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Odesa

January 07, 2023

For other uses, see Odesa (disambiguation) and Odessa (disambiguation).

Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. The city is also the administrative centre of the Odesa Raion and Odesa Oblast, as well as a multiethnic cultural centre. As of January 2021 Odesa's population was approximately 1,015,826.[3]

Odesa
Одеса
Odessa
City
Counterclockwise: Vorontsov Lighthouse, City garden, Opera and Ballet Theatre, Square de Richelieu, Potemkin Stairs, Monument to the Duc de Richelieu
Flag
Coat of arms
Logo
Odesa
Location in Odesa Oblast
Odesa
Odesa (Ukraine)
Coordinates: 46°29′8.6″N 30°44′36.4″E / 46.485722°N 30.743444°E / 46.485722; 30.743444
Country Ukraine
Oblast Odesa Oblast
RaionOdesa Raion
First mentioned19 May 1415
Government
 • MayorGennadiy Trukhanov[1] (Truth and Deeds[2])
Area
 • Total162.42 km2 (62.71 sq mi)
Elevation
40 m (130 ft)
Highest elevation
65 m (213 ft)
Lowest elevation
−4.2 m (−13.8 ft)
Population
 (2021)
 • Total1,015,826
 • Rank3rd in Ukraine
 • Density6,300/km2 (16,000/sq mi)
Demonym(s)English: Odesan, Odesite, Odessan, Odessite
Ukrainian: одесит, одеситка
Russian: одессит, одесситка
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal codes
65000–65480
Area code+380 48
Websitewww.omr.gov.ua/en/
1Metropolitan area population as of 2001

In classical antiquity a large Greek settlement existed at its location. The first chronicle mention of the Slavic settlement-port of Kotsiubijiv, which was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, dates back to 1415, when a ship was sent from here to Constantinople by sea.[4][5] After a period of Lithuanian Grand Duchy control, the port and its surroundings became part of the domain of the Ottomans in 1529, under the name Hacibey, and remained there until the empire's defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1792.

In 1794, the modern city of Odesa was founded by a decree of the Russian empress Catherine the Great. From 1819 to 1858, Odesa was a free port. During the Soviet period, it was an important trading port and a naval base.

During the 19th century, Odesa was the fourth largest city of the Russian Empire, after Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Warsaw.[6] Its historical architecture is more Mediterranean than Russian, having been heavily influenced by French and Italian styles. Some buildings are built in a mixture of different styles, including Art Nouveau, Renaissance and Classicist.[7]

Odesa is a warm-water port. The city of Odesa hosts both the Port of Odesa and Port Pivdennyi, a significant oil terminal situated in the city's suburbs. Another notable port, Chornomorsk, is located in the same oblast, to the south-west of Odesa. Together they represent a major transport hub integrating with railways. Odesa's oil and chemical processing facilities are connected to the Russian and other European networks by strategic pipelines. In 2000, the Quarantine Pier at Odesa Commercial Sea Port was declared a free port and free economic zone for a period of 25 years.

Name

 
Soldier reading the announcement of Opera House in Odesa during the Romanian occupation in 1942. The name of the city in Romanian is spelled as Odesa with one letter 's'.

Odesa is sometimes called the "Pearl by the Sea",[9] the "Southern Capital",[10] "Odesa-mama" and "The Humour Capital", as well as "Southern Palmyra".[11]

In 1795 the city was named Odessa in accordance with the Greek Plan of Catherine the Great. Catherine's Secretary of State Adrian Gribovsky claimed in his memoirs that the name was his suggestion. Some expressed doubts about this claim, while others noted the reputation of Gribovsky as an honest and modest man.[12] Odesa is located between the ancient Greek cities of Tyras and Olbia[13] and it was named as a feminine form for the ancient Greek city of Odessos (Ancient Greek: Ὀδησσός). This refers to the second ancient Odessos, founded between the end of the 5th and beginning of the 4th centuries BC (the first one, identified with modern Varna in Bulgaria, is the older of the two, founded c. 610 BC). The exact location of this ancient Odessos is unknown, but modern efforts have attempted to localize it 40 km northeast of Odesa, near the village of Koshary [uk], Odesa Oblast.[14], near the Tylihul Estuary.[15]

"Odessa", a transliteration of the name in Russian, is the traditional English spelling of the city's name still used in the Lexico and Britannica dictionaries (but no longer in Encyclopædia Britannica)[16][17] as the primary name,[18][19] but "Odesa", a transliteration of the name in Ukrainian, increasingly appears in dictionaries as the spelling for the Ukrainian city.[20][21][22] Odesa became the internationally standardized Latin-alphabet transliteration of the Ukrainian name according to the Ukrainian National romanization system (Ukrainian: Одеса), which was adopted for official use by Ukraine's cabinet in 2010, approved by the UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names in 2012[citation needed], and adopted by the BGN/PCGN in 2019.[23][24][25][26] Odessa, meanwhile, is the literal transliteration of the city's Russian name (Russian: Одесса), which was historically favoured until Ukraine's independence (similarly to the spelling of "Kyiv" versus "Kiev").

As noted by the Christian Science Monitor, many in the English-language media outlets historically spelled the city "Odessa", even after changing the spelling of "Kiev" to "Kyiv", but most outlets, since the beginning of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been shifting away from Russian transliterations.[27][28]

History

See also: Timeline of Odesa

Early history

 
The remains of an ancient Greek settlement (under the glass roof) on Primorsky Boulevard in Odesa[29]

Odesa was the site of a large Greek settlement no later than the middle of the 6th century BC (a necropolis from the 5th–3rd centuries BC has long been known in this area). Some scholars believe it to have been a trade settlement established by the Greek city of Histria. Whether the Bay of Odesa is the ancient "Port of the Histrians" cannot yet be considered a settled question based on the available evidence.[30] Archaeological artifacts confirm extensive links between the Odesa area and the eastern Mediterranean.

In the Middle Ages successive rulers of the Odesa region included various nomadic tribes (Petchenegs, Cumans), the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Ottoman Empire. Yedisan Crimean Tatars traded there in the 14th century.

Since the middle of the 13th century the city's territory belonged to the Golden Horde domain.[31] On Italian navigational maps of 14th century on the place of Odesa is indicated the castle of Ginestra, at the time the center of a colony of the Republic of Genoa (more Gazaria).[31] At times when the Northern Black Sea littoral was controlled by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, there existed a settlement of Kotsibijiv (Khadjibey) which was first mentioned in 1415 in Polish chronicles by Jan Długosz — a ship with grain was shipped from Kotsiubijiv to Constantinople.[32][31] By the middle of 15th century the settlement was depopulated.[31]

During the reign of Khan Hacı I Giray of Crimea (1441–1466), the Khanate was endangered by the Golden Horde and the Ottoman Turks and, in search of allies, the khan agreed to cede the area to Lithuania. The site of present-day Odesa was then a fortress known as Khadjibey (named for Hacı I Giray, and also spelled Kocibey in English, Hacıbey or Hocabey in Turkish, and Hacıbey in Crimean Tatar).

Ottoman conquest

Khadjibey came under direct control of the Ottoman Empire after 1529.[31] In the mid-18th century, the Ottomans rebuilt the fortress at Khadjibey (also was known Hocabey), which was named Yeni Dünya[31] (literally "New World").

Russian conquest of Sanjak of Özi (Ochakiv Oblast)

A series of wars between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, as well as the demise of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, allowed Russia to start to fully exploit the ancient Black Sea trade across the coastal area through the steppe across southern and eastern Ukraine, into the hinterland of East Central Europe. Stable commercial activity in this region in practice in the past required both security through the overland routes, and knowledge of where products could go overseas. In antiquity, various Greek colonies had taken this role, followed by the Varangians who established Kievan Rus' in the 9th century, as well as various Italian colonies after the Mongol invasion of Europe.[15]: 1-3  Under Catherine the Great, Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, Russia gained the lands where Mariupol, Kherson, and Mykolaiv would be founded, however, they all were handicapped in various ways relative to how much commercial interest there was. For example, the latter two cities were situated in lowlands near marshes, which provided for poor sanitary conditions in the technology available at that time. [15]: 5 

 
A map of Odesa in 1794
 
A map of Odesa in 1814
See also: Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)

The sleepy fishing village of Odesa had witnessed a sea-change in its fortunes when the wealthy magnate and future Voivode of Kiev (1791), Antoni Protazy Potocki, established trade routes through the port for the Polish Black Sea Trading Company and set up the infrastructure in the 1780s.[33]

During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787–1792,[31] on 25 September 1789, a detachment of Russian forces, including Zaporozhian Cossacks under Alexander Suvorov and Ivan Gudovich, took Khadjibey and Yeni Dünya for the Russian Empire. One section of the troops came under command of a Spaniard in Russian service, Irishman Major General José de Ribas (known in Russia as Osip Mikhailovich Deribas); today, the main street in Odesa, Deribasivska Street, is named after him.

Russia formally gained possession of the Sanjak of Özi (Ochakiv Oblast)[34] as a result of the Treaty of Jassy (Iaşi)[31] in 1792 and it became a part of Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty. The Russian Empire took full control of Crimea, as well as land between the Southern Bug and the Dniester, including the Khadzhibey Estuary where the Turkish fortress of Khadjibey was located. The newly acquired Ochakov Oblast was promised to the Cossacks by the Russian government for resettlement.[35] On permission of the Archbishop of Yekaterinoslav Amvrosiy, the Black Sea Kosh Host, that was located around the area between Bender and Ochakiv, built second after Sucleia wooden church of Saint Nicholas.[36][clarification needed]

By the Highest[clarification needed] rescript of 17 June 1792 addressed to General Kakhovsky it was ordered to establish the Dniester Border Line of fortresses.[36] The commander of the land forces in Ochakiv Oblast was appointed Graf (Count) Suvorov-Rymnikskiy.[36] The main fortress was built near Sucleia at the mouth of river Botna as the Head Dniester Fortress by Engineer-Major de Wollant.[36] Near the new fortress saw the formation of a new "Vorstadt" (suburb) where people moved from Sucleia and Parkan.[36] With the establishment of the Voznesensk Governorate on 27 January 1795, the Vorstadt was named Tiraspol.[36]

The Flemish engineer working for the Russian Empress Catherine the Great, José de Ribas's collaborator Franz de Voland recommended the area of Khadjibey fortress as the site for the region's basic port: it had an ice-free harbor, breakwaters could be cheaply constructed that would render the harbor safe and it would have the capacity to accommodate large fleets. The Namestnik of Yekaterinoslav and Voznesensk, Platon Zubov (one of Catherine's favorites), supported this proposal. In 1794 Catherine issued a Rescript to José de Ribas: "Considering favorable Khadjibey location... I order to establish here a navy harbor and trading pierce..." and invested the first money (26.000 rubles) in construction. Franz de Voland drew up a plan that would end up being the city's plan.[15]: 7 

 
Ivan Martos's statue of the Duc de Richelieu in Odesa

However, adjacent to the new official locality, a Moldavian colony already existed, which by the end of the 18th century was an independent settlement named Moldavanka. Some local historians consider that the settlement predates Odesa by about thirty years and assert that the locality was founded by Moldavians who came to build the fortress of Yeni Dunia for the Ottomans and eventually settled in the area in the late 1760s, right next to the settlement of Khadjibey, on what later became the Primorsky Boulevard. Another version posits that the settlement appeared after Odesa itself was founded, as a settlement of Moldavians, Greeks, and Albanians fleeing the Ottoman yoke.[37]

Under Paul I of Russia, construction of Odesa was stopped, Franz de Voland was removed from the project, and José de Ribas was implicated in a plot to assassinate the Emperor. After Paul's assassination in 1801, the city resumed construction, and used a plan largely from de Voland's work. It was thus one of the few master planned cities in the Russian Empire. [15]: 13 

Renaming of the settlement and establishment of sea port

In 1795, Khadjibey was officially renamed with the feminine name "Odessa" after a Greek colony of Odessos (Ancient Greek: Ὀδησσός, in Roman times, Odessus) that supposedly was located in the area. The first census that was conducted in Odesa was in 1797 which accounted for 3,455 people.[31] Since 1795, the city had its own city magistrate, and since 1796 a city council of six members and the Odesa Commodity Exchange.[31] In 1801, in Odesa had opened the first commercial bank.[31] In 1803, the city accounted for 9,000 people.[38]

 
In the mid-19th century Odesa became a resort town famed for its popularity among the Russian upper classes. This popularity prompted a new age of investment in the building of hotels and leisure projects.
 
