5

This article is about the number. For the year, see AD 5. For other uses, see 5 (disambiguation), Number Five (disambiguation), and The Five (disambiguation).

5 (five) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number, and cardinal number, following 4 and preceding 6, and is a prime number. It has attained significance throughout history in part because typical humans have five digits on each hand.

← 4 5 6 →
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 → List of numbers Integers ← 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 →
Cardinal	five
Ordinal	5th (fifth)
Numeral system	quinary
Factorization	prime
Prime	3rd
Divisors	1,5
Greek numeral	Ε´
Roman numeral	V, v
Greek prefix	penta-/pent-
Latin prefix	quinque-/quinqu-/quint-
Binary	1012
Ternary	123
Senary	56
Octal	58
Duodecimal	512
Hexadecimal	516
Greek	ε (or Ε)
Arabic, Kurdish	٥
Persian, Sindhi, Urdu	۵
Ge'ez	፭
Bengali	৫
Kannada	೫
Punjabi	੫
Chinese numeral	五
Devanāgarī	५
Hebrew	ה
Khmer	៥
Telugu	౫
Malayalam	൫
Tamil	௫
Thai	๕

In mathematics

${\displaystyle 5}$  is the third smallest prime number, and the second super-prime.^[1] It is the first safe prime, the first good prime, the first balanced prime, and the first of three known Wilson primes.^[2] Five is the second Fermat prime^[1] and the third Mersenne prime exponent,^[3] as well as the third Catalan number,^[4] and the third Sophie Germain prime.^[1] Notably, 5 is equal to the sum of the only consecutive primes, 2 + 3, and is the only number that is part of more than one pair of twin primes, (3, 5) and (5, 7). It is also a sexy prime with the fifth prime number and first prime repunit, 11. Five is the third factorial prime, an alternating factorial,^[5] and an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the form ${\displaystyle 3p}$  − ${\displaystyle 1}$ .^[1] In particular, five is the first congruent number, since it is the length of the hypotenuse of the smallest integer-sided right triangle.^[6]

 

The first Pythagorean triple, with a hypotenuse of ${\displaystyle 5}$ .

Five is the second Fermat prime of the form ${\displaystyle 2^{2^{n}}}$ + ${\displaystyle 1}$ , and more generally the second Sierpiński number of the first kind, ${\displaystyle n^{n}}$ + ${\displaystyle 1}$ .^[7] There are a total of five known Fermat primes, which also include 3, 17, 257, and 65537.^[8] The sum of the first 3 Fermat primes, 3, 5 and 17, yields 25 or 5², while 257 is the 55th prime number. Combinations from these 5 Fermat primes generate 31 polygons with an odd number of sides that can be constructed purely with a compass and straight-edge, which includes the five-sided regular pentagon. Apropos, 31 is also equal to the sum of the maximum number of areas inside a circle that are formed from the sides and diagonals of the first five ${\displaystyle n}$ -sided polygons, and equal to the maximum number of areas formed by a six-sided polygon; per Moser's circle problem.^[9]

The number 5 is the fifth Fibonacci number, being 2 plus 3.^[1] It is the only Fibonacci number that is equal to its position aside from 1, which is both the first and second Fibonacci numbers. Five is also a Pell number and a Markov number, appearing in solutions to the Markov Diophantine equation: (1, 2, 5), (1, 5, 13), (2, 5, 29), (5, 13, 194), (5, 29, 433), ... (OEIS: A030452 lists Markov numbers that appear in solutions where one of the other two terms is 5). Whereas 5 is unique in the Fibonacci sequence, in the Perrin sequence 5 is both the fifth and sixth Perrin numbers.^[10]

5 is the third Mersenne prime exponent of the form ${\displaystyle 2^{n}}$  − ${\displaystyle 1}$ , which yields ${\displaystyle 31}$ : the prime index of the third Mersenne prime and second double Mersenne prime 127, as well as the third double Mersenne prime exponent for the number 2,147,483,647, which is the largest value that a signed 32-bit integer field can hold. There are only four known double Mersenne prime numbers, with a fifth candidate double Mersenne prime ${\displaystyle M_{M_{61}}}$  = 2^{23058...93951} − 1 too large to compute with current computers. In a related sequence, the first 5 terms in the sequence of Catalan–Mersenne numbers ${\displaystyle M_{c_{n}}}$  are the only known prime terms, with a sixth possible candidate in the order of 10^1037.7094. These prime sequences are conjectured to be prime up to a certain limit.

Every odd number greater than ${\displaystyle 1}$  is the sum of at most five prime numbers, and every odd number greater than ${\displaystyle 5}$  is conjectured to be expressible as the sum of three prime numbers.^[11][12] Helfgott has provided a proof of the latter, also known as the odd Goldbach conjecture, that is already widely acknowledged by mathematicians as it still undergoes peer-review.

The sums of the first five non-primes greater than zero 1 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 9 and the first five prime numbers 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 both equal 28; the seventh triangular number and like 6 a perfect number, which also includes 496, the thirty-first triangular number and perfect number of the form ${\displaystyle 2^{p}}$ ⁻¹(${\displaystyle 2^{p}}$  − ${\displaystyle 1}$ ) with a ${\displaystyle p}$  of ${\displaystyle 5}$ , by the Euclid–Euler theorem.^[13][14][15] Within the larger family of Ore numbers, 140 and 496, respectively the fourth and sixth indexed members, both contain a set of divisors that produce integer harmonic means equal to 5.^[16][17]

There are a total of five known unitary perfect numbers, which are numbers that are the sums of their positive proper unitary divisors. A sixth unitary number, if discovered, would have at least nine odd prime factors.^[18]

Five is conjectured to be the only odd untouchable number, and if this is the case then five will be the only odd prime number that is not the base of an aliquot tree.^[19]

In figurate numbers, 5 is a pentagonal number, with the sequence of pentagonal numbers starting: 1, 5, 12, 22, 35, ...^[20]

• 5 is a centered tetrahedral number: 1, 5, 15, 35, 69, ...^[21] Every centered tetrahedral number with an index of 2, 3 or 4 modulo 5 is divisible by 5.
• 5 is a square pyramidal number: 1, 5, 14, 30, 55, ...^[22] The sum of the first four members is 50 while the fifth indexed member in the sequence is 55.
• 5 is a centered square number: 1, 5, 13, 25, 41, ...^[23] The fifth square number or 5² is 25, which features in the proportions of the two smallest (3, 4, 5) and (5, 12, 13) primitive Pythagorean triples.

