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Selene

October 10, 2023

This article is about the Greek goddess. For other uses, see Selene (disambiguation).

In ancient Greek mythology and religion, Selene (/sɪˈliːniː/; Greek: Σελήνη pronounced [selɛ̌ːnɛː] seh-LEH-neh, meaning "Moon"[2]) is the goddess and personification of the Moon. Also known as Mene, she is traditionally the daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia, and sister of the sun god Helios and the dawn goddess Eos. She drives her moon chariot across the heavens. Several lovers are attributed to her in various myths, including Zeus, Pan, and the mortal Endymion. In post-classical times, Selene was often identified with Artemis, much as her brother, Helios, was identified with Apollo.[3] Selene and Artemis were also associated with Hecate and all three were regarded as moon and lunar goddesses, but only Selene was regarded as the personification of the Moon itself. Her Roman equivalent is Luna.[4]

Selene
Personification of the Moon
Detail of Selene from a Roman sarcophagus
Other namesMene
GreekΣελήνη
AbodeSky
PlanetMoon[1]
AnimalsHorse, bull, mule
SymbolCrescent, chariot, torch, billowing cloak, bull, moon
DayMonday (hēméra Selḗnēs)
Personal information
ParentsHyperion and Theia, or Pallas, the son of Megamedes or Helios.
SiblingsHelios and Eos
ConsortEndymion
ChildrenFifty daughters, Narcissus, Pandia, Ersa, Horae, Musaeus
Equivalents
Roman equivalentLuna
Phrygian equivalentMen

Etymology and origins Edit

Names Edit

 
Detail of a sarcophagus depicting Endymion and Selene, shown with her characteristic attributes of lunate crown and billowing veil (velificatio)[5]

The name "Selene" is derived from the Greek noun selas (σέλας), meaning "light, brightness, gleam".[6] In the Doric and Aeolic dialects, her name was also spelled Σελάνα (Selána) and Σελάννα (Selánna) respectively.[2]

Selene was also called Mene.[7] The Greek word mene, meant the moon, and the lunar month.[8] The masculine form of mene (men) was also the name of the Phrygian moon-god Men.[9] Mene and Men both derive from Proto-Hellenic *méns ("month"), itself from Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s (meaning moon, the lunar month), which probably comes from the root *meh₁- ("to measure"), and is cognate with the English words "Moon" and "month".[10] The Greek Stoic philosopher Chrysippus interpreted Selene and Men as, respectively, the female and male aspects of the same god.[11]

Although no clear attestation for Selene herself (or any prodecessor of hers) has been discovered yet in Mycenaean Greek, the word for month 'men' has been found in Linear B spelled as 𐀕𐀜 (me-no, from genitive form μηνός, mēnós).[12]

Just as Helios, from his identification with Apollo, is called Phoebus ("bright"), Selene, from her identification with Artemis, is also called Phoebe (feminine form).[13] Also from Artemis, Selene was sometimes called "Cynthia", meaning "she of Mount Cynthus" (the birthplace of Artemis).[14]

Origin Edit

Selene, along with her brother, her sister and the sky-god Zeus, is one of the few Greek deities of a clear Proto-Indo-European origin, although they were sidelined by later non-PIE newcomers to the pantheon, as remaining on the sidelines became their primary function, to be the minor deities the major ones were juxtaposed to, thus helping keep the Greek religion Greek.[15]

The original PIE moon deity has been reconstructed as *Meh₁not (from which 'Mene', Selene's byname, is derived),[16] and it appears that it was a male god.[17] The Greek offshoot of this deity however is female, as the ancient Greeks' gender view of the world was reflected in their language. The ancient Greek language had three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), so when a god or a goddess personified an object or a concept, they inherited the gender of the corresponding noun; selene, the Greek noun for 'Moon', is a feminine one (whereas men is a masculine one), so the deity embodying it is also by necessity female.[18] In PIE mythology, the Moon, which is a male figure, was seen as forming a pair–usually wedlock–with the Sun, which is a female figure, and which in Greek mythology is recognized in the male deity and Selene's brother Helios.[19] It seems however that unlike the Dawn (Eos) and the Sun (Helios), the Moon had very little importance in PIE mythology.[17][20]

Although attempts have been made to connect Selene to Helen of Troy due to the similarity of their names, in two early dedications to Helen from Laconia her name is spelled with a digamma (Ancient Greek: Ϝελένα, romanized: Weléna), ruling out any possible connection between them.[21] 'Helen' is more likely related to 'Helios' instead, and it seems that the two figures stem from a common Proto-Indo-European ancestor, the Sun Maiden.[22][23]

Descriptions Edit

 
Statue of Selene in white marble, second half of the 3rd century AD

Surviving descriptions of Selene's physical appearance and character, apart from those which would apply to the moon itself, are scant. There is no mention of Selene as a goddess in either the Iliad or the Odyssey of Homer,[24] while her only mention in Hesiod's Theogony is as the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, and sister of Helios and Eos.[25] She was, however, the subject of one of the thirty-three Homeric Hymns, which gives the following description:

And next, sweet voiced Muses, daughters of Zeus, well-skilled in song, tell of the long-winged[26] Moon. From her immortal head a radiance is shown from heaven and embraces earth; and great is the beauty that ariseth from her shining light. The air, unlit before, glows with the light of her golden crown, and her rays beam clear, whensoever bright Selene having bathed her lovely body in the waters of Ocean, and donned her far-gleaming raiment, and yoked her strong-necked, shining team, drives on her long-maned horses at full speed, at eventime in the mid-month: then her great orbit is full and then her beams shine brightest as she increases. So she is a sure token and a sign to mortal men.

...

Hail, white-armed goddess, bright Selene, mild, bright-tressed queen![27]

Two other sources also mention her hair. The Homeric Hymn to Helios uses the same epithet εὐπλόκαμος ("bright-tressed"), used in the above Hymn to Selene (elsewhere translated as "rich-", "lovely-", or "well-tressed"),[28] while Epimenides uses the epithet ἠυκόμοιο ("lovely-haired").[29]

In late accounts, Selene (like the moon itself) is often described as having horns.[30] The Orphic Hymn to Selene addresses her as "O bull-horned Moon", and further describes her as "torch-bearing, ... feminine and masculine, ... lover of horses," and grantor of "fulfillment and favor".[31] Empedocles, Euripides and Nonnus all describe her as γλαυκῶπις (glaukṓpis, "bright-eyed", a common epithet of the goddess Athena)[32] while in a fragment from a poem, possibly written by Pamprepius, she is called κυανῶπις (kyanṓpis, "dark-eyed").[33] Mesomedes of Crete calls her γλαυκὰ (glaukà, "silvery grey").[34]

Family Edit

Parents Edit

 
Selene in a flying chariot drawn by two white horses from "Flora, seu florum...", Ferrari 1646.

The usual account of Selene's origin is given by Hesiod in his Theogony, where the sun-god Hyperion espoused his sister Theia, who gave birth to "great Helios and clear Selene and Eos who shines upon all that are on earth and upon the deathless Gods who live in the wide heaven".[35] The Homeric Hymn to Helios follows this tradition: "Hyperion wedded glorious Euryphaëssa, his own sister, who bare him lovely children, rosy-armed Eos and rich-tressed Selene and tireless Helios",[36] with Euryphaëssa ("widely shining") probably being an epithet of Theia.[37] However, the Homeric Hymn to Hermes has Selene as the daughter of Pallas, the son of an otherwise unknown Megamedes.[38] This Pallas is possibly identified with the Pallas, who, according to Hesiod's Theogony, was the son of the Titan Crius, and thus Selene's cousin.[39] Other accounts give still other parents for Selene: Euripides has Selene as the daughter of Helios (rather than sister),[40] while an Aeschylus fragment possibly has Selene as the daughter of Leto,[41] as does a scholium on Euripides's play The Phoenician Women which adds Zeus as the father.[42] Furthermore, in Virgil's Aeneid, when Nisus calls upon Selene/the Moon, he addresses her as "daughter of Latona."[43]

Offspring Edit

According to the Homeric Hymn to Selene, the goddess bore Zeus a daughter, Pandia ("All-brightness"),[44] "exceeding lovely amongst the deathless gods".[45] The 7th century BC Greek poet Alcman makes Ersa ("Dew") the daughter of Selene and Zeus.[46] Selene and Zeus were also said to be the parents of Nemea, the eponymous nymph of Nemea, where Heracles slew the Nemean Lion, and where the Nemean Games were held.[47]

From Pausanias we hear that Selene was supposed to have had fifty daughters, by her lover Endymion, often assumed to represent the fifty lunar months of the Olympiad.[48] Nonnus has Selene and Endymion as the parents of the beautiful Narcissus, although in other accounts, including Ovid's Metamorphoses, Narcissus was the son of Cephissus and Liriope.[49]

Quintus Smyrnaeus makes Selene, by her brother Helios, the mother of the Horae, goddesses and personifications of the four seasons; Winter, Spring, Summer, and Autumn.[50] Quintus describes them as the four handmaidens of Hera, but in most other accounts their number is three; Eirene ("peace"), Eunomia ("order"), and Dike ("justice"), and their parents are Zeus and Themis instead.

Lastly, Selene was said to be the mother of the legendary Greek poet Musaeus,[51] with, according to Philochorus, the father being the legendary seer Eumolpus.[52]

Mythology Edit

Goddess of the Moon Edit

 
Statue of Selene, shown wearing the crescent on her forehead and holding a torch in her right hand, while her veil billows over her head

Like her brother Helios, the Sun god, who drives his sun chariot across the sky each day, Selene is also said to drive a chariot across the heavens.[53] There are no mentions of Selene's chariot in either Homer or Hesiod,[54] but the Homeric Hymn to Selene, gives the following description:

The air, unlit before, glows with the light of her golden crown, and her rays beam clear, whensoever bright Selene having bathed her lovely body in the waters of Ocean, and donned her far-gleaming raiment, and yoked her strong-necked, shining team, drives on her long-maned horses at full speed, at eventime in the mid-month: then her great orbit is full and then her beams shine brightest as she increases. So she is a sure token and a sign to mortal men.[55]

The earliest known depiction of Selene driving a chariot adorns the inside of an early 5th century BC red-figure cup attributed to the Brygos Painter, showing Selene plunging her chariot, drawn by two winged horses, into the sea (Berlin Antikensammlung F 2293).[56] The geographer Pausanias, reports seeing a relief of Selene driving a single horse, as it seemed to him, or as some said, a mule, on the pedestal of the Statue of Zeus at Olympia (c. 435 BC).[57] While the sun chariot has four horses, Selene's usually has two,[58] described as "snow-white" by Ovid.[59] In some later accounts the chariot was drawn by oxen or bulls.[60] Though the moon chariot is often described as being silver,[61] for Pindar it was golden.[62]

In antiquity, the lunar eclipse phenomena were thought to be caused by witches, particularly the ones from Thessaly, who brought the Moon/Selene down with spells and invocations of magic.[63] References to this magical trick, variously referred to as καθαιρεῖν (kathaireĩn), are scattered throughout ancient literature, whereas eclipses of both the Sun and the Moon were called kathaireseis ("casting-downs") by the Greek populace.[64] A famous example of that is Aglaonice of Thessaly, an ancient Greek astronomer, who was regarded as a sorceress for her (self-proclaimed) ability to make the Moon disappear from the sky (καθαιρεῖν τὴν σελήνην: kathaireĩn tén selénen). This claim has been taken–by Plutarch at first, and subsequently by modern astronomers–to mean that she could predict the time and general area where an eclipse of the Moon would occur.[65][66] Those who brought down the Moon were thought to bring ill fortune upon themselves, as evidenced by the proverb ἐπὶ σαυτῷ τὴν σελήνην καθαιρεῖς ("you are bringing down the Moon on yourself") said for those who caused self-inflicted evils; some witches supposedly avoided this fate by sacrificing their children or their eyeballs.[64][67]

In popular and common belief, Selene as the Moon came to be associated with physical growth, menstruation and sickness, the latter particularly in the context of demonic possession or even epilepsy.[68] Owning to her role as the moon goddess, she was sometimes called Nyctimedusa (Ancient Greek: Νυκτιμέδουσα, romanized: Nuktimédousa), meaning "queen of the night".[69]

Endymion Edit

 
Endymion as hunter (with dog), sitting on rocks in a landscape, holding 2 spears, looking at Selene who descends to him. Antique fresco from Pompeii.
 
Selene and Endymion, by Sebastiano Ricci (1713), Chiswick House, England

Selene is best known for her affair with the beautiful mortal Endymion.[70] The late 7th-century – early 6th-century BC poet Sappho apparently mentioned Selene and Endymion.[71] However, the first account of the story comes from the third-century BC Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes, which tells of Selene's "mad passion" and her visiting the "fair Endymion" in a cave on Mount Latmus:[72]

And the Titanian goddess, the moon, rising from a far land, beheld her [Medea] as she fled distraught, and fiercely exulted over her, and thus spake to her own heart:

"Not I alone then stray to the Latmian cave, nor do I alone burn with love for fair Endymion; oft times with thoughts of love have I been driven away by thy crafty spells, in order that in the darkness of night thou mightest work thy sorcery at ease, even the deeds dear to thee. And now thou thyself too hast part in a like mad passion; and some god of affliction has given thee Jason to be thy grievous woe. Well, go on, and steel thy heart, wise though thou be, to take up thy burden of pain, fraught with many sighs."[73]

The eternally sleeping Endymion was proverbial,[74] but exactly how this eternal sleep came about and what role, if any, Selene may have had in it is unclear. According to the Catalogue of Women, Endymion was the son of Aethlius (a son of Zeus), and Zeus granted him the right to choose when he would die.[75] A scholiast on Apollonius says that, according to Epimenides, Endymion fell in love with Hera, and Zeus punished him with eternal sleep.[76] However, Apollodorus says that because of Endymion's "surpassing beauty, the Moon fell in love with him, and Zeus allowed him to choose what he would, and he chose to sleep for ever, remaining deathless and ageless".[77] Theocritus portrays Endymion's sleep as enviable because (presumably) of Selene's love for him.[78] Cicero seems to make Selene responsible for Endymion's sleep, so that "she might kiss him while sleeping".[79] The Roman playwright Seneca, has Selene abandoned the night sky for Endymion's sake having entrusted her "shining" moon chariot to her brother Helios to drive.[80] The Greek satirist Lucian's dialogue between Selene and the love goddess Aphrodite has the two goddesses commiserate about their love affairs with Endymion and Adonis, and suggests that Selene has fallen in love with Endymion while watching him sleep each night.[81] In his dialogue between Aphrodite and Eros, Lucian also has Aphrodite admonish her son Eros for bringing Selene "down from the sky".[82] While Quintus Smyrnaeus wrote that, while Endymion slept in his cave beside his cattle:

Divine Selene watched him from on high,

and slid from heaven to earth; for passionate love

drew down the immortal stainless Queen of Night."[83]

Lucian also records an otherwise unattested myth where a pretty young girl called Muia becomes Selene's rival for Endymion's affections; the chatty maiden would endlessly talk to him while he slept, causing him to wake up. This irritated Endymion, and enraged Selene, who transforms the girl into a fly (Ancient Greek: μυῖα, romanized: muía). In memory of the beautiful Endymion, the fly still grudges all sleepers their rest and annoys them.[84]

Philologist Max Müller's interpretation of solar mythology as it related to Selene and Endymion concluded that the myth was a narrativized version of linguistic terminology. Because the Greek endyein meant "to dive," the name Endymion ("Diver") at first simply described the process of the setting sun "diving" into the sea. In this case, the story of Selene embracing Endymion, or Moon embraces Diver, refers to the sun setting and the moon rising.[85]

Gigantomachy Edit

 
Selene riding horseback, detail of the Gigantomachy frieze, Pergamon Altar, Pergamon museum, Berlin, c. 180–159 BC.[86]

Gaia, angered about her children the Titans being thrown into Tartarus following their defeat, brought forth the Giants, to attack the gods, in a war that was called the Gigantomachy. When Gaia heard of a prophecy that a mortal would help the gods to defeat the giants, she sought to find a herb that would make them undefeatable. Zeus heard of that, and ordered Selene as well as her siblings Helios (Sun) and Eos (Dawn) not to shine, and harvested all of that plant for himself.[87] Selene's participation in the battle is evidenced by her inclusion in the Gigantomachy frieze of the Pergamon Altar, fighting against Giants next to her siblings Helios and Eos and her mother Theia in the southern frieze.[88][89] Selene gallops sidesaddle in advance, and wears a woolen undergarment and a mantle.[89] Additionally, on a rein guide for a chariot a goddess thought to be Selene with a crescent and veil over her head is depicted, who stands with Helios on a gate tower and tries to repel the attacks of snake-legged Giants.[90]

Fight with Typhon Edit

According to the late account of Nonnus, when the gigantic monster Typhon laid siege against the heavens, he attacked Selene as well by hurling bulls at her, though she managed to stay in her course, and rushed at her hissing like a viper. Selene fought back the giant, locking horns with Typhon; afterwards, she carried many scars on her orb, reminiscent of their battle.[91]

Ampelus Edit

Ampelus was a very beautiful satyr youth, loved by the god Dionysus.[92] One day, in Nonnus' account, Ampelus rode on a bull, and proceeded to compare himself to Selene, saying that he was her equal, having horns and riding bulls just like her. The goddess took offense, and sent a gadfly to sting Ampelus' bull. The bull panicked, threw Ampelus and gored him to death.[93]

Heracles Edit

 
Roman-era bronze statuette of Selene velificans or Nyx (Night) (Getty Villa).