By the early 1900s Odesa had become a large, thriving city, complete with European architecture and electrified urban transport.

In their settlement, also known as Novaya Slobodka, the Moldavians owned relatively small plots on which they built village-style houses and cultivated vineyards and gardens. What became Mykhailovsky Square was the center of this settlement and the site of its first Orthodox church, the Church of the Dormition, built in 1821 close to the seashore, as well as of a cemetery. Nearby stood the military barracks and the country houses (dacha) of the city's wealthy residents, including that of the Duc de Richelieu, appointed by Tzar Alexander I as Governor of Odesa in 1803.[39] Richelieu played a role during Ottoman plague epidemic which hit Odesa in the autumn 1812.[40][41] Dismissive of any attempt to forge a compromise between quarantine requirements and free trade, Prince Kuriakin (the Saint Petersburg-based High Commissioner for Sanitation) countermanded Richelieu's orders.[42]

In the period from 1795 to 1814, the population of Odesa increased 15 times over and reached almost 20 thousand people. The first city plan was designed by the engineer F. Devollan in the late 18th century.[7] Colonists of various ethnicities settled mainly in the area of the former colony, outside of the official boundaries, and as a consequence, in the first third of the 19th century, Moldavanka emerged as the dominant settlement. After planning by the official architects who designed buildings in Odesa's central district, such as the Italians Francesco Carlo Boffo and Giovanni Torricelli, Moldovanka was included in the general city plan, though the original grid-like plan of Moldovankan streets, lanes and squares remained unchanged.[37]

The new city quickly became a major success although initially it received little state funding and privileges.[43] Its early growth owed much to the work of the Duc de Richelieu, who served as the city's governor between 1803 and 1814. Having fled the French Revolution, he had served in Catherine's army against the Turks. He is credited with designing the city and organizing its amenities and infrastructure, and is considered[by whom?] one of the founding fathers of Odesa, together with another Frenchman, Count Andrault de Langeron, who succeeded him in office.

Richelieu is commemorated by a bronze statue, unveiled in 1828 to a design by Ivan Martos. His contributions to the city are mentioned by Mark Twain in his travelogue Innocents Abroad: "I mention this statue and this stairway because they have their story. Richelieu founded Odessa – watched over it with paternal care – labored with a fertile brain and a wise understanding for its best interests – spent his fortune freely to the same end – endowed it with a sound prosperity, and one which will yet make it one of the great cities of the Old World".

In 1819, Odesa became a free port, a status it retained until 1859. Odesa became home to an extremely diverse population of Albanians, Armenians, Azeris, Bulgarians, Crimean Tatars, Frenchmen, Germans (including Mennonites), Greeks, Italians, Jews, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Turks, Ukrainians, and traders representing many other nationalities (hence numerous "ethnic" names on the city's map, for example Frantsuzky (French) and Italiansky (Italian) Boulevards, Grecheskaya (Greek), Yevreyskaya (Jewish), Arnautskaya (Albanian) Streets).

The Filiki Eteria, a Greek freemasonry-style society which was to play an important role in the Greek war of independence, was founded in Odesa in 1814 before relocating to Constantinople in 1818. Odesa's cosmopolitan nature was documented by the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, who lived in internal exile in Odesa between 1823 and 1824. In his letters he wrote that Odesa was a city where "the air is filled with all Europe, French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read".

Odesa's growth was interrupted by the Crimean War of 1853–1856, during which it was bombarded by British and Imperial French naval forces.[44] It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odesa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866, the city was linked by rail with Kyiv and Kharkiv as well as with Iaşi in Romania.

 
The 142-metre-long Potemkin Stairs (constructed 1837–1841), which were famously featured in the 1925 film Battleship Potemkin

The city became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to comprise some 37% of the population. The community, however, was repeatedly subjected to anti-Semitism and anti-Jewish agitation from almost all Christian segments of the population.[45] Pogroms were carried out in 1821, 1859, 1871, 1881 and 1905. Many Odesan Jews fled abroad after 1882, particularly to the Ottoman region that became Palestine, and the city became an important base of support for Zionism.

Beginnings of revolution

See also: Odessa Governorate
 
Bolshevik troops entering Odesa

In 1905, Odesa was the site of a workers' uprising supported by the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin and the Menshevik's Iskra. Sergei Eisenstein's famous motion picture The Battleship Potemkin commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odesan citizens were murdered on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the "Potemkin Steps"), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of the Duc de Richelieu.[46]

The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the film caused many to visit Odesa to see the site of the "slaughter". The "Odesa Steps" continue to be a tourist attraction in Odesa. The film was made at Odesa's Cinema Factory, one of the oldest cinema studios in the former Soviet Union.[46]

Following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 during Ukrainian-Soviet War, Odesa saw two Bolshevik armed insurgencies, the second of which succeeded in establishing their control over the city; for the following months the city became a center of the Odesa Soviet Republic. After signing of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty all Bolshevik forces were driven out by 13 March 1918 by the combined armed forces of the Austro-Hungarian Army, providing support to the Ukrainian People's Republic.[46]

With the end of the World War I and withdrawal of armies of Central Powers, the Soviet forces fought for control over the country with the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. A few months later the city was occupied by the French Army and the Greek Army that supported the Russian White Army in its struggle with the Bolsheviks. The Ukrainian general Nykyfor Hryhoriv who sided with Bolsheviks managed to drive the Triple Entente forces out of the city, but Odesa was soon retaken by the Russian White Army. By 1920 the Soviet Red Army managed to overpower both the Ukrainian and Russian White Army and secure the city.

The people of Odesa suffered badly from a famine that resulted from the Russian Civil War in 1921–1922 due to the Soviet policies of prodrazverstka.

World War II

During World War II, Odesa was attacked by Romanian and German troops in August 1941. The defense of Odesa started on 5 August 1941 and lasted for 73 days. The defense was organized on three lines with emplacements consisting of trenches, anti-tank ditches and pillboxes. The first line was 80 kilometres (50 miles) long and situated some 25 to 30 kilometres (16 to 19 miles) from the city. The second and main line of defense was situated 6 to 8 kilometres (3.7 to 5.0 miles) from the city and was about 30 kilometres (19 miles) long. The third and last line of defense was organized inside the city itself. Lyudmila Pavlichenko, the famous female sniper, took part in the battle for Odesa. Her first two kills were effected near Belyayevka using a Mosin-Nagant bolt-action rifle with a P.E. 4-power scope. She recorded 187 confirmed kills during the defense of Odesa. Pavlichenko's confirmed kills during World War II totaled 309 (including 36 enemy snipers).

See also: Romania during World War II

The city fell to the Axis on 16 October 1941,[47] and it was henceforth subject to Romanian administration. By that time, the Soviet authorities had been able to evacuate 200,000 people as well as weaponry and industrial equipment.[48] A day later, Odesa was made the capital of Transnistria.[49] Partisan fighting continued, however, in the city's catacombs.

 
A Soviet gun crew in action at Odesa in 1941

Following the siege, and the Axis occupation, approximately 25,000 Odesans were murdered in the outskirts of the city and over 35,000 deported; this came to be known as the Odesa massacre. Most of the atrocities were committed during the first six months of the occupation which officially began on 17 October 1941, when 80% of the 210,000 Jews in the region were killed,[50] compared to Jews in Romania proper where the majority survived.[51] After the Nazi forces began to lose ground on the Eastern Front, the Romanian administration changed its policy, refusing to deport the remaining Jewish population to extermination camps in German occupied Poland, and allowing Jews to work as hired labourers. As a result, despite the events of 1941, the survival of the Jewish population in this area was higher than in other areas of occupied eastern Europe.[50]

A Soviet medal, "For the Defence of Odessa", was established on 22 December 1942. Approximately 38,000 medals were awarded to servicemen of the Soviet Army, Navy, Ministry of Internal Affairs, and civil citizens who took part in the city's defense.[citation needed] It was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded the title of "Hero City" in 1945. (These others were Leningrad, Stalingrad, and Sevastopol).

The city suffered severe damage and sustained many casualties over the course of the war. Many parts of Odesa were damaged during both its siege and recapture on 10 April 1944, when the city was finally liberated by the Red Army. Some of the Odesans had a more favourable view of the Romanian occupation, in contrast with the Soviet official view that the period was exclusively a time of hardship, deprivation, oppression and suffering – claims embodied in public monuments and disseminated through the media to this day.[52] Subsequent Soviet policies imprisoned and executed numerous Odesans (and deported most of the German population) on account of collaboration with the occupiers.[53]

  •  

    Postage stamp of the USSR 1965 “Hero-City Odessa 1941-1945”

  •  

    Obverse of the Soviet campaign medal "For the Defence of Odessa"

  •  

    Reverse of the Soviet campaign medal "For the Defence of Odessa"; inscription reads “For our Soviet homeland”

  •  

    Certificate "For taking part in the heroic defense of Odessa" Logvinov Petr Leontievich was awarded the Medal for the Defense of Odesa.

Postwar Soviet period

 
Ships at anchor in Odesa – the USSR's largest port, 1960

During the 1960s and 1970s, the city grew. Nevertheless, the majority of Odesa's Jews emigrated to Israel, the United States and other Western countries between the 1970s and 1990s.[citation needed] Many ended up in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Brighton Beach, sometimes known as "Little Odesa". Domestic migration of the Odesan middle and upper classes to Moscow and Leningrad, cities that offered even greater opportunities for career advancement, also occurred on a large scale. Despite this, the city grew rapidly by filling the void of those left with new migrants from rural Ukraine and industrial professionals invited from all over the Soviet Union.

 
The city is currently undergoing a phase of widespread urban restoration: Russov House in 2020

As a part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the city preserved and somewhat reinforced its unique cosmopolitan mix of Russian/Ukrainian/Jewish culture and a predominantly Russophone environment with the uniquely accented dialect of Russian spoken in the city. The city's unique identity has been formed largely thanks to its varied demography; all the city's communities have influenced aspects of Odesan life in some way or form.

Independence of Ukraine

In the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum 85.38% of Odessa Oblast voted for independence.[54]

Odesa is a city of more than 1 million people. The city's industries include shipbuilding, oil refining, chemicals, metalworking, and food processing. Odesa is also a Ukrainian naval base and home to a fishing fleet. It is known for its large outdoor market – the Seventh-Kilometer Market, the largest of its kind in Europe.

