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Dyēus

January 06, 2023

*Dyḗus (lit. "daylight-sky-god"), also *Dyḗus ph₂tḗr (lit. "father daylight-sky-god"),[1][2] is the reconstructed name of the daylight-sky god in Proto-Indo-European mythology. *Dyēus was conceived as a divine personification of the bright sky of the day and the seat of the gods, the *deywṓs. Associated with the vast diurnal sky and with the fertile rains, *Dyēus was often paired with *Dʰéǵʰōm, the Earth Mother, in a relationship of union and contrast.

The sky over the feather grass-covered steppe in Ukraine. *Dyḗus ph₂tḗr has been translated as "father daylight-sky-god".

While its existence is not directly attested by archaeological or written materials, *Dyēus is considered by scholars the most securely reconstructed deity of the Indo-European pantheon, as identical formulas referring to him can be found among the subsequent Indo-European languages and myths of the Vedic Indo-Aryans, Latins, Greeks, Phrygians, Messapians, Thracians, Illyrians, Albanians and Hittites.[3][2]

Name

Etymology

The divine name *Dyēus stems from the root *dyeu-, denoting the "diurnal sky" or the "brightness of the day" (in contrast to the darkness of the night), ultimately deriving from *di or dei- ("to shine, be bright").[1][4] Cognates in Indo-European languages revolving around the concepts of "day", "sky" and "deity" and sharing the root *dyeu- as an etymon suggest that Dyēus was the vast and bright sky of the day conceived as a divine entity,[1][4] such as Sanskrit dyumán- 'heavenly, shining, radiant'.[5]

A vṛddhi-derivative appears in *deywós ("celestial"), the common word for "god" in Proto-Indo-European. In classic Indo-European, associated with the late Khvalynsk culture (3900–3500),[6] *Dyēus also had the meaning of "Heaven", whereas it denoted "god" in general (or the Sun-god in particular) in the Anatolian tradition.[7] The suffix-derivative *diwyós ("divine") is also attested in Latin, Greek and Sanskrit.[4][8]

The noun *deynos ("day"), interpreted as a back-formation of *deywós, has descendant cognates in Vedic Sanskrit divé-dive ("day by day"), Latin Dies, goddess of the day and counterpart to Greek Hemera, Hittite siwat ("day"), Palaic Tīyat- ("Sun, day"), Ancient Greek endios ("midday"), Old Armenian tiw (տիւ, "bright day"), Old Irish noenden ("nine-day period"), Welsh heddyw ("today"),[9][10] or Slavic Poludnitsa ("Lady Midday").[11][12]

While the Greek goddess Pandeia or Pandia (Greek: Πανδία, Πανδεία, "all brightness") may have been another name for the Moon Goddess Selene,[13] her name still preserves the root *di-/*dei-, meaning "to shine, be bright".[14]

Epithets

The most constant epithet associated with *Dyēus is "father" (*ph2tḗr). The term "Father Dyēus" was inherited in the Vedic Dyáuṣ Pitṛ́, Greek Zeus Patēr, Illyrian Dei-pátrous, Roman Jupiter (*Djous patēr), even in the form of "dad" or "papa" in the Scythian Papaios for Zeus, or the Palaic expression Tiyaz papaz.[15] The epithet *Ph2tḗr Ǵenh1-tōr ("Father Procreator") is also attested in the Vedic, Iranian, Greek, and perhaps the Roman ritual traditions.[16]

Role

*Dyēus was the Sky or Day conceived as a divine entity, and thus the dwelling of the gods, the Heaven.[7] As the gateway to the deities and the father of both the Divine Twins and the goddess of the Dawn (*H2éwsōs), *Dyēus was a prominent deity in the Proto-Indo-European pantheon.[17][18] He was however likely not their ruler or the holder of the supreme power like Zeus and Jupiter.[7]

*Dyēus was associated with the bright and vast sky, but also to the cloudy weather in the Vedic and Greek formulas *Dyēus' rain.[19] Although several reflexes of Dyēus are storm deities, such as Zeus and Jupiter, this is thought to be a late development exclusive to Mediterranean traditions, probably derived from syncretism with Canaanite deities and the Proto-Indo-European god *Perkwunos.[20]

Due to his celestial nature, *Dyēus is often described as "all-seeing" or "with wide vision" in Indo-European myths. It is unlikely however that he was in charge of the supervision of justice and righteousness, as it was the case for Zeus or the Indo-Iranian Mithra–Varuna duo; but he was suited to serve at least as a witness to oaths and treaties.[21] Proto-Indo-Europeans also visualized the sun as the "lamp of Dyēus" or the "eye of Dyēus", as seen in various reflexes: "the god's lamp" in Euripides' Medes, "heaven's candle" in Beowulf, "the land of Hatti's torch" (the Sun-goddess of Arinna) in a Hittite prayer,[22] Helios as the eye of Zeus,[23][24] Hvare-khshaeta as the eye of Ahura Mazda, and the sun as "God's eye" in Romanian folklore.[25]

Consort

*Dyēus is often paired with *Dhéǵhōm, the Earth goddess, and described as uniting with her to ensure the growth and sustenance of terrestrial life; the earth becomes pregnant as the rain falls from the sky.[26][18] The relationship between Father Sky (*Dyēus Ph2tḗr) and Mother Earth (*Dhéǵhōm Méhatēr) is also of contrast: the latter is portrayed as the vast and dark dwelling of mortals, located below the bright seat of the gods.[27] According to Jackson however, as the thunder-god is frequently associated with the fructifying rains, she may be a more fitting partner of *Perkwunos than of *Dyēus.[28]

While Hausos and the Divine Twins are generally considered the offsprings of *Dyēus alone,[29] some scholars have proposed a spouse-goddess reconstructed as *Diwōnā or *Diuōneh2,[30][31] with a possible descendant in Zeus's consort Dione. A thematic echo occurs in the Vedic tradition as Indra's wife Indrānī displays a similar jealous and quarrelsome disposition under provocation. A second descendant may be found in Dia, a mortal said to unite with Zeus in a Greek myth. The story leads ultimately to the birth of the Centaurs after the mating of Dia's husband Ixion with the phantom of Hera, the spouse of Zeus.[29] Another reflex may be found in the Mycenaean Greek Diwia, possibly a feminine counterpart of Zeus attested in the second part of the 2nd millennium BC and which may have survived in the Pamphylian dialect of Asia Minor.[32][33][34] The reconstruction is however only based upon the Greek—and to a lesser extent the Vedic—tradition, and it remains therefore not secured.[29]

If the female goddesses Hera, Juno, Frigg and Shakti share a common association with marriage and fertility, Mallory and Adams note however that "these functions are much too generic to support the supposition of a distinct PIE 'consort goddess' and many of the 'consorts' probably represent assimilations of earlier goddesses who may have had nothing to do with marriage."[35]

Evidence

 
Laurel-wreathed head of Zeus, c 360–340 BC.