The factorial of five, or ${\displaystyle 5}$ ! = ${\displaystyle 120}$ , is the sum of the first fifteen non-zero positive integers, and 15th triangular number, which in turn is the sum of the first five non-zero positive integers and 5th triangular number. 35, which is the fourth or fifth pentagonal and tetrahedral number, is equal to the sum of the first five triangular numbers: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15.^[24]

5 is the value of the central cell of the only non-trivial normal magic square, also called the Lo Shu square. Its ${\displaystyle 3}$  x ${\displaystyle 3}$  array of squares has a magic constant ${\displaystyle M}$  of ${\displaystyle 15}$ , where the sums of its rows, columns, and diagonals are all equal to fifteen.^[25] 5 is also the value of the central cell the only non-trivial order-3 normal magic hexagon that is made of nineteen cells.^[26]

Polynomial equations of degree 4 and below can be solved with radicals, while quintic equations of degree 5, and higher, cannot generally be so solved. This is the Abel–Ruffini theorem. This is related to the fact that the symmetric group ${\displaystyle \mathrm {S} _{n}}$  is a solvable group for n ⩽ 4 and not solvable for n ⩾ 5.

There are five countably infinite Ramsey classes of permutations, where the age of each countable homogeneous permutation forms an individual Ramsey class ${\displaystyle K}$  of objects such that, for each natural number ${\displaystyle r}$  and each choice of objects ${\displaystyle A,B\in K}$ , there is no object ${\displaystyle C\in K}$  where in any ${\displaystyle r}$ -coloring of all subobjects of ${\displaystyle C}$  isomorphic to ${\displaystyle A}$  there is a monochromatic subobject isomorphic to ${\displaystyle B}$ .^[27] In general, the Fraïssé limit of a class ${\displaystyle K}$  of finite relational structure is the age of a countable homogeneous relational structure ${\displaystyle U}$  iff five conditions hold for ${\displaystyle K}$ : it is closed under isomorphism, it has only countably many isomorphism classes, it is hereditary, it is joint-embedded, and it holds the amalgamation property.^[28]

Euler's identity, ${\displaystyle e^{i\pi }}$ + ${\displaystyle 1}$  = ${\displaystyle 0}$ , contains five essential numbers used widely in mathematics: Archimedes' constant ${\displaystyle \pi }$ , Euler's number ${\displaystyle e}$ , the imaginary number ${\displaystyle i}$ , unity ${\displaystyle 1}$ , and zero ${\displaystyle 0}$ , which makes this formula a renown example of beauty in mathematics.

In geometry

 

A pentagram, or five-pointed polygram, is the first proper star polygon constructed from the diagonals of a regular pentagon as self-intersecting edges that are proportioned in golden ratio, ${\displaystyle \varphi }$ . Its internal geometry appears prominently in Penrose tilings, and is a facet inside Kepler-Poinsot star polyhedra and Schläfli–Hess star polychora, represented by its Schläfli symbol {5/2}. A similar figure to the pentagram is a five-pointed simple isotoxal star ☆ without self-intersecting edges. Generally, star polytopes that are regular only exist in dimensions ${\displaystyle 2}$  ⩽ ${\displaystyle n}$  < ${\displaystyle 5}$ .

In graph theory, all graphs with 4 or fewer vertices are planar, however, there is a graph with 5 vertices that is not: K₅, the complete graph with 5 vertices, where every pair of distinct vertices in a pentagon is joined by unique edges belonging to a pentagram. By Kuratowski's theorem, a finite graph is planar iff it does not contain a subgraph that is a subdivision of K₅, or the complete bipartite utility graph K_3,3.^[29] A similar graph is the Petersen graph, which is strongly connected and also nonplanar. It is most easily described as graph of a pentagram embedded inside a pentagon, with a total of 5 crossings, a girth of 5, and a Thue number of 5.^[30][31] The Petersen graph, which is also a distance-regular graph, is one of only 5 known connected vertex-transitive graphs with no Hamiltonian cycles.^[32] The automorphism group of the Petersen graph is the symmetric group ${\displaystyle \mathrm {S} _{5}}$  of order 120 = 5!.

The chromatic number of the plane is at least five, depending on the choice of set-theoretical axioms: the minimum number of colors required to color the plane such that no pair of points at a distance of 1 has the same color.^[33] Whereas the hexagonal Golomb graph and the regular hexagonal tiling generate chromatic numbers of 4 and 7, respectively, a chromatic coloring of 5 can be attained under a more complicated graph where multiple four-coloring Moser spindles are linked so that no monochromatic triples exist in any coloring of the overall graph, as that would generate an equilateral arrangement that tends toward a purely hexagonal structure.

The plane contains a total of five Bravais lattices, or arrays of points defined by discrete translation operations: hexagonal, oblique, rectangular, centered rectangular, and square lattices. The plane can also be tiled monohedrally with convex pentagons in fifteen different ways, three of which have Laves tilings as special cases.^[34]

Five points are needed to determine a conic section, in the same way that two points are needed to determine a line.^[35] A Veronese surface in the projective plane ${\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{5}}$  of a conic generalizes a linear condition for a point to be contained inside a conic.