Odesa was a contender for hosting Euro 2012 football matches in, but lost the competition to other cities in Ukraine.[55]

The city saw violence in the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine during the 2014 Odesa clashes. The 2 May 2014 Odesa clashes between pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian protestors killed 42 people. Four were killed during the protests, and at least 32 trade unionists were killed after a trade union building was set on fire after Molotov cocktails exchange between sides.[56][57] Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found no support for joining Russia.[58]

Odesa was struck by three bomb blasts in December 2014, one of which killed one person (the injuries sustained by the victim indicated that he had dealt with explosives).[59][60] Internal Affairs Ministry advisor Zorian Shkiryak said on 25 December that Odesa and Kharkiv had become "cities which are being used to escalate tensions" in Ukraine. Shkiryak said that he suspected that these cities were singled out because of their "geographic position".[59] On 5 January 2015 the city's Euromaidan Coordination Center and a cargo train car were (non-lethally) bombed.[61]

In the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the city faced some Russian attack, though as of March 21 it had not yet been the site of large-scale ground combat.[62] On April 23, 2022, Russian troops bombarded Odesa with cruise missiles. They destroyed both the city's military infrastructure and residential buildings, killing eight people (including a three-month-old baby) and wounding another eighteen people.[63][64] In addition, the Russians destroyed more than 1,000 m2 of the territory of the cemetery.[65] The city suffered further aerial attacks on regional infrastructure facilities in October 2022, cutting off power to 10,500 households and injuring three people.[66]

Geography

Location

 
The Vorontsov Lighthouse in the Gulf of Odesa. The city is located on the Black Sea.

Odesa is situated (46°28′N 30°44′E / 46.467°N 30.733°E / 46.467; 30.733) on terraced hills overlooking a small harbor on the Black Sea in the Gulf of Odesa, approximately 31 km (19 mi) north of the estuary of the Dniester river and some 443 km (275 mi) south of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv. The average elevation at which the city is located is around 50 metres (160 feet). The maximum is 65 metres (213 feet) and minimum (on the coast) amounts to 4.2 metres (13.8 feet) above sea level. The city currently covers a territory of 162.42 km2 (63 sq mi).[67]

The population density for which is around 6,139 persons/km2. Sources of running water in the city include the Dniester River, from which water is taken and then purified at a processing plant just outside the city. Being located in the south of Ukraine, the topography of the area surrounding the city is typically flat and there are no large mountains or hills for many kilometres around. Flora is of the deciduous variety and Odesa is known for its tree-lined avenues which, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, made the city a favourite year-round retreat for the Russian aristocracy.[citation needed]

The city's location on the coast of the Black Sea has also helped to create a booming tourist industry in Odesa.[citation needed] The city's Arkadia beach has long been a favourite place for relaxation, both for the city's inhabitants and its visitors.[citation needed] This is a large sandy beach which is located to the south of the city centre. Odesa's many sandy beaches are considered to be quite unique in Ukraine,[citation needed] as the country's southern coast (particularly in the Crimea) tends to be a location in which the formation of stoney and pebble beaches has proliferated.

The coastal cliffs adjacent to the city are home to frequent landslides, resulting in a typical change of landscape along the Black Sea. Due to the fluctuating slopes of land, city planners are responsible for monitoring the stability of such areas, and for preserving potentially threatened building and other structures of the city above sea level near water.[68] Also a potential danger to the infrastructure and architecture of the city is the presence of multiple openings underground. These cavities can cause buildings to collapse, resulting in a loss of money and business.[citation needed] Due to the effects of climate and weather on sedimentary rocks beneath the city, the result is instability under some buildings' foundations.

 
A panoramic view of central Odesa, as seen from the Black Sea

Climate

Odesa has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa, using the 0 °C [32 °F] isotherm), bordering a cold semi-arid (BSk) as well as a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). This has, over the past few centuries, aided the city greatly in creating conditions necessary for the development of summer tourism. During the tsarist era, Odesa's climate was considered to be beneficial for the body, and thus many wealthy but sickly persons were sent to the city in order to relax and recuperate. This resulted in the development of spa culture and the establishment of a number of luxury hotels in the city. The average annual temperature of the sea is 13–14 °C (55–57 °F). Seasonal sea temperatures range from an average of 6 °C (43 °F) from January to March, to 23 °C (73 °F) in August. Typically, for a total of 4 months – from June to September – the average sea temperature in the Gulf of Odesa and the city's bay area exceeds 20 °C (68 °F).[69]

The city typically experiences dry, cold winters, which are relatively mild when compared to most of Ukraine, as they're marked by temperatures which rarely fall below −10 °C (14 °F). Summers see an increased level of precipitation, and the city often experiences warm weather with temperatures often reaching into the high 20s and low 30s C. Snow cover is often light or moderate, due to its location on the northern coast of the Black Sea, and municipal services rarely experience the problems that can often be found in other, more northern, Ukrainian cities. The city hardly ever faces the phenomenon of sea-freezing.

Climate data for Odesa (1991–2020, extremes 1894–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.1
(59.2) 		19.2
(66.6) 		24.1
(75.4) 		29.4
(84.9) 		33.3
(91.9) 		37.2
(99.0) 		39.3
(102.7) 		38.0
(100.4) 		35.4
(95.7) 		30.5
(86.9) 		26.0
(78.8) 		16.9
(62.4) 		39.3
(102.7)
Average high °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1) 		3.4
(38.1) 		7.7
(45.9) 		13.6
(56.5) 		20.3
(68.5) 		25.1
(77.2) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.7
(81.9) 		21.8
(71.2) 		15.3
(59.5) 		9.1
(48.4) 		4.2
(39.6) 		14.9
(58.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.4
(31.3) 		0.4
(32.7) 		4.3
(39.7) 		10.0
(50.0) 		16.2
(61.2) 		20.8
(69.4) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.1
(73.6) 		17.8
(64.0) 		12.0
(53.6) 		6.3
(43.3) 		1.5
(34.7) 		11.3
(52.3)
Average low °C (°F) −2.7
(27.1) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.9
(44.4) 		12.6
(54.7) 		16.9
(62.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		18.5
(65.3) 		14.0
(57.2) 		8.9
(48.0) 		3.9
(39.0) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		8.1
(46.6)
Record low °C (°F) −26.2
(−15.2) 		−28.0
(−18.4) 		−16.0
(3.2) 		−5.9
(21.4) 		0.3
(32.5) 		5.2
(41.4) 		7.5
(45.5) 		7.9
(46.2) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−14.6
(5.7) 		−19.6
(−3.3) 		−28.0
(−18.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 43
(1.7) 		35
(1.4) 		35
(1.4) 		28
(1.1) 		39
(1.5) 		47
(1.9) 		45
(1.8) 		40
(1.6) 		44
(1.7) 		37
(1.5) 		39
(1.5) 		38
(1.5) 		470
(18.5)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 2
(0.8) 		2
(0.8) 		1
(0.4) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1
(0.4) 		2
(0.8)
Average rainy days 9 7 10 11 12 13 10 8 9 10 13 10 122
Average snowy days 11 10 6 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 4 9 41
Average relative humidity (%) 82.5 80.7 78.4 74.5 71.0 70.6 66.0 65.4 71.8 77.1 81.9 83.6 75.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 63.2 91.6 142.2 199.5 292.5 307.5 332.9 313.1 234.6 164.7 73.0 57.4 2,272.2
Source 1: Pogoda.ru[70]
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (humidity and sun 1981–2010)[71]

Demographics

The peculiarity of the ethnic composition of the population of Odesa region is its multinationality. In the 2001 census, Ukrainians made up 62 percent of the Odesa region's inhabitants, Russian 29 percent, Bulgarians 6.1 percent, Moldovans 5 percent, Gagauz 1.1 percent, Jews 0.6 percent, Belarusians 0.5 percent, Armenians 0.3 percent, Gypsies 0.2 percent, Poles, Germans, Georgians, Azerbaijanis, Tartars, Greeks, Albanians and Arabs each 0.1 percent, and 1.9 percent other nationalities. [72]

Historical population

A 2015 study by the International Republican Institute found that 68% of Odesa was ethnic Ukrainian, and 25% ethnic Russian.[78]

According to the Seventh Annual Ukrainian Municipal Survey, 96% of the residents of Odesa spoke some Russian at home and 29% spoke some Ukrainian at home (overlap due to bilingually). Ukrainian is gaining in popularity: in 2021, the share of residents speaking some Ukrainian at home has increased almost 5 times from 6% in 2015 to 29% in 2021.[79][78]

Odesa oblast is also home to a number of other nationalities and minority ethnic groups, including Albanians, Armenians, Azeris, Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, Georgians, Greeks, Jews, Poles, Romanians, Turks, among others.[72] Up until the early 1940s the city had a large Jewish population. As the result of mass deportation to extermination camps during the Second World War, the city's Jewish population declined considerably. Since the 1970s, the majority of the remaining Jewish population emigrated to Israel and other countries, shrinking the Jewish community.

Through most of the 19th century and until the mid 20th century, the largest ethnic group in Odesa was Russians, with the second largest ethnic group being Jews.[80]

 
Historic Ethnic and National composition of Odesa

Historical ethnic and national composition

  1. Russians: 198,233 people (49.09%)
  2. Jews: 124,511 people (30.83%)
  3. Ukrainians: 37,925 people (9.39%)
  4. Poles: 17,395 people (4.31%)
  5. Germans: 10,248 people (2.54%)
  6. Greeks: 5,086 people (1.26%)
  7. Tatars: 1,437 people (0.36%)
  8. Armenians: 1,401 people (0.35%)
  9. Belarusians: 1,267 people (0.31%)
  10. French: 1,137 people (0.28%)
  1. Russians: 162,789 people (39.97%)
  2. Jews: 153,243 people (36.69%)
  3. Ukrainians: 73,453 people (17.59%)
  4. Poles: 10,021 people (2.40%)
  5. Germans: 5,522 people (1.32%)
  6. Belarusians: 2,501 people (0.60%)
  7. Armenians: 1,843 people (0.44%)
  8. Greeks: 1,377 people (0.33%)
  9. Bulgarians: 1,186 people (0.28%)
  10. Moldovans: 1,048 people (0.25%)
  1. Jews: 200,961 people (33.26%)
  2. Russians: 186,610 people (30.88%)
  3. Ukrainians: 178,878 people (29.60%)
  4. Poles: 8,829 people (1.46%)
  5. Germans: 8,424 people (1.39%)
  6. Bulgarians: 4,967 people (0.82%)
  7. Moldovans: 2,573 people (0.43%)
  8. Armenians: 2,298 people (0.38%)
  1. Ukrainians: 120,945 people (49.45%)
  2. Russians: 92,584 people (37.85%)
  3. Germans: 8,643 people (3.53%)
  4. Poles: 7,488 people (3.06%)
  5. Bulgarians: 4,928 people (2.01%)
  6. Moldovans: 3,224 people (1.32%)
  7. Tatars: 436 people (0.18%)
  8. Lipovans: 429 people (0.17%)
  1. Ukrainians: 622,900 people (61.6%)
  2. Russians: 292,000 people (29.0%)
  3. Bulgarians: 13,300 people (1.3%)
  4. Jews: 12,400 people (1.2%)
  5. Moldovans: 7,600 people (0.7%)
  6. Belarusians: 6,400 people (0.6%)
  7. Armenians: 4,400 people (0.4%)
  8. Poles: 2,100 people (0.2%)

Government and administrative divisions

 
Odesa City Hall, the seat of the city's municipal authorities

Whilst Odesa is the administrative centre of Odesa Raion and Odesa Oblast, the city is also the main constituent of the Odesa Municipality.

