the Persian language 131 According to a number of sources in the 16th century the Mongolian language was widespread among the Hazaras 58 56 According to the Great Russian Encyclopedia until the 19th century Hazaras spoke Mongolian 19 57 59 60 And according to Temirkhanov the Mongolian elements make up 10 of the Hazara vocabulary 132 ReligionFurther information Religion in Afghanistan and Islam in Afghanistan A gathering of Hazaras on the final day of Ramadan in Daykundi Afghanistan Hazaras predominantly practice Islam mostly the Shi a of the Twelver sect with significant Sunni some Isma ili and Non denominational Muslim minorities 12 13 The majority of Afghanistan s population practices Sunni Islam this may have contributed to the discrimination against them 43 There is no single theory about the acceptance of the Shi a Islam by the majority of Hazaras Probably most of them accepted Shi a Islam during the first part of the 16th century in the early days of the Safavid dynasty 133 12 13 Sunni Hazaras Sher Muhammad Khan Hazara the chieftain of the Qala e Naw Hazaras A significant and almost a large population of Hazara people are Sunni Muslims Sunni Hazaras have been Sunni since long ago and before the occupation of Hazara lands by Abdul Rahman but some of them were converted from Shia to Sunni Islam after the occupation of Hazara lands by Abdul Rahman and 1888 1893 Hazara uprisings In Afghanistan they inhabit in different provinces such as Kabul Baghlan Badghis Ghor Kunduz Panjshir Bamyan Badakhshan Parwan and in some other regions of Afghanistan 134 135 Some Sunni Hazaras who have been attached to non Hazara tribes are the Timuri and Aimaq Hazara citation needed A Sunni Hazara Sher Muhammad Khan Hazara the chieftain of the Hazaras of Qala e Naw region and a warlord who participant in the Sunni coalition that defended Herat in 1837 Also one of the defeaters of British forces around Qandahar and Maiwand desert during the First Anglo Afghan War in 1838 1842 citation needed Isma ili Hazaras Isma ili Hazaras mainly live in provinces of Kabul Parwan Baghlan and Bamyan And their smaller groups live in Maidan Wardak Samangan Zabul and The Isma ili Hazaras have always been kept separate from the rest of the Hazaras on account of religious beliefs and political purposes 136 Hazara tribesMain article List of Hazara tribes The Hazara people have been organized by various tribes Some overarching Hazara tribes are Sheikh Ali Jaghori Jaghatu Qara Baghi Ghaznichi Muhammad Khwaja Behsudi Daimirdadi Turkmani Uruzgani Daikundi Daizangi Daichopan Daizinyat Qarlugh Aimaq Hazara and others 137 The different tribes come from Hazaristan Hazara regions such as Parwan Bamyan Ghazni Ghor Urozgan Daikundi Maidan Wardak and have spread outwards from Hazaristan main region in other parts of Afghanistan and also in other Hazara populated areas SportsFurther information Sport in Afghanistan Rohullah Nikpai two time Olympic bronze medalist in the sport of Taekwondo Moshtaq Yaqoubi an ethnic Hazara footballer who played for the Finland national team Many Hazaras engaged in varieties of sports including football volleyball wrestling martial arts boxing karate taekwondo judo wushu Jujitsu Cricket Tennis and more Pahlawan Ebrahim Khedri a 62 kg wrestler was the national champion for two decades in Afghanistan Another famous Hazara wrestler Wakil Hussain Allahdad was killed in the 22 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombing in Dashte Barchi Kabul 138 139 Rohullah Nikpai won a bronze medal in Taekwondo at the Beijing Olympics 2008 beating world champion Juan Antonio Ramos of Spain 4 1 in a play off final It was Afghanistan s first ever Olympic medal He then won a second Olympic