 

Illustration by Leonardo da Vinci of a regular dodecahedron, from Luca Pacioli's Divina proportione.

There are five Platonic solids in three-dimensional space: the tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron.^[36] The dodecahedron in particular contains pentagonal faces, while the icosahedron, its dual polyhedron, has a vertex figure that is a regular pentagon. There are also five:

• Regular polyhedron compounds: the stella octangula, compound of five tetrahedra, compound of five cubes, compound of five octahedra, and compound of ten tetrahedra.^[37] Icosahedral symmetry ${\displaystyle \mathrm {I} _{h}}$  is isomorphic to the alternating group on 5 letters ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} _{5}}$  of order 120, realized by actions on these uniform polyhedron compounds.

• Space-filling convex polyhedra: the triangular prism, hexagonal prism, cube, truncated octahedron, and gyrobifastigium.^[38] While the cube is the only Platonic solid that can tessellate space on its own, the truncated octahedron and the gyrobifastigium are the only Archimedean and Johnson solids, respectively, that can also tessellate space with their own copies.

• Cell-transitive parallelohedra: any parallelepiped, as well as the rhombic dodecahedron and elongated dodecahedron, and the hexagonal prism and truncated octahedron.^[39] The cube is a special case of a parallelepiped, with the rhombic dodecahedron the only Catalan solid to tessellate space on its own.

• Regular abstract polyhedra, which include the excavated dodecahedron and the dodecadodecahedron.^[40] They have combinatorial symmetries transitive on flags of their elements, with topologies equivalent to that of toroids and the ability to tile the hyperbolic plane.

The 5-cell, or pentatope, is the self-dual fourth-dimensional analogue of the tetrahedron, with Coxeter group symmetry ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} _{4}}$  of order 120 = 5! and ${\displaystyle \mathrm {S} _{5}}$  group structure. Made of five tetrahedra, its Petrie polygon is a regular pentagon and its orthographic projection is equivalent to the complete graph K₅. It is one of six regular 4-polytopes, made of thirty-one elements: five vertices, ten edges, ten faces, five tetrahedral cells and one 4-face.^[41]

• A regular 120-cell, the dual polychoron to the regular 600-cell, can fit one hundred and twenty 5-cells. Also, five 24-cells fit inside a small stellated 120-cell, the first stellation of the 120-cell.

• A subset of the vertices of the small stellated 120-cell are matched by the great duoantiprism star, which is the only uniform nonconvex duoantiprismatic solution in the fourth dimension, constructed from the polytope cartesian product ${\displaystyle \{5\}\otimes \{5/3\}}$  and made of fifty tetrahedra, ten pentagrammic crossed antiprisms, ten pentagonal antiprisms, and fifty vertices.^[42]

• The grand antiprism, which is the only known non-Wythoffian construction of a uniform polychoron, is made of twenty pentagonal antiprisms and three hundred tetrahedra, with a total of one hundred vertices and five hundred edges.^[43]

• The abstract four-dimensional 57-cell is made of fifty-seven hemi-icosahedral cells, in-which five surround each edge.^[44] The 11-cell, another abstract 4-polytope with eleven vertices and fifty-five edges, is made of eleven hemi-dodecahedral cells each with fifteen dodecahedra.^[45] The skeleton of the hemi-dodecahedron is the Petersen graph.

Overall, the fourth dimension contains five Weyl groups that form a finite number of uniform polychora: ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} _{4}}$ , ${\displaystyle \mathrm {B} _{4}}$ , ${\displaystyle \mathrm {D} _{4}}$ , ${\displaystyle \mathrm {F} _{4}}$ , and ${\displaystyle \mathrm {H} _{4}}$ , with four of these Coxeter groups capable of generating the same finite forms without ${\displaystyle \mathrm {D} _{4}}$ ; accompanied by a fifth or sixth general group of unique 4-prisms of Platonic and Archimedean solids. There are also a total of five Coxeter groups that generate non-prismatic Euclidean honeycombs in 4-space, alongside five compact hyperbolic Coxeter groups that generate five regular compact hyperbolic honeycombs with finite facets, as with the order-5 5-cell honeycomb and the order-5 120-cell honeycomb, both of which have five cells around each face. Compact hyperbolic honeycombs only exist through the fourth dimension, or rank 5, with paracompact hyperbolic solutions existing through rank 10. Likewise, analogues of three-dimensional icosahedral symmetry ${\displaystyle \mathrm {I} _{h}}$  or four-dimensional ${\displaystyle \mathrm {H} _{4}}$  symmetry do not exist in dimensions ${\displaystyle n}$  ⩾ ${\displaystyle 5}$ ; however, there is the uniform prismatic group ${\displaystyle \mathrm {H} _{4}}$  × ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} _{1}}$  in the fifth dimension which contains prisms of regular and uniform 4-polytopes that have ${\displaystyle \mathrm {H} _{4}}$  symmetry.

The 5-simplex is the five-dimensional analogue of the 5-cell, or 4-simplex; the fifth iteration of ${\displaystyle n}$ -simplexes in any ${\displaystyle n}$  dimensions. The 5-simplex has the Coxeter group ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} _{5}}$  as its symmetry group, of order 720 = 6!, whose group structure is represented by the symmetric group ${\displaystyle \mathrm {S} _{6}}$ , the only finite symmetric group which has an outer automorphism. The 5-cube, made of ten tesseracts and the 5-cell as its vertex figure, is also regular and one of thirty-one uniform 5-polytopes under the Coxeter ${\displaystyle \mathrm {B} _{5}}$  hypercubic group. The demipenteract, with one hundred and twenty cells, is the only fifth-dimensional semiregular polytope, and has the rectified 5-cell as its vertex figure, which is one of only three semiregular 4-polytopes alongside the rectified 600-cell and the snub 24-cell. In the fifth dimension, there are five regular paracompact honeycombs, all with infinite facets and vertex figures.^[46] There are exclusively twelve complex aperiotopes in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n}}$  complex spaces of dimensions ${\displaystyle n}$  ⩾ ${\displaystyle 5}$ , with fifteen in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{4}}$  and sixteen in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{3}}$ ; alongside complex polytopes in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{5}}$  and higher under simplex, hypercubic and orthoplex groups, the latter with van Oss polytopes.^[47]