The city of Odesa is governed by a mayor and city council which work cooperatively to ensure the smooth-running of the city and procure its municipal bylaws. The city's budget is also controlled by the administration.

The mayoralty[86] plays the role of the executive in the city's municipal administration. Above all comes the mayor, who is elected, by the city's electorate, for five years in a direct election. 2015 Mayoral election of Odesa Hennadii Trukhanov was reelected in the first round of the election with 52,9% of the vote.[87] Trukhanov was again reelected in the second round of the 2020 Mayoral election of Odesa when 54.28% of the voters voted for him.[1]

There are five deputy mayors, each of which is responsible for a certain particular part of the city's public policy.

 
An old map of Odesa's city centre. North is to the left.

The City Council[88] of the city makes up the administration's legislative branch, thus effectively making it a city 'parliament' or rada. The municipal council is made up of 120 elected members,[89] who are each elected to represent a certain district of the city for a four-year term. The current council is the fifth in the city's modern history, and was elected in January 2011. In the regular meetings of the municipal council, problems facing the city are discussed, and annually the city's budget is drawn up. The council has seventeen standing commissions[90] which play an important role in controlling the finances and trading practices of the city and its merchants.

The territory of Odesa is divided into four administrative raions (districts):

  • Kyivskyi Raion
  • Malynovskyi Raion
  • Prymorskyi Raion
  • Suvorovskyi Raion

In addition, every raion has its own administration, subordinate to the Odesa City council, and with limited responsibilities.

Cityscape

 
A panoramic view of Primorsky Boulevard, at the top of the Potemkin Stairs
Further information: Odesa catacombs

Many of Odesa's buildings have, rather uniquely for a Ukrainian city, been influenced by the Mediterranean style of classical architecture. This is particularly noticeable in buildings built by architects such as the Italian Francesco Boffo, who in early 19th-century built a palace and colonnade for the Governor of Odesa, Prince Mikhail Vorontsov, the Potocki Palace and many other public buildings.

In 1887 one of the city's most well known architectural monuments was completed – the theatre, which still hosts a range of performances to this day; it is widely regarded as one of the world's finest opera houses. The first opera house was opened in 1810 and destroyed by fire in 1873. The modern building was constructed by Fellner and Helmer in neo-baroque; its luxurious hall was built in the rococo style. It is said that thanks to its unique acoustics even a whisper from the stage can be heard in any part of the hall. The theatre was projected along the lines of Dresden's Semperoper built in 1878, with its nontraditional foyer following the curvatures of the auditorium; the building's most recent renovation was completed in 2007.[91]

Odesa's most iconic symbol, the Potemkin Stairs, is a vast staircase that conjures an illusion so that those at the top only see a series of large steps, while at the bottom all the steps appear to merge into one pyramid-shaped mass. The original 200 steps (now reduced to 192) were designed by Italian architect Francesco Boffo and built between 1837 and 1841. The steps were made famous by Sergei Eisenstein in his film, Battleship Potemkin.

Most of the city's 19th-century houses were built of limestone mined nearby. Abandoned mines were later used and broadened by local smugglers. This created a gigantic complicated labyrinth of tunnels beneath Odesa, known as the Odesa catacombs. During World War II, the catacombs served as a hiding place for partisans and natural shelter for civilians, who were escaping air plane bombing.

Derybasivska Street, an attractive pedestrian avenue named after José de Ribas, the Spanish-born founder of Odesa and decorated Russian Navy Admiral from the Russo-Turkish War, is famous by its unique character and architecture.[citation needed] During the summer it is common to find large crowds of people leisurely sitting and talking on the outdoor terraces of numerous cafés, bars and restaurants, or simply enjoying a walk along the cobblestone street, which is not open to vehicular traffic and is kept shaded by the linden trees which line its route.[92] A similar streetscape can also be found in that of Primorsky Bulvar, a grand thoroughfare which runs along the edge of the plateau upon which the city is situated, and where many of the city's most imposing buildings are to be found.

As one of the biggest on the Black Sea, Odesa's port is busy all year round. The Odesa Sea Port is located on an artificial stretch of Black Sea coast, along with the north-western part of the Gulf of Odesa. The total shoreline length of Odesa's sea port is around 7.23 kilometres (4.49 mi). The port, which includes an oil refinery, container handling facility, passenger area and numerous areas for handling dry cargo, is lucky in that its work does not depend on seasonal weather; the harbour itself is defended from the elements by breakwaters. The port is able to handle up to 14 million tons of cargo and about 24 million tons of oil products annually, whilst its passenger terminals can cater for around 4 million passengers a year at full capacity.[93]

In late 2022 one of the city's former central landmarks, the monument to the founders of Odesa with its statue of Catherine the Great, was dismantled and temporarily moved to the Odesa Fine Arts Museum.[94]

Parks and gardens

 
A park at Primorskiy prospekt in Odesa

There are a number of public parks and gardens in Odesa, among these are the Preobrazhensky, Gorky and Victory parks, the latter of which is an arboretum. The city is also home to a university botanical garden, which recently celebrated its 200th anniversary, and a number of other smaller gardens.

The City Garden, or Gorodskoy Sad, is perhaps the most famous of Odesa's gardens. Laid out in 1803 by Felix De Ribas (brother of the founder of Odesa, José de Ribas) on a plot of urban land he owned, the garden is located right in the heart of the city. When Felix decided that he was no longer able to provide enough money for the garden's upkeep, he decided to present it to the people of Odesa in 1806.[95]

The garden is home to a bandstand and is the traditional location for outdoor theater in the summertime. Numerous sculptures can also be found within the grounds as well as a musical fountain, the waters of which are computer controlled to coordinate with the musical melody being played.

Odesa's largest park, Shevchenko Park (previously Alexander Park), was founded in 1875, during a visit to the city by Emperor Alexander II. The park covers an area of around 700 by 900 metres (2,300 by 3,000 feet) and is located near the centre of the city, on the side closest to the sea. Within the park there are a variety of cultural and entertainment facilities, and wide pedestrian avenues.

In the center of the park is the local top-flight football team's Chornomorets Stadium, the Alexander Column and municipal observatory. The Baryatinsky Bulvar is popular for its route, which starts at the park's gate before winding its way along the edge of the coastal plateau. There are a number of monuments and memorials in the park, one of which is dedicated to the park's namesake, the Ukrainian national poet Taras Shevchenko.

Education

 
The Odesa National Scientific Library is a major research library and the centre for studies in southern Ukraine

Odesa is home to several universities and other institutions of higher education. The city's best-known and most prestigious university is the Odesa 'I.I. Mechnykov' National University. This university is the oldest in the city and was first founded by an edict of Tsar Alexander II of Russia in 1865 as the Imperial Novorossian University. Since then the university has developed to become one of modern Ukraine's leading research and teaching universities, with staff of around 1,800 and total of thirteen academic faculties. Other than the National University, the city is also home to the 1921-inaugurated Odesa National Economic University, the Odesa National Medical University (founded 1900), the 1918-founded Odesa National Polytechnic University.

In addition to these universities, the city is home to the National University "Odesa Law Academy", the National Academy of Telecommunications, the Odesa State Environmental University and the Odesa National Maritime Academy. The last of these institutions is a highly specialised and prestigious establishment for the preparation and training of merchant mariners which sees around 1,000 newly qualified officer cadets graduate each year and take up employment in the merchant marines of numerous countries around the world. The South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University is also based in the city, this is one of the largest institutions for the preparation of educational specialists in Ukraine and is recognised as one of the country's finest of such universities.[citation needed]

In addition to all the state-run universities mentioned above, Odesa is also home to many private educational institutes and academies which offer highly specified courses in a range of different subjects.

With regard to primary and secondary education, Odesa has many schools catering for all ages from kindergarten through to lyceum (final secondary school level) age. Most of these schools are state-owned and operated, and all schools have to be state-accredited in order to teach children.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Odesa

Museums, art and music

 
The Odesa Archaeological Museum was designed in the Neoclassical style just like many other landmarks of the city.

Fine Arts museum is the biggest art gallery in the city, which collection includes canvas mostly of Russian painters from 17th-21st centuries, icon collection and modern art. The Odesa Museum of Western and Eastern Art is big art museum; it has large European collections from the 16–20th centuries along with the art from the East on display. There are paintings from Caravaggio, Mignard, Hals, Teniers and Del Piombo.[96]

Of note is Odesa's Alexander Pushkin Museum, which is dedicated to detailing the short time Pushkin spent in exile in Odesa, a period during which he continued to write.[97] The poet also has a city street named after him, as well as a statue.[96] Other museums in the city include the Odesa Archeological Museum, which is housed in a neoclassical building, the Odesa Numismatics Museum, the Odesa Museum of the Regional History, Museum of Heroic Defense of Odesa (411th Battery).

Among the city's public sculptures, two sets of Medici lions can be noted, at the Vorontsov Palace[98] as well as the Starosinnyi Garden.[99]

 
The Pushkin Monument, Odesa, 1889, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC

Jacob Adler, the major star of the Yiddish theatre in New York and father of the actor, director and teacher Stella Adler, was born and spent his youth in Odesa. The most popular Russian show business people from Odesa are Yakov Smirnoff (comedian), Mikhail Zhvanetsky (legendary humorist writer, who began his career as a port engineer) and Roman Kartsev (comedian). Zhvanetsky's and Kartsev's success in the 1970s, along with Odesa's KVN team, contributed to Odesa's established status as "capital of Soviet humor", culminating in the annual Humoryna festival, carried out around the beginning of April.

Odesa was also the home of the late Armenian painter Sarkis Ordyan (1918–2003), the Ukrainian painter Mickola Vorokhta and the Greek philologist, author and promoter of Demotic Greek Ioannis Psycharis (1854–1929). Yuri Siritsov, bass player of the Israeli Metal band PallaneX is originally from Odesa. Igor Glazer Production Manager Baruch Agadati (1895–1976), the Israeli classical ballet dancer, choreographer, painter, and film producer and director grew up in Odesa, as did Israeli artist and author Nachum Gutman (1898–1980). Israeli painter Avigdor Stematsky (1908–89) was born in Odesa.

 
The main hall of the Odesa Philharmonic Society's theatre

Odesa produced one of the founders of the Soviet violin school, Pyotr Stolyarsky. It has also produced many musicians, including the violinists Nathan Milstein, David Oistrakh and Igor Oistrakh, Boris Goldstein, Zakhar Bron and pianists Sviatoslav Richter, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Vladimir de Pachmann, Shura Cherkassky, Emil Gilels, Maria Grinberg, Simon Barere, Leo Podolsky and Yakov Zak. (Note: Richter studied in Odesa but was not born there.)

The Odesa International Film Festival is also held in this city annually since 2010.

Literature

 
The School of Stolyarsky, founded in 1933, has long been recognised as a centre of musical excellence.

Poet Anna Akhmatova was born in Bolshoy Fontan near Odesa,[100] however her further work was not connected with the city and its literary tradition. Odesa has produced many writers, including Isaac Babel, whose series of short stories, Odessa Tales, are set in the city. Other Odesans are the duo Ilf and Petrov—authors of The Twelve Chairs, and Yuri Olesha, author of "The Three Fat Men". Vera Inber, a poet and writer, as well as the poet and journalist Margarita Aliger, were both born in Odesa. The Italian writer, Slavist and anti-fascist dissident Leone Ginzburg was born in Odesa into a Jewish family, and then went to Italy where he grew up and lived.