When Zeus desired to sleep with the mortal queen Alcmene and sire Heracles, he made the night last three days, and ordered Selene via Hermes to dawdle in the sky during that time.[94]

Selene also played a small role in the first of Heracles' twelve labours; whereas for Hesiod, the Nemean Lion was born to Orthrus and the Chimera (or perhaps Echidna) and raised by Hera,[95] other accounts have Selene involved in some way in its birth or rearing.[96] Aelian states: "They say that the Lion of Nemea fell from the moon", and quotes Epimenides as saying:[97]

For I am sprung from fair-tressed Selene the Moon, who in a fearful shudder shook off the savage lion in Nemea, and brought him forth at the bidding of Queen Hera.[98]

Anaxagoras also reports that the Nemean lion was said to have fallen from the moon.[99] Pseudo-Plutarch's On Rivers has Hera collaborating with Selene, "employing magical incantations" to create the Nemean Lion from a chest filled with foam.[100] Hyginus says that Selene had "nourished" the lion in a "two-mouthed cave".[101]

Pan Edit

According to Virgil, Selene also had a tryst with the god Pan, who seduced her with a "snowy bribe of wool".[102] Scholia on Virgil add the story, ascribed to Nicander, that as part of the seduction, Pan wrapped himself in a sheepskin.[103]

Other accounts Edit

 
Bust of Selene, in the courtyard of Palazzo Gerini.

Diodorus Siculus recorded an unorthodox version of the myth, in which Basileia, who had succeeded her father Uranus to his royal throne, married her brother Hyperion, and had two children, a son Helios and a daughter Selene, "admired for both their beauty and their chastity". Because Basileia's other brothers envied these offspring, and feared that Hyperion would try to seize power for himself, they conspired against him. They put Hyperion to the sword, and drowned Helios in the river Eridanus. Selene herself, upon discovering this, took her own life. After these deaths, her brother appeared in a dream to their grieving mother and assured her that he and his sister would now transform into divine natures; and:[104]

 
Roman statue of Selene, marble 2nd century AD, Museum of Antalya.

that which had formerly been called the "holy fire" in the heavens would be called by men Helius ("the sun") and that addressed as "menê" would be called Selenê ("the moon").[105]

Plutarch recorded a fable-like story in which Selene asked her mother to weave her a garment to fit her measure, and her mother replied that she was unable to do so, as she kept changing shape and size, sometimes full, then crescent-shaped and others yet half her size.[106]

In Lucian's Icaromenippus, Selene complains to the titular Menippus of all the outrageous claims philosophers are making about her, such as wondering why she is ever waxing or gibbous, whether she is populated or not, and stating that she is getting her stolen light from the Sun, causing strife and ill feelings between her and her brother. She asks Menippus to report her grievances to Zeus, with the request that Zeus wipes all these natural philosophers from the face of the earth.[107] Zeus agrees, urged by Selene's complaints and having long intended to deal with the philosophers himself.[108]

Claudian wrote that in her infancy, when her horns had not yet grown, Selene (along with Helios – their sister Eos is not mentioned with them) was nursed by her aunt, the water goddess Tethys.[109]

According to pseudo-Plutarch, Lilaeus was an Indian shepherd who only worshipped Selene among the gods and performed her rituals and mysteries at night. The other gods, angered, sent him two lions to tear him apart. Selene then turned Lilaeus into a mountain, Mt. Lilaeon.[110]

Ovid mentions how in the myth of Phaethon, Helios' son who drove his father's chariot for a day, when Phaethon lost control of the chariot and burned the earth, Selene in the sky looked down to see in amazement her brother's horses running wild lower than normal.[111]

Iconography Edit

 
Selene and Endymion, antique fresco in Pompeii

In antiquity, artistic representations of Selene/Luna included sculptural reliefs, vase paintings, coins, and gems.[112] In red-figure pottery before the early 5th century BC, she is depicted only as a bust, or in profile against a lunar disk.[113] In later art, like other celestial divinities such as Helios, Eos, and Nyx (Night), Selene rides across the heavens. She is usually portrayed either driving a chariot (see above) or riding sideways on horseback[114] (sometimes riding an ox, a mule or a ram).[115]

 
Selene and Endymion, by Albert Aublet.

Selene was often paired with her brother Helios. Selene (probably) and Helios adorned the east pediment of the Parthenon, where the two, each driving a four-horsed chariot, framed a scene depicting the birth of Athena, with Helios and his chariot rising from the ocean on the left, and Selene and her chariot descending into the sea on the right.[116] Selene and Helios also appear on the North Metopes of the Parthenon, with Selene this time entering the sea on horseback.[117] From Pausanias, we learn that Selene and Helios also framed the birth of Aphrodite on the base of the Statue of Zeus at Olympia.[118] There are indications of a similar framing by Selene and Helios of the birth of Pandora on the base of the Athena Parthenos.[119] Pausanias also reports seeing stone images of Helios, and Selene, in the market-place at Elea, with rays projecting from the head of Helios, and horns from the head of Selene.[120] Selene also appears on horseback as part of the Gigantomachy frieze of the Pergamon Altar.[121]

Selene is commonly depicted with a crescent moon, often accompanied by stars; sometimes, instead of a crescent, a lunar disc is used.[122] Often a crescent moon rests on her brow, or the cusps of a crescent moon protrude, horn-like, from her head, or from behind her head or shoulders.[123] Selene's head is sometimes surrounded by a nimbus, and from the Hellenistic period onwards, she is sometimes pictured with a torch.[124]

In later second and third century AD Roman funerary art, the love of Selene for Endymion and his eternal sleep was a popular subject for artists.[125] As frequently depicted on Roman sarcophagi, Selene, holding a billowing veil forming a crescent over her head, descends from her chariot to join her lover, who slumbers at her feet.[126]

Cult Edit

 
Selene from an altar piece, flanked by either the Dioscuri, or by Phosphorus and Hesperus.[127]

Selene's presence in ancient Greek worship is very limited, even in comparison to her brother. Her presence in cult was linked to her connection to more major, important divinities such as Artemis and Hecate, and she is hardly divorced from her identifications when it comes to worship; in later times, she was adopted into pre-existing cults that had not originally included her, along with several other figures.[128]

Moon figures are found on Cretan rings and gems (perhaps indicating a Minoan moon cult), but apart from the role played by the moon itself in magic, folklore, and poetry, and despite the later worship of the Phrygian moon-god Men, there was relatively little worship of Selene.[129] An oracular sanctuary existed near Thalamai in Laconia. Described by Pausanias, it contained statues of Pasiphaë and Helios. Here Pasiphaë is used as an epithet of Selene, instead of referring to the daughter of Helios and wife of Minos.[130] Pausanias also described seeing two stone images in the market-place of Elis, one of the sun and the other of the moon, from the heads of which projected the rays of the sun and the horns of the crescent moon.[131] Selene (along with Helios, Nyx and others) received an altar at the sanctuary of Demeter at Pergamon, possibly in connection with the Orphic mysteries.[132]

 
Attic Kylix with Selene and her horses, circa 490 BC, by the Brygos Painter.

Originally, Pandia may have been an epithet of Selene,[133] but by at least the time of the late Hymn to Selene, Pandia had become a daughter of Zeus and Selene. Pandia (or Pandia Selene) may have personified the full moon,[134] and an Athenian festival, called the Pandia, usually considered to be a festival for Zeus,[135] was perhaps celebrated on the full moon and may have been associated with Selene.[136] At Athens, wineless offerings (nephalia) were made to Selene, along with other celestial gods, Selene's siblings Helios and Eos, and Aphrodite Ourania;[137] in Attica, it seems that Selene was identified with Aphrodite.[138]

 
Kushan coinage of Kanishka I with Selene (Greek legend "CAΛHNH") on the reverse, wearing lunar horns, c. AD 127 – 151.[139]

Selene was sometimes associated with childbirth, for it was believed that during the full moon women had the easiest labours; this helped in her identification with the goddess Artemis,[140] as well as other goddesses connected to women's labours. The idea that Selene would also give easy labours to women paved way for identification with Hera and the Roman Juno and Lucina, three other childbirth goddesses; Plutarch calls Selene "Hera in material form."[141] Roman philosopher Cicero connected Selene's Roman counterpart Luna's name to childbirth goddess Lucina's, both deriving from "light" (thus bringing the unborn child into the light).[142] Nonnus also identified Selene with Eileithyia.[143]

Selene played an important role in love magic.[144] In Theocritus' second Idyll, a young girl invokes Selene in a love-spell.[145] The idyll opens with the girl ordering her maid to bring potions and magical utensils, followed by an invocation to Selene and Hecate, and finally the rather lengthy spell itself; once she finishes her spell, the girl recounts to Selene of how she met and was betrayed by her lover, and calls upon the goddess to witness and help her, hence the love tail is woven into the love spell.[146] And, according to a scholium on Theocritus, Pindar wrote that lovesick women would pray to Selene for help, as Euripides apparently had Phaedra, Selene's great-niece, do in his lost play Hippolytus Veiled.[147] Plutarch wrote that Selene was called upon in love affairs because she, the Moon, constantly yearns for the Sun, and compared her in that regard to Isis.[148]

Her and her brother's worship is also attested in Gytheum, a town in Laconia near Sparta, via an inscription (C.I.G. 1392).[149] In the city of Epidaurus, in Argolis, Selene had an altar dedicated to her.[150] Records show that a type of cake called βοῦς (boûs, "ox") decorated with horns to represent the full moon or an ox was offered to her and other divinities like Hecate, Artemis and Apollo.[151][152] In addition, a type of flat, round moon-shaped cake was called 'selene' ("moon") and was offered "to the goddess."[2][152][153]

The ancient Greeks called Monday "day of the Moon" (ἡμέρα Σελήνης) after her.[154]

Orphic literature Edit

According to a certain Epigenes,[155] the three Moirai, or Fates, were regarded in the Orphic tradition as representing the three divisions of Selene, "the thirtieth and the fifteenth and the first" (i.e. the crescent moon, full moon, and dark moon, as delinted by the divisions of the calendar month).[156]

Namesakes Edit

Selene is the Greek proper name for the Moon,[157] and 580 Selene, a minor planet in the asteroid belt, is also named after this goddess.[158]

The chemical element Selenium was named after Selene by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, because of the element's similarity to the element tellurium, named for the Earth (Tellus).[159][160]

The second Japanese lunar orbiter spacecraft following was named SELENE (Selenological and Engineering Explorer) after Selene, and was also known as Kaguya in Japan.[161] HMS Selene (P254), a 1944 British submarine and Ghia Selene, a concept car from the Ghia design studio from 1959, also bore her name.

Gallery Edit

  • Selene in art
  •  

    Selene and Endymion relief, Alessandro and Lancellotto Pusterla's gravestone, 16th century.

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    Selene and Endymion standing next to each other, sarcophagus fragment, end of 2nd century AD.

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    Selene, 1880 painting by Albert Aublet.

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    Selene with sleeping Endymion, fresco in the fourth Pompeian style.

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    Selene detail from a sarcophagus, imperial period.

  •  

    Selene, engraving by François Chauveau.

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    Oil lamp fragment with the head of Selene, early classical period, Musée de Die.

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    Selene and Endymion, in the mural above the stage of the Friedrich von Thiersch Saal in the Wiesbaden Kurhaus.

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    Selene leaving her chariot, Roman mosaic, Andalusia.

  •  

    Selene and Endymion, fresco on ceiling by Giuseppe Antonio Orelli, circa 1730-1770, Palazzo Riva.

  •  

    Selene and the Horae, by Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher.