There are five exceptional Lie algebras: ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}_{2}}$ , ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {f}}_{4}}$ , ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {e}}_{6}}$ , ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {e}}_{7}}$ , and ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {e}}_{8}}$ . The smallest of these, ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}_{2}}$ , can be represented in five-dimensional complex space and projected as a ball rolling on top of another ball, whose motion is described in two-dimensional space.^[48] ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {e}}_{8}}$  is the largest of all five exceptional groups, with the other four as subgroups, and an associated lattice that is constructed with one hundred and twenty quaternionic unit icosians that make up the vertices of the 600-cell, whose Euclidean norms define a quadratic form on a lattice structure isomorphic to the optimal configuration of spheres in eight dimensions.^[49] This sphere packing ${\displaystyle \mathrm {E} _{8}}$  lattice structure in 8-space is held by the vertex arrangement of the 5₂₁ honeycomb, one of five Euclidean honeycombs that admit Gosset's original definition of a semiregular honeycomb, which includes the three-dimensional alternated cubic honeycomb.^[50][51] There are specifically five solvable groups that are excluded from finite simple groups of Lie type.

The five Mathieu groups constitute the first generation in the happy family of sporadic groups. These are also the first five sporadic groups to have been described, defined as ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} _{n}}$  multiply transitive permutation groups on ${\displaystyle n}$  objects, with ${\displaystyle n}$  ∈ {11, 12, 22, 23, 24}.^[52] In particular, ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} _{11}}$ , the smallest of all sporadic groups, has a rank 3 action on fifty-five points from an induced action on unordered pairs, as well as two five-dimensional faithful complex irreducible representations over the field with three elements, which is the lowest irreducible dimensional representation of all sporadic group over their respective fields with ${\displaystyle n}$  elements.^[53] Of precisely five different conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} _{11}}$ , one is the almost simple symmetric group ${\displaystyle \mathrm {S} _{5}}$  (of order 5!), and another is ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} _{10}}$ , also almost simple, that functions as a point stabilizer which has ${\displaystyle 5}$  as its largest prime factor in its group order: 2⁴·3²·5 = 2·3·4·5·6 = 8·9·10 = 720. On the other hand, whereas ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} _{11}}$  is sharply 4-transitive, ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} _{12}}$  is sharply 5-transitive and ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} _{24}}$  is 5-transitive, and as such they are the only two 5-transitive groups that are not symmetric groups or alternating groups.^[54] ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} _{22}}$  has the first five prime numbers as its distinct prime factors in its order of 2⁷·3²·5·7·11, and is the smallest of five sporadic groups with five distinct prime factors in their order.^[55] All Mathieu groups are subgroups of ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} _{24}}$ , which under the Witt design ${\displaystyle \mathrm {W} _{24}}$  of Steiner system S(5, 8, 24) emerges a construction of the extended binary Golay code ${\displaystyle \mathrm {B} _{24}}$  that has ${\displaystyle \mathrm {M} _{24}}$  as its automorphism group.^[56] ${\displaystyle \mathrm {W} _{24}}$  generates octads from code words of Hamming weight 8 from the extended binary Golay code, one of five different Hamming weights the extended binary Golay code uses: 0, 8, 12, 16, and 24.^[57] The Witt design and the extended binary Golay code in turn can be used to generate a faithful construction of the 24-dimensional Leech lattice Λ₂₄, which is the subject of the second generation of seven sporadic groups that are subquotients of the automorphism of the Leech lattice, Conway group ${\displaystyle \mathrm {Co} _{0}}$ .^[58]

There are five non-supersingular primes: 37, 43, 53, 61, and 67, all smaller than the largest of fifteen supersingular prime divisors of the friendly giant, 71.^[59]

List of basic calculations

Multiplication	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
5 × x	5	10	15	20	25	30	35	40	45	50	55	60	65	70	75	80	85	90	95	100

Division	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10		11	12	13	14	15
5 ÷ x	5	2.5	1.6	1.25	1	0.83	0.714285	0.625	0.5	0.5		0.45	0.416	0.384615	0.3571428	0.3
x ÷ 5	0.2	0.4	0.6	0.8		1.2	1.4	1.6	1.8	2		2.2	2.4	2.6	2.8	3

Exponentiation	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10		11	12	13	14	15
5^x	5	25	125	625	3125	15625	78125	390625	1953125	9765625		48828125	244140625	1220703125	6103515625	30517578125
x^5	1	32	243	1024		7776	16807	32768	59049	100000		161051	248832	371293	537824	759375

In decimal

5 is the only prime number to end in the digit 5 in decimal because all other numbers written with a 5 in the ones place are multiples of five, which makes it a 1-automorphic number.

All multiples of 5 will end in either 5 or 0, and vulgar fractions with 5 or 2 in the denominator do not yield infinite decimal expansions because they are prime factors of 10, the base.

In the powers of 5, every power ends with the number five, and from 5³ onward, if the exponent is odd, then the hundreds digit is 1, and if it is even, the hundreds digit is 6.

A number ${\displaystyle n}$  raised to the fifth power always ends in the same digit as ${\displaystyle n}$ .

Evolution of the Arabic digit

 

 

The evolution of the modern Western digit for the numeral 5 cannot be traced back to the Indian system, as for the digits 1 to 4. The Kushana and Gupta empires in what is now India had among themselves several different forms that bear no resemblance to the modern digit. The Nagari and Punjabi took these digits and all came up with forms that were similar to a lowercase "h" rotated 180°. The Ghubar Arabs transformed the digit in several different ways, producing from that were more similar to the digits 4 or 3 than to 5.^[60] It was from those digits that Europeans finally came up with the modern 5.