Cognates stemming either from the root *dyeu ("daylight, bright sky"), the epithet *Dyēus Ph2ter ("Father Sky"), the vṛddhi-derivative *deiwós ("celestial", a "god"), the derivative *diwyós ("divine"), or the back-formation *deynos (a "day") are among the most widely attested in Indo-European languages.[2][3]

Sky-Father epithet

 
The Roman god Jupiter (Iovis-pater), 1811.

Ritual and formulaic expressions stemming from the form *Dyēus Ph2ter ("Father Dyēus") were inherited in the following liturgic and poetic traditions:

Other reflexes are variants that have retained both descendants of the root *dyeu- ("sky") and the original structure "Father God". Some traditions have replaced the epithet *ph2ter with the nursery word papa ("dad, daddy"):

Other variants are less secured:

  • Hittite: attas Isanus, "Father Sun-god"; the name of the sky-god was replaced with a Hattic sun-god loan, but the original structure of the formula left intact,[17]
  • Latvian: Debess tēvs, "Father of Heaven",[2]
  • Old Norse: Óðinn Alföðr, "Odin, All-Father" or "Odin Father of All",[72][73]
  • Russian: Stribogŭ, "Father God",[2]
  • Albanian: Zot, "lord" or "God", epithet of Zojz, the sky-father (generally thought to be derived from Proto-Albanian *dźie̅u ̊ a(t)t-, "heavenly father";[74] although the etymology *w(i)tš- pati-, "lord of the house", has also been proposed),[75]
  • Tokharian B: kauṃ-ñäkte, 'sun, sun-god'.[66]

"Celestial" derivations

 
The Germanic god Týr, 1895.

Cognates stemming from *deywós, a vṛddhi-derivation of *dyēus (the sky-god) are attested in the following traditions:[76]

Other cognates are less secured:

Other cognates deriving from the word *diwyós (*dyeu "sky" + yós, a thematic suffix) are attested in the following traditions:[116]

Legacy

As the pantheons of the individual mythologies related to Proto-Indo-European religion evolved, attributes of *Dyēus seem to have been redistributed to other deities. In Greek and Roman mythology, *Dyēus was the chief god, while the etymological continuant of Dyēus became a very abstract god in Vedic mythology, and his original prominence over other gods largely diluted.[17][3]

In Albanian tradition

 
The cult practiced by the Albanians on Mount Tomorr in central Albania is considered as a continuation of the ancient sky-god worship.

After the first access of the ancestors of the Albanians to the Christian religion in antiquity the term Zot has been used for God, the Father and the Son (Christ).[123] In Albanian folk beliefs the peak of mountains like Tomorr in central Albania has been associated with Zojz.[60] The enduring sanctity of the mountain, the annual pilgrimage to its summit, and the solemn sacrifice of a white bull by the local people provide abundant evidence that the ancient cult of the Sky-God on Mount Tomorr continues through the generations almost untouched by the course of political events and religious changes.[124]

In Slavic tradition

At one point, early Slavs, like some Iranian peoples after the Zoroastrian religious reformation, demonized the Slavic successor of *Dyēus (abandoning this word in the sense of "heaven" at the same time, keeping the word for day, however, and abandoning many of the names of the other Proto-Indo-European gods, replacing them with new Slavic or Iranian names), while not replacing it with any other specific god, as a result of cultural contacts with Iranian peoples in the first millennium BC. Hence, after the process of demonization by the Slavs, *Dyēus is considered to have originated two continuations: *divo ("strange, odd thing") and *divъ ("demon").[125] The result of this demonization may be Pan-Slavic demons, e.g. Polish and Czech dziwożona, or Div occurring in The Tale of Igor's Campaign.[126][127]

According to some researchers, at least some of *Dyēus's traits could have been taken over by Svarog (Urbańczyk: Sun-Dažbóg – heavenly fire, Svarožič – earthly fire, Svarog – heaven, lightning).[128][129] Helmold recalls that the Slavs were also supposed to believe in a god in heaven, who only deals with heavenly matters and commands other gods.[130]

In non-Indo-European traditions

Various loanwords of *deiwós were introduced in non-Indo-European languages, such as Estonian taevas or Finnish taivas ("sky"), borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian.[1][131]

References

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Further reading

  • Hopkins, Grace Sturtevant (1932). "Indo-European *Deiwos and Related Words". Language. 8 (4): 5–83. doi:10.2307/522076. JSTOR 522076.
  • Cook, Arthur Bernard (1905). "The European Sky-God. III: The Italians". Folklore. 16 (3): 260–332. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1905.9719965. JSTOR 1253947.
  • Cook, Arthur Bernard (1904). "Zeus, Jupiter, and the Oak. (Conclusion.)". The Classical Review. 18 (7): 360–375. JSTOR 694614.
  • Duev, Ratko (29 October 2020). "The Family of Zeus in Early Greek Poetry and Myths". Classica Cracoviensia. 22: 121–144. doi:10.12797/CC.20.2019.22.05. S2CID 226337822.
  • Kerényi, Carl; Holme, Christopher (1975). "The Word 'Zeus' and its Synonyms, 'Theos' and 'Daimon'". Archetypal Images in Greek Religion: 5. Zeus and Hera: Archetypal Image of Father, Husband, and Wife. Princeton University Press. pp. 3–20. JSTOR j.ctt13x190c.5.
  • Kretschmer, Paul (1923). "Dyaus, Ζεὺς, Diespiter und die Abstrakta im Indogermanischen". Glotta. 13 (1/2): 101–114. JSTOR 40265088.
  • Laroche, E. (January 1967). "Les Noms anatoliens du 'dieu' et leurs dérivés". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 21 (1): 174–177. doi:10.2307/1359369. JSTOR 1359369. S2CID 164110389.
  • Olsen, Birgit Anette (Fall 2021). "Father Sky and the Wide-Eyed Cow". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 48 (3): 389–415. ProQuest 2578205133.
  • Seebold, Elmar (1991). "Der Himmel, der Tag und die Götter bei den Indogermanen". Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics. 104 (1): 29–45. JSTOR 40849007.

