This article or section should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used.See why.(June 2021)
Proto-Indo-Iranian has been considered to form a subgroup along with Greek, Armenian and Phrygian on the basis of many striking similarities in the morphological structure. However, this issue remains unsettled.[2]
In addition to the vowels, *H, and *r̥ could function as the syllabic core.
Two palatal series
Proto-Indo-Iranian is hypothesized to have contained two series of stops or affricates in the palatal to postalveolar region.[3] The phonetic nature of this contrast is not clear, and hence they are usually referred to as the primary or first series (*ć *ȷ́ *ȷ́ʰ (also represented as *ĉ, *ĵ, *ĵʰ), continuing Proto-Indo-European palatovelar *ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ) and the second or secondary series (*č *ǰ *ǰʰ, continuing Proto-Indo-European plain and labialized velars, *k, *g, *gʰ and *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ, in palatalizing contexts). The following table shows the most common reflexes of the two series (Proto-Iranian is the hypothetical ancestor to the Iranian languages, including Avestan and Old Persian):[4][5]
PII
Proto-Indo-Aryan
Sanskrit
Proto-Iranian
Avestan
Old Persian
Nuristani
*ć
ś ([ɕ])
ś ([ɕ])
*ts
s
θ
ċ ([ts]) / š
*ȷ́
j ([ɟ])
j ([ɟ])
*dz
z
d
j ([dz]) / z
*ȷ́ʰ
źh ([ʑʱ])
h ([ɦ])
*č
c ([c])
c ([c])
*č
č
č
č
*ǰ
j ([ɟ])
j ([ɟ])
*ǰ
ǰ
ǰ
ǰ / ž
*ǰʰ
źh ([ʑʱ])
h ([ɦ])
Laryngeal
Proto-Indo-European is usually hypothesized to have had three to four laryngeal consonants, each of which could occur in either syllabic or non-syllabic positions. In Proto-Indo-Iranian, the laryngeals merged as one phoneme /*H/. Beekes suggests that some instances of this /*H/ survived into Rigvedic Sanskrit and Avestan as unwritten glottal stops as evidenced by metrics.[6]
Accent
Like Proto-Indo-European and Vedic Sanskrit (and also Avestan, though it was not written down[7]), Proto-Indo-Iranian had a pitch accent system similar to present-day Japanese, conventionally indicated by an acute accent over the accented vowel.
Historical phonology
The most distinctive phonological change separating Proto-Indo-Iranian from Proto-Indo-European is the collapse of the ablauting vowels *e, *o into a single vowel, Proto-Indo-Iranian *a (but see Brugmann's law). Grassmann's law, Bartholomae's law, and the Ruki sound law were also complete in Proto-Indo-Iranian.
A fuller list of some of the hypothesized sound changes from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Indo-Iranian follows:
The Satem shift, consisting of two sets of related changes. The PIE palatals *ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ are fronted or affricated, eventually resulting in PII *ć, *ȷ́, *ȷ́ʰ, while the PIE labiovelars *kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ merge with the velars *k *g *gʰ.[8]
Bartholomae's law: an aspirate immediately followed by a voiceless consonant becomes voiced stop + voiced aspirate. In addition, dʰ + t > dᶻdʰ.[10]
PIE
PII
Sanskrit
Avestan
English
Glossary
*ubʰtós
*ubdʰás
sámubdha
ubdaēna
(web, weave)
'woven' / 'made of woven material'
*wr̥dʰtós
*wr̥dᶻdʰás
vr̥ddʰá
vərəzda
'grown, mature'
*dʰéwgʰti
*dáwgdʰi
dógdhi
*daogdi
(daugh·ter)
'to milk'
The Ruki rule: *s is retracted to *š when immediately following a liquid (*r *r̥ *l *l̥), a high vowel (*i *u), a PIE velar (*ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ *k *g *gʰ *kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ) or the syllabic laryngeal *H̥.[11] Its allophone *z likewise becomes *ž.[9]
PIE
PII
Sanskrit
Avestan
Latin
English
Glossary
*wisós
*wišás
víṣas
viša
vīrus
'poison, venom'
*ḱeHs-
*ćH̥šam
aśiṣam
sīšā
'teach!'