Genealogy Edit

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 978-0-19-509539-5. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
  2. ^ a b c A Greek–English Lexicon s.v. σελήνη.
  3. ^ Hard, p. 46; Oxford Classical Dictionary, s.v. Selene; Morford, pp. 64, 219–220; Smith, s.v. Selene.
  4. ^ Smith, s.v. Selene; Kerényi, pp. 196–197; Oxford Classical Dictionary, s.v. Selene; Hard, p. 46; Morford, pp. 64, 219–221.
  5. ^ Sorrenti, p. 370.
  6. ^ Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. 90, on lines 1–2; Kerényi, pp. 196–197; Keightley, p. 56.
  7. ^ Hard, p. 46; Oxford Classical Dictionary, s.v. Selene; Smith, s.v. Selene.
  8. ^ Athanassakis and Wolkow, pp. 90, on lines 1–2, 91, on line 5; Kerényi, p. 197. Athanassakis and Wolkow speculate that Selene's name 'might have developed as a euphemism for the moon proper (Greek "mēnē")'.
  9. ^ Oxford Classical Dictionary, s.v. Selene; Kerényi, p. 197.
  10. ^ Beekes, p. 945.
  11. ^ Obbink 2002, p. 200.
  12. ^ "The Linear B word me-no". www.palaeolexicon.com. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
  13. ^ Morford, p. 64; Smith, s.v. Selene. Phoebe was also the name of Selene's aunt, the Titan mother of Leto and Asteria, and grandmother of Apollo, Artemis, and Hecate.
  14. ^ Pannen, p. 96. For example see Ovid, Heroides 18.59–74. The English Romantic poet John Keats calls Selene Cynthia in his poem Endymion.
  15. ^ Davidson 2010, p. 205.
  16. ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 385.
  17. ^ a b West 2007, p. 351.
  18. ^ Hansen 2004, p. 27
  19. ^ Gamkrelidze & Ivanov 1995, p. 590-591.
  20. ^ Matasović 2009, p. 155.
  21. ^ West 2007, p. 231.
  22. ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 164.
  23. ^ West 2007, p. 137.
  24. ^ Stoll, p. 61.
  25. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 371–374.
  26. ^ A winged Selene seems to be unique to this Hymn, see Allen, [1] "τανυσίπτερον".
  27. ^ Hymn to Selene (32) 1–17, translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White.
  28. ^ Homeric Hymn to Helios (31) 6 (Evelyn-White: "rich-tressed"; West 2003: "lovely-tressed"), Homeric Hymn to Selene, (32) 18 (West 2003: "lovely-tressed"; Keightley, pp. 55–56: "well-tressed"). Keightley, describes εὐπλόκαμος, along with λευκώλενος also used in the Hymn to Selene, "white-armed", as being two of the "usual epithets of the goddesses".
  29. ^ Aelian, On Animals, 12.7 [= Epimenides fr. 3B2 Diels = fr. 2 Freeman (Online version at Demonax | Hellenic Library; A Greek–English Lexicon s.v. εὔκομος.
  30. ^ For a horned Selene see for example: Seneca, Medea 98, Phaedra 419; Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 8.29; Quintus Smyrnaeus, The Fall of Troy 1.147–149; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 1.221, 5.163, 11.186, 48.583. For a horned moon see, for example: Ovid, Metamorphoses 7.179–180; Aratus, Phaenomena 733; Virgil, Georgics 1.436; Statius, Thebaid 12.1–3; Tryphiodorus, The Taking of Ilios 514–519.
  31. ^ Orphic Hymn to Selene (Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. 11).
  32. ^ Keightley, p. 56; Plutarch, Moralia 929 C–D (Concerning the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon 16) [= Empedocles fr. D132 Laks-Most = fr. B42 Diels-Kranz], 934 D (Concerning the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon 21); Euripides fr. 1009 [= Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica 1.1280–1281]; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 5.70.
  33. ^ Select Papyri 3.140 Page, pp. 566, 567.
  34. ^ Mesomedes, Hymn to the Sun 15 (Psaroudakes, p. 122).
  35. ^ Hard, p. 43; Hesiod, Theogony 371–374. See also Apollodorus 1.2.2, Hyginus, Fabulae Preface 12.
  36. ^ Hard, p. 46; Homeric Hymn to Helios (31) 4–7. Assuming that their order of mention is meant to be their order of birth, Hesiod and Hyginus (Fabulae Preface 12) make Helios the oldest of the siblings, with Eos the youngest, while the Hymn swaps the order of Eos and Helios, and Apollodorus (1.2.2) has Selene as the youngest, with Eos as the oldest.
  37. ^ Morford, p. 61; West 2003, p. 215 n. 61.
  38. ^ Vergados, p. 313; Hard, p. 46; Gantz, p. 34; Homeric Hymn to Hermes (4), 99–100.
  39. ^ Vergados, p. 313; Hard, p. 46; Hesiod, Theogony 375–377. As Vergados points out, there is no indication of this genealogy elsewhere in Greek texts, however for Ovid, Aurora (Dawn), the Roman counterpart of Selene's sister Eos, was the daughter of Pallas, see Fasti 4.373–374, Metamorphoses 9.421, 15.191, 15.700.
  40. ^ Hard, p. 46; Keightley, p. 54 with n. 9; Euripides, The Phoenician Women 175–176 (with scholia); so also Nonnus, Dionysiaca 5.162–166, 44.191; Scholia on Aratus 445. Keightley quotes the Euripides scholiast as saying that Aeschylus (and others) said that Selene is Helios' daughter "because she partakes of the solar light, and changes her form according to the solar positions".
  41. ^ Hard, p. 46, Gantz, pp. 34–35; Aeschylus fr. 170 Sommerstein [= fr. 170 Radt, Nauck].
  42. ^ Smith, s.v. Selene; Scholia on Euripides' The Phoenician Women 179.
  43. ^ Virgil, Aeneid 9.404.
  44. ^ Fairbanks, p. 162.
  45. ^ Hard, p. 46; Gantz, p. 34; Homeric Hymn to Selene (32) 15–16; so also Hyginus, Fabulae Preface 28. Allen, [15] "ΠανδείηΝ", says that Pandia, "elsewhere unknown as a daughter of Selene ... seems to be merely an abstraction of the moon herself". Cook p. 732 says that it seems probable that, instead of being her daughter, "Pandia was originally an epithet of Selene". Either Selene or her daughter may have been connected to the Athenian festival Pandia.
  46. ^ Hard, p. 46; ní Mheallaigh, p. 26; Keightley, p. 55; Alcman fr. 57 Campbell [= Plutarch, Moralia, 659 B = fr. 48 Bergk = fr. 43 Diehl] (see also Plutarch, Moralia 918 A, 940 A). According to Hard, "this is really no more than an allegorical fancy referring to the heavy dew-fall associated with clear moonlit nights".
  47. ^ Cook, p. 456; Smith, s.v. Selene; Pausanias, 2.15.3 has Asopus as the father of Nemea, with no mention of a mother.
  48. ^ Pausanias, 5.1.4; Mayerson p. 167. For the assumption that the daughters represent the fifty lunar months of the Olympiad, see for example: Cashford 2003b, p. 137; Davidson, pp. 204–205; Jebb, pp. 296–297, note on VII, 1–3 πεντήκοντα (μῆνες); Seyffert, s.v. Endymion; Stoll, p. 61. There are other accounts of fifty daughters in Greek mythology: the Nereids, the fifty sea nymphs born to Nereus and Doris (Hesiod, Theogony 240–264), the Danaides, the fifty daughters of Danaus, who killed all but one of their fifty husbands (Apollodorus), 2.1.4, and the Thespiades, the fifty daughters of Thespius, each of whom bore a son to Heracles (Apollodorus, 2.4.10, 2.7.8). Astour, p. 78, connects the number of daughters with the approximate number of seven-day weeks in a lunar year.
  49. ^ Verhelst, p. 253 with n. 59; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 48.581–583 (however compare with Dionysiaca 10.214–216, which suggests that Selene and Helios are the parents of Narcissus); Ovid, Metamorphoses 3.341–346.
  50. ^ Oxford Classical Dictionary, s.v. Selene; Keightley, pp. 54–55; Quintus Smyrnaeus, The Fall of Troy 10.336–343. Compare with Nonnus, Dionysiaca 12.1–2, which has the Horae as the daughters of Helios, without mentioning a mother.
  51. ^ Burkert 1972, p. 346 n. 48; Plato, Republic 2.364e; Philodemus, De Pietate (On Piety) Herculaneum Papyrus 243 fr. 6 (Obbink 2011, p. 353).
  52. ^ Smith, s.v. Musaeus (literary 1); Philochorus FHG fr. 200 (Müller) [= Scholia on Aristophanes's Frogs 1033].
  53. ^ Hard, p. 46; Keightley; p. 54; Pindar, Olympian 3.19–20; Euripides, The Suppliants, 990–994; Theocritus, 2.163–166; Ovid, Fasti 3.109–110, 4.373–374, Metamorphoses 2.208–209; Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 5.410–415; Statius, Thebaid 1.336–341.
  54. ^ Keightley, p. 54.
  55. ^ Homeric Hymn to Selene (32) 5–14.
  56. ^ Cohen, pp. 156–157, 177–179; Savignoni, pp. 267–268; LIMC 11564 (Selene, Luna 47), image 11842X101.jpg; Beazley Archive 203909. For Selene (?) driving another pair of winged horses see Savignoni, Plate X (following p. 264); Zschietzschmann, pp. XII, 23; Beazley Archive, 15412; note however LIMC 31573, which identifies this figure as Nyx (Night).
  57. ^ Keightley, p. 54; Pausanias, 5.11.8.
  58. ^ Morford, p. 63; Oxford Classical Dictionary, s.v. Selene; Kerényi, p. 196. For an example of Selene driving the less usual four horses see Morford, p. 353.
  59. ^ Ovid, Fasti 4.374.
  60. ^ Keightley, p. 54; Claudian, Rape of Proserpine 3.403; Libanius, Progymnasmata Encomium 8; Nonnus, Dionysiaca , 1.222, 2.406, 7.247, 11.186; 12.5; 48.668. For an image of Selene driving bulls, see British Museum 1956,0517.1 = LIMC 13303 (Selene, Luna 61).
  61. ^ Grimal, s.v. Selene; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 44.192.
  62. ^ Pindar, Olympian 3.19–20. For the use of "golden" in reference to the moon, see: Allen, [6] "χρυσέου".
  63. ^ ní Mheallaigh, p. 38
  64. ^ a b Hill, D. E. "THE THESSALIAN TRICK." Rheinisches Museum Für Philologie, vol. 116, no. 3/4, 1973, pp. 221–38. JSTOR. Accessed 18 Jul. 2022.
  65. ^ Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1986). Women in Science. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-15031-X.
  66. ^ Schmitz, Leonhard (1867), , in Smith, William (ed.), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 1, Boston, p. 59, archived from the original on 2010-06-16, retrieved 2007-12-28{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  67. ^ Scholia ad Zenobius Epitome 401
  68. ^ Gordon, Richard L. (2006). "Selene". In Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth (eds.). Brill's New Pauly. Translated by Christine F. Salazar. Ilmmünster: Brill Reference Online. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1107170. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
  69. ^ "νυκτιμέδουσα". lsj.gr. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  70. ^ Roman and Roman, p. 434; Hard, pp. 46, 411; Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. 89; Gantz, p. 35. The story was especially popular with Hellenistic and Roman poets, for which Fowler 2013, p. 134, describes the theme as "irresistible", e.g. Catullus, 66.5–6; Palatine Anthology, 5.123, 5.165, 6.58; Propertius, Elegies 2.15.15–16; Ovid, Amores 11.13.43–44, Ars Amatoria 3.83, Heroides 15.89–90, 18.59–74; Seneca, Medea 93–101, Phaedra 309–316, 406–422, 785–794; Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 8.28–30. Hyginus, Fabulae 271, includes "Endymion, son of Aetolus, whom Luna loved" under the heading "Youths Who Were Most Handsome".
  71. ^ Fowler 2013, p. 133; Gantz, p. 35; Sappho fr. 199 Campbell [= Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica 4.57].
  72. ^ Gantz, p. 35.
  73. ^ Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 4.54–65.
  74. ^ Fowler 2013, pp. 133–134; Frazer's note to Apollodorus, 1.7.5; e.g. Plato, Phaedo, 72c; Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 10.8.7.
  75. ^ Gantz, p. 35; Fowler 2013, p. 134; Hard, p. 411; Hesiod fr. 10.58–62 Most [= fr. 10a.58–62 Merkelbach-West].
  76. ^ Fowler 2013, pp. 133– 134; Hard, p. 411; Gantz, p. 35; Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes’ Argonautica 4.57–58 [= Epimenides, fr. 14 = Epimenides fr. 12 Fowler = FGrHist 457 F10 = 3B14 Diels]. The same scholiast gives another story involving Endymion's love for Hera, this time attributed to the Great Ehoiai, saying that "Endymion was carried up by Zeus to heaven, but that he was seized by desire for Hera and was deceived by the phantom of a cloud, and that because of this desire he was thrown out and went down to Hades", see Hesiod fr. 198 Most [= fr. 260 Merkelbach-West = Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes’ Argonautica 4.58]; see also Acusilaus fr. 36 Fowler.
  77. ^ Apollodorus, 1.7.5 [= Zenobius 3.76].
  78. ^ Gantz, p. 35; Theocritus, 3.49–50. See also Theocritus, 20.37–39.
  79. ^ Hard, p. 411; Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 1.38.92, p. 50. See also Ovid, Amores, 11.13.43–44: "Look, how many hours of slumber has Luna bestowed upon the youth she loves! [Endymion]"; Gantz, p. 35, discussing Selene's role, says that "no source claims that the sleep was her idea, and likely enough (given its role in some quarters as a punishment, and his love for Hera), she was not always a part of the story." Gantz also notes that "Vases and artifacts from the second half of the fifth century on may possibly show Selene leaving an awake Endymion."
  80. ^ Seneca, Phaedra, 309–316.
  81. ^ Gantz, p. 35; Lucian, Dialogues of the Gods 19 (11).
  82. ^ Lucian, Dialogues of the Gods 20 (12).
  83. ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, The Fall of Troy 10.125–131.
  84. ^ Lucian, The Fly 10.
  85. ^ Powell, pp. 670–671.
  86. ^ Museum of Classical Archaeology Databases 385a.
  87. ^ Apollodorus, 1.6.1.
  88. ^ Picón and Hemingway, p. 47
  89. ^ a b Honan, p. 20
  90. ^ Now housed in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and can be seen here.
  91. ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 1.213–223.
  92. ^ Ovid, Fasti 3.409–410.
  93. ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 11.167–223.
  94. ^ Stuttard, p. 114; Lucian, Dialogues of the Gods 14 (10).
  95. ^ Hard, p. 63; Hesiod, Theogony 326–329 (Most).
  96. ^ Cook, pp. 456–457; Hard, p. 256.
  97. ^ Cook, p. 456; Gantz, p. 25; Burkert 1972, p. 346 n. 47; West 1983, pp. 47–48.
  98. ^ Aelian, On Animals 12.7 [= Epimenides fr. 3B2 Diels = fr. 2 Freeman (Online version at Demonax | Hellenic Library. Gantz, p. 25, remarks that this refers to Selene "probably in her role as the moon rather than the goddess".
  99. ^ Burkert 1972, p. 346 with n. 48; Anaxagoras, fr. A77 Curd [= Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes's Argonautica 1.498]. See also Plutarch, Moralia 677 A [= Euphorion fr. 107 Lightfoot = fr. 84 Powell = fr. 47 Meineke] (Nemean Lion called "Menê’s fierce-eyed son"). For other accounts see Cook, p. 457 notes 2 and 3.
  100. ^ Pseudo-Plutarch, On Rivers 18.4; Cook, p. 457 n. 3.
  101. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 30; Cook, p. 456.
  102. ^ Virgil, Georgics 3.391–393.
  103. ^ Hard, p. 46; Gantz, p. 36; Kerényi, pp. 175, 196; Grimal, s.v. Selene; Keightley, p. 55; Servius, Commentary on the Georgics of Vergil 3.391; Macrobius, Saturnalia 5.22.9–10. Hard describes this "tale" as "interesting but poorly attested", and says that the "rusticity of the tale suggests that it may have originated as a local legend in Arcadia."
  104. ^ Caldwell, p. 40, on lines 207–210; Diodorus Siculus, 3.57.
  105. ^ Diodorus Siculus, 3.57.5.
  106. ^ Plutarch, Moralia 157 C.
  107. ^ Lucian, Icaromenippus 20–21.
  108. ^ Lucian, Icaromenippus 29-33
  109. ^ Claudian, Rape of Persephone 2.44–54.
  110. ^ Pseudo-Plutarch, On Rivers 25.4; Grimal s.v. Lilaeus. Pseudo-Plutarch attributes this story to Clitophon's Indica, perhaps recording an Indian tale using names of Greek gods.
  111. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.208–209
  112. ^ Roman and Roman, p. 434; Gury, pp. 706–715. For an example of a coin see British Museum, R.7248; for an example of a gem see the British Museum 1923,0401.199.
  113. ^ Cohen, p. 157; Savignoni, p. 270 with nn. 4, 5.
  114. ^ Hard, p. 46; Savignoni, p. 271; Walters, p. 79.
  115. ^ Hard, p. 46; Oxford Classical Dictionary, s.v. Selene; Murray 1903, p. 47. Hansen, p. 221 shows two illustrations one captioned "Selene riding a mule", the other "Selene riding a ram". Note however that both LIMC 13265 (Selene, Luna 35) (image 13603X001.jpg) and Beazley Archive 211530 describe the vase (Florence, Museo Archeologico Etrusco 3996) from which Hansen's first illustration is drawn, as depicting Selene riding on a horse. Cf. Pausanias, 5.11.8.
  116. ^ Hurwit 2017, pp. 527–532; Shear, pp. 112–114; Palagia 2005, pp. 236–237; Palagia 1998, pp. 22–23; Murray 1892, pp. 271–272. The goddess paired with Helios here is most often identified as Selene (e.g. Shear, Palagia, and Murray, with no mention of any alternative), however Hurwit 2017, which concludes that the goddess is "probably" Selene, also notes that there is a "strong argument" for the goddess instead being Nyx (Night), while Robertson 1981, p. 96 also includes Eos as a possibility. "Selene's" torso, from the Parthenon pediment is in Athens at the Acropolis Museum, inventory number 881, while the head of one of her pediment horses is in London at the British Museum, museum number 1816,0610.98.
  117. ^ Hurwit 1999, p. 170; LIMC 7734 (Selene, Luna 38), image 7919X001.jpg.
  118. ^ Robertson 1981, p. 96, Pausanias, 5.11.8.
  119. ^ Osborne, p. 87. For another example of Helios and Selene framing a scene, in this case the Judgement of Paris, see Robertson 1992, p. 255.
  120. ^ Pausanias, 6.24.6.
  121. ^ Thomas, p. 17; Mitchell, p. 92; Museum of Classical Archaeology Databases 385a.
  122. ^ Savignoni, pp. 270–271; e.g. crescent moon and stars: Florence, Museo Archeologico Etrusco 3996 (LIMC 13265 (Selene, Luna 35), image 13603X001.jpg), lunar disk: Berlin, Antikensammlung F 2293 (LIMC 11564 (Selene, Luna 47), image 11842X101.jpg).
  123. ^ British Museum 1923,0401.199; LIMC 13213 (Selene, Luna 21); LIMC 13181 (Selene, Luna 4); LIMC 18206 (Mithras 113); LIMC 13207 (Selene, Luna 15); LIMC 13264 (Selene, Luna 34); LIMC 6780 (Selene, Luna 2); LIMC 13186 (Selene, Luna 7); LIMC 13188 (Selene, Luna 9); LIMC 3076 (Selene, Luna 10); LIMC 13211 (Selene, Luna 19). For the close association between the crescent moon and horns see Cashford 2003b.
  124. ^ Parisinou, p. 34.
  125. ^ Fowler 2013, p. 134; Sorabella, p. 70; Morford, p. 65.
  126. ^ Examples, among many others, include sarcophagi in the Capitoline Museum in Rome (c. 135 AD), two in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (c. 160 AD and c. 220 AD), and one in Palazzo Doria Pamphilj Rome (c. 310 AD), for images see Sorabella, figs. 1–7, 12.
  127. ^ de Clarac, p. 340; "Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr. Retrieved 2020-04-22.; "Image gallery: drawing / album". British Museum. Retrieved 2020-04-22..
  128. ^ Athanassakis & Wolkow 2013, p. 89
  129. ^ Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. 89; Oxford Classical Dictionary, s.v. Selene; Burkert 1991, p. 176.
  130. ^ Plutarch, Agis 9; Pausanias, 3.26.1.
  131. ^ Pausanias, 6.24.6.
  132. ^ Ridgeway, p. 55.
  133. ^ Hard, p. 46; Cashford 2003a, p. 174; Willetts, p. 178; Cook, p. 732; Roscher, p. 100.
  134. ^ Cashford 2003a, p. 174; Kerényi, p. 197; Cox, pp. 138, 140.
  135. ^ Parker, pp. 477–478.
  136. ^ Robertson 1996, p. 75 n. 109; Willetts, pp. 178–179; Cook, 732; Harpers, s.v. Selene; Smith, s.v. Pandia.
  137. ^ Meagher, p. 142 n. 137; Scholia on Sophocles Oedipus at Colonus 91 (Xenis, pp. 70–71).
  138. ^ Müller, p. 531
  139. ^ British Museum IOC.282; Errington, Elizabeth (2017). Charles Masson and the Buddhist Sites of Afghanistan. London: British Museum Research Publications. pp. 158–159, Fig. 242.14. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3355036.
  140. ^ Chrysippus fr. 748.
  141. ^ Plutarch, Quaestiones Romanae 77.
  142. ^ Cicero, De Natura Deorum 2.68.
  143. ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 38.150.
  144. ^ Hard, p. 46.
  145. ^ Hard, p. 46; Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. 90; Theocritus, 2.10–11, 69–166.
  146. ^ ní Mheallaigh, pp. 33-34
  147. ^ Faraone, p. 139; Collard and Cropp, p. 469; Scholia on Theocritus 2.10.
  148. ^ Plutarch, On Isis and Osiris 52
  149. ^ The Classical Review, volume VII, University of Illinois Library, 1893, p. 77, vol. VII
  150. ^ Vermaseren, p. 149.
  151. ^ Julius Pollux 6.76
  152. ^ a b Allaire Brumfield, Cakes in the Liknon: Votives from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore on Acrocorinth, Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens Vol. 66, No. 1 (Jan. - Mar., 1997), pp. 157; 171, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
  153. ^ "Selenai." Suda On Line. Trans. Rocco Marseglia on 9 November 2012.
  154. ^ Olderr, p. 98.
  155. ^ This Epigenes has been tentatively identified with Epigenes, the follower of Socrates, see Blum, p. 180; Edmonds 2013, p. 14.
  156. ^ Jones, pp. 50–51, citing Clement of Alexandria, Stromata: Abel, frg. 253.
  157. ^ "Planetary Names". planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov. Retrieved Jan 7, 2023.
  158. ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). "(580) Selene". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (580) Selene. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 160. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_581. ISBN 978-3-540-29925-7.
  159. ^ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. VI. Tellurium and selenium". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (3): 474. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9..474W. doi:10.1021/ed009p474.
  160. ^ Trofast, Jan (2011). "Berzelius' Discovery of Selenium". Chemistry International. 33 (5): 16–19. PDF
  161. ^ . Red Orbit. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
  162. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 132–138, 337–411, 453–520, 901–906, 915–920; Caldwell, pp. 8–11, tables 11–14.
  163. ^ Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in Hesiod, Theogony 371–374, in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes (4), 99–100, Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.
  164. ^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 507–511, Clymene, one of the Oceanids, the daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at Hesiod, Theogony 351, was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, while according to Apollodorus, 1.2.3, another Oceanid, Asia was their mother by Iapetus.
  165. ^ According to Plato, Critias, 113d–114a, Atlas was the son of Poseidon and the mortal Cleito.
  166. ^ In Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. 444–445 n. 2, 446–447 n. 24, 538–539 n. 113) Prometheus is made to be the son of Themis.