January 06, 2023
dyēus, dyḗus, daylight, also, dyḗus, tḗr, father, daylight, reconstructed, name, daylight, proto, indo, european, mythology, conceived, divine, personification, bright, seat, gods, deywṓs, associated, with, vast, diurnal, with, fertile, rains, often, paired, w. Dyḗus lit daylight sky god also Dyḗus ph tḗr lit father daylight sky god 1 2 is the reconstructed name of the daylight sky god in Proto Indo European mythology Dyeus was conceived as a divine personification of the bright sky of the day and the seat of the gods the deywṓs Associated with the vast diurnal sky and with the fertile rains Dyeus was often paired with Dʰeǵʰōm the Earth Mother in a relationship of union and contrast The sky over the feather grass covered steppe in Ukraine Dyḗus ph tḗr has been translated as father daylight sky god While its existence is not directly attested by archaeological or written materials Dyeus is considered by scholars the most securely reconstructed deity of the Indo European pantheon as identical formulas referring to him can be found among the subsequent Indo European languages and myths of the Vedic Indo Aryans Latins Greeks Phrygians Messapians Thracians Illyrians Albanians and Hittites 3 2 Contents 1 Name 1 1 Etymology 1 2 Epithets 2 Role 2 1 Consort 3 Evidence 3 1 Sky Father epithet 3 2 Celestial derivations 4 Legacy 4 1 In Albanian tradition 4 2 In Slavic tradition 5 In non Indo European traditions 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further readingName EditEtymology Edit The divine name Dyeus stems from the root dyeu denoting the diurnal sky or the brightness of the day in contrast to the darkness of the night ultimately deriving from di or dei to shine be bright 1 4 Cognates in Indo European languages revolving around the concepts of day sky and deity and sharing the root dyeu as an etymon suggest that Dyeus was the vast and bright sky of the day conceived as a divine entity 1 4 such as Sanskrit dyuman heavenly shining radiant 5 A vṛddhi derivative appears in deywos celestial the common word for god in Proto Indo European In classic Indo European associated with the late Khvalynsk culture 3900 3500 6 Dyeus also had the meaning of Heaven whereas it denoted god in general or the Sun god in particular in the Anatolian tradition 7 The suffix derivative diwyos divine is also attested in Latin Greek and Sanskrit 4 8 The noun deynos day interpreted as a back formation of deywos has descendant cognates in Vedic Sanskrit dive dive day by day Latin Dies goddess of the day and counterpart to Greek Hemera Hittite siwat day Palaic Tiyat Sun day Ancient Greek endios midday Old Armenian tiw տիւ bright day Old Irish noenden nine day period Welsh heddyw today 9 10 or Slavic Poludnitsa Lady Midday 11 12 While the Greek goddess Pandeia or Pandia Greek Pandia Pandeia all brightness may have been another name for the Moon Goddess Selene 13 her name still preserves the root di dei meaning to shine be bright 14 Epithets Edit The most constant epithet associated with Dyeus is father ph2tḗr The term Father Dyeus was inherited in the Vedic Dyauṣ Pitṛ Greek Zeus Pater Illyrian Dei patrous Roman Jupiter Djous pater even in the form of dad or papa in the Scythian Papaios for Zeus or the Palaic expression Tiyaz papaz 15 The epithet Ph2tḗr Ǵenh1 tōr Father Procreator is also attested in the Vedic Iranian Greek and perhaps the Roman ritual traditions 16 Role Edit Dyeus was the Sky or Day conceived as a divine entity and thus the dwelling of the gods the Heaven 7 As the gateway to the deities and the father of both the Divine Twins and the goddess of the Dawn H2ewsōs Dyeus was a prominent deity in the Proto Indo European pantheon 17 18 He was however likely not their ruler or the holder of the supreme power like Zeus and Jupiter 7 Dyeus was associated with the bright and vast sky but also to the cloudy weather in the Vedic and Greek formulas Dyeus rain 19 Although several reflexes of Dyeus are storm deities such as Zeus and Jupiter this is thought to be a late development exclusive to Mediterranean traditions probably derived from syncretism with Canaanite deities and the Proto Indo European god Perkwunos 20 Due to his celestial nature Dyeus is often described as all seeing or with wide vision in Indo European myths It is unlikely however that he was in charge of the supervision of justice and righteousness as it was the case for Zeus or the Indo Iranian Mithra Varuna duo but he was suited to serve at least as a witness to oaths and treaties 21 Proto Indo Europeans also visualized the sun as the lamp of Dyeus or the eye of Dyeus as seen in various reflexes the god s lamp in Euripides Medes heaven s candle in Beowulf the land of Hatti s torch the Sun goddess of Arinna in a Hittite prayer 22 Helios as the eye of Zeus 23 24 Hvare khshaeta as the eye of Ahura Mazda and the sun as God s eye in Romanian folklore 25 Consort Edit Dyeus is often paired with Dheǵhōm the Earth goddess and described as uniting with her to ensure the growth and sustenance of terrestrial life the earth becomes pregnant as the rain falls from the sky 26 18 The relationship between Father Sky Dyeus Ph2tḗr and Mother Earth Dheǵhōm Mehater is also of contrast the latter is portrayed as the vast and dark dwelling of mortals located below the bright seat of the gods 27 According to Jackson however as the thunder god is frequently associated with the fructifying rains she may be a more fitting partner of Perkwunos than of Dyeus 28 While Hausos and the Divine Twins are generally considered the offsprings of Dyeus alone 29 some scholars have proposed a spouse goddess reconstructed as Diwōna or Diuōneh2 30 31 with a possible descendant in Zeus s consort Dione A thematic echo occurs in the Vedic tradition as Indra s wife Indrani displays a similar jealous and quarrelsome disposition under provocation A second descendant may be found in Dia a mortal said to unite with Zeus in a Greek myth The story