*ǵéwseti
*ȷ́áwšati
jóṣati
zaošō
gustus
'to like, taste'
*kʷsép-
*kšáp-
kṣáp-
xšap-
'darkness'
*plúsis
*plúšiš
plúṣi
*fruši
pūlex
'flea, noxious insect'
*nisdós
*niždás
nīḷá/nīḍá
*nižda
nīdus
nest
'nest'
Before a dental occlusive, *ĉ becomes *š and *ĵ becomes *ž. *ĵʰ also becomes *ž, with aspiration of the occlusive.[12]
The "second palatalization" or "law of palatals": *k *g *gʰ develop palatal allophones *č *ǰ *ǰʰ before the front vowels *i, *e.[10] through an intermediate *kʲ *gʲ *gʲʰ.
The vowels *e *o merge with *a. Similarly, *ē, *ō merge with *ā. This has the effect of giving full phonemic status to the second palatal series *č *ǰ *ǰʰ.
PIE
PII
Sanskrit
Avestan
Latin
English
Glossary
*dédeh₃ti
*dádaHti
dádāti
dadāiti
dat
'to give'
*h₃dónts
*Hdánts
dant
dantan
dēns
tooth
'tooth'
*bʰréh₂tēr
*bʰráHtā
bhrā́tr̥
brātar
frāter
brother
'brother'
*wṓkʷs
*wā́kš
vā́k
vāxš
vōx
'voice'
In certain positions, laryngeals were vocalized to *i. This preceded the second palatalization.[15][16]
Following a consonant, and preceding a consonant cluster
PIE
PII
Sanskrit
Avestan
Latin
English/Glossary
*ph₂tréy
*pitráy
pitré
piθrē
patrī
'father' (dative singular)
Following a consonant and word-final
PIE
PII
Sanskrit
Avestan
Glossary
*-medʰh₂
*-madʰHi
-mahi
-maidī/-maiδi
(1st person plural middle ending)
The Indo-European laryngeals all merged into one phoneme *H, which may have been a glottal stop. This was probably contemporary with the merging of *e and *o with *a.[17]
PIE
PII
Sanskrit
Avestan
Latin
English
*ph₂tḗr
*pHtā́
pitā́
ptā
pater
'father'
According to Lubotsky's Law, *H disappeared when followed by a voiced nonaspirated stop and another consonant:[18]
PIE
PII
Sanskrit
Avestan
Glossary
*bʰéh₂geti
*bʰáǰati
bhájati
bažat̰
'to divide, distribute'
Subsequent sound changes
Among the sound changes from Proto-Indo-Iranian to Indo-Aryan is the loss of the voiced sibilant*z; among those to Proto-Iranian is the de-aspiration of the PIE voiced aspirates.
Proto-Indo-European and Indo-Iranian Phonological Correspondences[19]
Proto-Indo-Iranian has preserved much of the morphology of Proto-Indo-European: thematic and athematic inflection in both nouns and verbs, all three numbers of singular, dual and plural, all the tense, mood and voice categories in the verb, and the cases in the noun.
An important innovation in the noun is the creation of a genitive plural ending *-nām used with vowel stems. In verbs, the chief innovation is the creation of a passive conjugation with the suffix *-yá, with middle inflection.[20]
Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul (1988). A Grammar of Gatha-Avestan. Leiden; New York: Brill. ISBN90-04-08332-4.
Burrow, T. (1973). The Sanskrit Language (third ed.). London: Faber & Faber. ISBN0-571-04819-6.
Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction (illustrated ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN1-4051-0316-7.
Lubotsky, A. M. (1988). The System of Nominal Accentuation in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European. Leiden; New York: Brill. ISBN90-04-08835-0.