medal for Afghanistan in the London 2012 games citation needed Another famous Hazara athlete Sayed Abdul Jalil Waiz was the first ever badminton player representing Afghanistan in Asian Junior Championships in 2005 where he produced the first win for his country against Iraq with 15 13 15 1 He participated in several international championships since 2005 and achieved victories against Australia the Philippines and Mongolia Hamid Rahimi a Hazara boxer from Afghanistan who lives in Germany Hussain Sadiqi a Hazara Australian martial artist who won an award for the best fight scene for an Australian made action movie Hazara football players are Zohib Islam Amiri who is currently playing for the Afghanistan national football team Moshtaq Yaqoubi an Afghan Finnish footballer who plays for HIFK Mustafa Amini a Hazara Australian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Danish Superliga club AGF and the Australian national team Rahmat Akbari an Australian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Brisbane Roar and others like Rohullah Iqbalzada Omran Haydary Zelfy Nazary Moshtaq Ahmadi and Zahra Mahmoodi 140 A Pakistani Hazara Abrar Hussain a former Olympic boxer served as deputy director general of the Pakistan Sports Board He represented Pakistan three times at the Olympics and won a gold medal at the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing Another Hazara boxer from Pakistan is Haider Ali a Commonwealth Games gold medalist and Olympian who is currently retired Some Hazara from Pakistan have also excelled in sports and have received numerous awards particularly in boxing football and field hockey New Hazara youngsters are seen to appear in many sports in Pakistan mostly from Quetta Rajab Ali Hazara who is leading the under 16 Pakistan Football team as captain 141 Another is Kulsoom Hazara a Pakistani female karate champion who has won several gold silver and bronze medals on national and international stages including Pride of Pakistan Award 142 Other karateka Hazaras include Nargis Hameedullah who became the first Pakistani woman to win an individual medal a bronze at the Asian Games karate championship and Shahida Abbasi citation needed Notable peopleMain article List of Hazara peopleGallery Mir Muhammad Azim Beig the most populous and powerful Hazara chieftain in the 1880s Hazara men from villages near Ghazni c 1840 painting by James Atkinson Hazara men in the uniform of the National Army of Afghanistan Rally of Hazaras in Brussels Belgium in 2022 Hazara young men in Kabul Afghanistan Elderly Hazara man Hazara schoolboys in AfghanistanSee alsoHazara nationalism Ethnic groups in Afghanistan Demographics of Central Asia Aimaq HazaraReferences سرور دانش درصد جمعیت شیعه و هزاره را در گزارش دولت آمریکا نادرست خواند BBC News فارسی in Persian Retrieved 2023 01 08 Afghanistan Data data worldbank org Hazaras of Pakistan Retrieved 22 Dec 2022 Census of Afghans in Pakistan 2005 UNHCR Statistical Summary Report retrieved August 14 2016 a b Yusuf Imran 5 October 2011 Who are the Hazara Tribune Retrieved 1 September 2016 a b c Smyth Phillip 3 June 2014 Iran s Afghan Shiite Fighters in Syria The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Retrieved 22 June 2017 Austria holds refugee talks as young Hazaras flee persecution to make dangerous journey to Europe ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation mobile abc net au 2016 02 29 Retrieved 2017 08 19 Afghan Hazara Refugees Seek Justice in Turkey 3 June 2014 Cultural Diversity Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021 08 10 Retrieved 2022 06 28 a b The population of people with descent from Afghanistan in Canada is 48 090 Hazara make up an estimated 30 of the