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External links Edit

  •   The dictionary definition of selene at Wiktionary
  •   Media related to Selene at Wikimedia Commons
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Selēnē" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 601.
  • SELENE in The Theoi Project
  • SELENE in Mythopedia
  • The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Selene)

October 10, 2023
selene, this, article, about, greek, goddess, other, uses, disambiguation, ancient, greek, mythology, religion, greek, Σελήνη, pronounced, selɛ, ːnɛː, meaning, moon, goddess, personification, moon, also, known, mene, traditionally, daughter, titans, hyperion, . This article is about the Greek goddess For other uses see Selene disambiguation In ancient Greek mythology and religion Selene s ɪ ˈ l iː n iː Greek Selhnh pronounced selɛ ːnɛː seh LEH neh meaning Moon 2 is the goddess and personification of the Moon Also known as Mene she is traditionally the daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia and sister of the sun god Helios and the dawn goddess Eos She drives her moon chariot across the heavens Several lovers are attributed to her in various myths including Zeus Pan and the mortal Endymion In post classical times Selene was often identified with Artemis much as her brother Helios was identified with Apollo 3 Selene and Artemis were also associated with Hecate and all three were regarded as moon and lunar goddesses but only Selene was regarded as the personification of the Moon itself Her Roman equivalent is Luna 4 SelenePersonification of the MoonDetail of Selene from a Roman sarcophagusOther namesMeneGreekSelhnhAbodeSkyPlanetMoon 1 AnimalsHorse bull muleSymbolCrescent chariot torch billowing cloak bull moonDayMonday hemera Selḗnes Personal informationParentsHyperion and Theia or Pallas the son of Megamedes or Helios SiblingsHelios and EosConsortEndymionChildrenFifty daughters Narcissus Pandia Ersa Horae MusaeusEquivalentsRoman equivalentLunaPhrygian equivalentMen Contents 1 Etymology and origins 1 1 Names 1 2 Origin 2 Descriptions 3 Family 3 1 Parents 3 2 Offspring 4 Mythology 4 1 Goddess of the Moon 4 2 Endymion 4 3 Gigantomachy 4 4 Fight with Typhon 4 5 Ampelus 4 6 Heracles 4 7 Pan 4 8 Other accounts 5 Iconography 6 Cult 7 Orphic literature 8 Namesakes 9 Gallery 10 Genealogy 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External linksEtymology and origins EditNames Edit nbsp Detail of a sarcophagus depicting Endymion and Selene shown with her characteristic attributes of lunate crown and billowing veil velificatio 5 The name Selene is derived from the Greek noun selas selas meaning light brightness gleam 6 In the Doric and Aeolic dialects her name was also spelled Selana Selana and Selanna Selanna respectively 2 Selene was also called Mene 7 The Greek word mene meant the moon and the lunar month 8 The masculine form of mene men was also the name of the Phrygian moon god Men 9 Mene and Men both derive from Proto Hellenic mens month itself from Proto Indo European mḗh n s meaning moon the lunar month which probably comes from the root meh to measure and is cognate with the English words Moon and month 10 The Greek Stoic philosopher Chrysippus interpreted Selene and Men as respectively the female and male aspects of the same god 11 Although no clear attestation for Selene herself or any prodecessor of hers has been discovered yet in Mycenaean Greek the word for month men has been found in Linear B spelled as 𐀕𐀜 me no from genitive form mhnos menos 12 Just as Helios from his identification with Apollo is called Phoebus bright Selene from her identification with Artemis is also called Phoebe feminine form 13 Also from Artemis Selene was sometimes called Cynthia meaning she of Mount Cynthus the birthplace of Artemis 14 Origin Edit Selene along with her brother her sister and the sky god Zeus is one of the few Greek deities of a clear Proto Indo European origin although they were sidelined by later non PIE newcomers to the pantheon as remaining on the sidelines became their primary function to be the minor deities the major ones were juxtaposed to thus helping keep the Greek religion Greek 15 The original PIE moon deity has been reconstructed as Meh not from which Mene Selene s byname is derived 16 and it appears that it was a male god 17 The Greek offshoot of this deity however is female as the ancient Greeks gender view of the world was reflected in their language The ancient Greek language had three grammatical genders masculine feminine and neuter so when a god or a goddess personified an object or a concept they inherited the gender of the corresponding noun selene the Greek noun for Moon is a feminine one whereas men is a masculine one so the deity embodying it is also by necessity female 18 In PIE mythology the Moon which is a male figure was seen as forming a pair usually wedlock with the Sun which is a female figure and which in Greek mythology is recognized in the male deity and Selene s brother Helios 19 It seems however that unlike the Dawn Eos and the Sun Helios the Moon had very little importance in PIE mythology 17 20 Although attempts have been made to connect Selene to Helen of Troy due to the similarity of their names in two early dedications to Helen from Laconia her name is spelled with a digamma Ancient Greek Ϝelena romanized Welena ruling out any possible connection between them 21 Helen is more likely related to Helios instead and it seems that the two figures stem from a common Proto Indo European ancestor the Sun Maiden 22 23 Descriptions Edit nbsp Statue of Selene in white marble second half of the 3rd century ADSurviving descriptions of Selene s physical appearance and character apart from those which would apply to the moon itself are scant There is no mention of Selene as a goddess in either the Iliad or the Odyssey of Homer 24 while her only mention in Hesiod s Theogony is as the daughter of Hyperion and Theia and sister of Helios and Eos 25 She was however the subject of one of the thirty three Homeric Hymns which gives the following description And next sweet voiced Muses daughters of Zeus well skilled in song tell of the long winged 26 Moon From her immortal head a radiance is shown from heaven and embraces earth and great is the beauty that ariseth from her shining light The air unlit before glows with the light of her golden crown and her rays beam clear whensoever bright Selene having bathed her lovely body in the waters of Ocean and donned her far gleaming raiment and yoked her strong necked shining team drives on her long maned horses at full speed at eventime in the mid month then her great orbit is full and then her beams shine brightest as she increases So she is a sure token and a sign to mortal men Hail white armed goddess bright Selene mild bright tressed queen 27 Two other sources also mention her hair The Homeric Hymn to Helios uses the same epithet eὐplokamos bright tressed used in the above Hymn to Selene elsewhere translated as rich lovely or well tressed 28 while Epimenides uses the epithet ἠykomoio lovely haired 29 In late accounts Selene like the moon itself is often described as having horns 30 The Orphic Hymn to Selene addresses her as O bull horned Moon and further describes her as torch bearing feminine and masculine lover of horses and grantor of fulfillment and favor 31 Empedocles Euripides and Nonnus all describe her as glaykῶpis glaukṓpis bright eyed a common epithet of the goddess Athena 32 while in a fragment from a poem possibly written by Pamprepius she is called kyanῶpis kyanṓpis dark eyed 33 Mesomedes of Crete calls her glaykὰ glauka silvery grey 34 Family EditParents Edit nbsp Selene in a flying chariot drawn by two white horses from Flora seu florum Ferrari 1646 The usual account of Selene s origin is given by Hesiod in his Theogony where the sun god Hyperion espoused his sister Theia who gave birth to great Helios and clear Selene and Eos who shines upon all that are on earth and upon the deathless Gods who live in the wide heaven 35 The Homeric Hymn to Helios follows this tradition Hyperion wedded glorious Euryphaessa his own sister who bare him lovely children rosy armed Eos and rich tressed Selene and tireless Helios 36 with Euryphaessa widely shining probably being an epithet of Theia 37 However the Homeric Hymn to Hermes has Selene as the daughter of Pallas the son of an otherwise unknown Megamedes 38 This Pallas is possibly identified with the Pallas who according to Hesiod s Theogony was the son of the Titan Crius and thus Selene s cousin 39 Other accounts give still other parents for Selene Euripides has Selene as the daughter of Helios rather than sister 40 while an Aeschylus fragment possibly has Selene as the daughter of Leto 41 as does a scholium on Euripides s play The Phoenician Women which adds Zeus as the father 42 Furthermore in Virgil s Aeneid when Nisus calls upon Selene the Moon he addresses her as daughter of Latona 43 Offspring Edit According to the Homeric Hymn to Selene the goddess bore Zeus a daughter Pandia All brightness 44 exceeding lovely amongst the deathless gods 45 The 7th century BC Greek poet Alcman makes Ersa Dew the daughter of Selene and Zeus 46 Selene and Zeus were also said to be the parents of Nemea the eponymous nymph of Nemea where Heracles slew the Nemean Lion and where the Nemean Games were held 47 From Pausanias we hear that Selene was supposed to have had fifty daughters by her lover Endymion often assumed to represent the fifty lunar months of the Olympiad 48 Nonnus has Selene and Endymion as the parents of the beautiful Narcissus although in other accounts including Ovid s Metamorphoses Narcissus was the son of Cephissus and Liriope 49 Quintus Smyrnaeus makes Selene by her brother Helios the mother of the Horae goddesses and personifications of the four seasons Winter Spring Summer and Autumn 50 Quintus describes them as the four handmaidens of Hera but in most other accounts their number is three Eirene peace Eunomia order and Dike justice and their parents are Zeus and Themis instead Lastly Selene was said to be the mother of the legendary Greek poet Musaeus 51 with according to Philochorus the father being the legendary seer Eumolpus 52 Mythology EditGoddess of the Moon Edit nbsp Statue of Selene shown wearing the crescent on her forehead and holding a torch in her right hand while her veil billows over her headLike her brother Helios the Sun god who drives his sun chariot across the sky each day Selene is also said to drive a chariot across the heavens 53 There are no mentions of Selene s chariot in either Homer or Hesiod 54 but the Homeric Hymn to Selene gives the following description The air unlit before glows with the light of her golden crown and her rays beam clear whensoever bright Selene having bathed her lovely body in the waters of Ocean and donned her far gleaming raiment and yoked her strong necked shining team drives on her long maned horses at full speed at eventime in the mid month then her great orbit is full and then her beams shine brightest as she increases So she is a sure token and a sign to mortal men 55 The earliest known depiction of Selene driving a chariot adorns the inside of an early 5th century BC red figure cup attributed to the Brygos Painter showing Selene plunging her chariot drawn by two winged horses into the sea Berlin Antikensammlung F 2293 56 The geographer Pausanias reports seeing a relief of Selene driving a single horse as it seemed to him or as some said a mule on the pedestal of the Statue of Zeus at Olympia c 435 BC 57 While the sun chariot has four horses Selene s usually has two 58 described as snow white by Ovid 59 In some later accounts the chariot was drawn by oxen or bulls 60 Though the moon chariot is often described as being silver 61 for Pindar it was golden 62 In antiquity the lunar eclipse phenomena were thought to be caused by witches particularly the ones from Thessaly who brought the Moon Selene down with spells and invocations of magic 63 References to this magical trick variously referred to as ka8aireῖn kathaireĩn are scattered throughout ancient literature whereas eclipses of both the Sun and the Moon were called kathaireseis casting downs by the Greek populace 64 A famous example of that is Aglaonice of Thessaly an ancient Greek astronomer who was regarded as a sorceress for her self proclaimed ability to make the Moon disappear from the sky ka8aireῖn tὴn selhnhn kathaireĩn ten selenen This claim has been taken by Plutarch at first and subsequently by modern astronomers to mean that she could predict the time and general area where an eclipse of the Moon would occur 65 66 Those who brought down the Moon were thought to bring ill fortune upon themselves as evidenced by the proverb ἐpὶ saytῷ tὴn selhnhn ka8aireῖs you are bringing down the Moon on yourself said for those who caused self inflicted evils some witches supposedly avoided this fate by sacrificing their children or their eyeballs 64 67 In popular and common belief Selene as the Moon came to be associated with physical growth menstruation and sickness the latter particularly in the context of demonic possession or even epilepsy 68 Owning to her role as the moon goddess she was sometimes called Nyctimedusa Ancient Greek Nyktimedoysa romanized Nuktimedousa meaning queen of the night 69 Endymion Edit nbsp Endymion as hunter with dog sitting on rocks in a landscape holding 2 spears looking at Selene who descends to him Antique fresco from Pompeii nbsp Selene and Endymion by Sebastiano Ricci 1713 Chiswick House EnglandSelene is best known for her affair with the beautiful mortal Endymion 70 The late 7th century early 6th century BC poet Sappho apparently mentioned Selene and Endymion 71 However the first account of the story comes from the third century BC Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes which tells of Selene s mad passion and her visiting the fair Endymion in a cave on Mount Latmus 72 And the Titanian goddess the moon rising from a far land beheld her Medea as she fled distraught and fiercely exulted over her and thus spake to her own heart Not I alone then stray to the Latmian cave nor do I alone burn with love for fair Endymion oft times with thoughts of love have I been driven away by thy crafty spells in order that in the darkness of night thou mightest work thy sorcery at ease even the deeds dear to thee And now thou thyself too hast part in a like mad passion and some god of affliction has given thee Jason to be thy grievous woe Well go on and steel thy heart wise though thou be to take up thy burden of pain fraught with many sighs 73 The eternally sleeping Endymion was proverbial 74 but exactly how this eternal sleep came about and what role if any Selene may have had in it is unclear According to the Catalogue of Women Endymion was the son of Aethlius a son of Zeus and Zeus granted him the right to choose when he would die 75 A scholiast on Apollonius