While the shape of the character for the digit 5 has an ascender in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures the glyph usually has a descender, as, for example, in  .

On the seven-segment display of a calculator, it is represented by five segments at four successive turns from top to bottom, rotating counterclockwise first, then clockwise, and vice-versa.

Science

• The atomic number of boron.^[61]
• The number of appendages on most starfish, which exhibit pentamerism.^[62]
• The most destructive known hurricanes rate as Category 5 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.^[63]
• The most destructive known tornadoes rate an F-5 on the Fujita scale or EF-5 on the Enhanced Fujita scale.^[64]

Astronomy

• There are five Lagrangian points in a two-body system.
• There are currently five dwarf planets in the Solar System: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.^[65]
• The Roman numeral V stands for dwarfs (main sequence stars) in the Yerkes spectral classification scheme.
• The Roman numeral V (usually) stands for the fifth-discovered satellite of a planet or minor planet (e.g. Jupiter V).
• The New General Catalogue object NGC 5, a magnitude 13 spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda.^[66]
• Messier object M5, a magnitude 7.0 globular cluster in the constellation Serpens.^[67]

Biology

 

The five sensory organ modalities, with touch represented by the hand's tactility.

• The are usally considered to be five senses (in general terms).
• The five basic tastes are sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami.^[68]
• Almost all amphibians, reptiles, and mammals which have fingers or toes have five of them on each extremity.^[69]

Computing

• 5 is the ASCII code of the Enquiry character, which is abbreviated to ENQ.^[70]

Religion and culture

Hinduism

• The god Shiva has five faces^[71] and his mantra is also called panchakshari (five-worded) mantra.
• The goddess Saraswati, goddess of knowledge and intellectual is associated with panchami or the number 5.
• There are five elements in the universe according to Hindu cosmology: dharti, agni, jal, vayu evam akash (earth, fire, water, air and space respectively).
• The most sacred tree in Hinduism has 5 leaves in every leaf stunt.^{[clarification needed]}
• Most of the flowers have 5 petals in them.
• The epic Mahabharata revolves around the battle between Duryodhana and his 99 other brothers and the 5 pandava princes—Dharma, Arjuna, Bhima, Nakula and Sahadeva.

Christianity

• There are traditionally five wounds of Jesus Christ in Christianity: the Scourging at the Pillar, the Crowning with Thorns, the wounds in Christ's hands, the wounds in Christ's feet, and the Side Wound of Christ.^[72]

Gnosticism

• The number five was an important symbolic number in Manichaeism, with heavenly beings, concepts, and others often grouped in sets of five.
• Five Seals in Sethianism
• Five Trees in the Gospel of Thomas

Islam

• The Five Pillars of Islam^[73]
• Muslims pray to Allah five times a day^[74]
• According to Shia Muslims, the Panjetan or the Five Holy Purified Ones are the members of Muhammad's family: Muhammad, Ali, Fatimah, Hasan, and Husayn and are often symbolically represented by an image of the Khamsa.^[75]

Judaism

• The Torah contains five books—Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy—which are collectively called the Five Books of Moses, the Pentateuch (Greek for "five containers", referring to the scroll cases in which the books were kept), or Humash (חומש, Hebrew for "fifth").^[76]
• The book of Psalms is arranged into five books, paralleling the Five Books of Moses.^[77]
• The Khamsa, an ancient symbol shaped like a hand with four fingers and one thumb, is used as a protective amulet by Jews; that same symbol is also very popular in Arabic culture, known to protect from envy and the evil eye.^[78]

Sikhism

• The five sacred Sikh symbols prescribed by Guru Gobind Singh are commonly known as panj kakars or the "Five Ks" because they start with letter K representing kakka (ਕ) in the Punjabi language's Gurmukhi script. They are: kesh (unshorn hair), kangha (the comb), kara (the steel bracelet), kachhehra (the soldier's shorts), and kirpan (the sword) (in Gurmukhi: ਕੇਸ, ਕੰਘਾ, ਕੜਾ, ਕਛਹਰਾ, ਕਿਰਪਾਨ).^[79] Also, there are five deadly evils: kam (lust), krodh (anger), moh (attachment), lobh (greed), and ankhar (ego).

Daoism

• 5 Elements^[80]
• 5 Emperors^[81]

Other religions and cultures

• According to ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle, the universe is made up of five classical elements: water, earth, air, fire, and ether. This concept was later adopted by medieval alchemists and more recently by practitioners of Neo-Pagan religions such as Wicca.
• The pentagram, or five-pointed star, bears religious significance in various faiths including Baháʼí, Christianity, Freemasonry, Satanism, Taoism, Thelema, and Wicca.
• In Cantonese, "five" sounds like the word "not" (character: 唔). When five appears in front of a lucky number, e.g. "58", the result is considered unlucky.
• In East Asian tradition, there are five elements: (water, fire, earth, wood, and metal).^[82] The Japanese names for the days of the week, Tuesday through Saturday, come from these elements via the identification of the elements with the five planets visible with the naked eye.^[83] Also, the traditional Japanese calendar has a five-day weekly cycle that can be still observed in printed mixed calendars combining Western, Chinese-Buddhist, and Japanese names for each weekday.
• In numerology, 5 or a series of 555, is often associated with change, evolution, love and abundance.
• Members of The Nation of Gods and Earths, a primarily African American religious organization, call themselves the "Five-Percenters" because they believe that only 5% of mankind is truly enlightened.^[84]