One of the most prominent pre-war Soviet writers, Valentin Kataev, was born here and began his writing career as early as high school (gymnasia). Before moving to Moscow in 1922, he made quite a few acquaintances here, including Yury Olesha and Ilya Ilf (Ilf's co-author Petrov was in fact Kataev's brother, Petrov being his pen-name). Kataev became a benefactor for these young authors, who would become some of the most talented and popular Russian writers of this period. In 1955 Kataev became the first chief editor of the Youth (Russian: Юность, Yunost'), one of the leading literature magazines of the Ottepel of the 1950s and 1960s.[citation needed]

These authors and comedians played a great role in establishing the "Odesa myth" in the Soviet Union. Odesans were and are viewed in the ethnic stereotype as sharp-witted, street-wise and eternally optimistic.[citation needed] These qualities are reflected in the "Odesa dialect", which borrows chiefly from the characteristic speech of the Odesan Jews, and is enriched by a plethora of influences common for the port city.[101]

The "Odessite speech" became a staple of the "Soviet Jew" depicted in a multitude of jokes and comedy acts, in which a Jewish adherent served as a wise and subtle dissenter and opportunist, always pursuing his own well-being, but unwittingly pointing out the flaws and absurdities of the Soviet regime. The Odesan Jew in the jokes always "came out clean" and was, in the end, a lovable character – unlike some of other jocular nation stereotypes such as The Chukcha, The Ukrainian, The Estonian or The American.[101]

Resorts and health care

 
An aerial image of Beach Chayka
 
Beaches of Arcadia

Odesa is a popular tourist destination, with many therapeutic resorts in and around the city. The city's Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases & Tissue Therapy is one of the world's leading ophthalmology clinics.

Celebrations and holidays

 
Ukrainian Navy Honour Guards during the Navy Day celebrations in Odesa in 2016
Further information: Humorina

April Fools' Day, held annually on 1 April, is one of the most celebrated festivals in the city. Practical joking is a central theme throughout, and Odesans dress in unique, colorful attire to express their spontaneous and comedic selves. The tradition has been celebrated since the early 1970s, when the humor of Ukraine's citizens were drawn to television and the media, further developing into a mass festival. Large amounts of money are made from the festivities, supporting Odesa's local entertainers and shops.[102]

Notable Odesans

Pyotr Schmidt (1867–1906) (better known as "Lieutenant Schmidt"), one of the leaders of the Sevastopol uprising, was born in Odesa.

Ze'ev Jabotinsky (1880–1940), was born in Odesa, and largely developed his version of Zionism there in the early 1920s.[103] A Marshal of the Soviet Union, Rodion Malinovsky (1898–1967), a military commander in World War II and Defense Minister of the Soviet Union, was born in Odesa, whilst renowned Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal (1908–2005) lived in the city in 1934/1935.

Sidney Reilly (ca.1873–1925), who was employed by William Melville (1850–1918) as one of the first spies of the British Secret Service Bureau, was a native Odesan. Another intelligence agent from Odesa was Genrikh Lyushkov (1900–1945), who joined the Odesa Cheka in 1920 and reached two-star rank in the NKVD before fleeing to Japanese-occupied Manchuria in 1938 to avoid being murdered.

The composer Jacob Weinberg (1879–1956) was born in Odesa. He composed over 135 works and was the founder of the Jewish National Conservatory in Jerusalem before immigrating to the U.S. where he became "an influential voice in the promotion of American Jewish music".[104]

Valeria Lukyanova (born 1985), a girl from Odesa who looks very similar to a Barbie doll, has received attention on the Internet and from the media for her doll-like appearance.[105]

Mikhail Zhvanetsky (1934–2020), writer, satirist and performer best known for his shows targeting different aspects of the Soviet and post-Soviet everyday life, was born in Odesa.

VitaliV (Vitali Vinogradov) (born 1957), an artist and sculptor based in London since 1989, was born in Odesa.[106]

Kostyantyn Mykolayovych Bocharov (born 1997), better known by his stage name Mélovin is a native of Odesa. He is best known for winning season six of X-Factor Ukraine and for representing Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018, singing the song "Under the Ladder".

Yaakov Dori (1899–1973), the first Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces, and President of the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, was born in Odesa, as was Israel Dostrovsky (1918–2010), Israeli physical chemist who was the fifth president of the Weizmann Institute of Science.

Yuriy Bazhal (born 1950), Ukrainian scientist, professor, academic.[107]

Janka Bryl (1917 – 2006), Belarusian writer, was born in Odesa.[108]

Vladimir de Pachmann (1848–1933) a pianist of Russian-German ethnicity noted for performing the works of Chopin, was from Odesa.[109] Emil Grigoryevich Gilels (1916–1985), widely regarded as one of the greatest pianists of all time, was born in Odesa.

Stasys Pundzevičius (1893–1980), Chief of the Lithuanian Air Force in the interwar Lithuania, was born in Odesa.

Economy

Odesa's economy largely stems from its traditional role as a port city. The nearly ice-free port lies near the mouths of the Dnieper, the Southern Bug, the Dniester and the Danube rivers, which provide good links to the hinterland.[110] During the Soviet period (until 1991) the city functioned as the USSR's largest trading port; it continues in a similar role as independent Ukraine's busiest international port. The port complex contains an oil and gas transfer and storage facility, a cargo-handling area and a large passenger port. In 2007 the Port of Odesa handled 31,368,000 tonnes of cargo.[111][112]

The port of Odesa is one of the Ukrainian Navy's most important bases on the Black Sea. Rail transport is an important sector of the economy in Odesa – largely due to the role it plays in delivering goods and imports to and from the city's port. The Container Terminal Odesa (CTO) in the port is the largest container terminal in Ukraine. It has been operated by the Hamburg-based HHLA Group since 2001 and, in addition to containers, also handles bulk goods, general cargo and project cargo. This means that Odesa is networked with the ports of Hamburg, Muuga and Trieste via the logistics group HHLA.[113][114]

 
Hotel Grand Moscow in Odesa

Industrial enterprises located in and around the city include those dedicated to fuel refinement, machine building, metallurgy, and other types of light industry such as food preparation, timber plants and chemical industry. Agriculture is a relatively important sector in the territories surrounding the city. The Seventh-Kilometer Market is a major commercial complex on the outskirts of the city where private traders now operate one of the largest market complexes in Eastern Europe.[115] The market has roughly 6,000 traders and an estimated 150,000 customers per day.

Daily sales, according to the Ukrainian periodical Dzerkalo Tyzhnia, were believed to be as high as US$20 million in 2004. With a staff of 1,200 (mostly guards and janitors), the market is also the region's largest employer. It is owned by local land and agriculture tycoon Viktor A. Dobrianskyi and three partners of his. Tavria-V is the most popular retail chain in Odesa. Key areas of business include: retail, wholesale, catering, production, construction and development, private label. Consumer recognition is mainly attributed[by whom?] to the high level of service and the quality of services. Tavria-V is the biggest private company and the biggest tax payer.

 
Arkadia Beach in Odesa

Deribasivska Street is one of the city's most important commercial streets, hosting many of the city's boutiques and higher-end shops. In addition to this there are a number of large commercial shopping centres in the city. The 19th-century shopping gallery Passage was, for a long time, the city's most upscale shopping district, and remains to this day an important landmark of Odesa.

The tourism sector is of great importance to Odesa, which is currently[when?] the second most-visited Ukrainian city.[116] In 2003 this sector recorded a total revenue of 189.2 million UAH. Other sectors of the city's economy include the banking sector: the city hosts a branch of the National Bank of Ukraine. Imexbank, one of Ukraine's largest commercial banks, was based in the city, however on May 27, 2015, the Deposit Guarantee Fund of Ukraine made a decision to liquidate the bank.

Foreign business ventures have thrived in the area, as since 1 January 2000, much of the city and its surrounding area has been declared[by whom?] a free economic zone – this has aided the foundation of foreign companies' and corporations' Ukrainian divisions and allowed them to more easily invest in the Ukrainian manufacturing and service sectors. To date a number of Japanese and Chinese companies, as well as a host of European enterprises, have invested in the development of the free economic zone, to this end private investors in the city have invested a great deal of money into the provision of quality office real estate and modern manufacturing facilities such as warehouses and plant complexes.

Odesa also has a well-developed IT industry with large number of IT outsourcing companies and IT product startups. Among most famous startups is Looksery[117] and AI Factory both developed in Odesa and acquired by Snap inc.[118]

  •  

    Odesa's port is Ukraine's busiest. The harbour remains accessible all year round and serves as a vital import/export channel for the Ukrainian economy.

  •  

    The Passage galleries, one of the city's landmarks.

Scientists

A number of scientists have lived and worked in Odesa. They include: Illya Mechnikov (Nobel Prize in Medicine 1908),[119] Igor Tamm (Nobel Prize in Physics 1958), Selman Waksman (Nobel Prize in Medicine 1952), Dmitri Mendeleev, Nikolay Pirogov, Ivan Sechenov, Vladimir Filatov, Nikolay Umov, Leonid Mandelstam, Aleksandr Lyapunov, Mark Krein, Alexander Smakula, Waldemar Haffkine, Valentin Glushko, Israel Dostrovsky, Catherine Chamié, and George Gamow.[120]

Transport

Maritime transport

Further information: UkrFerry and Black Sea Shipping Company
 
Odesa has long been an important Black Sea port

Odesa is a major maritime-transport hub that includes several ports including Port of Odesa, Port of Chornomorsk (ferry, freight), Yuzhne (freight only). The Port of Odesa became a provisional headquarters for the Ukrainian Navy, following the Russian occupation of Crimea in 2014. Before the fall of the Soviet Union, the Port of Odesa harbored the major Soviet cruise line Black Sea Shipping Company.

Passenger ships and ferries connect Odesa with Istanbul, Haifa and Varna, whilst river cruises can occasionally be booked for travel up the Dnieper River to cities such as Kherson, Dnipro and Kyiv.

Roads and automotive transport

 
The M05 Highway links Odesa with the nation's capital, Kyiv. The Odesa junction

The first car in the Russian Empire, a Mercedes-Benz belonging to V. Navrotsky, came to Odesa from France in 1891.[citation needed] He was a popular city publisher of the newspaper Odesskii listok ("Odesa leaf").

Odesa is linked to the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv, by the M05 Highway, a high quality multi-lane road which is set to be re-designated, after further reconstructive works, as an 'Avtomagistral' (motorway) in the near future. Other routes of national significance, passing through Odesa, include the M16 Highway to Moldova, M15 to Izmail and Romania, and the M14 which runs from Odesa, through Mykolaiv and Kherson to Ukraine's eastern border with Russia. The M14 is of particular importance to Odesa's maritime and shipbuilding industries as it links the city with Ukraine's other large deep water port Mariupol which is located in the south east of the country.

Odesa also has a well-developed system of inter-urban municipal roads and minor beltways. However, the city is still lacking an extra-urban bypass for transit traffic which does not wish to proceed through the city centre.

Intercity bus services are available from Odesa to many cities in Russia (Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar, Pyatigorsk), Germany (Berlin, Hamburg and Munich), Greece (Thessaloniki and Athens), Bulgaria (Varna and Sofia) and several cities of Ukraine and Europe.

Railways

 
Odesa Holovna is one of Ukraine's largest railway terminals. Every day trains depart to many national and international destinations.