leads ultimately to the birth of the Centaurs after the mating of Dia s husband Ixion with the phantom of Hera the spouse of Zeus 29 Another reflex may be found in the Mycenaean Greek Diwia possibly a feminine counterpart of Zeus attested in the second part of the 2nd millennium BC and which may have survived in the Pamphylian dialect of Asia Minor 32 33 34 The reconstruction is however only based upon the Greek and to a lesser extent the Vedic tradition and it remains therefore not secured 29 If the female goddesses Hera Juno Frigg and Shakti share a common association with marriage and fertility Mallory and Adams note however that these functions are much too generic to support the supposition of a distinct PIE consort goddess and many of the consorts probably represent assimilations of earlier goddesses who may have had nothing to do with marriage 35 Evidence Edit Laurel wreathed head of Zeus c 360 340 BC Cognates stemming either from the root dyeu daylight bright sky the epithet Dyeus Ph2ter Father Sky the vṛddhi derivative deiwos celestial a god the derivative diwyos divine or the back formation deynos a day are among the most widely attested in Indo European languages 2 3 PIE d e i to shine be bright 1 4 PIE dyeus the daylight sky god 2 3 Indo Iranian dyaus 36 Sanskrit Dyauṣ द य ष the god of Heaven and dyu द य the common word for heaven 1 4 Old Avestan dyaos 𐬛𐬫𐬀𐬊𐬱 heaven mentioned in a single verse of the Avesta 37 Young Avestan diiaos hell as a result of the Zoroastrian religious reformation 38 36 Mycenaean Greek di we 𐀇𐀸 diwei dative case of an otherwise scarcely attested name 39 Cypriot Syllabary ti wo interpreted as pertaining to Zeus and the possible genitive Diwoi 40 41 42 43 Greek Zeus Zeys the god of the Sky 4 also Boeotian Lac Corinth Rhod dialects Deus Deys 39 44 Italic djous dious 38 Old Latin Dioue or loue 44 Latin Jove Iove the god of the Sky 4 38 and Dius Fidius the god of oaths 45 Oscan Diuvei Dioyϝei genitive singular 38 46 47 Umbrian Di or Dei Grabouie Graboue attested in the Iguvine Tablets 48 Paelignian Ioviois Pvclois and Ioveis Pvcles interpreted as a calque of the Greek theonym Dios kouroi 49 50 Anatolian dieu diu a god 51 Hittite sius 𒅆𒍑 a god or the Sun God 9 52 a deity named Siusummis is mentioned in the Anitta text 53 Palaic tiuna divine a god 52 8 Lydian ciw a god 52 Lefs or Levs the Lydian Zeus 54 55 Illyrian dei or di meaning heaven or God as in Dei patrous the sky father 1 Proto Messapic dyes 56 Messapic Zis or Dis the sky god 57 Albanian Zojz a sky and lightning god 58 59 60 and Peren di a sky and thunder god the suffix di is attached to per en an extension of PIE per to strike 61 62 63 Thracian Zi Diu or Dias in personal names 57 Phrygian Tiy 57 64 Bithynia Tiyes and Anatolian city Tium Tieῖon 65 Sky Father epithet Edit The Roman god Jupiter Iovis pater 1811 Ritual and formulaic expressions stemming from the form Dyeus Ph2ter Father Dyeus were inherited in the following liturgic and poetic traditions PIE dyeus ph2tḗr Father Sky voc dyeu ph2ter O Father Sky 2 3 66 Greek Zeus Pater Zeῦs pathr voc Zeῦ pater 4 66 Vedic Dyauṣ pita voc Dyauṣ pitṛ द य ष प त 4 66 Italic Djous pater 38 Old Latin Dies Pater 66 Latin Jupiter Iupiter 4 1 along with the archaic forms Diespiter and Iovispater 67 Oscan Dipatir Umbrian Iupater dat Iuve patre 38 South Picene dipater gen dipoteres 68 66 Illyrian Deipaturos recorded by Hesychius as Deipatyroϛ Deipaturos a god worshiped in Tymphaea 1 4 Other reflexes are variants that have retained both descendants of the root dyeu sky and the original structure Father God Some traditions have replaced the epithet ph2ter with the nursery word papa dad daddy Luwian Tatis tiwaz Daddy Tiwaz the Sun god 69 Palaic Tiyaz papaz Papa Tiyaz the Sun god 15 Scythian Papaios Papa Zios father Zeus the god of the Sky 15 Old Irish in Dagdae Oll athair Great Father the Dagda from the Proto Celtic formula sindos dago dewos ollo fatir Great Father the Good God 70 71 Other variants are less secured Hittite attas Isanus Father Sun god the name of the sky god was replaced with a Hattic sun god loan but the original structure of the formula left intact 17 Latvian Debess tevs Father of Heaven 2 Old Norse odinn Alfodr Odin All Father or Odin Father of All 72 73 Russian Stribogŭ Father God 2 Albanian Zot lord or God epithet of Zojz the sky father generally thought to be derived from Proto Albanian dzie u a t t heavenly father 74 although the etymology w i ts pati lord of the house has also been proposed 75 Tokharian B kauṃ nakte sun sun god 66 Celestial derivations Edit The Germanic god Tyr 1895 Cognates stemming from deywos a vṛddhi derivation of dyeus the sky god are attested in the following traditions 76 PIE deywos lit skyling pl deywṓs meaning celestial heavenly one hence a god 4 8 76 Indo Iranian daiva daiua a god 77 36 Sanskrit deva द व meaning heavenly divine anything of excellence 4 8 and devi female title meaning goddess 78 Avestan daeva 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀 daeuua a term for demons in Zoroastrianism as a result of a religious reformation that degraded the status of prior deities 4 8 Old Persian daiva meaning false deities demons 44 Balto Slavic deiwas 79 Baltic deivas 80 Lithuanian Dievas Old Lithuanian deivas 44 Old Prussian Diews or Deywis Latvian Dievs supreme god of the sky 80 8 2 and the Baltic Dievaitis Little God or Prince 81 a name used to refer to the Thunder God Perkunas 81 or to the Moon God Menuo 82 83 84 Germanic tiwaz pl tiwōz a word for god although specifically associated with a Germanic god whose name was supplanted by the title God Tiwaz 85 86 Old Norse Tyr associated with justice 87 the plural tivar survived as a poetic word for the gods and tyr appears in kennings for Odin and Thor 88 such as in the Odin s names Sigtyr victory god Gautatyr god of the Geats Fimbultyr powerful god or Hertyr army god 89 90 Old English Tiw or Tig Old High German Zio or Ziu a god 85 91 Gothic