Alexander Lubotsky, "The Indo-Iranian substratum" in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European, ed. Carpelan et al., Helsinki (2001).
Asko Parpola, 'The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European', in Blench and Spriggs (eds), Archaeology and Language III, London and New York (1999).
External links
"Early Indo-Iranic loans in Uralic: Sounds and strata" (PDF). Martin Joachim Kümmel, University of Jena. Seminar for Indo-European Studies.
January 18, 2023
proto, indo, iranian, language, this, article, section, should, specify, language, english, content, using, lang, transliteration, transliterated, languages, phonetic, transcriptions, with, appropriate, code, wikipedia, multilingual, support, templates, also, . This article or section should specify the language of its non English content using lang transliteration for transliterated languages and IPA for phonetic transcriptions with an appropriate ISO 639 code Wikipedia s multilingual support templates may also be used See why June 2021 Proto Indo Iranian also Proto Indo Iranic 1 is the reconstructed proto language of the Indo Iranian Indo Iranic branch of Indo European Its speakers the hypothetical Proto Indo Iranians are assumed to have lived in the late 3rd millennium BC and are often connected with the Sintashta culture of the Eurasian Steppe and the early Andronovo archaeological horizon Proto Indo IranianProto Indo Iranic PIIr Reconstruction ofIndo Iranian languagesRegionEurasian SteppeEralate 3rd m BCEReconstructedancestorProto Indo EuropeanLower order reconstructionsProto Indo Aryan Proto Iranian Proto NuristaniProto Indo Iranian was a satem language likely removed less than a millennium from its ancestor the late Proto Indo European language and in turn removed less than a millennium from the Avestan and Vedic Sanskrit of the Rigveda its descendants Proto Indo Iranian has been considered to form a subgroup along with Greek Armenian and Phrygian on the basis of many striking similarities in the morphological structure However this issue remains unsettled 2 It is the ancestor of the Indo Aryan languages the Iranian languages and the Nuristani languages Contents 1 Descriptive phonology 1 1 Two palatal series 1 2 Laryngeal 1 3 Accent 2 Historical phonology 3 Subsequent sound changes 4 Morphology 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksDescriptive phonology EditProto Indo Iranian consonant segments Labial Coronal Palatal Velar Laryngealdental alveolar post alveolar first secondPlosive voiceless p t c c kvoiced b d ȷ ǰ gaspirated bʰ dʰ ȷ ʰ ǰʰ gʰFricative voiceless s s Hvoiced z z Nasal m nLiquid l r r Semivowel y wPII vowel segments High i i u uLow a aIn addition to the vowels H and r could function as the syllabic core Two palatal series Edit Proto Indo Iranian is hypothesized to have contained two series of stops or affricates in the palatal to postalveolar region 3 The phonetic nature of this contrast is not clear and hence they are usually referred to as the primary or first series c ȷ ȷ ʰ also represented as ĉ ĵ ĵʰ continuing Proto Indo European palatovelar ḱ ǵ ǵʰ and the second or secondary series c ǰ ǰʰ continuing Proto Indo European plain and labialized velars k g gʰ and kʷ gʷ gʷʰ in palatalizing contexts The following table shows the most common reflexes of the two series Proto Iranian is the hypothetical ancestor to the Iranian languages including Avestan and Old Persian 4 5 PII Proto Indo Aryan Sanskrit Proto Iranian Avestan