says that according to Epimenides Endymion fell in love with Hera and Zeus punished him with eternal sleep 76 However Apollodorus says that because of Endymion s surpassing beauty the Moon fell in love with him and Zeus allowed him to choose what he would and he chose to sleep for ever remaining deathless and ageless 77 Theocritus portrays Endymion s sleep as enviable because presumably of Selene s love for him 78 Cicero seems to make Selene responsible for Endymion s sleep so that she might kiss him while sleeping 79 The Roman playwright Seneca has Selene abandoned the night sky for Endymion s sake having entrusted her shining moon chariot to her brother Helios to drive 80 The Greek satirist Lucian s dialogue between Selene and the love goddess Aphrodite has the two goddesses commiserate about their love affairs with Endymion and Adonis and suggests that Selene has fallen in love with Endymion while watching him sleep each night 81 In his dialogue between Aphrodite and Eros Lucian also has Aphrodite admonish her son Eros for bringing Selene down from the sky 82 While Quintus Smyrnaeus wrote that while Endymion slept in his cave beside his cattle Divine Selene watched him from on high and slid from heaven to earth for passionate lovedrew down the immortal stainless Queen of Night 83 Lucian also records an otherwise unattested myth where a pretty young girl called Muia becomes Selene s rival for Endymion s affections the chatty maiden would endlessly talk to him while he slept causing him to wake up This irritated Endymion and enraged Selene who transforms the girl into a fly Ancient Greek myῖa romanized muia In memory of the beautiful Endymion the fly still grudges all sleepers their rest and annoys them 84 Philologist Max Muller s interpretation of solar mythology as it related to Selene and Endymion concluded that the myth was a narrativized version of linguistic terminology Because the Greek endyein meant to dive the name Endymion Diver at first simply described the process of the setting sun diving into the sea In this case the story of Selene embracing Endymion or Moon embraces Diver refers to the sun setting and the moon rising 85 Gigantomachy Edit nbsp Selene riding horseback detail of the Gigantomachy frieze Pergamon Altar Pergamon museum Berlin c 180 159 BC 86 Gaia angered about her children the Titans being thrown into Tartarus following their defeat brought forth the Giants to attack the gods in a war that was called the Gigantomachy When Gaia heard of a prophecy that a mortal would help the gods to defeat the giants she sought to find a herb that would make them undefeatable Zeus heard of that and ordered Selene as well as her siblings Helios Sun and Eos Dawn not to shine and harvested all of that plant for himself 87 Selene s participation in the battle is evidenced by her inclusion in the Gigantomachy frieze of the Pergamon Altar fighting against Giants next to her siblings Helios and Eos and her mother Theia in the southern frieze 88 89 Selene gallops sidesaddle in advance and wears a woolen undergarment and a mantle 89 Additionally on a rein guide for a chariot a goddess thought to be Selene with a crescent and veil over her head is depicted who stands with Helios on a gate tower and tries to repel the attacks of snake legged Giants 90 Fight with Typhon Edit According to the late account of Nonnus when the gigantic monster Typhon laid siege against the heavens he attacked Selene as well by hurling bulls at her though she managed to stay in her course and rushed at her hissing like a viper Selene fought back the giant locking horns with Typhon afterwards she carried many scars on her orb reminiscent of their battle 91 Ampelus Edit Ampelus was a very beautiful satyr youth loved by the god Dionysus 92 One day in Nonnus account Ampelus rode on a bull and proceeded to compare himself to Selene saying that he was her equal having horns and riding bulls just like her The goddess took offense and sent a gadfly to sting Ampelus bull The bull panicked threw Ampelus and gored him to death 93 Heracles Edit nbsp Roman era bronze statuette of Selene velificans or Nyx Night Getty Villa When Zeus desired to sleep with the mortal queen Alcmene and sire Heracles he made the night last three days and ordered Selene via Hermes to dawdle in the sky during that time 94 Selene also played a small role in the first of Heracles twelve labours whereas for Hesiod the Nemean Lion was born to Orthrus and the Chimera or perhaps Echidna and raised by Hera 95 other accounts have Selene involved in some way in its birth or rearing 96 Aelian states They say that the Lion of Nemea fell from the moon and quotes Epimenides as saying 97 For I am sprung from fair tressed Selene the Moon who in a fearful shudder shook off the savage lion in Nemea and brought him forth at the bidding of Queen Hera 98 Anaxagoras also reports that the Nemean lion was said to have fallen from the moon 99 Pseudo Plutarch s On Rivers has Hera collaborating with Selene employing magical incantations to create the Nemean Lion from a chest filled with foam 100 Hyginus says that Selene had nourished the lion in a two mouthed cave 101 Pan Edit According to Virgil Selene also had a tryst with the god Pan who seduced her with a snowy bribe of wool 102 Scholia on Virgil add the story ascribed to Nicander that as part of the seduction Pan wrapped himself in a sheepskin 103 Other accounts Edit nbsp Bust of Selene in the courtyard of Palazzo Gerini Diodorus Siculus recorded an unorthodox version of the myth in which Basileia who had succeeded her father Uranus to his royal throne married her brother Hyperion and had two children a son Helios and a daughter Selene admired for both their beauty and their chastity Because Basileia s other brothers envied these offspring and feared that Hyperion would try to seize power for himself they conspired against him They put Hyperion to the sword and drowned Helios in the river Eridanus Selene herself upon discovering this took her own life After these deaths her brother appeared in a dream to their grieving mother and assured her that he and his sister would now transform into divine natures and 104 nbsp Roman statue of Selene marble 2nd century AD Museum of Antalya that which had formerly been called the holy fire in the heavens would be called by men Helius the sun and that addressed as mene would be called Selene the moon 105 Plutarch recorded a fable like story in which Selene asked her mother to weave her a garment to fit her measure and her mother replied that she was unable to do so as she kept changing shape and size sometimes full then crescent shaped and others yet half her size 106 In Lucian s Icaromenippus Selene complains to the titular Menippus of all the outrageous claims philosophers are making about her such as wondering why she is ever waxing or gibbous whether she is populated or not and stating that she is getting her stolen light from the Sun causing strife and ill feelings between her and her brother She asks Menippus to report her grievances to Zeus with the request that Zeus wipes all these natural philosophers from the face of the earth 107 Zeus agrees urged by Selene s complaints and having long intended to deal with the philosophers himself 108 Claudian wrote that in her infancy when her horns had not yet grown Selene along with Helios their sister Eos is not mentioned with them was nursed by her aunt the water goddess Tethys 109 According to pseudo Plutarch Lilaeus was an Indian shepherd who only worshipped Selene among the gods and performed her rituals and mysteries at night The other gods angered sent him two lions to tear him apart Selene then turned Lilaeus into a mountain Mt Lilaeon 110 Ovid mentions how in the myth of Phaethon Helios son who drove his father s chariot for a day when Phaethon lost control of the chariot and burned the earth Selene in the sky looked down to see in amazement her brother s horses running wild lower than normal 111 Iconography Edit nbsp Selene and Endymion antique fresco in PompeiiIn antiquity artistic representations of Selene Luna included sculptural reliefs vase paintings coins and gems 112 In red figure pottery before the early 5th century BC she is depicted only as a bust or in profile against a lunar disk 113 In later art like other celestial divinities such as Helios Eos and Nyx Night Selene rides across the heavens She is usually portrayed either driving a chariot see above or riding sideways on horseback 114 sometimes riding an ox a mule or a ram 115 nbsp Selene and Endymion by Albert Aublet Selene was often paired with her brother Helios Selene probably and Helios adorned the east pediment of the Parthenon where the two each driving a four horsed chariot framed a scene depicting the birth of Athena with Helios and his chariot rising from the ocean on the left and Selene and her chariot descending into the sea on the right 116 Selene and Helios also appear on the North Metopes of the Parthenon with Selene this time entering the sea on horseback 117 From Pausanias we learn that Selene and Helios also framed the birth of Aphrodite on the base of the Statue of Zeus at Olympia 118 There are indications of a similar framing by Selene and Helios of the birth of Pandora on the base of the Athena Parthenos 119 Pausanias also reports seeing stone images of Helios and Selene in the market place at Elea with rays projecting from the head of Helios and horns from the head of Selene 120 Selene also appears on horseback as part of the Gigantomachy frieze of the Pergamon Altar 121 Selene is commonly depicted with a crescent moon often accompanied by stars sometimes instead of a crescent a lunar disc is used 122 Often a crescent moon rests on her brow or the cusps of a crescent moon protrude horn like from her head or from behind her head or shoulders 123 Selene s head is sometimes surrounded by a nimbus and from the Hellenistic period onwards she is sometimes pictured with a torch 124 In later second and third century AD Roman funerary art the love of Selene for Endymion and his eternal sleep was a popular subject for artists 125 As frequently depicted on Roman sarcophagi Selene holding a billowing veil forming a crescent over her head descends from her chariot to join her lover who slumbers at her feet 126 Cult Edit nbsp Selene from an altar piece flanked by either the Dioscuri or by Phosphorus and Hesperus 127 Selene s presence in ancient Greek worship is very limited even in comparison to her brother Her presence in cult was linked to her connection to more major important divinities such as Artemis and Hecate and she is hardly divorced from her identifications when it comes to worship in later times she was adopted into pre existing cults that had not originally included her along with several other figures 128 Moon figures are found on Cretan rings and gems perhaps indicating a Minoan moon cult but apart from the role played by the moon itself in magic folklore and poetry and despite the later worship of the Phrygian moon god Men there was relatively little worship of Selene 129 An oracular sanctuary existed near Thalamai in Laconia Described by Pausanias it contained statues of Pasiphae and Helios Here Pasiphae is used as an epithet of Selene instead of referring to the daughter of Helios and wife of Minos 130 Pausanias also described seeing two stone images in the market place of Elis one of the sun and the other of the moon from the heads of which projected the rays of the sun and the horns of the crescent moon 131 Selene along with Helios Nyx and others received an altar at the sanctuary of Demeter at Pergamon possibly in connection with the Orphic mysteries 132 nbsp Attic Kylix with Selene and her horses circa 490 BC by the Brygos Painter Originally Pandia may have been an epithet of Selene 133 but by at least the time of the late Hymn to Selene Pandia had become a daughter of Zeus and Selene Pandia or Pandia Selene may have personified the full moon 134 and an Athenian festival called the Pandia usually considered to be a festival for Zeus 135 was perhaps celebrated on the full moon and may have been associated with Selene 136 At Athens wineless offerings nephalia were made to Selene along with other celestial gods Selene s siblings Helios and Eos and Aphrodite Ourania 137 in Attica it seems that Selene was identified with Aphrodite 138 nbsp Kushan coinage of Kanishka I with Selene Greek legend CALHNH on the reverse wearing lunar horns c AD 127 151 139 Selene was sometimes associated with childbirth for it was believed that during the full moon women had the easiest labours this helped in her identification with the goddess Artemis 140 as well as other goddesses connected to women s labours The idea that Selene would also give easy labours to women paved way for identification with Hera and the Roman Juno and Lucina three other childbirth goddesses Plutarch calls Selene Hera in material form 141 Roman philosopher Cicero connected Selene s Roman counterpart Luna s name to childbirth goddess Lucina s both deriving from light thus bringing the unborn child into the light 142 Nonnus also identified Selene with Eileithyia 143 Selene played an important role in love magic 144 In Theocritus second Idyll a young girl invokes Selene in a love spell 145 The idyll opens with the girl ordering her maid to bring potions and magical utensils followed by an invocation to Selene and Hecate and finally the rather lengthy spell itself once she finishes her spell the girl recounts to Selene of how she met and was betrayed by her lover and calls upon the goddess to witness and help her hence the love tail is woven into the love spell 146 And according to a scholium on Theocritus Pindar wrote that lovesick women would pray to Selene for help as Euripides apparently had Phaedra Selene s great niece do in his lost play Hippolytus Veiled 147 Plutarch wrote that Selene was called upon in love affairs because she the Moon constantly yearns for the Sun and compared her in that regard to Isis 148 Her and her brother s worship is also attested in Gytheum a town in Laconia near Sparta via an inscription C I G 1392 149 In the city of Epidaurus in Argolis Selene had an altar dedicated to her 150 Records show that a type of cake called boῦs bous ox decorated with horns to represent the full moon or an ox was offered to her and other divinities like Hecate Artemis and Apollo 151 152 In addition a type of flat round moon shaped cake was called selene moon and was offered to the goddess 2 152 153 The ancient Greeks called Monday day of the Moon ἡmera Selhnhs after her 154 Orphic literature EditAccording to a certain Epigenes 155 the three Moirai or Fates were regarded in the Orphic tradition as representing the three divisions of Selene the thirtieth and the fifteenth and the first i e the crescent moon full moon and dark moon as delinted by the divisions of the calendar month 156 Namesakes EditSelene is the Greek proper name for the Moon 157 and 580 