Odesa is served by a number of railway stations and halts, the largest of which is Odesa Holovna (Main Station). From this station services connect Odesa with Warsaw, Prague, Bratislava, Vienna, Berlin, Moscow, St. Petersburg, the cities of Ukraine and many other cities of the former USSR. The city's first railway station was opened in the 1880s. During the Second World War, the iconic building of the main station, which had long been considered to be one of the Russian Empire's premier stations, was destroyed through enemy action.

In 1952 the station was rebuilt to the designs of A Chuprina. The current station, which is characterised by its many socialist-realist architectural details and grand scale, was renovated by the state railway operator Ukrainian Railways in 2006.[citation needed]

Public transport

 
Share of the Belgian company "Tramways d'Odessa", issued 24 August 1881
 
An Odesa tram on Sofievska Street

In 1881, Odesa became the first city in Imperial Russia to have steam tramway lines, an innovation that came only one year after the establishment of horse tramway services in 1880 operated by the "Tramways d'Odessa", a Belgian owned company.[citation needed] The first metre gauge steam tramway line ran from Railway Station to Great Fontaine and the second one to Hadzhi Bey Liman. These routes were both operated by the same Belgian company. Electric tramway started to operate on 22 August 1907. Trams were imported from Germany.[citation needed]

The city's public transit system is currently made up of trams,[121] trolleybuses, buses and fixed-route taxis (marshrutkas). Odesa also has a cable car to Vidrada Beach,[122] and recreational ferry service. There are two routes of public transport which connect Odesa Airport with the city center: trolley-bus No.14 and marshrutka No.117.[123]

One additional mode of transport in Odesa is the Potemkin Stairs funicular railway, which runs between the city's Primorsky Bulvar and the sea terminal, has been in service since 1902. In 1998, after many years of neglect, the city decided to raise funds for a replacement track and cars. This project was delayed on multiple occasions but was finally completed eight years later in 2005.[124] The funicular has now become as much a part of historic Odesa as the staircase to which it runs parallel.

Air transport

Odesa International Airport, which is located to the south-west of the city centre, is served by a number of airlines. The airport is also often used by citizens of neighbouring countries for whom Odesa is the nearest large city and who can travel visa-free to Ukraine.

Transit flights from the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East to Odesa are offered by Ukraine International Airlines through their hub at Kyiv's Boryspil International Airport.

Sport

See also: Category:Sport in Odesa
 
The Odesa Palace of Sports

The most popular sport in Odesa is football. The main professional football club in the city is FC Chornomorets Odesa, who play in the Ukrainian Premier League. Chornomorets play their home games at the Chornomorets Stadium, an elite-class stadium which has a maximum capacity of 34,164. The second football team in Odesa is FC Odesa.

 
Chornomorets Stadium renovated in preparation to the Euro 2012

Basketball is also a prominent sport in Odesa, with BC Odesa representing the city in the Ukrainian Basketball League, the highest tier basketball league in Ukraine. Odesa will become one of five Ukrainian cities to host the 39th European Basketball Championship in 2015.

Athletes

The cyclist and aviator Sergei Utochkin was one of the most famous natives of Odesa in the years before the Russian Revolution. Chess player Efim Geller was born in the city. Gymnast Tatiana Gutsu (known as "The Painted Bird of Odesa") brought home Ukraine's first Olympic gold medal as an independent nation when she outscored the USA's Shannon Miller in the women's all-around event at 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.

Figure skaters Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov won the 1994 and 1998 Olympic gold medals as well as the 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 World Championships in ice dance. Both were born and raised in the city, though they skated at first for the Soviet Union, in the Unified Team, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and then Russia. Hennadiy Avdyeyenko won a 1988 Olympic gold medal in thehigh jump, setting an Olympic record at 2.38 metres (7.81 feet).

Other notable athletes:

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine

Odesa is twinned with:[126]

Partner cities

Odesa cooperated with:[127]

See also

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Cited sources

  • Richardson, Tanya (2008). Kaleidoscopic Odessa: History and Place in Contemporary Ukraine. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9563-3. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
  • Imperial, Odessa Society of History and Artifacts (1848). Notes of the Imperial Odessa Society of History and Artifacts. Vol.2. Odessa: Odessa City Typography. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  • Yefimenko, Aleksandra (2018). History of Ukraine and its people (История Украйны и ее народа). Litres. ISBN 9785457887299. Retrieved 29 April 2019.

Further reading

See also: Bibliography of the history of Odessa
  • Dallin, Alexander (1998). . Iaşi: Center for Romanian Studies. ISBN 973-98391-1-8. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2009. Complete book available online.
  • Friedberg, Maurice (1991). How Things Were Done in Odessa: Cultural and Intellectual Pursuits in a Soviet City. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-7987-3.
  • Ghervas, Stella (2008). "Odessa et les confins de l'Europe: un éclairage historique". In Ghervas, Stella; Rosset, François (eds.). Lieux d'Europe. Mythes et limites. Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme. ISBN 978-2-7351-1182-4.
  • Ghervas, Stella (2008). Réinventer la tradition. Alexandre Stourdza et l'Europe de la Sainte-Alliance. Paris: Honoré Champion. ISBN 978-2-7453-1669-1.
  • Gubar, Oleg (2004). Odessa: New Monuments, Memorial Plaques, and Buildings. Odessa: Optimum. ISBN 966-8072-86-3.
  • Herlihy, Patricia (1979–1980). (PDF). Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 3 (4): 399–420. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2008.
  • Herlihy, Patricia (1987). Odessa: A History, 1794–1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-916458-15-6. (hardcover), ISBN 0-916458-43-1 (1991 paperback reprint)
  • Herlihy, Patricia (2002). "Commerce and Architecture in Odessa in Late Imperial Russia". Commerce in Russian Urban Culture 1861–1914. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6750-9.
  • Herlihy, Patricia (2003). "Port Jews of Odessa and Trieste: A Tale of Two Cities". Jahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. 2: 182–198. ISBN 3-421-05522-X.
  • Herlihy, Patricia; Gubar, Oleg (2008). "The Persuasive Power of the Odessa Myth". In Czaplicka, John; Gelazis, Nida; Ruble, Blair A. (eds.). Cities after the Fall of Communism: Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity. Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9191-5.
  • Kaufman, Bel; Oleg Gubar; Alexander Rozenboim (2004). Nicholas V. Iljine; Patricia Herlihy (eds.). Odessa Memories. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98345-0.
  • King, Charles (2011). Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-07084-2.
  • Kononova, G. (1984). Odessa: A Guide. Moscow: Raduga Publishers. OCLC 12344892.
  • Makolkin, Anna (2004). A History of Odessa, the Last Italian Black Sea Colony. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-6272-4.
  • Mazis, John Athanasios (2004). The Greeks of Odessa: Diaspora Leadership in Late Imperial Russia. East European Monographs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-88033-545-9.
  • Orbach, Alexander (1997). New Voices of Russian Jewry: A Study of the Russian-Jewish Press of Odessa in the Era of the Great Reforms, 1860–1871. Studies in Judaism in Modern Times, No. 4. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-06175-4.
  • Rothstein, Robert A. (2001). "How It Was Sung in Odessa: At the Intersection of Russian and Yiddish Folk Culture". Slavic Review. 60 (4): 781–801. doi:10.2307/2697495. JSTOR 2697495. S2CID 163549178.
  • Skinner, Frederick W. (1986). "Odessa and the Problem of Urban Modernization". The City in Late Imperial Russia. Indiana–Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31370-8.
  • Sylvester, Roshanna P. (2001). "City of Thieves: Moldavanka, Criminality, and Respectability in Prerevolutionary Odessa". Journal of Urban History. 27 (2): 131–157. doi:10.1177/009614420102700201. PMID 18333319. S2CID 34219426.
  • Tanny, Jarrod (2011). City of Rogues and Schnorrers: Russia's Jews and the Myth of Old Odessa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35646-8. (hardcover); ISBN 978-0-253-22328-9 (paperback)
  • Weinberg, Robert (1992). "The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa: A Case Study". Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-40532-7.
  • Weinberg, Robert (1993). The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps. Indiana–Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-36381-0.
    • Herlihy, Patricia (1994). "Review of The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps by Robert Weinberg". Journal of Social History. 28 (2): 435–437. doi:10.1353/jsh/28.2.435. JSTOR 3788930.
  • Zipperstein, Steven J. (1991) [1986]. The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794–1881. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1251-4. (hardcover), ISBN 0-8047-1962-4 (paperback reprint)