population of Afghanistan depending to the source The Hazara population in Canada is estimated from these two figures Ethnic origins 2006 counts for Canada Afghan Hazaras new life in Indonesia Asylum seeker community in West Java is large enough to easily man an eight team Afghan football league Al Jazeera 21 March 2014 retrieved 5 August 2016 a b c The Afghans Their History and Culture Religion Archived 2010 12 28 at the Wayback Machine a b c شناسنامه الکترونیکی آخرین فرصت تثبیت هویت هزارههای سنی و اسماعیلی سایت طرح نو باشگاه اندیشه و گفتوگو Retrieved 2021 02 02 Brasher Ryan 2011 Ethnic Brother or Artificial Namesake The Construction of Tajik Identity in Afghanistan and Tajikistan Berkeley Journal of Sociology 55 97 120 JSTOR 23345249 B Campbell Disappearing people Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in Barbara Brower Barbara Rose Johnston Ed International Mountain Society California 2007 Sunni Hazaras of Afghanistan September 17 2020 a b c d Temirkhanov L 1968 O nekotoryh spornyh voprosah etnicheskoj istorii hazarejskogo naroda Sovetskaya etnografiya 1 P 86 In Russian mongolskie otryady ostavlennye v Afganistane Chingiz hanom ili ego preemnikami stali ishodnym plastom osnovoj hazarejskogo etnogeneza a b c Bacon Elizabeth Emaline 1951 The Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan A Study in Social Organization Berkeley University of California a b c Hazarejcy Bolshaya rossijskaya enciklopediya elektronnaya versiya bigenc ru In Russian Upominayutsya s 16 v Do 19 v govorili na mong yazyke a b دلجو عباس 2018 تاریخ باستانی هزاره ها کابل افغانستان موسسه انتشارات مقصوی کابل pp 37 167 257 ISBN 978 9936 624 00 9 a b Babur Emperor of Hindustan 1826 Memoirs of Zehir Ed Din Muhammed Baber Emperor of Hindustan Longman Rees Orme Brown and Green a b c Martinez Cruz Begona Vitalis Renaud Segurel Laure Austerlitz Frederic Georges Myriam Thery Sylvain Quintana Murci Lluis Hegay Tatyana Aldashev Almaz Nasyrova Firuza Heyer Evelyne 2011 In the heartland of Eurasia the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations European Journal of Human Genetics 19 2 216 223 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2010 153 ISSN 1476 5438 PMC 3025785 PMID 20823912 Shi a and Hazaras Minority Rights Group 2018 06 14 Retrieved 2023 02 07 Dupree L 2006 AFGHANISTAN iv Ethnography Encyclopaedia Iranica Online ed Afghanistan 31 822 848 July 2014 est 9 2014 The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Retrieved July 17 2015 Hyder Kamal November 12 2011 Hazara community finds safe haven in Peshawar Al Jazeera English Retrieved November 12 2011 COUNTRY PROFILE AFGHANISTAN PDF Library of Congress Country Studies Retrieved August 22 2017 Malik Ayub Sumbal The Plight of the Hazaras in Pakistan The Diplomat Retrieved August 22 2017 a b Attitudes towards Hazaragi pp 1 2 Retrieved June 5 2014 a b Schurmann Franz 1962 The Mongols of Afghanistan An Ethnography of the Moghols and Related Peoples of Afghanistan The Hague Netherlands Mouton p 17 OCLC 401634 a b c Kieffer Charles M HAZARA iv Hazaragi dialect Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved August 22 2017 a b c Monsutti Alessandro 2017 07 01 Hazaras Encyclopaedia of Islam THREE Brill retrieved 2022 05 07 a b c Bosworth C E 2012 04 24 Hazaras Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition Brill retrieved 2022 05 08 Emadi Hafizullah September 1997 The Hazaras and their role in the process of political transformation in Afghanistan Central Asian Survey 16 3 363 387 doi 10 1080 02634939708400997 Hazaras are one of the oppressed and dispossessed national minority communities of the country Mousavi S A October 24 2018 The Hazaras of Afghanistan Routledge Babur Z M 1987 Babur