Selene a minor planet in the asteroid belt is also named after this goddess 158 The chemical element Selenium was named after Selene by Jons Jacob Berzelius because of the element s similarity to the element tellurium named for the Earth Tellus 159 160 The second Japanese lunar orbiter spacecraft following was named SELENE Selenological and Engineering Explorer after Selene and was also known as Kaguya in Japan 161 HMS Selene P254 a 1944 British submarine and Ghia Selene a concept car from the Ghia design studio from 1959 also bore her name Gallery EditSelene in art nbsp Selene and Endymion relief Alessandro and Lancellotto Pusterla s gravestone 16th century nbsp Selene and Endymion standing next to each other sarcophagus fragment end of 2nd century AD nbsp Selene 1880 painting by Albert Aublet nbsp Selene with sleeping Endymion fresco in the fourth Pompeian style nbsp Selene detail from a sarcophagus imperial period nbsp Selene engraving by Francois Chauveau nbsp Oil lamp fragment with the head of Selene early classical period Musee de Die nbsp Selene and Endymion in the mural above the stage of the Friedrich von Thiersch Saal in the Wiesbaden Kurhaus nbsp Selene leaving her chariot Roman mosaic Andalusia nbsp Selene and Endymion fresco on ceiling by Giuseppe Antonio Orelli circa 1730 1770 Palazzo Riva nbsp Selene and the Horae by Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher Genealogy EditSelene s family tree 162 UranusGaiaPontusOceanusTethysHyperionTheiaCriusEurybiaThe RiversThe OceanidsHeliosSELENE 163 EosAstraeusPallasPersesCronusRheaCoeusPhoebeHestiaHeraHadesZeusLetoAsteriaDemeterPoseidonIapetusClymene or Asia 164 Mnemosyne Zeus ThemisAtlas 165 MenoetiusPrometheus 166 EpimetheusThe MusesThe HoraeSee also Edit nbsp Ancient Greece portal nbsp Myths portal nbsp Religion portalHorned deity List of lunar deities Diana mythology Star and crescentNotes Edit Evans James 1998 The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy Oxford University Press pp 296 7 ISBN 978 0 19 509539 5 Retrieved 2008 02 04 a b c A Greek English Lexicon s v selhnh Hard p 46 Oxford Classical Dictionary s v Selene Morford pp 64 219 220 Smith s v Selene Smith s v Selene Kerenyi pp 196 197 Oxford Classical Dictionary s v Selene Hard p 46 Morford pp 64 219 221 Sorrenti p 370 Athanassakis and Wolkow p 90 on lines 1 2 Kerenyi pp 196 197 Keightley p 56 Hard p 46 Oxford Classical Dictionary s v Selene Smith s v Selene Athanassakis and Wolkow pp 90 on lines 1 2 91 on line 5 Kerenyi p 197 Athanassakis and Wolkow speculate that Selene s name might have developed as a euphemism for the moon proper Greek mene Oxford Classical Dictionary s v Selene Kerenyi p 197 Beekes p 945 Obbink 2002 p 200 The Linear B word me no www palaeolexicon com Retrieved April 8 2023 Morford p 64 Smith s v Selene Phoebe was also the name of Selene s aunt the Titan mother of Leto and Asteria and grandmother of Apollo Artemis and Hecate Pannen p 96 For example see Ovid Heroides 18 59 74 The English Romantic poet John Keats calls Selene Cynthia in his poem Endymion Davidson 2010 p 205 Mallory amp Adams 1997 p 385 a b West 2007 p 351 Hansen 2004 p 27 Gamkrelidze amp Ivanov 1995 p 590 591 Matasovic 2009 p 155 West 2007 p 231 Mallory amp Adams 1997 p 164 West 2007 p 137 Stoll p 61 Hesiod Theogony 371 374 A winged Selene seems to be unique to this Hymn see Allen 1 tanysipteron Hymn to Selene 32 1 17 translation by Hugh G Evelyn White Homeric Hymn to Helios 31 6 Evelyn White rich tressed West 2003 lovely tressed Homeric Hymn to Selene 32 18 West 2003 lovely tressed Keightley pp 55 56 well tressed Keightley describes eὐplokamos along with leykwlenos also used in the Hymn to Selene white armed as being two of the usual epithets of the goddesses Aelian On Animals 12 7 Epimenides fr 3B2 Diels fr 2 Freeman Online version at Demonax Hellenic Library A Greek English Lexicon s v eὔkomos For a horned Selene see for example Seneca Medea 98 Phaedra 419 Valerius Flaccus Argonautica 8 29 Quintus Smyrnaeus The Fall of Troy 1 147 149 Nonnus Dionysiaca 1 221 5 163 11 186 48 583 For a horned moon see for example Ovid Metamorphoses 7 179 180 Aratus Phaenomena 733 Virgil Georgics 1 436 Statius Thebaid 12 1 3 Tryphiodorus The Taking of Ilios 514 519 Orphic Hymn to Selene Athanassakis and Wolkow p 11 Keightley p 56 Plutarch Moralia 929 C D Concerning the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon 16 Empedocles fr D132 Laks Most fr B42 Diels Kranz 934 D Concerning the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon 21 Euripides fr 1009 Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica 1 1280 1281 Nonnus Dionysiaca 5 70 Select Papyri 3 140 Page pp 566 567 Mesomedes Hymn to the Sun 15 Psaroudakes p 122 Hard p 43 Hesiod Theogony 371 374 See also Apollodorus 1 2 2 Hyginus Fabulae Preface 12 Hard p 46 Homeric Hymn to Helios 31 4 7 Assuming that their order of mention is meant to be their order of birth Hesiod and Hyginus Fabulae Preface 12 make Helios the oldest of the siblings with Eos the youngest while the Hymn swaps the order of Eos and Helios and Apollodorus 1 2 2 has Selene as the youngest with Eos as the oldest Morford p 61 West 2003 p 215 n 61 Vergados p 313 Hard p 46 Gantz p 34 Homeric Hymn to Hermes 4 99 100 Vergados p 313 Hard p 46 Hesiod Theogony 375 377 As Vergados points out there is no indication of this genealogy elsewhere in Greek texts however for Ovid Aurora Dawn the Roman counterpart of Selene s sister Eos was the daughter of Pallas see Fasti 4 373 374 Metamorphoses 9 421 15 191 15 700 Hard p 46 Keightley p 54 with n 9 Euripides The Phoenician Women 175 176 with scholia so also Nonnus Dionysiaca 5 162 166 44 191 Scholia on Aratus 445 Keightley quotes the Euripides scholiast as saying that Aeschylus and others said that Selene is Helios daughter because she partakes of the solar light and changes her form according to the solar positions Hard p 46 Gantz pp 34 35 Aeschylus fr 170 Sommerstein fr 170 Radt Nauck Smith s v Selene Scholia on Euripides The Phoenician Women 179 Virgil Aeneid 9 404 Fairbanks p 162 Hard p 46 Gantz p 34 Homeric Hymn to Selene 32 15 16 so also Hyginus Fabulae Preface 28 Allen 15 PandeihN says that Pandia elsewhere unknown as a daughter of Selene seems to be merely an abstraction of the moon herself Cook p 732 says that it seems probable that instead of being her daughter Pandia was originally an epithet of Selene Either Selene or her daughter may have been connected to the Athenian festival Pandia Hard p 46 ni Mheallaigh p 26 Keightley p 55 Alcman fr 57 Campbell Plutarch Moralia 659 B fr 48 Bergk fr 43 Diehl see also Plutarch Moralia 918 A 940 A According to Hard this is really no more than an allegorical fancy referring to the heavy dew fall associated with clear moonlit nights Cook p 456 Smith s v Selene Pausanias 2 15 3 has Asopus as the father of Nemea with no mention of a mother Pausanias 5 1 4 Mayerson p 167 For the assumption that the daughters represent the fifty lunar months of the Olympiad see for example Cashford 2003b p 137 Davidson pp 204 205 Jebb pp 296 297 note on VII 1 3 penthkonta mῆnes Seyffert s v Endymion Stoll p 61 There are other accounts of fifty daughters in Greek mythology the Nereids the fifty sea nymphs born to Nereus and Doris Hesiod Theogony 240 264 the Danaides the fifty daughters of Danaus who killed all but one of their fifty husbands Apollodorus 2 1 4 and the Thespiades the fifty daughters of Thespius each of whom bore a son to Heracles Apollodorus 2 4 10 2 7 8 Astour p 78 connects the number of daughters with the approximate number of seven day weeks in a lunar year Verhelst p 253 with n 59 Nonnus Dionysiaca 48 581 583 however compare with Dionysiaca 10 214 216 which suggests that Selene and Helios are the parents of Narcissus Ovid Metamorphoses 3 341 346 Oxford Classical Dictionary s v Selene Keightley pp 54 55 Quintus Smyrnaeus The Fall of Troy 10 336 343 Compare with Nonnus Dionysiaca 12 1 2 which has the Horae as the daughters of Helios without mentioning a mother Burkert 1972 p 346 n 48 Plato Republic 2 364e Philodemus De Pietate On Piety Herculaneum Papyrus 243 fr 6 Obbink 2011 p 353 Smith s v Musaeus literary 1 Philochorus FHG fr 200 Muller Scholia on Aristophanes s Frogs 1033 Hard p 46 Keightley p 54 Pindar Olympian 3 19 20 Euripides The Suppliants 990 994 Theocritus 2 163 166 Ovid Fasti 3 109 110 4 373 374 Metamorphoses 2 208 209 Valerius Flaccus Argonautica 5 410 415 Statius Thebaid 1 336 341 Keightley p 54 Homeric Hymn to Selene 32 5 14 Cohen pp 156 157 177 179 Savignoni pp 267 268 LIMC 11564 Selene Luna 47 image 11842X101 jpg Beazley Archive 203909 For Selene driving another pair of winged horses see Savignoni Plate X following p 264 Zschietzschmann pp XII 23 Beazley Archive 15412 note however LIMC 31573 which identifies this figure as Nyx Night Keightley p 54 Pausanias 5 11 8 Morford p 63 Oxford Classical Dictionary s v Selene Kerenyi p 196 For an example of Selene driving the less usual four horses see Morford p 353 Ovid Fasti 4 374 Keightley p 54 Claudian Rape of Proserpine 3 403 Libanius Progymnasmata Encomium 8 Nonnus Dionysiaca 1 222 2 406 7 247 11 186 12 5 48 668 For an image of Selene driving bulls see British Museum 1956 0517 1 LIMC 13303 Selene Luna 61 Grimal s v Selene Nonnus Dionysiaca 44 192 Pindar Olympian 3 19 20 For the use of golden in reference to the moon see Allen 6 xryseoy ni Mheallaigh p 38 a b Hill D E THE THESSALIAN TRICK Rheinisches Museum Fur Philologie vol 116 no 3 4 1973 pp 221 38 JSTOR Accessed 18 Jul 2022 Ogilvie Marilyn Bailey 1986 Women in Science The MIT Press ISBN 0 262 15031 X Schmitz Leonhard 1867 Aganice in Smith William ed Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology vol 1 Boston p 59 archived from the original on 2010 06 16 retrieved 2007 12 28 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Scholia ad Zenobius Epitome 401 Gordon Richard L 2006 Selene In Cancik Hubert Schneider Helmuth eds Brill s New Pauly Translated by Christine F Salazar Ilmmunster Brill Reference Online doi 10 1163 1574 9347 bnp e1107170 Retrieved September 15 2023 nyktimedoysa lsj gr Retrieved April 9 2023 Roman and Roman p 434 Hard pp 46 411 Athanassakis and Wolkow p 89 Gantz p 35 The story was especially popular with Hellenistic and Roman poets for which Fowler 2013 p 134 describes the theme as irresistible e g Catullus 66 5 6 Palatine Anthology 5 123 5 165 6 58 Propertius Elegies 2 15 15 16 Ovid Amores 11 13 43 44 Ars Amatoria 3 83 Heroides 15 89 90 18 59 74 Seneca Medea 93 101 Phaedra 309 316 406 422 785 794 Valerius Flaccus Argonautica 8 28 30 Hyginus Fabulae 271 includes Endymion son of Aetolus whom Luna loved under the heading Youths Who Were Most Handsome Fowler 2013 p 133 Gantz p 35 Sappho fr 199 Campbell Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica 4 57 Gantz p 35 Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica 4 54 65 Fowler 2013 pp 133 134 Frazer s note to Apollodorus 1 7 5 e g Plato Phaedo 72c Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics 10 8 7 Gantz p 35 Fowler 2013 p 134 Hard p 411 Hesiod fr 10 58 62 Most fr 10a 58 62 Merkelbach West Fowler 2013 pp 133 134 Hard p 411 Gantz p 35 Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica 4 57 58 Epimenides fr 14 Epimenides fr 12 Fowler FGrHist 457 F10 3B14 Diels The same scholiast gives another story involving Endymion s love for Hera this time attributed to the Great Ehoiai saying that Endymion was carried up by Zeus to heaven but that he was seized by desire for Hera and was deceived by the phantom of a cloud and that because of this desire he was thrown out and went down to Hades see Hesiod fr 198 Most fr 260 Merkelbach West Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica 4 58 see also Acusilaus fr 36 Fowler Apollodorus 1 7 5 Zenobius 3 76 Gantz p 35 Theocritus 3 49 50 See also Theocritus 20 37 39 Hard p 411 Cicero Tusculan Disputations 1 38 92 p 50 See also Ovid Amores 11 13 43 44 Look how many hours of slumber has Luna bestowed upon the youth she loves Endymion Gantz p 35 discussing Selene s role says that no source claims that the sleep was her idea and likely enough given its role in some quarters as a punishment and his love for Hera she was not always a part of the story Gantz also notes that Vases and artifacts from the second half of the fifth century on may possibly show Selene leaving an awake Endymion Seneca Phaedra 309 316 Gantz p 35 Lucian Dialogues of the Gods 19 11 Lucian Dialogues of the Gods 20 12 Quintus Smyrnaeus The Fall of Troy 10 125 131 Lucian The Fly 10 Powell pp 670 671 Museum of Classical Archaeology Databases 385a Apollodorus 1 6 1 Picon and Hemingway p 47 a b Honan p 20 Now housed in the Museum of Fine Arts Boston and can be seen here Nonnus Dionysiaca 1 213 223 Ovid Fasti 3 409 410 Nonnus Dionysiaca 11 167 223 Stuttard p 114 Lucian Dialogues of the Gods 14 10 Hard p 63 Hesiod Theogony 326 329 Most Cook pp 456 457 Hard p 256 Cook p 456 Gantz p 25 Burkert 1972 p 346 n 47 West 1983 pp 47 48 Aelian On Animals 12 7 Epimenides fr 3B2 Diels fr 2 Freeman Online version at Demonax Hellenic Library Gantz p 25 remarks that this refers to Selene probably in her role as the moon rather than the goddess Burkert 1972 p 346 with n 48 Anaxagoras fr A77 Curd Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes s Argonautica 1 498 See also Plutarch Moralia 677 A Euphorion fr 107 Lightfoot fr 84 Powell fr 47 Meineke Nemean Lion called Mene s fierce eyed son For other accounts see Cook p 457 notes 2 and 3 Pseudo Plutarch On Rivers 18 4 Cook p 457 n 3 Hyginus Fabulae 30 Cook p 456 Virgil Georgics 3 391 393 Hard p 46 Gantz p 36 Kerenyi pp 175 196 Grimal s v Selene Keightley p 55 Servius Commentary on the Georgics of Vergil 3 391 Macrobius Saturnalia 5 22 9 10 Hard describes this tale as interesting but poorly attested and says that the rusticity of the tale suggests that it may have originated as a local legend in Arcadia Caldwell p 40 on lines 207 210 Diodorus Siculus 3 57 Diodorus Siculus 3 57 5 Plutarch Moralia 157 C Lucian Icaromenippus 20 21 Lucian Icaromenippus 29 33 Claudian Rape of Persephone 2 44 54 Pseudo Plutarch On Rivers 25 4 Grimal s v Lilaeus Pseudo Plutarch attributes this story to Clitophon s Indica perhaps recording an Indian tale using names of Greek gods Ovid Metamorphoses 2 208 209 Roman and Roman p 434 Gury pp 706 715 For an example of a coin see British Museum R 7248 for an example of a gem see the British Museum 1923 0401 199 Cohen p 157 Savignoni p 270 with nn 4 5 Hard p 46 Savignoni p 271 Walters p 79 Hard p 46 Oxford Classical Dictionary s v Selene Murray 1903 p 47 Hansen p 221 shows two illustrations one captioned Selene riding a mule the other Selene riding a ram Note however that both LIMC 13265 Selene Luna 35 image 13603X001 jpg and Beazley Archive 211530 describe the vase Florence Museo Archeologico Etrusco 3996 from which Hansen s first illustration is drawn as depicting Selene riding on a horse Cf Pausanias 5 11 8 Hurwit 2017 pp 527 532 Shear pp 112 114 Palagia 2005 