External links

January 07, 2023
odesa, other, uses, disambiguation, odessa, disambiguation, also, spelled, odessa, third, most, populous, city, municipality, ukraine, major, seaport, transport, located, south, west, country, northwestern, shore, black, city, also, administrative, centre, rai. For other uses see Odesa disambiguation and Odessa disambiguation Odesa also spelled Odessa is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south west of the country on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea The city is also the administrative centre of the Odesa Raion and Odesa Oblast as well as a multiethnic cultural centre As of January 2021 Odesa s population was approximately 1 015 826 3 Odesa OdesaOdessaCityCounterclockwise Vorontsov Lighthouse City garden Opera and Ballet Theatre Square de Richelieu Potemkin Stairs Monument to the Duc de RichelieuFlagCoat of armsLogoOdesaLocation in Odesa OblastShow map of Odesa OblastOdesaOdesa Ukraine Show map of UkraineCoordinates 46 29 8 6 N 30 44 36 4 E 46 485722 N 30 743444 E 46 485722 30 743444Country UkraineOblast Odesa OblastRaionOdesa RaionFirst mentioned19 May 1415Government MayorGennadiy Trukhanov 1 Truth and Deeds 2 Area Total162 42 km2 62 71 sq mi Elevation40 m 130 ft Highest elevation65 m 213 ft Lowest elevation 4 2 m 13 8 ft Population 2021 Total1 015 826 Rank3rd in Ukraine Density6 300 km2 16 000 sq mi Demonym s English Odesan Odesite Odessan Odessite Ukrainian odesit odesitka Russian odessit odessitkaTime zoneUTC 2 EET Summer DST UTC 3 EEST Postal codes65000 65480Area code 380 48Websitewww omr gov ua en 1Metropolitan area population as of 2001In classical antiquity a large Greek settlement existed at its location The first chronicle mention of the Slavic settlement port of Kotsiubijiv which was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania dates back to 1415 when a ship was sent from here to Constantinople by sea 4 5 After a period of Lithuanian Grand Duchy control the port and its surroundings became part of the domain of the Ottomans in 1529 under the name Hacibey and remained there until the empire s defeat in the Russo Turkish War of 1792 In 1794 the modern city of Odesa was founded by a decree of the Russian empress Catherine the Great From 1819 to 1858 Odesa was a free port During the Soviet period it was an important trading port and a naval base During the 19th century Odesa was the fourth largest city of the Russian Empire after Moscow Saint Petersburg and Warsaw 6 Its historical architecture is more Mediterranean than Russian having been heavily influenced by French and Italian styles Some buildings are built in a mixture of different styles including Art Nouveau Renaissance and Classicist 7 Odesa is a warm water port The city of Odesa hosts both the Port of Odesa and Port Pivdennyi a significant oil terminal situated in the city s suburbs Another notable port Chornomorsk is located in the same oblast to the south west of Odesa Together they represent a major transport hub integrating with railways Odesa s oil and chemical processing facilities are connected to the Russian and other European networks by strategic pipelines In 2000 the Quarantine Pier at Odesa Commercial Sea Port was declared a free port and free economic zone for a period of 25 years Contents 1 Name 2 History 2 1 Early history 2 2 Ottoman conquest 2 3 Russian conquest of Sanjak of Ozi Ochakiv Oblast 2 4 Renaming of the settlement and establishment of sea port 2 5 Beginnings of revolution 2 6 World War II 2 7 Postwar Soviet period 2 8 Independence of Ukraine 3 Geography 3 1 Location 3 2 Climate 4 Demographics 4 1 Historical population 4 2 Historical ethnic and national composition 5 Government and administrative divisions 6 Cityscape 6 1 Parks and gardens 7 Education 8 Culture 8 1 Museums art and music 8 2 Literature 8 3 Resorts and health care 8 4 Celebrations and holidays 8 5 Notable Odesans 9 Economy 10 Scientists 11 Transport 11 1 Maritime transport 11 2 Roads and automotive transport 11 3 Railways 11 4 Public transport 11 5 Air transport 12 Sport 12 1 Athletes 13 Twin towns sister cities 13 1 Partner cities 14 See also 15 References 16 Cited sources 17 Further reading 18 External linksName Soldier reading the announcement of Opera House in Odesa during the Romanian occupation in 1942 The name of the city in Romanian is spelled as Odesa with one letter s English Odesa or Odessa oʊ ˈ d ɛ s e oh DES e 8 Ukrainian Ode sa romanized Odesa oˈdɛsɐ listen Russian Ode ssa romanized Odessa ɐˈdʲese Yiddish א דעס romanized OdesOdesa is sometimes called the Pearl by the Sea 9 the Southern Capital 10 Odesa mama and The Humour Capital as well as Southern Palmyra 11 In 1795 the city was named Odessa in accordance with the Greek Plan of Catherine the Great Catherine s Secretary of State Adrian Gribovsky claimed in his memoirs that the name was his suggestion Some expressed doubts about this claim while others noted the reputation of Gribovsky as an honest and modest man 12 Odesa is located between the ancient Greek cities of Tyras and Olbia 13 and it was named as a feminine form for the ancient Greek city of Odessos Ancient Greek Ὀdhssos This refers to the second ancient Odessos founded between the end of the 5th and beginning of the 4th centuries BC the first one identified with modern Varna in Bulgaria is the older of the two founded c 610 BC The exact location of this ancient Odessos is unknown but modern efforts have attempted to localize it 40 km northeast of Odesa near the village of Koshary uk Odesa Oblast 14 near the Tylihul Estuary 15 Odessa a transliteration of the name in Russian is the traditional English spelling of the city s name still used in the Lexico and Britannica dictionaries but no longer in Encyclopaedia Britannica 16 17 as the primary name 18 19 but Odesa a transliteration of the name in Ukrainian increasingly appears in dictionaries as the spelling for the Ukrainian city 20 21 22 Odesa became the internationally standardized Latin alphabet transliteration of the Ukrainian name according to the Ukrainian National romanization system Ukrainian Odesa which was adopted for official use by Ukraine s cabinet in 2010 approved by the UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names in 2012 citation needed and adopted by the BGN PCGN in 2019 23 24 25 26 Odessa meanwhile is the literal transliteration of the city s Russian name Russian Odessa which was historically favoured until Ukraine s independence similarly to the spelling of Kyiv versus Kiev As noted by the Christian Science Monitor many in the English language media outlets historically spelled the city Odessa even after changing the spelling of Kiev to Kyiv but most outlets since the beginning of Russia s invasion of Ukraine have been shifting away from Russian transliterations 27 28 HistorySee also Timeline of Odesa Early history The remains of an ancient Greek settlement under the glass roof on Primorsky Boulevard in Odesa 29 Odesa was the site of a large Greek settlement no later than the middle of the 6th century BC a necropolis from the 5th 3rd centuries BC has long been known in this area Some scholars believe it to have been a trade settlement established by the Greek city of Histria Whether the Bay of Odesa is the ancient Port of the Histrians cannot yet be considered a settled question based on the available evidence 30 Archaeological artifacts confirm extensive links between the Odesa area and the eastern Mediterranean In the Middle Ages successive rulers of the Odesa region included various nomadic tribes Petchenegs Cumans the Golden Horde the Crimean Khanate the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Ottoman Empire Yedisan Crimean Tatars traded there in the 14th century Since the middle of the 13th century the city s territory belonged to the Golden Horde domain 31 On Italian navigational maps of 14th century on the place of Odesa is indicated the castle of Ginestra at the time the center of a colony of the Republic of Genoa more Gazaria 31 At times when the Northern Black Sea littoral was controlled by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania there existed a settlement of Kotsibijiv Khadjibey which was first mentioned in 1415 in Polish chronicles by Jan Dlugosz a ship with grain was shipped from Kotsiubijiv to Constantinople 32 31 By the middle of 15th century the settlement was depopulated 31 During the reign of Khan Haci I Giray of Crimea 1441 1466 the Khanate was endangered by the Golden Horde and the Ottoman Turks and in search of allies the khan agreed to cede the area to Lithuania The site of present day Odesa was then a fortress known as Khadjibey named for Haci I Giray and also spelled Kocibey in English Hacibey or Hocabey in Turkish and Hacibey in Crimean Tatar Ottoman conquest Khadjibey came under direct control of the Ottoman Empire after 1529 31 In the mid 18th century the Ottomans rebuilt the fortress at Khadjibey also was known Hocabey which was named Yeni Dunya 31 literally New World Russian conquest of Sanjak of Ozi Ochakiv Oblast A series of wars between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire as well as the demise of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth allowed Russia to start to fully exploit the ancient Black Sea trade across the coastal area through the steppe across southern and eastern Ukraine into the hinterland of East Central Europe Stable commercial activity in this region in practice in the past required both security through the overland routes and knowledge of where products could go overseas In antiquity various Greek colonies had taken this role followed by the Varangians who established Kievan Rus in the 9th century as well as various Italian colonies after the Mongol invasion of Europe 15 1 3 Under Catherine the Great Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca Russia gained the lands where Mariupol Kherson and Mykolaiv would be founded however they all were handicapped in various ways relative to how much commercial interest there was For example the latter two cities were situated in lowlands near marshes which provided for poor sanitary conditions in the technology available at that time 15 5 A map of Odesa in 1794 A map of Odesa in 1814 See also Russo Turkish War 1787 1792 The sleepy fishing village of Odesa had witnessed a sea change in its fortunes when the wealthy magnate and future Voivode of Kiev 1791 Antoni Protazy Potocki established trade routes through the port for the Polish Black Sea Trading Company and set up the infrastructure in the 1780s 33 During the Russian Turkish War of 1787 1792 31 on 25 September 1789 a detachment of Russian forces including Zaporozhian Cossacks under Alexander Suvorov and Ivan Gudovich took Khadjibey and Yeni Dunya for the Russian Empire One section of the troops came under command of a Spaniard in Russian service Irishman Major General Jose de Ribas known in Russia as Osip Mikhailovich Deribas today the main street in Odesa Deribasivska Street is named after him Russia formally gained possession of the Sanjak of Ozi Ochakiv Oblast 34 as a result of the Treaty of Jassy Iasi 31 in 1792 and it became a part of Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty The Russian Empire took full control of Crimea as well as land between the Southern Bug and the Dniester including the Khadzhibey Estuary where the Turkish fortress of Khadjibey was located The newly acquired Ochakov Oblast was promised to the Cossacks by the Russian government for resettlement 35 On permission of the Archbishop of Yekaterinoslav Amvrosiy the Black Sea Kosh Host that was located around the area between Bender and Ochakiv built second after Sucleia wooden church of Saint Nicholas 36 clarification needed By the Highest clarification needed rescript of 17 June 1792 addressed to General Kakhovsky it was ordered to establish the Dniester Border Line of fortresses 36 The commander of the land forces in Ochakiv Oblast was appointed Graf Count Suvorov Rymnikskiy 36 The main fortress was built near Sucleia at the mouth of river Botna as the Head Dniester Fortress by Engineer Major de Wollant 36 Near the new fortress saw the formation of a new Vorstadt suburb where people moved from Sucleia and Parkan 36 With the establishment of the Voznesensk Governorate on 27 January 1795 the Vorstadt was named Tiraspol 36 The Flemish engineer working for the Russian Empress Catherine the Great Jose de Ribas s collaborator Franz de Voland recommended the area of Khadjibey fortress as the site for the region s basic port it had an ice free harbor breakwaters could be cheaply constructed that would render the harbor safe and it would have the capacity to accommodate large fleets The Namestnik of Yekaterinoslav and Voznesensk Platon Zubov one of Catherine s favorites supported this proposal In 1794 Catherine issued a Rescript to Jose de Ribas Considering favorable Khadjibey location I order to establish here a navy harbor and trading pierce and invested the first money 26 000 rubles in construction Franz de Voland drew up a plan that would end up being the city s plan 15 7 Ivan Martos s statue of the Duc de Richelieu in Odesa However adjacent to the new official locality a Moldavian colony already existed which by the end of the 18th century was an independent settlement named Moldavanka Some local historians consider that the settlement predates Odesa by about thirty years and assert that the locality was founded by Moldavians who came to build the fortress of Yeni Dunia for the Ottomans and eventually settled in the area in the late 1760s right next to the settlement of Khadjibey on what later became the Primorsky Boulevard Another version posits that the settlement appeared after Odesa itself was founded as a settlement of Moldavians Greeks and Albanians fleeing the Ottoman yoke 37 Under Paul I of Russia construction of Odesa was stopped Franz de Voland was removed from the project and Jose de Ribas was implicated in a plot to assassinate the Emperor After Paul s assassination in 1801 the city resumed construction and used a plan largely from de Voland s work It was thus one of the few master planned cities in the Russian Empire 15 13 Renaming of the settlement and establishment of sea port In 1795 Khadjibey was officially renamed with the feminine name Odessa after a Greek colony of Odessos Ancient Greek Ὀdhssos in Roman times Odessus that supposedly was located in the area The first census that was conducted in Odesa was in 1797 which accounted for 3 455 people 31 Since 1795 the city had its own city magistrate and since 1796 a city council of six members and the Odesa Commodity Exchange 31 In 1801 in Odesa had opened the first commercial bank 31 In 1803 the city accounted for 9 000 people 38 In the mid 19th century Odesa became a resort town famed for its popularity among the Russian upper classes This popularity prompted a new age of investment in the building of hotels and leisure projects By the early 1900s Odesa had become a large thriving city complete with European architecture and electrified urban transport In their settlement also known as Novaya Slobodka the Moldavians owned relatively small plots on which they built village style houses and cultivated vineyards and gardens What became Mykhailovsky Square was the center of this settlement and the site of its first Orthodox church the Church of the Dormition built in 1821 close to the seashore as well as of a cemetery Nearby stood the military barracks and the country houses dacha of the city s