Art, entertainment, and media

Fictional entities

• James the Red Engine, a fictional character numbered 5.^[85]
• Johnny 5 is the lead character in the film Short Circuit (1986)^[86]
• Number Five is a character in Lorien Legacies^[87]
• Sankara Stones, five magical rocks in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom that are sought by the Thuggees for evil purposes^[88]
• The Mach Five Mahha-gō? (マッハ号), the racing car Speed Racer (Go Mifune in the Japanese version) drives in the anime series of the same name (known as "Mach Go! Go! Go!" in Japan)
• In the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, five wizards (Saruman, Gandalf, Radagast, Alatar and Pallando) are sent to Middle-earth to aid against the threat of the Dark Lord Sauron^[89]
• In the A Song of Ice and Fire series, the War of the Five Kings is fought between different claimants to the Iron Throne of Westeros, as well as to the thrones of the individual regions of Westeros (Joffrey Baratheon, Stannis Baratheon, Renly Baratheon, Robb Stark and Balon Greyjoy)^[90]
• In The Wheel of Time series, the "Emond's Field Five" are a group of five of the series' main characters who all come from the village of Emond's Field (Rand al'Thor, Matrim Cauthon, Perrin Aybara, Egwene al'Vere and Nynaeve al'Meara)
• Myst uses the number 5 as a unique base counting system. In The Myst Reader series, it is further explained that the number 5 is considered a holy number in the fictional D'ni society.
• Number Five is also a character in The Umbrella Academy comic book and TV series adaptation^[91]

Films

• Towards the end of the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975), the character of King Arthur repeatedly confuses the number five with the number three.
• Five Go Mad in Dorset (1982) was the first of the long-running series of The Comic Strip Presents... television comedy films^[92]
• The Fifth Element (1997), a science fiction film^[93]
• Fast Five (2011), the fifth installment of the Fast and Furious film series.^[94]
• V for Vendetta (2005), produced by Warner Bros., directed by James McTeigue, and adapted from Alan Moore's graphic novel V for Vendetta prominently features number 5 and Roman Numeral V; the story is based on the historical event in which a group of men attempted to destroy Parliament on November 5, 1605^[95]

Music

Groups

• Five (group), a UK Boy band^[96]
• The Five (composers), 19th-century Russian composers^[97]
• 5 Seconds of Summer, pop band that originated in Sydney, Australia
• Five Americans, American rock band active 1965–1969^[98]
• Five Finger Death Punch, American heavy metal band from Las Vegas, Nevada. Active 2005–present
• Five Man Electrical Band, Canadian rock group billed (and active) as the Five Man Electrical Band, 1969–1975^[99]
• Maroon 5, American pop rock band that originated in Los Angeles, California^[100]
• MC5, American punk rock band^[101]
• Pentatonix, a Grammy-winning a cappella group originated in Arlington, Texas^[102]
• The 5th Dimension, American pop vocal group, active 1977–present^[103]
• The Dave Clark Five, a.k.a. DC5, an English pop rock group comprising Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith; active 1958–1970^[104]
• The Jackson 5, American pop rock group featuring various members of the Jackson family; they were billed (and active) as The Jackson 5, 1966–1975^[105]
• Hi-5, Australian pop kids group, where it has several international adaptations, and several members throughout the history of the band. It was also a TV show.
• We Five: American folk rock group active 1965–1967 and 1968–1977
• Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five: American rap group, 1970–80's^[106]
• Fifth Harmony, an American girl group.^[107]
• Ben Folds Five, an American alternative rock trio, 1993–2000, 2008 and 2011–2013^[108]
• R5 (band), an American pop and alternative rock group, 2009–2018^[109]

Other uses

• A perfect fifth is the most consonant harmony, and is the basis for most western tuning systems.^[110]
• Modern musical notation uses a musical staff made of five horizontal lines.^[111]
• In harmonics – the fifth partial (or 4th overtone) of a fundamental has a frequency ratio of 5:1 to the frequency of that fundamental. This ratio corresponds to the interval of 2 octaves plus a pure major third. Thus, the interval of 5:4 is the interval of the pure third. A major triad chord when played in just intonation (most often the case in a cappella vocal ensemble singing), will contain such a pure major third.
• The number of completed, numbered piano concertos of Ludwig van Beethoven, Sergei Prokofiev, and Camille Saint-Saëns.
• Using the Latin root, five musicians are called a quintet.^[112]
• A scale with five notes per octave is called a pentatonic scale.^[113]
• Five is the lowest possible number that can be the top number of a time signature with an asymmetric meter.

Television

Stations

• Channel 5 (UK), a television channel that broadcasts in the United Kingdom^[114]
• 5 (TV channel) (formerly known as ABC 5 and TV5) (DWET-TV channel 5 In Metro Manila) a television network in the Philippines.^[115]

Series

• Babylon 5, a science fiction television series^[116]
• The number 5 features in the television series Battlestar Galactica in regards to the Final Five cylons and the Temple of Five
• Hi-5 (Australian TV series), a television series from Australia^[117]
• Hi-5 (UK TV series), a television show from the United Kingdom
• Hi-5 Philippines a television show from the Philippines
• Odyssey 5, a 2002 science fiction television series^[118]
• Tillbaka till Vintergatan, a Swedish children's television series featuring a character named "Femman" (meaning five), who can only utter the word 'five'.
• The Five (talk show): Fox News Channel roundtable current events television show, premiered 2011, so-named for its panel of five commentators.
• Yes! PreCure 5 is a 2007 anime series which follows the adventures of Nozomi and her friends. It is also followed by the 2008 sequel Yes! Pretty Cure 5 GoGo!
• The Quintessential Quintuplets is a 2019 slice of life romance anime series which follows the everyday life of five identical quintuplets and their interactions with their tutor. It has two seasons, and a final movie is scheduled in summer 2022.
• Hawaii Five-0, CBS American TV series.^[119]