Teiws and the associated rune ᛏ Tyz 92 87 The word Tuesday in ON Tys dagr OE Tiwes daeg and OHG Zies tag a calque of Latin dies Martis 85 88 interpreted as a remnant of the sky and war functions of Tiwaz by G Kroonen although M L West views it as unlikely 85 86 Italic deiwos a god a deity 91 Old Latin deivos deiuos the gods 91 44 Latin deus common name for a god a deity 91 4 8 and Dea goddess 91 a title assigned to various Roman goddesses like Dea Tacita Bona Dea or Dea Dia Goddess of the Daylight or Bright Goddess 93 Vulgar Latin Deus the god of Christianity in the Vetus Latina and the Vulgate 94 Oscan deivas Venetic deivos gods 91 8 Volscian deue Decluna attested in an inscription from Velitrae possibly from the 3rd century BC 95 96 Celtic dewos a god a deity 97 98 and dago dewos the good god old name of the Dagda 71 70 Celtiberian teiuo a god 97 98 Gaulish deuos a god 97 98 Gaulish Devona deuona or Divona diuona a deity of sacred waters springs and rivers whose name means Divine 99 Old Welsh Dubr Duiu Water of the Divinity 100 evolving into Mod Welsh Dyfrdwy River Dee Wales 101 The form deva diva goddess likewise appears in Celtic river names throughout Western Europe 99 102 103 such as in the Scottish rivers Deoua modern day Dee Galloway 99 and Deouana Dhoyana modern day Don Aberdeenshire 104 105 Old Irish dia a god 97 98 8 and An Dag da the druid god of wisdom 71 70 Irish Dhe god attested in the modern Suil Dhe mhoir prayer The eye of the great God in reference to the Sun featured in Carmina Gadelica 106 107 Messapic deiva diva goddess 8 56 Phrygian devos 8 Other cognates are less secured Slavic diva gt divo perhaps a word for a good deity which progressively took the meaning of miracle hence evil being 108 109 110 Old Church Slavonic divo Old Polish dziwo Russian divo Serbo Croatian divo miracle s 111 OCS divŭ demon South Slavic div giant demonic being Czech divo zena sorceress witch Slovak divo monster 112 8 111 although the Proto Slavic root divŭ jĭ wild has also been proposed 110 Polish Dziewanna Sorbian Dzivica Slavic equivalent of Diana 113 however other etymologies have been proposed Lusitanian Reo an unknown deity 47 Lusitanian Deiba and Deibo attested in votive inscriptions of altars 114 taken to mean the local or indigenous pronunciations of Deae and Deo 115 Other cognates deriving from the word diwyos dyeu sky yos a thematic suffix are attested in the following traditions 116 PIE diwyos meaning divine heavenly 4 117 Mycenaean Greek di wi jo diwjos di wi ja diwja 8 118 Greek dios dῖos belonging to heaven godlike also belonging to Zeus in tragedies 118 116 Greek Dia Dῖa lt Diw ya a goddess venerated in classical times at Phlius and Sicyon and possibly identified with Hebe the cup bearer of the gods 119 Sanskrit divya heavenly 118 116 Avestan daeuuiia devilish diabolic 44 Latin dius godlike 118 Latin Diana from an older Diana goddess of the moon and the countryside 120 121 Latin Dis Pater from dives wealthy rich probably derived from dius via the intermediate form deiu o e t who is like the gods protected by the gods 122 Legacy EditAs the pantheons of the individual mythologies related to Proto Indo European religion evolved attributes of Dyeus seem to have been redistributed to other deities In Greek and Roman mythology Dyeus was the chief god while the etymological continuant of Dyeus became a very abstract god in Vedic mythology and his original prominence over other gods largely diluted 17 3 In Albanian tradition Edit The cult practiced by the Albanians on Mount Tomorr in central Albania is considered as a continuation of the ancient sky god worship After the first access of the ancestors of the Albanians to the Christian religion in antiquity the term Zot has been used for God the Father and the Son Christ 123 In Albanian folk beliefs the peak of mountains like Tomorr in central Albania has been associated with Zojz 60 The enduring sanctity of the mountain the annual pilgrimage to its summit and the solemn sacrifice of a white bull by the local people provide abundant evidence that the ancient cult of the Sky God on Mount Tomorr continues through the generations almost untouched by the course of political events and religious changes 124 In Slavic tradition Edit At one point early Slavs like some Iranian peoples after the Zoroastrian religious reformation demonized the Slavic successor of Dyeus abandoning this word in the sense of heaven at the same time keeping the word for day however and abandoning many of the names of the other Proto Indo European gods replacing them with new Slavic or Iranian names while not replacing it with any other specific god as a result of cultural contacts with Iranian peoples in the first millennium BC Hence after the process of demonization by the Slavs Dyeus is considered to have originated two continuations divo strange odd thing and div demon 125 The result of this demonization may be Pan Slavic demons e g Polish and Czech dziwozona or Div occurring in The Tale of Igor s Campaign 126 127 According to some researchers at least some of Dyeus s traits could have been taken over by Svarog Urbanczyk Sun Dazbog heavenly fire Svarozic earthly fire Svarog heaven lightning 128 129 Helmold recalls that the Slavs were also supposed to believe in a god in heaven who only deals with heavenly matters and commands other gods 130 In non Indo European traditions EditVarious loanwords of deiwos were introduced in non Indo European languages such as Estonian taevas or Finnish taivas sky borrowed from Proto Indo Iranian 1 131 References Edit a b c d e f g h i West 2007 p 167 a b c d e f g h Mallory amp Adams 2006 p 431 a b c d e West 2007 pp 166 171 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Mallory amp Adams 2006 pp 408 409 Vainik Ene 2014 Jumala jalgi ajamas Following God Maetagused in Ewe 58 7 34 doi 10 7592 MT2014 58 vainik Anthony 2007 pp 78 79 a b c West 2007 p 168 But in general we may say that MIE had dyeus Dyeus