nama Lahore pp 300 207 214 218 221 251 53 Babur Zahir ud Din Muhammad 1826 Memoirs of Zehir Ed Din Muhammed Baber Emperor of Hindustan Longman Rees Orme Brown and Green یزدانی حسینعلی پژوهشی در تاریخ هزاره ها چاپخانه مهتاب ص 96 هزاله لغت نامه دهخدا Dehkhoda Dictionary abadis ir Retrieved 2022 01 07 Schurmann H F 1962 The Mon gols of Afghanistan An Ethnography of the Moghols and Related Peoples of Afghanistan La Haye p 115 Poladi Hassan 1989 The Hazaras Stockton p 22 Mousavi Sayed Askar 1998 The Hazaras of Afghanistan An Historical Cultural Economic and Political Study Richmond pp 23 25 a b c Khazeni Arash Monsutti Alessandro Kieffer Charles M December 15 2003 HAZARA Encyclopaedia Iranica Online ed United States Retrieved December 23 2007 دلجو عباس 2018 تاریخ باستانی هزاره ها کابل افغانستان موسسه انتشارات مقصوی کابل p 199 ISBN 978 9936 624 00 9 HAZARA ii HISTORY Encyclopaedia Iranica Iranicaonline org Retrieved 2021 03 12 Hartl Daniel L Jones Elizabeth W 2009 Genetics Analysis of Genes and Genomes p 262 ISBN 978 0 7637 5868 4 B Campbell Disappearing people Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in Barbara Brower Barbara Rose Johnston Ed International Mountain Society California 2007 a b Temirkhanov L 1968 O nekotoryh spornyh voprosah etnicheskoj istorii hazarejskogo naroda Sovetskaya etnografiya 1 P 94 In Russian tyurkskie elementy po sravneniyu s mongolskimi igrali vtorostepennuyu rol Elizabeth E Bacon 1951 The Inquiry into the History of the Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan Southwestern Journal of Anthropology Vol 7 No 3 pp 230 247 West Barbara A West 2010 Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania New York Infobase Publishing p 272 ISBN 978 1438119137 Averyanov Yu A 2017 Hazarejcy iranoyazychnye mongoly Afganistana Mir Centralnoj Azii pp 110 117 Satcaev E B 2009 Mongoly hazarejcy Afganistana i aspekty narodnogo shiizma Edinaya Kalmykiya v edinoj Rossii cherez veka v budushee pp 413 415 Temirkhanov L 1968 O nekotoryh spornyh voprosah etnicheskoj istorii hazarejskogo naroda Sovetskaya etnografiya 1 P 91 In Russian Blizhajshie sosedi hazarejcev gilzai nazyvali i nazyvayut ih mongoly a b Temirkhanov L 1968 O nekotoryh spornyh voprosah etnicheskoj istorii hazarejskogo naroda Sovetskaya etnografiya 1 P 91 In Russian Ob uchastii mongolov v etnogeneze hazarejcev svidetelstvuyut i dannye lingvistiki takzhe istoricheskie istochniki naprimer Zapiski Babura i dannye toponimiki Sabitov Zh M 2011 Proishozhdenie hazarejcev s tochki zreniya DNK genealogii The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy 2 1 pp 37 40 a b Bartold V V 2022 Islam Kultura musulmanstva Moskva Litres p 162 In Russian eshe v XVI veke govorili hazarejcy po mongolski v severnoj chasti Afganistana a b Armin Vambery 2003 Puteshestvie po Srednej Azii Moskva Vostochnaya literatura In Russian Govoryat chto hazarejcy byli perevezeny Chingishanom iz Mongolii svoej prarodiny na yug Srednej Azii i blagodarya vliyaniyu shaha Abbasa II obrasheny v shiizm Porazitelno chto oni zamenili svoj rodnoj yazyk persidskim kotoryj dazhe v naselennyh imi oblastyah ne povsemestno rasprostranen i lish nebolshaya chast ostavshayasya izolirovannoj v gorah poblizosti ot Gerata i uzhe neskolko stoletij zanimayushayasya vyzhiganiem uglya govorit na nekoem zhargone mongolskogo yazyka a b Masson V M Romodin V A 1964 Istoriya Afganistana Tom I S drevnejshih vremen do nachala XVI veka Moskva Nauka pp 289 290 In Russian Eshe v XVI v po soobsheniyu Babura sredi hazarejcev byl rasprostranen mongolskij yazyk a nebolshaya chast ih po vidimomu i v XIX v govorila na yazyke blizkom k mongolskomu a b Petrushevskij I P 1952 Rashid ad din i ego istoricheskij trud Moskva