Literature

• The Famous Five is a series of children's books by British writer Enid Blyton
• The Power of Five is a series of children's books by British writer and screenwriter Anthony Horowitz
• The Fall of Five is a book written under the collective pseudonym Pittacus Lore in the series Lorien Legacies
• The Book of Five Rings is a text on kenjutsu and the martial arts in general, written by the swordsman Miyamoto Musashi circa 1645
• Slaughterhouse-Five is a book by Kurt Vonnegut about World War II^[120]

Sports

• The Olympic Games have five interlocked rings as their symbol, representing the number of inhabited continents represented by the Olympians (Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and Oceania, and the Americas).^[121]
• In AFL Women's, the top level of women's Australian rules football, each team is allowed 5 "interchanges" (substitute players), who can be freely substituted at any time.
• In baseball scorekeeping, the number 5 represents the third baseman's position.
• In basketball:
  • The number 5 is used to represent the position of center.
  • Each team has five players on the court at a given time. Thus, the phrase "five on five" is commonly used to describe standard competitive basketball.^[122]
  • The "5-second rule" refers to several related rules designed to promote continuous play. In all cases, violation of the rule results in a turnover.
  • Under the FIBA (used for all international play, and most non-US leagues) and NCAA women's rule sets, a team begins shooting bonus free throws once its opponent has committed five personal fouls in a quarter.
  • Under the FIBA rules, A player fouls out and must leave the game after committing five fouls
• Five-a-side football is a variation of association football in which each team fields five players.^[123]
• In ice hockey:
  • A major penalty lasts five minutes.^[124]
  • There are five different ways that a player can score a goal (teams at even strength, team on the power play, team playing shorthanded, penalty shot, and empty net).^[125]
  • The area between the goaltender's legs is known as the five-hole.^[126]
• In most rugby league competitions, the starting left wing wears this number. An exception is the Super League, which uses static squad numbering.
• In rugby union:
  • A try is worth 5 points.^[127]
  • One of the two starting lock forwards wears number 5, and usually jumps at number 4 in the line-out.
  • In the French variation of the bonus points system, a bonus point in the league standings is awarded to a team that loses by 5 or fewer points.

Technology

 

• 5 is the most common number of gears for automobiles with manual transmission.^[128]
• In radio communication, the term "Five by five" is used to indicate perfect signal strength and clarity.^[129]
• On almost all devices with a numeric keypad such as telephones, computers, etc., the 5 key has a raised dot or raised bar to make dialing easier. Persons who are blind or have low vision find it useful to be able to feel the keys of a telephone. All other numbers can be found with their relative position around the 5 button (on computer keyboards, the 5 key of the numpad has the raised dot or bar, but the 5 key that shifts with % does not).^[130]
• On most telephones, the 5 key is associated with the letters J, K, and L,^[131] but on some of the BlackBerry phones, it is the key for G and H.
• The Pentium, coined by Intel Corporation, is a fifth-generation x86 architecture microprocessor.^[132]
• The resin identification code used in recycling to identify polypropylene.^[133]

Miscellaneous fields

 

International maritime signal flag for 5

 

 

The fives of all four suits in playing cards

Five can refer to:

• "Give me five" is a common phrase used preceding a high five.
• An informal term for the British Security Service, MI5.
• Five babies born at one time are quintuplets. The most famous set of quintuplets were the Dionne quintuplets born in the 1930s.^[134]
• In the United States legal system, the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution can be referred to in court as "pleading the fifth", absolving the defendant from self-incrimination.^[135]
• Pentameter is verse with five repeating feet per line; iambic pentameter was the most popular form in Shakespeare.^[136]
• Quintessence, meaning "fifth element", refers to the elusive fifth element that completes the basic four elements (water, fire, air, and earth)^[137]
• The designation of an Interstate Highway (Interstate 5) that runs from San Diego, California to Blaine, Washington.^[138] In addition, all major north-south Interstate Highways in the United States end in 5.^[139]
• In the computer game Riven, 5 is considered a holy number, and is a recurring theme throughout the game, appearing in hundreds of places, from the number of islands in the game to the number of bolts on pieces of machinery.
• The Garden of Cyrus (1658) by Sir Thomas Browne is a Pythagorean discourse based upon the number 5.
• The holy number of Discordianism, as dictated by the Law of Fives.^[140]
• The number of Justices on the Supreme Court of the United States necessary to render a majority decision.^[141]
• The number of dots in a quincunx.^[142]
• The number of permanent members with veto power on the United Nations Security Council.^[143]
• The number of sides and the number of angles in a pentagon.^[144]
• The number of points in a pentagram.^[145]
• The number of Korotkoff sounds when measuring blood pressure^[146]
• The drink Five Alive is named for its five ingredients. The drink punch derives its name after the Sanskrit पञ्च (pañc) for having five ingredients.^[147]
• The Keating Five were five United States Senators accused of corruption in 1989.^[148]
• The Inferior Five: Merryman, Awkwardman, The Blimp, White Feather, and Dumb Bunny. DC Comics parody superhero team.^[149]
• No. 5 is the name of the iconic fragrance created by Coco Chanel.^[150]
• The Committee of Five was delegated to draft the United States Declaration of Independence.^[151]
• The five-second rule is a commonly used rule of thumb for dropped food.^[152]
• 555 95472, usually referred to simply as 5, is a minor male character in the comic strip Peanuts.^[153]

See also

•  Mathematics portal

• Five Families
• Five Nations (disambiguation)
• 555 (number)
• List of highways numbered 5