pp 236 237 Palagia 1998 pp 22 23 Murray 1892 pp 271 272 The goddess paired with Helios here is most often identified as Selene e g Shear Palagia and Murray with no mention of any alternative however Hurwit 2017 which concludes that the goddess is probably Selene also notes that there is a strong argument for the goddess instead being Nyx Night while Robertson 1981 p 96 also includes Eos as a possibility Selene s torso from the Parthenon pediment is in Athens at the Acropolis Museum inventory number 881 while the head of one of her pediment horses is in London at the British Museum museum number 1816 0610 98 Hurwit 1999 p 170 LIMC 7734 Selene Luna 38 image 7919X001 jpg Robertson 1981 p 96 Pausanias 5 11 8 Osborne p 87 For another example of Helios and Selene framing a scene in this case the Judgement of Paris see Robertson 1992 p 255 Pausanias 6 24 6 Thomas p 17 Mitchell p 92 Museum of Classical Archaeology Databases 385a Savignoni pp 270 271 e g crescent moon and stars Florence Museo Archeologico Etrusco 3996 LIMC 13265 Selene Luna 35 image 13603X001 jpg lunar disk Berlin Antikensammlung F 2293 LIMC 11564 Selene Luna 47 image 11842X101 jpg British Museum 1923 0401 199 LIMC 13213 Selene Luna 21 LIMC 13181 Selene Luna 4 LIMC 18206 Mithras 113 LIMC 13207 Selene Luna 15 LIMC 13264 Selene Luna 34 LIMC 6780 Selene Luna 2 LIMC 13186 Selene Luna 7 LIMC 13188 Selene Luna 9 LIMC 3076 Selene Luna 10 LIMC 13211 Selene Luna 19 For the close association between the crescent moon and horns see Cashford 2003b Parisinou p 34 Fowler 2013 p 134 Sorabella p 70 Morford p 65 Examples among many others include sarcophagi in the Capitoline Museum in Rome c 135 AD two in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York c 160 AD and c 220 AD and one in Palazzo Doria Pamphilj Rome c 310 AD for images see Sorabella figs 1 7 12 de Clarac p 340 Site officiel du musee du Louvre cartelfr louvre fr Retrieved 2020 04 22 Image gallery drawing album British Museum Retrieved 2020 04 22 Athanassakis amp Wolkow 2013 p 89 Athanassakis and Wolkow p 89 Oxford Classical Dictionary s v Selene Burkert 1991 p 176 Plutarch Agis 9 Pausanias 3 26 1 Pausanias 6 24 6 Ridgeway p 55 Hard p 46 Cashford 2003a p 174 Willetts p 178 Cook p 732 Roscher p 100 Cashford 2003a p 174 Kerenyi p 197 Cox pp 138 140 Parker pp 477 478 Robertson 1996 p 75 n 109 Willetts pp 178 179 Cook 732 Harpers s v Selene Smith s v Pandia Meagher p 142 n 137 Scholia on Sophocles Oedipus at Colonus 91 Xenis pp 70 71 Muller p 531 British Museum IOC 282 Errington Elizabeth 2017 Charles Masson and the Buddhist Sites of Afghanistan London British Museum Research Publications pp 158 159 Fig 242 14 doi 10 5281 zenodo 3355036 Chrysippus fr 748 Plutarch Quaestiones Romanae 77 Cicero De Natura Deorum 2 68 Nonnus Dionysiaca 38 150 Hard p 46 Hard p 46 Athanassakis and Wolkow p 90 Theocritus 2 10 11 69 166 ni Mheallaigh pp 33 34 Faraone p 139 Collard and Cropp p 469 Scholia on Theocritus 2 10 Plutarch On Isis and Osiris 52 The Classical Review volume VII University of Illinois Library 1893 p 77 vol VII Vermaseren p 149 Julius Pollux 6 76 a b Allaire Brumfield Cakes in the Liknon Votives from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore on Acrocorinth Hesperia The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens Vol 66 No 1 Jan Mar 1997 pp 157 171 The American School of Classical Studies at Athens Selenai Suda On Line Trans Rocco Marseglia on 9 November 2012 Olderr p 98 This Epigenes has been tentatively identified with Epigenes the follower of Socrates see Blum p 180 Edmonds 2013 p 14 Jones pp 50 51 citing Clement of Alexandria Stromata Abel frg 253 Planetary Names planetarynames wr usgs gov Retrieved Jan 7 2023 Schmadel Lutz D 2003 580 Selene Dictionary of Minor Planet Names 580 Selene Springer Berlin Heidelberg p 160 doi 10 1007 978 3 540 29925 7 581 ISBN 978 3 540 29925 7 Weeks Mary Elvira 1932 The discovery of the elements VI Tellurium and selenium Journal of Chemical Education 9 3 474 Bibcode 1932JChEd 9 474W doi 10 1021 ed009p474 Trofast Jan 2011 Berzelius Discovery of Selenium Chemistry International 33 5 16 19 PDF Kaguya Another Chapter for the Lunar Saga Red Orbit September 14 2007 Archived from the original on May 22 2011 Retrieved September 14 2007 Hesiod Theogony 132 138 337 411 453 520 901 906 915 920 Caldwell pp 8 11 tables 11 14 Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia as in Hesiod Theogony 371 374 in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes 4 99 100 Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes According to Hesiod Theogony 507 511 Clymene one of the Oceanids the daughters of Oceanus and Tethys at Hesiod Theogony 351 was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas Menoetius Prometheus and Epimetheus while according to Apollodorus 1 2 3 another Oceanid Asia was their mother by Iapetus According to Plato Critias 113d 114a Atlas was the son of Poseidon and the mortal Cleito In Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 18 211 873 Sommerstein pp 444 445 n 2 446 447 n 24 538 539 n 113 Prometheus is made to be the son of Themis References EditAelian On Animals Volume III Books 12 17 translated by A F Scholfield Loeb Classical Library No 449 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1959 Online version at Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 99494 2 Aeschylus Fragments edited and translated by Alan H Sommerstein Loeb Classical Library No 505 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 2009 ISBN 978 0 674 99629 8 Online version at Harvard University Press Allen Thomas W E E Sikes The Homeric Hymns edited with preface apparatus criticus notes and appendices London Macmillan 1904 Anaxagoras Anaxagoras of Clazomenae Fragments and Testimonia A Text and Translation with Notes and Essays edited and translated by Patricia Curd University of Toronto Press 2007 ISBN 9780802093257 Apollodorus Apollodorus The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer F B A F R S in 2 Volumes Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press London William Heinemann Ltd 1921 Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica with an English translation by R C Seaton William Heinemann 1912 Internet Archive Aratus Solensis Phaenomena translated by G R Mair Loeb Classical Library Volume 129 London William Heinemann 1921 Online version at the Topos Text Project Aristotle Aristotle in 23 Volumes Vol 19 translated by H Rackham Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press London William Heinemann Ltd 1934 Astour Michael C Hellenosemitica An Ethinic and Cultural Study in West Semitic Impact on Mycenaean Greece Brill Archive 1965 Athanassakis Apostolos N and Benjamin M Wolkow The Orphic Hymns Johns Hopkins University Press 2013 ISBN 978 1 4214 0882 8 Google Books Beekes Robert S P 2009 Etymological Dictionary of Greek Leiden Brill p 1 945 Bekker Immanuel Anecdota Graeca Lexica Segueriana Apud G C Nauckium 1814 Blum Rudolf Kallimachos The Alexandrian Library and the Origins of Bibliography translated by Hans H Wellisch University of Wisconsin Press 2011 ISBN 9780299131739 Brill s New Pauly Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World Volume 13 Sas Syl editors Hubert Cancik Helmuth Schneider Brill Publishers 2008 ISBN 978 90 04 14218 3 Online version Burkert Walter 1972 Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0674539181 Burkert Walter 1991 Greek Religion Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 0631156246 Caldwell Richard Hesiod s Theogony Focus Publishing R Pullins Company June 1 1987 ISBN 978 0 941051 00 2 Campbell David A Greek Lyric Volume I Sappho and Alcaeus Loeb Classical Library No 142 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1990 ISBN 0 674 99157 5 Online version at Harvard University Press Cashford Jules 2003a The Homeric Hymns Penguin Books 2003 ISBN 978 0 140 43782 9 Internet Archive Cashford Jules 2003b The Moon Myth and Image Four Walls Eight Windows New York 2003 ISBN 978 1568582658 Catullus Catullus Tibullus Pervigilium Veneris translated by F W Cornish J P Postgate J W Mackail revised by G P Goold Loeb Classical Library No 6 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1913 ISBN 978 0 674 99007 4 Online version at Harvard University Press Cicero Cicero s Tusculan Disputations translated by C D Yonge Harpers amp Brothers publishers 1888 de Clarac Frederic Musee de Sculpture antique et moderne ou description historique et graphique du Louvre Paris Imprimerie Royale 1828 etc vol 2 Claudian Rape of Persephone in Claudian with an English Translation by Maurice Platnauer Volume II Loeb Classical Library No 136 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press London William Heinemann Ltd 1922 ISBN 978 0674991514 Internet Archive Cohen Beth Outline as a Special Technique in Black and Red figure Vase painting in The Colors of Clay Special Techniques in Athenian Vases Getty Publications 2006 ISBN 978 0 89236 942 3 Collard and Cropp in Euripides Fragments Aegeus Meleager edited and translated by Christopher Collard Martin Cropp Loeb Classical Library No 504 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 2008 ISBN 978 0 674 99625 0 Online version at Harvard University Press Cook Arthur Bernard Zeus A Study in Ancient Religion Volume I Zeus God of the Bright Sky Cambridge University Press 1914 Internet Archive Propertius Elegies Edited and translated by G P Goold Loeb Classical Library 18 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1990 Online version at Harvard University Press Cox George W The Mythology of the Aryan Nations Part Vol II London C Kegan Paul amp Co 1 Paternoster Square 1878 Internet Archive Davidson James February 1 2010 Time and Greek Religion In Ogden Daniel ed A Companion to Greek Religion John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 9781444334173 Diodorus Siculus Diodorus Siculus The Library of History translated by C H Oldfather twelve volumes Loeb Classical Library Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press London William Heinemann Ltd 1989 Online version by Bill Thayer Edmonds John Maxwell 1922 Lyra Graeca W Heinemann 1922 Edmonds Radcliffe 2013 Redefining Ancient Orphism A Study in Greek Religion Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 03821 9 Empedocles in Early Greek Philosophy Volume V Western Greek Thinkers Part 2 edited and translated by Andre Laks Glenn W Most Loeb Classical Library No 528 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 2016 ISBN 978 0 674 99706 6 Online version at Harvard University Press Euripides The Complete Greek Drama edited by Whitney J Oates and Eugene O Neill Jr in two volumes 2 The Phoenissae translated by E P Coleridge New York Random House 1938 Euripides Fragments Oedipus Chrysippus Other Fragments edited and translated by Christopher Collard Martin Cropp Loeb Classical Library No 506 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 2008 ISBN 978 0 674 99631 1 Online version at Harvard University Press Evelyn White Hugh The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G Evelyn White Homeric Hymns Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press London William Heinemann Ltd 1914 Fairbanks Arthur The Mythology of Greece and Rome D Appleton Century Company New York 1907 Faraone Christopher A Ancient Greek Love Magic Harvard University Press 2009 ISBN 9780674036703 Fowler R L 2000 Early Greek Mythography Volume 1 Text and Introduction Oxford University Press 2000 ISBN 978 0198147404 Fowler R L 2013 Early Greek Mythography Volume 2 Commentary Oxford University Press 2013 ISBN 978 0198147411 Freeman Kathleen Ancilla to the Pre Socratic Philosophers A Complete Translation of the Fragments in Diels Fragmente Der Vorsokratiker Harvard University Press 1983 ISBN 9780674035010 Gamkrelidze Thomas V Ivanov Vjaceslav V 1995 Indo European and the Indo Europeans A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto Language and a Proto Culture Gantz Timothy Early Greek Myth A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources Johns Hopkins University Press 1996 Two volumes ISBN 978 0 8018 5360 9 Vol 1 ISBN 978 0 8018 5362 3 Vol 2 The Greek Anthology Volume I Book 1 Christian Epigrams Book 2 Description of the Statues in the Gymnasium of Zeuxippus Book 3 Epigrams in the Temple of Apollonis at Cyzicus Book 4 Prefaces to the Various Anthologies Book 5 Erotic Epigrams translated by W R Paton Revised by Michael A Tueller Loeb Classical Library No 67 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 2014 ISBN 978 0 674 99688 5 Online version at Harvard University Press Gury Francoise Selene Luna in Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae LIMC VII 1 Artemis Verlag Zurich and Munich 1994 ISBN 3 7608 8751 1 Grimal Pierre The Dictionary of Classical Mythology Wiley Blackwell 1996 ISBN 9780631201021 Hansen William F Handbook of classical mythology ABC CLIO 2004 ISBN 9781576072264 Hard Robin The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology Based on H J Rose s Handbook of Greek Mythology Psychology Press 2004 ISBN 9780415186360 Google Books Hesiod Theogony in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G Evelyn White Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press London William Heinemann Ltd 1914 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library Honan Mary McMahon Guide to the Pergamon Museum De Gruyter 1904 ISBN 9783112399330 Online version at De Gruyter Hurwit Jeffery M 1999 The Athenian Acropolis History Mythology and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present CUP Archive 1999 ISBN 9780521417860 Hurwit Jeffery M 2017 Helios Rising The Sun the Moon and the Sea in the Sculptures of the Parthenon American Journal of Archaeology Vol 121 No 4 October 2017 pp 527 558 JSTOR 10 3764 aja 121 4 0527 Hyginus Gaius Julius Fabulae in The Myths of Hyginus edited and translated by Mary A Grant Lawrence University of Kansas Press 1960 Online version at ToposText Jebb Richard Claverhouse Bacchylides The Poems and Fragments Georg Olms Verlag 1905 1994 ISBN 3 487 09858 X Jones Prudence H A Goddess Arrives Nineteenth Century Sources of the New Age Triple Moon Goddess in Culture and Cosmos 19 1 45 70 Julius Pollux Onomasticon cum annotationibus interpretum VI X Volume 2 Kuehn 1824 Google books Kerenyi Karl 1951 The Gods of the Greeks Thames and Hudson London 1951 Internet Archive Keightley Thomas The Mythology of Ancient Greece and Italy G Bell and Sons 1877 Liddell Henry George Robert Scott A Greek English Lexicon revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie Clarendon Press Oxford 1940 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library Lightfoot J L Hellenistic Collection Philitas Alexander of Aetolia Hermesianax Euphorion Parthenius edited and translated by J L Lightfoot Loeb Classical Library No 508 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 2010 ISBN 978 0 674 99636 6 Online version at Harvard University Press Lucian Dialogues of the Dead