Leningrad Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR P 29 In Russian Kak izvestno bolshoj massiv mongolskogo naseleniya hezarejcy otchasti sohranyavshego svoj yazyk eshe v XIX v slozhilsya na territorii Afganistana a b Allah Rakha Fatima Min Sheng Peng Atif Adan Rui Bi Memona Yasmin Yong Gang Yao 2017 mtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan Forensic Science International Genetics Volume 30 Pages e1 e5 In English Moreover there are also lines of evidence that some of the remote tribes of Hazaras spoke Mongol language till last century Their central Asian facial features including sparse beards high cheekbones and epicanthic eye folds further supports their Mongol origin Haber M Platt DE Ashrafian Bonab M et al 2012 Afghanistan s Ethnic Groups Share a Y Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events PLOS ONE 7 3 e34288 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 734288H doi 10 1371 journal pone 0034288 PMC 3314501 PMID 22470552 Rosenberg Noah A et al December 2002 Genetic Structure of Human Populations Science New Series 298 5602 2381 85 Bibcode 2002Sci 298 2381R doi 10 1126 science 1078311 PMID 12493913 S2CID 8127224 He Guanglin Adnan Atif Rakha Allah Yeh Hui Yuan Wang Mengge Zou Xing Guo Jianxin Rehman Muhammad Fawad Abulhasan Chen Pengyu Wang Chuan Chao September 2019 A comprehensive exploration of the genetic legacy and forensic features of Afghanistan and Pakistan Mongolian descent Hazara Forensic Science International Genetics 42 e1 e12 doi 10 1016 j fsigen 2019 06 018 ISSN 1872 4973 a b c d Adnan Atif Wen Shao Qing Rakha Allah Alghafri Rashed Nazir Shahid Rehman Muhammad Wang Chuan Chao Lu Jie 2020 Forensic features and genetic legacy of the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across Durand line revealed by y chromosomal STRS doi 10 1101 2020 11 21 392456 S2CID 227172830 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b Allah Rakha Fatima Min Sheng Peng Atif Adan Rui Bi Memona Yasmin Yong Gang Yao 2017 mtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan Forensic Science International Genetics Volume 30 Page 3 Quintana Murci L Chaix R Wells RS et al May 2004 Where West Meets East The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor The American Journal of Human Genetics 74 5 827 45 doi 10 1086 383236 PMC 1181978 PMID 15077202 MtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan Retrieved 2021 03 12 Quintana Murci L Chaix R Wells RS et al May 2004 Figure 1 Where west meets east the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor Am J Hum Genet 74 5 827 45 doi 10 1086 383236 PMC 1181978 PMID 15077202 Xu Shuhua Wang Sijia Tang Kun Guan Yaqun Khan Asifullah Li Jing Zhang Xi Wang Xiaoji Tian Lei 2017 10 01 Genetic History of Xinjiang s Uyghurs Suggests Bronze Age Multiple Way Contacts in Eurasia Molecular Biology and Evolution 34 10 2572 2582 doi 10 1093 molbev msx177 ISSN 0737 4038 PMID 28595347 Quintana Murci L Chaix R Wells RS et al May 2004 Where West Meets East The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor The American Journal of Human Genetics 74 5 827 45 doi 10 1086 383236 PMC 1181978 PMID 15077202 MtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan Retrieved 2021 03 12 Quintana Murci L Chaix R Wells RS et al May 2004 Figure 1 Where west meets east the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor Am J Hum Genet 74 5 827 45 doi 10 1086 383236 PMC 1181978 PMID 15077202 Haber Marc Platt Daniel E Bonab Maziar Ashrafian Youhanna Sonia C Soria Hernanz David F Martinez Cruz Begona Douaihy Bouchra Ghassibe Sabbagh Michella Rafatpanah Hoshang Ghanbari Mohsen Whale John Balanovsky Oleg Wells R Spencer Comas David Tyler Smith Chris Zalloua Pierre A Consortium The