Old Persian Nuristani c s ɕ s ɕ ts s 8 ċ ts s ȷ j ɟ j ɟ dz z d j dz z ȷ ʰ zh ʑʱ h ɦ c c c c c c c c c ǰ j ɟ j ɟ ǰ ǰ ǰ ǰ z ǰʰ zh ʑʱ h ɦ Laryngeal Edit Proto Indo European is usually hypothesized to have had three to four laryngeal consonants each of which could occur in either syllabic or non syllabic positions In Proto Indo Iranian the laryngeals merged as one phoneme H Beekes suggests that some instances of this H survived into Rigvedic Sanskrit and Avestan as unwritten glottal stops as evidenced by metrics 6 Accent Edit Like Proto Indo European and Vedic Sanskrit and also Avestan though it was not written down 7 Proto Indo Iranian had a pitch accent system similar to present day Japanese conventionally indicated by an acute accent over the accented vowel Historical phonology EditThe most distinctive phonological change separating Proto Indo Iranian from Proto Indo European is the collapse of the ablauting vowels e o into a single vowel Proto Indo Iranian a but see Brugmann s law Grassmann s law Bartholomae s law and the Ruki sound law were also complete in Proto Indo Iranian A fuller list of some of the hypothesized sound changes from Proto Indo European to Proto Indo Iranian follows The Satem shift consisting of two sets of related changes The PIE palatals ḱ ǵ ǵʰ are fronted or affricated eventually resulting in PII c ȷ ȷ ʰ while the PIE labiovelars kʷ gʷ gʷʰ merge with the velars k g gʰ 8 PIE PII Sanskrit Avestan Latin English Glossary ḱm tom catam satam satem centum hund red id ǵonu ȷ a nu ja nu zanu genu knee id ǵʰimos ȷ ʰimas hima ziia hiems winter snow kʷos kas kas ka quis who id gʷṓws ga ws gaus gao bōs cow id gʷʰormos gʰarmas gharmas garema formus warm warmth heat The PIE liquids l r l r merge as r r 9 PIE PII Sanskrit Avestan Latin English Glossary ḱlewos crawas sravas srauua clueō fame honour word wĺ kʷos wŕ kas vŕ kas vehrka lupus wolf idThe PIE syllabic nasals m n merge with a 9 PIE pre PII PII Sanskrit Avestan Latin English Glossary deḱm daĉm daca dasa dasa decem ten id gʷm tos gm tas gatas gata gata ventus come come gone n bʰros n bʰras abʰras abhra abra imber rain cloud Bartholomae s law an aspirate immediately followed by a voiceless consonant becomes voiced stop voiced aspirate In addition dʰ t gt dᶻdʰ 10 PIE PII Sanskrit Avestan English Glossary ubʰtos ubdʰas samubdha ubdaena web weave woven made of woven material wr dʰtos wr dᶻdʰas vr ddʰa verezda grown mature dʰewgʰti dawgdʰi dogdhi daogdi daugh ter to milk The Ruki rule s is retracted to s when immediately following a liquid r r l l a high vowel i u a PIE velar ḱ ǵ ǵʰ k g gʰ kʷ gʷ gʷʰ or the syllabic laryngeal H 11 Its allophone z likewise becomes z 9 PIE PII Sanskrit Avestan Latin English Glossary wisos wisas viṣas visa virus poison venom ḱeHs cH sam asiṣam sisa teach ǵewseti ȷ awsati joṣati zaosō gustus to like taste kʷsep ksap kṣap xsap darkness plusis plusis pluṣi frusi pulex flea noxious insect nisdos nizdas niḷa niḍa nizda nidus nest nest Before a dental occlusive ĉ becomes s and ĵ becomes z ĵʰ also becomes z with aspiration of the occlusive 12 PIE pre PII PII Sanskrit Avestan Latin English Glossary h oḱtṓ Haĉta Hasta aṣṭa asta octō eight eight dr ḱtos dr ĉtas dr stas dr ṣṭa deresta seen visible apparent mr ǵt mr ĵd mr zd mr ḷ mr ḍ merezd to forgive pardon uǵʰtos uĵdʰas uzdʰas uḍha uzda vector weight carried The sequence ĉs was simplified to ss 13 PIE pre PII PII Sanskrit Avestan Latin English Glossary h eḱs Haĉsas Hassas akṣa asa axis axle axle shoulder The second