for heaven Heaven In Anatolian the picture is a little different The reflex of dyeus Hittite sius does not mean heaven but either god in general or the Sun god The Greek Zeus is king of the gods and the supreme power in the world his influence extending everywhere and into most spheres of life There is little reason however to think that the Indo European Dyeus had any such importance a b c d e f g h i j k l m West 2007 p 120 a b West 2007 pp 167 168 de Vaan 2008 p 170 Dixon Kennedy 1998 p 227 Machal Jan 1918 Slavic Mythology In L H Gray ed The Mythology of all Races III Celtic and Slavic Mythology Boston p 267 Hard Robin Rose H J 2004 The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology Based on H J Rose s Handbook of Greek Mythology Routledge p 46 ISBN 978 0 415 18636 0 Fairbanks Arthur The Mythology of Greece and Rome New York D Appleton Century Company 1907 p 162 Regarding the meaning of Pandia Kerenyi Kerenyi Karl The Gods of the Greeks Thames amp Hudson 1951 p 197 says the entirely shining or the entirely bright doubtless the brightness of nights of full moon a b c West 2007 p 171 Jackson 2002 p 71 a b c Mallory amp Adams 1997 pp 230 231 a b Mallory amp Adams 2006 p 432 West 2007 p 169 Green Miranda J 1990 Pagan Celtic Religion Archaeology and Myth Transactions of the Honourable Society of the Cymmrodorion 13 28 West 2007 pp 171 175 West 2007 p 195 Sick David 2004 Mit h ra s and the Myths of the Sun Numen 51 4 432 467 doi 10 1163 1568527042500140 Bortolani Ljuba Merlina 2016 Magical Hymns from Roman Egypt A Study of Greek and Egyptian Traditions of Divinity Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 316 67327 0 page needed Ionescu Doina Dumitrache Cristiana 2012 The Sun Worship with the Romanians Romanian Astronomical Journal 22 2 155 166 Bibcode 2012RoAJ 22 155I West 2007 pp 180 181 191 West 2007 pp 178 179 Jackson 2002 pp 80 81 a b c West 2007 pp 192 193 Dunkel George E 1988 1990 Vater Himmels Gattin Die Sprache 34 1 26 Jackson 2002 pp 72 74 Ventris Michael Chadwick John Documents in Mycenaean Greek Cambridge at the University Press 1956 p 125 Bremmer Jan N 2010 Bremmer Jan N Erskine Andrew eds Gods of Ancient Greece Identities and Transformations Identities and Transformations Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 4289 2 Skelton Christina 1 April 2017 Greek Anatolian Language Contact and the Settlement of Pamphylia Classical Antiquity 36 1 104 129 doi 10 1525 ca 2017 36 1 104 JSTOR 26362678 Mallory amp Adams 1997 p 124 a b c Lubotsky Alexander 2011 Indo Aryan Inherited Lexicon Indo European Etymological Dictionary Project Leiden University s v dyav and deva De Witt Griswold Hervey 1923 The Religion of the Rigveda H Milford Oxford University Press p 113 ISBN 978 8120807457 a b c d e f de Vaan 2008 p 315 a b Beekes 2009 pp 498 499 Chaniotis Angelos Stavrianopoulou Eftychia 1 January 1997 Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 1993 1994 Kernos 10 249 314 doi 10 4000 kernos 666 Yon Marguerite 2009 Le culte imperial a Salamine Cahiers du Centre d Etudes Chypriotes 39 1 289 308 doi 10 3406 cchyp 2009 929 Fourrier Sabine 2015 Lieux de culte a Salamine a l epoque des royaumes PDF Cahiers du Centre d Etudes Chypriotes 45 1 211 223 doi 10 3406 cchyp 2015 1635 S2CID 194725375 Yon Marguerite 1993 La ville de Salamine Fouilles francaises 1964 1974 The town of Salamis French excavations 1964 1974 MOM Editions in French 22 1 139 158 a b c d e f Wodtko Irslinger amp Schneider 2008 pp 70 71 West 2007 pp 166 167 Buck Carl Darling Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin Chicago Illinois The University of Chicago Press 1933 p 203 a b Witczak Krzysztof Tomasz 30 June 1999 On the Indo European origin of two Lusitanian theonyms laebo and reve Emerita 67 1 65 73 doi 10 3989 emerita 1999 v67 i1 185 Watkins 1995 pp 214 216 Prsper Blanca 1 July 2011 The instrumental case in the thematic noun inflection of Continental Celtic Historical Linguistics 124 1 250 267 doi 10 13109 hisp 2011 124 1 250 Weinstock Stefan November 1960 Two Archaic Inscriptions from Latium Journal of Roman Studies 50 1 2 112 118 doi 10 2307 298293 JSTOR 298293 S2CID 161694789 Kloekhorst 2008 pp 766 767 a b c Kloekhorst 2008 p 763 Tatishvili Irene Transformations of the Relationship between Hittite Kings and Deities In Acts of the IXth International Congress of Hittitology Corum 1 7 September 2014 Vol II Corum 2019 pp 1048 and 1050 ISBN 978 975 17 4338 1 Ricl Marijana 2013 Current Archaeological and Epigraphic Research in the Region of Lydia Collection de l Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l Antiquite 1277 2 189 195 Melchert Harold Craig Anatolian Historical Phonology Amsterdam Editions Rodopi B V 1994 p 351 ISBN 90 5183 697 X a b De Simone 2017 p 1843 a b c West 2007 p 166 Hyllested amp Joseph 2022 p 232 Mann 1952 p 32 a b Feizi 1929 p 82 West 2007 pp 167 243 The Albanian Perendi Heaven God has been analysed as a compound of which the first element is related to perunŭ and the second to dyeus Mallory amp Adams 1997 pp 408 409 582 It is argued that the underlying meaning here is not oak but rather that the Norse and Baltic forms are from per kw an extension on the root per strike These would then be related to peruhxnos the one with the thunder stone and possibly Albanian peren di Treimer 1971 pp 31 33 Lubotsky Alexander M 2004 The Phrygian Zeus and the problem of the Lautverschiebung In Historische Sprachforschung 117 2 229 237 1 Witczak K T 1992 Two Bithynian Deities in the Old and New Phrygian Inscriptional Texts Folia Orientalia 29 265 271 a b c d e f Hackstein 2006 pp 96 97 Wissowa Georg 1902 Religion und Kultus der Romer C H Beck p 100 See Aulus Gellius Attic Nights 5 12 Loeb Classical Library Hamp Eric P 1997 Adams Douglas Q ed Festschrift for Eric P Hamp Vol 1 Institute for the Study of Man p 148 ISBN 978 0 941694 62 9 Mallory amp Adams 1997 p 130 a b c Mallory amp Adams 1997 p 231 a b c Delamarre 2003 p 134 Chaney