Dialogues of the Sea Gods Dialogues of the Gods Dialogues of the Courtesans translated by M D MacLeod Loeb Classical Library No 431 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1961 ISBN 978 0 674 99475 1 Online version at Harvard University Press Internet Archive Lucian Phalaris Hippias or The Bath Dionysus Heracles Amber or The Swans The Fly Nigrinus Demonax The Hall My Native Land Octogenarians A True Story Slander The Consonants at Law The Carousal Symposium or The Lapiths translated by A M Harmon Loeb Classical Library No 14 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1913 ISBN 978 0 674 99015 9 Online version at Harvard University Press Lucian The Downward Journey or The Tyrant Zeus Catechized Zeus Rants The Dream or The Cock Prometheus Icaromenippus or The Sky man Timon or The Misanthrope Charon or The Inspectors Philosophies for Sale translated by A M Harmon Loeb Classical Library No 54 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1915 ISBN 978 0 674 99060 9 Online version at Harvard University Press Macrobius Saturnalia Volume II Books 3 5 edited and translated by Robert A Kaster Loeb Classical Library No 511 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 2011 ISBN 978 0 674 99649 6 Online version at Harvard University Press Mallory J P Adams D Q 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers ISBN 1 884964 98 2 Matasovic Ranko 2009 Sun and Moon in Celtic and Indo European In T Mikhailova ed Materialy Vtorogo kollokviuma mezdunarodnogo obscestva Kel to Slavika Moskva 14 17 sentjabrja 2006 PDF Moscow Russia Moscow State University pp 154 162 Mayerson Philip Classical Mythology in Literature Art and Music Focus publishing R Pullins Company 2001 ISBN 9781585100361 Meagher Robert E The Meaning of Helen In Search of an Ancient Icon Bolchazy Carducci Publishers 2002 ISBN 9780865165106 Mesomedes in Lyra Graeca Specimens of the Greek Lyric Poets from Callinus to Soutsos Edited with critical Notes and a biographical Introduction by James Donaldson Edinburgh amp London 1854 p 96f Mitchell Lucy M Sculptures of the Great Pergamon Altar in The Century Magazine 1883 Morford Mark P O Robert J Lenardon Classical Mythology Eighth Edition Oxford University Press 2007 ISBN 978 0 19 530805 1 Internet Archive Most G W 2018a Hesiod Theogony Works and Days Testimonia Edited and translated by Glenn W Most Loeb Classical Library No 57 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 2018 ISBN 978 0 674 99720 2 Online version at Harvard University Press Most G W 2018b Hesiod The Shield Catalogue of Women Other Fragments Loeb Classical Library No 503 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 2007 2018 ISBN 978 0 674 99721 9 Online version at Harvard University Press Muller Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum Volume I 1841 Internet Archive Murray Alexander Stuart 1892 Handbook of Greek Archaeology John Murray 1892 Murray Alexander Stuart 1903 The Sculptures of the Parthenon John Murray 1903 ni Mheallaigh Karen The Moon in the Greek and Roman Imagination Myth Literature Science and Philosophy Cambridge University Press 2020 ISBN 9781108603188 Nonnus Dionysiaca Volume I Books 1 15 translated by W H D Rouse Loeb Classical Library No 344 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1940 revised 1984 ISBN 978 0 674 99379 2 Online version at Harvard University Press Internet Archive 1940 Nonnus Dionysiaca Volume III Books 36 48 translated by W H D Rouse Loeb Classical Library No 346 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press London William Heinemann Ltd 1940 ISBN 978 0 674 99393 8 Online version at Harvard University Press Internet Archive 1940 reprinted 1942 Obbink Dirk 2002 All Gods are True in Epicurus in Traditions of Theology Studies in Hellenistic Theology Its Background and Aftermath Dorothea Frede and Andre Laks eds Brill Boston 2002 ISBN 9004122648 Obbink Dirk 2011 56 Orphism Cosmogony and Genealogy Mus fr 14 in Tracing Orpheus Studies of Orphic Fragments edited by Miguel Herrero de Jauregui Walter de Gruyter 2011 ISBN 9783110260533 Osborne Robin Looking on Greek Style Does the sculpted girl speak to women too in Classical Greece Ancient Histories and Modern Archaeologies Morris Ian ed Cambridge University Press 1994 ISBN 9780521456784 Ovid Amores in Heroides Amores translated by Grant Showerman revised by G P Goold Loeb Classical Library No 41 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1977 ISBN 978 0 674 99045 6 Online version at Harvard University Press Ovid Ars Amatoria in Art of Love Cosmetics Remedies for Love Ibis Walnut tree Sea Fishing Consolation translated by J H Mozley revised by G P Goold Loeb Classical Library No 232 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1929 Online version at Harvard University Press Ovid Ovid s Fasti With an English translation by Sir James George Frazer London W Heinemann LTD Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1959 Internet Archive Ovid Heroides in Heroides Amores translated by Grant Showerman revised by G P Goold Loeb Classical Library No 41 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1977 ISBN 978 0 674 99045 6 Online version at Harvard University Press Ovid Metamorphoses Volume I Books 1 8 Translated by Frank Justus Miller Revised by G P Goold Loeb Classical Library No 42 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1977 first published 1916 ISBN 978 0 674 99046 3 Online version at Harvard University Press Ovid Metamorphoses Volume II Books 9 15 Translated by Frank Justus Miller Revised by G P Goold Loeb Classical Library No 43 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1984 first published 1916 ISBN 978 0 674 99047 0 Online version at Harvard University Press Oxford Classical Dictionary second edition Hammond N G L and Howard Hayes Scullard editors Oxford University Press 1992 ISBN 0 19 869117 3 Page Denys Lionel Sir Select Papyri Volume III Poetry translated by Denys L Page Loeb Classical Library No 360 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1941 ISBN 978 0674993976 Online version at Harvard University Press Palagia Olga 1998 The Pediments of the Parthenon BRILL 1998 ISBN 9789004111981 Palagia Olga 2005 Fire from Heaven Pediments and Akroteria of the Parthenon in The Parthenon From Antiquity to the Present edited by Jenifer Neils Cambridge University Press 2005 ISBN 978 0 521 82093 6 Pannen Imke When the Bad Bleeds Mantic Elements in English Renaissance Revenge Tragedy Volume 3 of Representations amp Reflections V amp R unipress GmbH 2010 ISBN 9783899716405 Parisinou Eva Brightness personified light and devine image in ancient Greece in Personification In The Greek World From Antiquity To Byzantium editors Emma Stafford Judith Herrin Ashgate Publishing Ltd 2005 ISBN 9780754650317 Parker Robert Polytheism and Society at Athens Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978 0 19 927483 3 Pausanias Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W H S Jones Litt D and H A Ormerod M A in 4 Volumes Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press London William Heinemann Ltd 1918 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library Picon Carlos A Hemingway Sean Pergamon and the Hellenistic Kingdoms of the Ancient World Yale University Press 2016 ISBN 978 1 58839 587 0 Pindar Odes Diane Arnson Svarlien 1990 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library Plato Plato in Twelve Volumes Vol 1 translated by Harold North Fowler Introduction by W R M Lamb Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press London William Heinemann Ltd 1966 Plutarch Moralia 16 vols vol 13 13 1 amp 13 2 vol 16 index transl by Frank Cole Babbitt vol 1 5 et al series Loeb Classical Library LCL vols 197 499 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press et al 1927 2004 Powell Barry B Classical Myth Ninth edition Oxford University Press 2020 ISBN 9780197527986 Psaroudakes Stelios Mesomedes Hymn to the Sun The Precipitation of Logos in the Melos in Music Text and Culture in Ancient Greece editors Phillips Tom and Armand D Angour Oxford University Press 2018 ISBN 9780192513281 Pseudo Plutarch About Rivers and Mountains and Things Found in Them translated by Thomas M Banchich with Sarah Brill Emilyn Haremza Dustin Hummel and Ryan Post Canisius College Translated Texts Number 4 Canisius College Buffalo New York 2010 PDF Quintus Smyrnaeus Quintus Smyrnaeus The Fall of Troy translated by A S Way Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1913 Internet Archive Ridgeway Brunilde Sismondo Hellenistic Sculpture II The Styles of ca 200 100 B C The University of Wisconsin Press 2000 Robertson Martin 1981 A Shorter History of Greek Art Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521280846 Robertson Martin 1992 The Art of Vase Painting in Classical Athens Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521338813 Robertson Noel 1996 Athena s Shrines and Festivals in Worshipping Athena Panathenaia and Parthenon The University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 9780299151140 Roman Luke Monica Roman Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology Facts on File 2010 ISBN 978 0 8160 7242 2 Roscher Wilhelm Heinrich Uber Selene und Verwandtes B G Teubner Leipzig 1890 Savignoni L 1899 On Representations of Helios and of Selene The Journal of Hellenic Studies 19 pp 265 272 Seyffert Oskar A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities Mythology Religion Literature and Art from the German of Dr Oskar Seyffert S Sonnenschein 1901 Internet Archive Seneca Tragedies Volume I Hercules Trojan Women Phoenician Women Medea Phaedra Edited and translated by John G Fitch Loeb Classical Library No 62 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 2018 ISBN 978 0 674 99602 1 Online version at Harvard University Press Shear T L Jr Trophies of Victory Public Building in Periklean Athens Princeton University Press 2016 Servius Commentary on the Georgics of Vergil Georgius Thilo Ed 1881 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library Latin Smith William Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology London 1873 Sommerstein Alan H Aeschylus Persians Seven against Thebes Suppliants Prometheus Bound edited and translated by Alan H Sommerstein Loeb Classical Library No 145 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 2009 ISBN 978 0 674 99627 4 Online version at Harvard University Press Sorabella Jean A Roman Sarcophagus and Its Patron Metropolitan Museum Journal Vol 36 2001 Downloadable PDF available at MetPublications Sorrenti Stefania Les representations figurees de Jupiter Dolichenien a Rome in La terra sigillata tardo italica decorata del Museo nazionale romano L Erma di Bretschneider 1999 Statius Thebaid Volume I Thebaid Books 1 7 edited and translated by D R Shackleton Bailey Loeb Classical Library No 207 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 2004 ISBN 978 0 674 01208 0 Online version at Harvard University Press Statius Thebaid Volume II Thebaid Books 8 12 Achilleid edited and translated by D R Shackleton Bailey Loeb Classical Library No 498 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 2004 ISBN 978 0 674 01209 7 Online version at Harvard University Press Stoll Heinrich Wilhelm Handbook of the religion and mythology of the Greeks With a Short Account of The Religious System of the Romans tr by R B Paul and ed by T K Arnold London Francis amp John Rivington 1852 Strabo Geography Editors H C Hamilton Esq W Falconer M A London George Bell amp Sons 1903 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library Stuttard David 2016 Greek Mythology A Traveler s Guide London and New York Thames and Hudson ISBN 978 0500518328 Taylor Thomas The Hymns of Orpheus Philosophical Research Society Limited edition June 1987 ISBN 978 0893144159 Theocritus in Theocritus Moschus Bion edited and translated by Neil Hopkinson Loeb Classical Library No 28 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 2015 ISBN 978 0 674 99644 1 Online version at Harvard University Press Theocritus Bion of Smyrna Moschus Theocritus Bion et Moschus Graece et Latine Accedunt virorum doctorum animadversiones scholia indices et M AEmilii Porti Lexicon Doricum Volume 2 London Sumptibus Ricardi Priestley 1826 Thomas Edmund From the panteon of the gods to the Pantheon of Rome in Pantheons Transformations of a Monumental Idea Ashgate Publishing Ltd 2004 ISBN 9780754608080 Tryphiodorus The Taking of Ilios in Oppian Colluthus and Tryphiodorus translated by A W Mair Loeb Classical Library No 219 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1928 ISBN 978 0 674 99241 2 Online version at Harvard University Press Internet Archive Valerius Flaccus Argonautica translated by J H Mozley Loeb Classical Library No 286 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press London William Heinemann Ltd 1928 Online version at Harvard University Press Vergados Athanassios The Homeric Hymn to Hermes Introduction Text and Commentary Walter de Gruyter 2012 ISBN 9783110259704 Verhelst Berenice Direct Speech in Nonnus Dionysiaca Narrative and rhetorical functions of the characters varied and many faceted words BRILL 2016 ISBN 978 90 04 33465 6 e book ISBN 978 90 04 32589 0 hardback Vermaseren M J 1982 Graecia atque Insulae Leiden Brill Publications ISBN 90 04 05399 9 Virgil Georgics in Bucolics Aeneid and Georgics Of Vergil J B Greenough Boston Ginn amp Co 1900 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library Walters Henry Beauchamp Samuel Birch History of Ancient Pottery Greek Etruscan and Roman Volume 2 John Murray 1905 West M L 1983 The Orphic Poems Clarendon Press Oxford 1983 ISBN 978 0 19 814854 8 West M L 2003 Homeric Hymns Homeric Apocrypha Lives of Homer edited and translated by Martin L West Loeb Classical Library No 496 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 2003 ISBN 978 0 674 99606 9 Online version at Harvard University Press West Martin L 2007 Indo European Poetry and Myth Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 928075 9 Willetts R F Cretan Cults and Festivals Greenwood Press 1980 ISBN 9780313220500 Xenis Georgios A Scholia vetera in Sophoclis Oedipum Coloneum De Gruyter 2018 ISBN 978 3 11 044733 0 Online version at De Gruyter Google Books Zschietzschmann W Hellas and Rome The Classical World in Pictures Kessinger Publishing 2006 ISBN 9781428655447 External links Edit nbsp The dictionary definition of selene at Wiktionary nbsp Media related to Selene at Wikimedia Commons Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Selene Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 24 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 601 SELENE in The Theoi Project SELENE in Mythopedia The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database images of Selene Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Selene amp oldid 1175601444, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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