palatalization or law of palatals k g gʰ develop palatal allophones c ǰ ǰʰ before the front vowels i e 10 through an intermediate kʲ gʲ gʲʰ PIE pre PII PII Sanskrit Avestan Latin English Glossary kʷe kʲa ca ca ca que and gʷih wos gʲiHwas ǰiHwas jivas juuō vivus quick alive living gʷʰenti gʲʰanti ǰʰanti hanti jaiṇti fendit slays Brugmann s law o in an open syllable lengthens to ō 14 PIE pre PII PII Sanskrit Avestan Latin Glossary deh torm daHta rm daHta ram data ram datarem datōrem giver accusative singular The vowels e o merge with a Similarly e ō merge with a This has the effect of giving full phonemic status to the second palatal series c ǰ ǰʰ PIE PII Sanskrit Avestan Latin English Glossary dedeh ti dadaHti dadati dadaiti dat to give h donts Hdants dant dantan dens tooth tooth bʰreh ter bʰraHta bhra tr bratar frater brother brother wṓkʷs wa ks va k vaxs vōx voice In certain positions laryngeals were vocalized to i This preceded the second palatalization 15 16 Following a consonant and preceding a consonant clusterPIE PII Sanskrit Avestan Latin English Glossary ph trey pitray pitre pi8re patri father dative singular Following a consonant and word finalPIE PII Sanskrit Avestan Glossary medʰh madʰHi mahi maidi maidi 1st person plural middle ending The Indo European laryngeals all merged into one phoneme H which may have been a glottal stop This was probably contemporary with the merging of e and o with a 17 PIE PII Sanskrit Avestan Latin English ph tḗr pHta pita pta pater father According to Lubotsky s Law H disappeared when followed by a voiced nonaspirated stop and another consonant 18 PIE PII Sanskrit Avestan Glossary bʰeh geti bʰaǰati bhajati bazat to divide distribute Subsequent sound changes EditAmong the sound changes from Proto Indo Iranian to Indo Aryan is the loss of the voiced sibilant z among those to Proto Iranian is the de aspiration of the PIE voiced aspirates Proto Indo European and Indo Iranian Phonological Correspondences 19 PIE O Indc VS Av PIE OInd VS Av p gt p p ph tḗr father pita father pitar father b gt b b bel strong balam strength bʰ gt bh b bʰreh ter brother bhra tar brother bratar brother t gt t t tuHom thou tuvam thou tvem thou d gt d d doru wood da ru wood daru wood dʰ gt dh d dʰoHneh grain dhana grain dana grain ḱ gt s s deḱm ten dasa ten dasa ten ǵ gt j z ǵonu knee ja nu knee zanu knee ǵʰ gt h z ǵʰimos cold hima cold frost zemaka winterstorm k gt k c x c kruh ros bloody krura bloody xrura bloody teket may he run tacat may he run g gt g j g ǰ h euges strength ojas strength aoǰah strength h ugros strong ugra strong ugra strong gʰ gt gh h g ǰ dl Hgʰos long dirgha long darega long dleHgʰistos longest dra ghiṣṭha draǰista longest kʷ gt k c k c kʷos who kaḥ who kō who kʷe and ca and ca and gʷ gt g j g ǰ gʷou cow gav cow gau cow gʷih wos alive jiva alive OPer ǰiva living gʷʰ gt gh h g ǰ gʷʰnenti strike pl ghnanti strike pl gʷʰenti strikes hanti strikes ǰainti strikes s gt s s h septm seven sapta seven hapta seven h esti is asti is asti is y gt y y yugom yoke yugam yoke yuga yoke w gt v v weǵʰeti drives rides vahati drives vazaiti travels m gt m m meh ter mother matar mother matar mother n gt n n nos us nas us nō us l gt l r r kʷeleti moves carati moves caraiti moves r gt r r bʰreh ter brother bhra tar brother bratar brother n gt a a n un a un a un m gt a a ḱm tom hundred satam hundred satem hundred l gt r erer wĺ kʷos wolf vŕ ka wolf vehrka wolf r gt r erer ḱŕ d heart hŕ d heart zered heart i gt i i linekʷti leaves