William A 1970 The Cult of Kingship in Anglo Saxon England The Transition from Paganism to Christianity University of California Press p 34 ISBN 978 0 520 01401 5 Wanner Kevin J 2008 Snorri Sturluson and the Edda The Conversion of Cultural Capital in Medieval Scandinavia University of Toronto Press p 157 ISBN 978 0 8020 9801 6 Treimer 1971 pp 31 33 Mann 1977 p 72 Demiraj 1997 pp 431 432 Demiraj 2011 p 70 Curtis 2017 pp 1746 1757 2254 Mallory amp Adams 1997 p 348 Orel 1998 p 526 a b Ringe 2006 p 14 Mallory amp Adams 1997 p 536 Lurker Manfred The Routledge Dictionary Of Gods Goddesses Devils And Demons Routledge 2004 pp 49 50 ISBN 978 04 15340 18 2 Kim 2017 p 1980 a b Derksen 2015 p 128 a b Bojtar Endre 1999 Foreword to the Past A Cultural History of the Baltic People Central European University Press pp 280 281 ISBN 978 963 9116 42 9 Doniger Wendy ed 2006 Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions Encyclopaedia Britannica p 711 ISBN 978 1 59339 266 6 Vaiskunas Jonas 2006 The Moon in Lithuanian Folk Tradition Folklore Electronic Journal of Folklore 32 157 184 doi 10 7592 FEJF2006 32 moon Jasiunaite Birute 2006 Maldeles į jauna menulį rytu Lietuvos folklore etnolingvistinis aspektas Baltistica in Lithuanian a b c d Kroonen 2013 p 519 a b West 2007 p 167 n 8 But he does not seem to be the old Sky god and it is preferable to suppose that he once had another name which came to be supplanted by the title God a b Simek 1996 p 337 a b West 2007 p 120 n 1 Marold 1992 p 714 Lecouteux 2016 a b c d e f de Vaan 2008 p 167 Lehmann 1986 p 352 Hunt Ailsa Reviving Roman Religion Sacred Trees in the Roman World Cambridge Classical Studies Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2016 pp 148 149 footnote nr 92 ISBN 978 1 107 15354 7 Rey Alain 2011 Dictionnaire Historique de la langue francaise in French Nathan p 1079 ISBN 978 2 321 00013 6 Woodard Roger D Myth Ritual and the Warrior in Roman and Indo European Antiquity Cambridge University Press 2013 p 197 ISBN 978 1 107 02240 9 Baldi Phillip The Foundations of Latin New York Mouton de Gruyter 2002 pp 140 142 ISBN 3 11 016294 6 a b c d Matasovic 2009 pp 96 97 a b c d Delamarre 2003 pp 142 143 a b c Delamarre 2003 p 142 Rhys John 2016 Celtic Folklore Cambridge University Press p 441 ISBN 978 1 108 07909 9 Wainwright F T 1950 Cledemutha The English Historical Review 65 255 203 212 doi 10 1093 ehr LXV CCLV 203 JSTOR 554934 James Alan G 2014 The Brittonic Language in the Old North A Guide to the Place name Evidence PDF Vol 2 Guide to the Elements p 139 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 09 11 MacLeod Sharon Paice 1998 Mater Deorum Hibernensium Identity and Cross Correlation in Early Irish Mythology Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 18 19 340 384 JSTOR 20557350 Strang Alastair 1997 Explaining Ptolemy s Roman Britain Britannia 28 1 30 doi 10 2307 526763 JSTOR 526763 S2CID 161532105 Marx Christian 2014 Rectification of position data of Scotland in Ptolemy s Geographike Hyphegesis Survey Review 46 337 231 244 arXiv 1511 06691 doi 10 1179 1752270613Y 0000000085 S2CID 119211760 West 2007 p 216 Carmichael Alexander Carmina gadelica hymns and incantations with illustrative notes on words rites and customs dying and obsolete Edinburgh London Oliver and Boyd 1928 pp 316 317 Rudnyckyj 1978 p 79 Golab 1992 p 52 a b Sakhno 2017 p 1577 a b Derksen 2008 p 108 Jakobson 1962 p 228 Kolankiewicz Leszek 1999 Dziady teatr swieta zmarlych Gdansk Slowo obraz terytoria pp 461 462 ISBN 83 87316 39 3 OCLC 46456548 Fernandes Luis da Silva Carvalho Pedro Sobral Figueira Nadia 2009 Divindades indigenas numa ara inedita de Viseu Palaeohispanica Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua 9 143 155 doi 10 36707 palaeohispanica v0i9 217 inactive 31 December 2022 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of December 2022 link Encarnacao Jose d 31 July 2020 Testemunhos recentes de teonimos pre romanos na Lusitania Antrope unico 249 273 hdl 10316 90494 a b c Ringe 2006 pp 62 63 Ringe 2006 p 76 a b c d Beekes 2009 p 338 West 2007 p 192 de Vaan 2008 p 168 Green C M C Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia New York Cambridge University Press 2007 pp 71 73 ISBN 978 0 521 85158 9 de Vaan 2008 pp 173 174 Demiraj 2011 p 70 Cook 2010 p 1171 Gieysztor 2006 p 74 Szyjewski 2003 p 171 Gieysztor 2006 p 72 Szyjewski 2003 p 95 Gieysztor 2006 p 175 Szyjewski 2003 p 99 100 Delamarre 2003 p 143 Bibliography EditAnthony David W 2007 The Horse the Wheel and Language How Bronze Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World Princeton University Press ISBN 9781400831104 Beekes Robert S P 2009 Etymological Dictionary of Greek Brill ISBN 978 90 04 32186 1 Curtis Matthew C 2017 The phonology of Albanian In Klein Jared Joseph Brian Fritz Matthias eds Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo European Linguistics Vol 3 Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3110540369 Cook Arthur Bernard 2010 1940 Zeus Zeus God of the Dark Sky earthquakes clouds wind dew rain meteorites Zeus A Study in Ancient Religion Vol 3 Part 2 Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781108021234 Delamarre Xavier 2003 Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise Une approche linguistique du vieux celtique continental in French Errance ISBN 9782877723695 Demiraj Bardhyl 1997 Albanische Etymologien Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz Leiden Studies in Indo European in German Vol 7 Amsterdam Atlanta Rodopi Demiraj Bardhyl 2011 Rrenje dhe dege te krishterimit nder shqiptare Roots and branches of Christianity among Albanians PDF Hylli i Drites in Albanian Shkoder 2 58 78 Derksen Rick 2008 Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon Brill ISBN 9789004155046 Derksen Rick 2015 Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon Brill ISBN 978 90 04 27898 1 De Simone Carlo 2017 Messapic In Klein Jared Joseph Brian Fritz Matthias