Genographic 28 March 2012 Afghanistan s Ethnic Groups Share a Y Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events PLOS ONE 7 3 e34288 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 734288H doi 10 1371 journal pone 0034288 PMC 3314501 PMID 22470552 John William Whale Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Four Ethnic Groups of Afghanistan http eprints port ac uk 9862 1 John Whale MPhil Thesis 2012 pdf Archived 2017 08 02 at the Wayback Machine Lkhagvasuren Gavaachimed Shin Heejin Lee Si Eun Tumen Dashtseveg Kim Jae Hyun Kim Kyung Yong Kim Kijeong Park Ae Ja Lee Ho Woon Kim Mi Jin Choi Jaesung Choi Jee Hye Min Na Young Lee Kwang Ho 14 September 2016 Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen s Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan PLOS ONE 11 9 e0161622 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1161622L doi 10 1371 journal pone 0161622 PMC 5023095 PMID 27627454 Eastern Russian Tatars Bashkirs and Pakistani Hazara were found to carry R1b M343 at unusually high frequencies of 12 65 46 07 and 32 respectively compared to other regions of Eastern Asia which rarely have this haplotype Sabitov Zh M 2011 Proishozhdenie hazarejcev s tochki zreniya DNK genealogii The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy 2 1 pp 37 40 In Russian Gaplogruppa SZ bezuslovno svyazana s ekspansiej mongolov Zhabagin M K 2017 Analiz svyazi polimorfizma Y hromosomy i rodoplemennoj struktury v kazahskoj populyacii Moskva p 71 In Russian za schet vysokoj chastoty gaplogruppy S2 M217 chto soglasuetsya s mongolskim proishozhdeniem hazarejcev a b c d e HAZARA ii HISTORY Alessandro Monsutti Online ed United States Encyclopaedia Iranica December 15 2003 Retrieved 9 August 2012 Sarabi Humayun 2005 Politics and Modern History of Hazara Sectarian Politics in Afghanistan Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy Archived from the original on 2011 09 18 Retrieved 2011 11 02 Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan 1997 Retrieved 2010 08 25 THE AMEER CAPTURES URZAGHAN The New York Times 1892 10 02 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2022 08 21 Mousavi Sayed Askar 1998 The Hazaras of Afghanistan an historical cultural economic and political study Richmond Surrey Curzon ISBN 978 1 315 02693 0 OCLC 1100424512 a b دلجو عباس 2014 تاریخ باستانی هزاره ها کابل انتشارات امیری ISBN 978 9936801509 کوچ اجباری و اثرات فرهنگی واجتماعی آن بر جامعه هزاره archive mashal org Retrieved 2022 08 31 Runion Meredith L 2017 The History of Afghanistan 2nd edition ABC CLIO LLC p 124 ISBN 978 1 61069 778 1 Dorronsoro Gilles 2005 Revolution Unending Afghanistan 1979 to the Present London Hurst amp Company p 104 ISBN 1 85065 703 3 Rashid Ahmed March 1 2001 Taliban Militant Islam Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia Paperback ed New Haven CT Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 08902 8 Ahmed Rashid Taliban Militant Islam Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia London and New Haven 2000 p 58 Ahmed Rashid Taliban Militant Islam Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia London and New Haven 2000 pp 67 74 Taliban blow apart 2 000 years of Buddhist history The Guardian 3 March 2001 Who is Justice Qazi Faez Isa DAWN COM June 19 2020 Qazi Muhammad Isa and the reference against Justice Qazi Faez Isa June 14 2020 Fida Yunas S 2008 Pg 33 Sultan Ali Kishtmand had remained Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 10 January 1981 to 26 May 1990 with a brief break of about nine months when Dr Hassan Sharq replaced him from 20 June 1988 to Retrieved 2012 07 30 Williams Brian Glyn 2011 09 22 Afghanistan Declassified A Guide to America s Longest War Brian