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85. Allcroft, Britt; Friends, Thomas &; Awdry, W. (2014). James the Splendid Red Engine. Egmont UK Limited. ISBN 978-1-4052-7506-4. Meet Sodor's number 5 engine
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88. Windham, Ryder (2008). Indiana Jones Collector's Edition. Scholastic. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-545-09183-1. he gave him the five sacred stones with magical properties
89. Chance, Jane (2016-11-21). Tolkien, Self and Other: "This Queer Creature". Springer. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-137-39896-3. These five included the head wizard,
90. Jacoby, Henry (2012-02-23). Game of Thrones and Philosophy: Logic Cuts Deeper Than Swords. John Wiley & Sons. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-118-20605-8. ...view the events of A Song of Ice and Fire. As we'll see, the War of the Five Kings
91. Netflix; Way, Gerard; Ba, Gabriel (2020). The Making of the Umbrella Academy. Dark Horse Comics. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-5067-1357-1.
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97. Figes, Orlando (2014-02-11). Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-4668-6289-0. Also sometimes referred to as 'The Mighty Five' or 'Mighty Handful': Balakirev, Rimsky Korsakov, Borodin, Cui and Musorgsky
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111. "STAVE | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2020-08-02. the five lines and four spaces between them on which musical notes are written
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113. Ricker, Ramon (1999-11-27). Pentatonic Scales for Jazz Improvisation. Alfred Music. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4574-9410-9. Pentatonic scales, as used in jazz, are five note scales
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124. Sharp, Anne Wallace (2010-11-08). Ice Hockey. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4205-0589-4. Major penalties of five minutes
125. Blevins, David (2012). The Sports Hall of Fame Encyclopedia: Baseball, Basketball, Football, Hockey, Soccer. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 585. ISBN 978-0-8108-6130-5. scoring five goals in five different ways: an even-strength goal, a power-play goal, a shorthanded goal, a penalty shot goal...
126. Times, The New York (2004-11-05). The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind. Macmillan. p. 713. ISBN 978-0-312-31367-8. five-hole the space between a goaltender's legs
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128. Poulton, Mark L. (1997). Fuel Efficient Car Technology. Computational Mechanics Publications. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-85312-447-1. The 5 – speed manual gearbox is likely to remain the most common type
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131. Stewart, George (1985). The C-64 Program Factory. Osborn McGraw-Hill. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-88134-150-8. ...digit in the phone number is a 5 , which corresponds to the triplet J , K , L
132. Atlantic (2007-06-13). Encyclopedia Of Information Technology. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 659. ISBN 978-81-269-0752-6. The Pentium is a fifth-generation x86 architecture...
133. Stevens, E. S. (2020-06-16). Green Plastics: An Introduction to the New Science of Biodegradable Plastics. Princeton University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-691-21417-7. polypropylene 5
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135. Smith, Rich (2010-09-01). Fifth Amendment: The Right to Fairness. ABDO Publishing Company. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-61784-256-6. Someone who stands on his or her right to avoid self incrimination is said in street language to be “taking the Fifth,” or “pleading the Fifth.”
136. Veith (Jr.), Gene Edward; Wilson, Douglas (2009). Omnibus IV: The Ancient World. Veritas Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-932168-86-0. The most common accentual-syllabic lines are five-foot iambic lines (iambic pentameter)
137. Kronland-Martinet, Richard; Ystad, Sølvi; Jensen, Kristoffer (2008-07-19). Computer Music Modeling and Retrieval. Sense of Sounds: 4th International Symposium, CMMR 2007, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 2007, Revised Papers. Springer. p. 502. ISBN 978-3-540-85035-9. Plato and Aristotle postulated a fifth state of matter, which they called "idea" or quintessence" (from "quint" which means "fifth")
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139. Sonderman, Joe (2010). Route 66 in New Mexico. Arcadia Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7385-8029-6. North – south highways got odd numbers , the most important ending in 5
140. Cusack, Professor Carole M. (2013-06-28). Invented Religions: Imagination, Fiction and Faith. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-4094-8103-4. Law of Fives is never wrong'. This law is the reason 23 is a significant number for Discordians...
141. Lazarus, Richard J. (2020-03-10). The Rule of Five: Making Climate History at the Supreme Court. Harvard University Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-674-24515-0. ...Justice Brennan's infamous "Rule of Five,"
142. Laplante, Philip A. (2018-10-03). Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering. CRC Press. p. 562. ISBN 978-1-4200-3780-7. quincunx five points
143. Hargrove, Julia (2000-03-01). John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address. Lorenz Educational Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-57310-222-3. The five permanent members have a veto power over actions proposed by members of the United Nations.
144. Adams, Mark (2015-03-10). Meet Me in Atlantis: My Obsessive Quest to Find the Sunken City. Penguin. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-698-18621-7. ...between two of a pentagon's five interior angles to the length of any of its five sides is the golden section..
145. Hand, Seven Star (2010-09-17). Finishing the Mysteries of Gods and Symbols: Volume 0. Seven Star Hand. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-257-93419-5. ...the pentacle as a five-pointed star (pentagram) ...
146. McGee, Steven R. (2012-01-01). Evidence-based Physical Diagnosis. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-4377-2207-9. There are five Korotkoff phases...
147. "punch | Origin and meaning of punch by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2020-08-01. ...said to derive from Hindi panch "five," in reference to the number of original ingredients
148. Berke, Richard L.; Times, Special To the New York (1990-10-15). "G.O.P. Senators See Politics In Pace of Keating 5 Inquiry". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
149. "Keith Giffen Revives Inferior Five for DC Comics in September – What to Do With Woody Allen?". bleedingcool.com. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
150. "For the first time". Inside Chanel. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
151. Beeman, Richard R. (2013-05-07). Our Lives, Our Fortunes and Our Sacred Honor: The Forging of American Independence, 1774–1776. Basic Books. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-465-03782-7. On Friday, June 28, the Committee of Five delivered its revised draft of Jefferson's draft of the Declaration of Independence
152. Skarnulis, Leanna. "5 Second Rule For Food". WebMD. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
153. Newsweek. Newsweek. 1963. p. 71. His newest characters: a boy named 555 95472, or 5 for short,

• Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers London: Penguin Group. (1987): 58–67

External links

•   Media related to 5 (number) at Wikimedia Commons
•   The dictionary definition of five at Wiktionary
• The Number 5
• The Positive Integer 5
• Prime curiosities: 5