eds Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo European Linguistics Vol 3 Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 054243 1 de Vaan Michiel 2008 Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages Brill ISBN 9789004167971 Dixon Kennedy Mike 1998 Encyclopedia of Russian amp Slavic Myth and Legend ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 57607 063 5 Feizi Abidin 1929 Grammatica della lingua albanese Pubblicazione del R Istituto orientale di Napoli Napoli Achille Cimmaruta Gieysztor Aleksander 2006 Mitologia Slowian in Polish Warsaw Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego ISBN 83 235 0234 X Golab Zbigniew 1992 The origins of the Slavs a linguist s view Slavica Publishers ISBN 978 0 89357 224 2 Hackstein Olav 2006 La langue poetique indo europeenne archaisme et renouvellement dans les theonymes In Pinault Georges Jean Petit Jean eds La langue poetique indo europeenne actes du colloque de travail de la Societe des etudes indo europeennes Peeters pp 95 108 ISBN 978 9042917811 Hyllested Adam Joseph Brian D 2022 Albanian In Olander Thomas ed The Indo European Language Family A Phylogenetic Perspective Cambridge University Press pp 223 245 doi 10 1017 9781108758666 ISBN 9781108758666 S2CID 161016819 Jackson Peter 2002 Light from Distant Asterisks Towards a Description of the Indo European Religious Heritage Numen 49 1 61 102 doi 10 1163 15685270252772777 JSTOR 3270472 Jakobson Roman 1962 Selected Writings Slavic epic studies Mouton ISBN 9789027931788 Kim Ronald I 2017 The Phonology of Balto Slavic In Klein Jared Joseph Brian Fritz Matthias eds Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo European Linguistics Vol 3 Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3110540369 Kloekhorst Alwin 2008 Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon Brill ISBN 9789004160927 Kroonen Guus 2013 Etymological Dictionary of Proto Germanic Brill ISBN 9789004183407 Lecouteux Claude 2016 Encyclopedia of Norse and Germanic Folklore Mythology and Magic Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 1 62055 481 4 Lehmann Winfred P 1986 A Gothic Etymological Dictionary Brill ISBN 978 90 04 08176 5 Mallory James P Adams Douglas Q 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture London Routledge ISBN 978 1 884964 98 5 Mallory James P Adams Douglas Q 2006 The Oxford Introduction to Proto Indo European and the Proto Indo European World Oxford England Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 929668 2 Mann Stuart E 1952 The Indo European Consonants in Albanian Language Linguistic Society of America 28 1 31 40 doi 10 2307 409988 JSTOR 409988 Mann Stuart E 1977 An Albanian Historical Grammar Hamburg Helmut Buske Verlag ISBN 9783871182624 Marold Edith 1992 Die Skaldendichtung als Quelle der Religionsgeschichte Germanische Religionsgeschichte Quellen und Quellenprobleme in German Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 012872 7 Matasovic Ranko 2009 Etymological Dictionary of Proto Celtic Brill ISBN 9789004173361 Orel Vladimir E 1998 Albanian Etymological Dictionary Brill ISBN 978 90 04 11024 3 Ringe Donald 2006 From Proto Indo European to Proto Germanic A Linguistic History of English Volume I Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 928413 9 Rudnyckyj Jaroslav B 1978 Dyv Divt in Slovo o Rolki Ihorevi Studia Ucrainica Vol 1 University of Ottawa Press Sakhno Serguei 2017 The dialectology of Slavic In Klein Jared Joseph Brian Fritz Matthias eds Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo European Linguistics Vol 3 Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3110540369 Simek Rudolf 1996 Dictionary of Northern Mythology D S Brewer ISBN 978 0 85991 513 7 Szyjewski Andrzej 2003 Religia Slowian in Polish Krakow Wydawnictwo WAM ISBN 83 7318 205 5 Treimer Karl 1971 Zur Ruckerschliessung der illyrischen Gotterwelt und ihre Bedeutung fur die sudslawische Philologie In Henrik Baric ed Arhiv za Arbanasku starinu jezik i etnologiju Vol I R Trofenik pp 27 33 Watkins Calvert 1995 How to Kill a Dragon Aspects of Indo European Poetics Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0198024712 West Martin L 2007 Indo European Poetry and Myth Oxford England Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 928075 9 Wodtko Dagmar S Irslinger Britta Sofie Schneider Carolin 2008 Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon in German Universitaetsverlag Winter ISBN 978 3 8253 5359 9 Further reading EditHopkins Grace Sturtevant 1932 Indo European Deiwos and Related Words Language 8 4 5 83 doi 10 2307 522076 JSTOR 522076 Cook Arthur Bernard 1905 The European Sky God III The Italians Folklore 16 3 260 332 doi 10 1080 0015587X 1905 9719965 JSTOR 1253947 Cook Arthur Bernard 1904 Zeus Jupiter and the Oak Conclusion The Classical Review 18 7 360 375 JSTOR 694614 Duev Ratko 29 October 2020 The Family of Zeus in Early Greek Poetry and Myths Classica Cracoviensia 22 121 144 doi 10 12797 CC 20 2019 22 05 S2CID 226337822 Kerenyi Carl Holme Christopher 1975 The Word Zeus and its Synonyms Theos and Daimon Archetypal Images in Greek Religion 5 Zeus and Hera Archetypal Image of Father Husband and Wife Princeton University Press pp 3 20 JSTOR j ctt13x190c 5 Kretschmer Paul 1923 Dyaus Zeὺs Diespiter und die Abstrakta im Indogermanischen Glotta 13 1 2 101 114 JSTOR 40265088 Laroche E January 1967 Les Noms anatoliens du dieu et leurs derives Journal of Cuneiform Studies 21 1 174 177 doi 10 2307 1359369 JSTOR 1359369 S2CID 164110389 Olsen Birgit Anette Fall 2021 Father Sky and the Wide Eyed Cow Journal of Indo European Studies 48 3 389 415 ProQuest 2578205133 Seebold Elmar 1991 Der Himmel der Tag und die Gotter bei den Indogermanen Historische Sprachforschung Historical Linguistics 104 1 29 45 JSTOR 40849007 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dyeus amp oldid 1131920230, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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