Glyn Williams Google Books ISBN 978 0 8122 0615 9 Retrieved 2012 07 30 Afghanistan massacres of Hazaras Human Rights Watch February 2001 Retrieved December 27 2007 a b Larson Marisa June 17 2008 Hazara People National Geographic Retrieved August 9 2012 Sappenfield Mark August 6 2007 Afghanistan s success story The liberated Hazara minority Christian Science Monitor Retrieved December 27 2007 Many Karzai rivals find way to Parliament Pajhwok com 2011 01 22 Archived from the original on 2012 03 13 Retrieved 2012 07 30 27 February 2012 Afghanistan set to host second national ski race wanderlust co uk Wanderlust co uk Archived from the original on 4 August 2017 Retrieved 30 October 2017 Levinson Charles March 7 2012 Since Skiing Came to Afghanistan It Has Been Pretty Much All Downhill Wall Street Journal a b Afghan nomad clashes raise fears of ethnic strife Bangkok Post AFP 7 August 2012 Afghan Overture to Taliban Aggravates Ethnic Tensions The New York Times 27 June 2010 Afghanistan s minority Hazaras see gains of past two decades falling apart France 24 23 August 2021 Retrieved 31 August 2021 Mogul Rhea 29 August 2021 Afghanistan s religious minorities live in fear of Taliban brace for persecution NBC News Retrieved 31 August 2021 Anonym The people will fight the Taliban tellerreport com www tellerreport com Retrieved 2021 09 03 a b AFGHANISTAN iv Ethnography L Dupree Online ed United States Encyclopaedia Iranica December 15 1983 پولادی حسن 1387 هزاره ها Hussain Ali Yousafi chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party BBC News 26 January 2009 a b Bigg Matthew 2012 10 25 Insight Pakistani death squads spur desperate voyage to Australia Reuters Retrieved 8 December 2013 Balochistan s Hazaras speak out Qurat ul ain Siddiqui interviews Secretary General of the Hazara Democratic Party Abdul Khaliq Hazara Dawn com Retrieved 2012 07 30 List of Political parties Hazarapress com Retrieved 2012 07 30 شورش خراسان در کتابفروشی ها شکل می گیرد بیات کاوه 2016 شورش خراسان و صولت السلطنه هزاره زمستان 1320 موسسه فرهنگی هنری جهان کتاب ISBN 978 6006732688 Monsutti Alessandro 2005 War and migration Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan New York Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 97508 7 Monsutti Alessandro 2005 War and migration Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan Translated by Patrick Camiller Routledge New York Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 97508 7 Australia ships out Afghan refugees BBC News a b Latham Robert Gordon 1859 Eastern and northern Asia Europe J van Voorst p 333 Retrieved 2013 12 08 افغانستان روزنامه استقبال گسترده از روز فرهنگ هزارگی در کشور روزنامه افغانستان www dailyafghanistan com in Persian Retrieved 2022 09 10 a b c tebyan net موسسه فرهنگی واطلاع رسانی تبیان 2017 06 09 لباس های سنتی زنان و مردان هزاره fa Retrieved 2022 08 28 a b c Clothing of the Hazara Tribes Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved 31 August 2022 Barak Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved 31 August 2022 The Hazara Nationalism in Music and Historical Literature قیچک لغت نامه دهخدا Dehkhoda Dictionary YJC خبرگزاری باشگاه خبرنگاران آخرین اخبار ایران و جهان 9 May 2017 تاریخچه ورزش بزکشی در افغانستان تصاویر History of Buzkashi sport in Afghanistan Pictures fa in Persian Retrieved 2021 09 13 مسابقات تیراندازی با کمان در بامیان میدان و غزنی in Persian Retrieved 2022 09 09 کشتی محلی افغانستان ورزشی پرهیجان با علاقمندان فراوان تصاویر af shafaqna com Retrieved 2022 09 10 Mongols of Afghanistan An Ethnography of the Moghols and Related Peoples of Afghanistan Mouton The Hague Netherlands page 17 OCLC 401634 Malistani A H Tariq and Gehring Roman compilers 1993 Farhang i ibtidal i milli