riṇakti leaves irinaxti releases e gt a a deḱm ten dasa ten dasa ten e gt a a h nḗr man na man na man a gt a a h eǵeti drives ajati drives azaiti drives a gt a a meh ter mother mata mother matar mother o gt a a a a ǵombʰos tooth peg ja mbha tooth tusk ǵonu knee janu knee zanu knee ō gt a a dʰoHneh grain dhana grain dana grain u gt u u yugom yoke yugam yoke yuga yoke u gt u u mu s mouse mu ṣ mouse NPer mus mouse h gt h esti is asti is asti is h gt h ŕ tḱos bear ŕ kṣa bear aresa bear h gt h okʷs i eye akṣi eye asi eye h gt h orǵʰis testicle erezi testicle Proto Indo Iranian Old Iranian Av OP Vedic Sanskrit Hacwas horse Av aspa OP asa asva bʰaHgas portion share Av baga bhaga bʰraHta brother Av OP bratar bhra tr bʰuHmis earth land OP bumis bhu mi martyas mortal man Av maṣ iia OP martiya martya ma Has moon Av ma OP maha ma s wasr spring Av vaŋhar vasara morning Hr tas truth Av aṣ a OP arta r ta dʰrawgʰas lie Av draoga OP drauga drogha using malicious words sawmas pressed juice Av haoma soma Morphology EditProto Indo Iranian has preserved much of the morphology of Proto Indo European thematic and athematic inflection in both nouns and verbs all three numbers of singular dual and plural all the tense mood and voice categories in the verb and the cases in the noun An important innovation in the noun is the creation of a genitive plural ending nam used with vowel stems In verbs the chief innovation is the creation of a passive conjugation with the suffix ya with middle inflection 20 See also EditSubstratum in the Vedic languageReferences Edit Peter Bellwood Immanuel Ness 10 November 2014 The Global Prehistory of Human Migration John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1 118 97059 1 Fortson p 203 Burrow pp 78 79 Ramat Anna Giacalone 1998 The Indo European Languages illustrated ed London New York Routledge p 134 ISBN 0 415 06449 X Cardona George Dhanesh Jain 2003 The Indo Aryan Languages London New York Routledge p 24 ISBN 0 7007 1130 9 Beekes 1988 p 50 Beekes p 55 Burrow pp 74 75 a b c Fortson p 182 a b Fortson p 181 F B J Kuiper 1976 Old East Iranian dialects Indo Iranian Journal 18 p 242 Burrow p 91 Burrow pp 92 94 Fortson p 183 Beekes pp 85 86 Lubotsky p 53 get ref Beekes pp 88 89 Indo Iranian Languages Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture Ed J P Mallory and D Q Adams Chicago Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 pp 305 Fortson p 205Bibliography EditBeekes Robert Stephen Paul 1988 A Grammar of Gatha Avestan Leiden New York Brill ISBN 90 04 08332 4 Burrow T 1973 The Sanskrit Language third ed London Faber amp Faber ISBN 0 571 04819 6 Fortson Benjamin W 2004 Indo European Language and Culture An Introduction illustrated ed Malden MA Blackwell Publishing ISBN 1 4051 0316 7 Lubotsky A M 1988 The System of Nominal Accentuation in Sanskrit and Proto Indo European Leiden New York Brill ISBN 90 04 08835 0 Alexander Lubotsky The Indo Iranian substratum in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo European ed Carpelan et al Helsinki 2001 Asko Parpola The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo European in Blench and Spriggs eds Archaeology and Language III London and New York 1999 External links Edit Early Indo Iranic loans in Uralic Sounds and strata PDF Martin Joachim Kummel University of Jena Seminar for Indo European Studies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Proto Indo Iranian language amp oldid 1122039593, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