i Hazarah bi inzimam i tarjamah bih Farsi i Ingilisi Hazaragi Dari Persian English a preliminary glossary A H Tariq Malistani Quetta OCLC 33814814 Farhadi A G Ravan 1955 Le persan parle en Afghanistan Grammaire du kaboli accompagnee d un recuil de quatrains populaires de la region de Kabol Paris Languages in Afghanistan The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan SCA Retrieved 2021 02 14 Temirkhanov L 1968 O nekotoryh spornyh voprosah etnicheskoj istorii hazarejskogo naroda Sovetskaya etnografiya 1 P 93 94 In Russian ordy mongolskih carevichej i feodalov okazalis v tadzhikskom okruzhenii oni smeshivalis s tadzhikami podvergalis vliyaniyu persidsko tadzhikskoj kultury i postepenno prinimali yazyk tadzhikov otsyuda i tadzhikskaya rech hazarejcev Temirkhanov L 1968 O nekotoryh spornyh voprosah etnicheskoj istorii hazarejskogo naroda Sovetskaya etnografiya 1 P 91 In Russian mongolskie elementy sostavlyayut 10 hazarejskoj leksiki Dorronsoro Gilles 2005 Revolution unending Afghanistan 1979 to the present By Gilles Dorronsoro pg 44 ISBN 978 1 85065 703 3 Retrieved 2012 07 30 پولادی حسن 1387 هزاره ها تاریخ سیاست اقتصاد و فرهنگ ترجمه علی عالمی کرمانی انتشارات عرفان pp 205 206 ISBN 978 964 06 0527 1 گیزابی محمداکرم 1375 هزاره ها و هزارستان اثر گروه تحقیقی پیدی میتلند ترجمه محمداکرم گیزابیی مجمع نویسندگان افغانستان p 192 خواتی شفق 1382 مجله طلوع pp 52 68 Hazara tribal structure Program for Culture and Conflict Studies US Naval Postgraduate School Nordland Rod Faizi Fatima September 20 2018 Suicider Came the Warning For Afghans Wrestlers Deaths Resound Published 2018 Archived from the original on 2022 01 03 via NYTimes com Mashal Mujib 2018 04 23 After Each Attack He Carried the Wounded Then He Became a Victim Published 2018 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 2022 01 03 Retrieved 2020 12 03 Islam Amiri Hazara Afghan national football team captain and Fans player of the year Hazara net 24 September 2013 Retrieved May 25 2014 Rajab Ali Hazara to lead under 16 Pakistan Football team as captain www hazara net 2013 09 24 Retrieved 2014 09 18 Adil Hafsa Role model Pakistan s Hazara woman packing a punch www aljazeera com Retrieved 2023 02 10 Further readingMonsutti Alessandro 2005 War and migration Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan Translated by Patrick Camiller Routledge New York Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 97508 7 Mousavi Sayed Askar 1998 1997 The Hazaras of Afghanistan An Historical Cultural Economic and Political Study Richmond New York St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 312 17386 9 Frederiksen Birthe Nicolaisen Ida 1996 Caravans and trade in Afghanistan The changing life of the nomadic Hazarbuz Carlsberg Foundation s Nomad Research Project London Thames and Hudson ISBN 978 0 500 01687 9 Poladi Hassan 1989 The Hazaras Stockton California Mughal Publishing Company ISBN 978 0 929824 00 0 Kakar M Hasan 1973 The pacification of the Hazaras of Afghanistan New York Afghanistan Council Asia Society OCLC 1111643 Harpviken Kristian Berg 1996 Political Mobilization Among the Hazara of Afghanistan 1978 1992 PDF Rapportserien ved Sosiologi Nr 9 1996 Oslo Institutt for Sosiologi Universitetet i Oslo ISBN 978 82 570 0127 8 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 09 27 Retrieved 2011 04 27 External links Hazaras test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hazara people Hazaras at Encyclopaedia Iranica Hazara tribal structure Program for Culture and Conflict Studies US Naval Postgraduate School Peril and Persecution in Afghanistan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hazaras amp oldid 1160572878, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.