wealthy residents including that of the Duc de Richelieu appointed by Tzar Alexander I as Governor of Odesa in 1803 39 Richelieu played a role during Ottoman plague epidemic which hit Odesa in the autumn 1812 40 41 Dismissive of any attempt to forge a compromise between quarantine requirements and free trade Prince Kuriakin the Saint Petersburg based High Commissioner for Sanitation countermanded Richelieu s orders 42 In the period from 1795 to 1814 the population of Odesa increased 15 times over and reached almost 20 thousand people The first city plan was designed by the engineer F Devollan in the late 18th century 7 Colonists of various ethnicities settled mainly in the area of the former colony outside of the official boundaries and as a consequence in the first third of the 19th century Moldavanka emerged as the dominant settlement After planning by the official architects who designed buildings in Odesa s central district such as the Italians Francesco Carlo Boffo and Giovanni Torricelli Moldovanka was included in the general city plan though the original grid like plan of Moldovankan streets lanes and squares remained unchanged 37 The new city quickly became a major success although initially it received little state funding and privileges 43 Its early growth owed much to the work of the Duc de Richelieu who served as the city s governor between 1803 and 1814 Having fled the French Revolution he had served in Catherine s army against the Turks He is credited with designing the city and organizing its amenities and infrastructure and is considered by whom one of the founding fathers of Odesa together with another Frenchman Count Andrault de Langeron who succeeded him in office Richelieu is commemorated by a bronze statue unveiled in 1828 to a design by Ivan Martos His contributions to the city are mentioned by Mark Twain in his travelogue Innocents Abroad I mention this statue and this stairway because they have their story Richelieu founded Odessa watched over it with paternal care labored with a fertile brain and a wise understanding for its best interests spent his fortune freely to the same end endowed it with a sound prosperity and one which will yet make it one of the great cities of the Old World In 1819 Odesa became a free port a status it retained until 1859 Odesa became home to an extremely diverse population of Albanians Armenians Azeris Bulgarians Crimean Tatars Frenchmen Germans including Mennonites Greeks Italians Jews Poles Romanians Russians Turks Ukrainians and traders representing many other nationalities hence numerous ethnic names on the city s map for example Frantsuzky French and Italiansky Italian Boulevards Grecheskaya Greek Yevreyskaya Jewish Arnautskaya Albanian Streets The Filiki Eteria a Greek freemasonry style society which was to play an important role in the Greek war of independence was founded in Odesa in 1814 before relocating to Constantinople in 1818 Odesa s cosmopolitan nature was documented by the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin who lived in internal exile in Odesa between 1823 and 1824 In his letters he wrote that Odesa was a city where the air is filled with all Europe French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read Odesa s growth was interrupted by the Crimean War of 1853 1856 during which it was bombarded by British and Imperial French naval forces 44 It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odesa Russia s largest grain exporting port In 1866 the city was linked by rail with Kyiv and Kharkiv as well as with Iasi in Romania The 142 metre long Potemkin Stairs constructed 1837 1841 which were famously featured in the 1925 film Battleship Potemkin The city became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century and by 1897 Jews were estimated to comprise some 37 of the population The community however was repeatedly subjected to anti Semitism and anti Jewish agitation from almost all Christian segments of the population 45 Pogroms were carried out in 1821 1859 1871 1881 and 1905 Many Odesan Jews fled abroad after 1882 particularly to the Ottoman region that became Palestine and the city became an important base of support for Zionism Beginnings of revolution See also Odessa Governorate Bolshevik troops entering Odesa In 1905 Odesa was the site of a workers uprising supported by the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin and the Menshevik s Iskra Sergei Eisenstein s famous motion picture The Battleship Potemkin commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odesan citizens were murdered on the great stone staircase now popularly known as the Potemkin Steps in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history At the top of the steps which lead down to the port stands a statue of the Duc de Richelieu 46 The actual massacre took place in streets nearby not on the steps themselves but the film caused many to visit Odesa to see the site of the slaughter The Odesa Steps continue to be a tourist attraction in Odesa The film was made at Odesa s Cinema Factory one of the oldest cinema studios in the former Soviet Union 46 Following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 during Ukrainian Soviet War Odesa saw two Bolshevik armed insurgencies the second of which succeeded in establishing their control over the city for the following months the city became a center of the Odesa Soviet Republic After signing of the Brest Litovsk Treaty all Bolshevik forces were driven out by 13 March 1918 by the combined armed forces of the Austro Hungarian Army providing support to the Ukrainian People s Republic 46 With the end of the World War I and withdrawal of armies of Central Powers the Soviet forces fought for control over the country with the army of the Ukrainian People s Republic A few months later the city was occupied by the French Army and the Greek Army that supported the Russian White Army in its struggle with the Bolsheviks The Ukrainian general Nykyfor Hryhoriv who sided with Bolsheviks managed to drive the Triple Entente forces out of the city but Odesa was soon retaken by the Russian White Army By 1920 the Soviet Red Army managed to overpower both the Ukrainian and Russian White Army and secure the city The people of Odesa suffered badly from a famine that resulted from the Russian Civil War in 1921 1922 due to the Soviet policies of prodrazverstka World War II During World War II Odesa was attacked by Romanian and German troops in August 1941 The defense of Odesa started on 5 August 1941 and lasted for 73 days The defense was organized on three lines with emplacements consisting of trenches anti tank ditches and pillboxes The first line was 80 kilometres 50 miles long and situated some 25 to 30 kilometres 16 to 19 miles from the city The second and main line of defense was situated 6 to 8 kilometres 3 7 to 5 0 miles from the city and was about 30 kilometres 19 miles long The third and last line of defense was organized inside the city itself Lyudmila Pavlichenko the famous female sniper took part in the battle for Odesa Her first two kills were effected near Belyayevka using a Mosin Nagant bolt action rifle with a P E 4 power scope She recorded 187 confirmed kills during the defense of Odesa Pavlichenko s confirmed kills during World War II totaled 309 including 36 enemy snipers See also Romania during World War II The city fell to the Axis on 16 October 1941 47 and it was henceforth subject to Romanian administration By that time the Soviet authorities had been able to evacuate 200 000 people as well as weaponry and industrial equipment 48 A day later Odesa was made the capital of Transnistria 49 Partisan fighting continued however in the city s catacombs A Soviet gun crew in action at Odesa in 1941 Following the siege and the Axis occupation approximately 25 000 Odesans were murdered in the outskirts of the city and over 35 000 deported this came to be known as the Odesa massacre Most of the atrocities were committed during the first six months of the occupation which officially began on 17 October 1941 when 80 of the 210 000 Jews in the region were killed 50 compared to Jews in Romania proper where the majority survived 51 After the Nazi forces began to lose ground on the Eastern Front the Romanian administration changed its policy refusing to deport the remaining Jewish population to extermination camps in German occupied Poland and allowing Jews to work as hired labourers As a result despite the events of 1941 the survival of the Jewish population in this area was higher than in other areas of occupied eastern Europe 50 A Soviet medal For the Defence of Odessa was established on 22 December 1942 Approximately 38 000 medals were awarded to servicemen of the Soviet Army Navy Ministry of Internal Affairs and civil citizens who took part in the city s defense citation needed It was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded the title of Hero City in 1945 These others were Leningrad Stalingrad and Sevastopol The city suffered severe damage and sustained many casualties over the course of the war Many parts of Odesa were damaged during both its siege and recapture on 10 April 1944 when the city was finally liberated by the Red Army Some of the Odesans had a more favourable view of the Romanian occupation in contrast with the Soviet official view that the period was exclusively a time of hardship deprivation oppression and suffering claims embodied in public monuments and disseminated through the media to this day 52 Subsequent Soviet policies imprisoned and executed numerous Odesans and deported most of the German population on account of collaboration with the occupiers 53 Postage stamp of the USSR 1965 Hero City Odessa 1941 1945 Obverse of the Soviet campaign medal For the Defence of Odessa Reverse of the Soviet campaign medal For the Defence of Odessa inscription reads For our Soviet homeland Certificate For taking part in the heroic defense of Odessa Logvinov Petr Leontievich was awarded the Medal for the Defense of Odesa Postwar Soviet period Ships at anchor in Odesa the USSR s largest port 1960 During the 1960s and 1970s the city grew Nevertheless the majority of Odesa s Jews emigrated to Israel the United States and other Western countries between the 1970s and 1990s citation needed Many ended up in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Brighton Beach sometimes known as Little Odesa Domestic migration of the Odesan middle and upper classes to Moscow and Leningrad cities that offered even greater opportunities for career advancement also occurred on a large scale Despite this the city grew rapidly by filling the void of those left with new migrants from rural Ukraine and industrial professionals invited from all over the Soviet Union The city is currently undergoing a phase of widespread urban restoration Russov House in 2020 As a part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic the city preserved and somewhat reinforced its unique cosmopolitan mix of Russian Ukrainian Jewish culture and a predominantly Russophone environment with the uniquely accented dialect of Russian spoken in the city The city s unique identity has been formed largely thanks to its varied demography all the city s communities have influenced aspects of Odesan life in some way or form Independence of Ukraine In the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum 85 38 of Odessa Oblast voted for independence 54 Odesa is a city of more than 1 million people The city s industries include shipbuilding oil refining chemicals metalworking and food processing Odesa is also a Ukrainian naval base and home to a fishing fleet It is known for its large outdoor market the Seventh Kilometer Market the largest of its kind in Europe Odesa was a contender for hosting Euro 2012 football matches in but lost the competition to other cities in Ukraine 55 The city saw violence in the 2014 pro Russian conflict in Ukraine during the 2014 Odesa clashes The 2 May 2014 Odesa clashes between pro Ukrainian and pro Russian protestors killed 42 people Four were killed during the protests and at least 32 trade unionists were killed after a trade union building was set on fire after Molotov cocktails exchange between sides 56 57 Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found no support for joining Russia 58 Odesa was struck by three bomb blasts in December 2014 one of which killed one person the injuries sustained by the victim indicated that he had dealt with explosives 59 60 Internal Affairs Ministry advisor Zorian Shkiryak said on 25 December that Odesa and Kharkiv had become cities which are being used to escalate tensions in Ukraine Shkiryak said that he suspected that these cities were singled out because of their geographic position 59 On 5 January 2015 the city s Euromaidan Coordination Center and a cargo train car were non lethally bombed 61 In the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the city faced some Russian attack though as of March 21 it had not yet been the site of large scale ground combat 62 On April 23 2022 Russian troops bombarded Odesa with cruise missiles They destroyed both the city s military infrastructure and residential buildings killing eight people including a three month old baby and wounding another eighteen people 63 64 In addition the Russians destroyed more than 1 000 m2 of the territory of the cemetery 65 The city suffered further aerial attacks on regional infrastructure facilities in October 2022 cutting off power to 10 500 households and injuring three people 66 GeographyLocation The Vorontsov Lighthouse in the Gulf of Odesa The city is located on the Black Sea Odesa is situated 46 28 N 30 44 E 46 467 N 30 733 E 46 467 30 733 on terraced hills overlooking a small harbor on the Black Sea in the Gulf of Odesa approximately 31 km 19 mi north of the estuary of the Dniester river and some 443 km 275 mi south of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv The average elevation at which the city is located is around 50 metres 160 feet The maximum is 65 metres 213 feet and minimum on the coast amounts to 4 2 metres 13 8 feet above sea level The city currently covers a territory of 162 42 km2 63 sq mi 67 The population density for which is around 6 139 persons km2 Sources of running water in the city include the Dniester River from which water is taken and then purified at a processing plant just outside the city Being located in the south of Ukraine the topography of the area surrounding the city is typically flat and there are no large mountains or hills for many kilometres around Flora is of the deciduous variety and Odesa is known for its tree lined avenues which in the late 19th and early 20th centuries made the city a favourite year round retreat for the Russian aristocracy citation needed The city s location on the coast of the Black Sea has also helped to create a booming tourist industry in Odesa citation needed The city s Arkadia beach has long been a favourite place for relaxation both for the city s inhabitants and its visitors citation needed This is a large sandy beach which is located to the south of the city centre Odesa s many sandy beaches are considered to be quite unique in Ukraine citation needed as the country s southern coast particularly in the Crimea tends to be a location in which the formation of stoney and pebble beaches has proliferated The coastal cliffs adjacent to the city are home to frequent landslides resulting in a typical change of landscape along the Black Sea Due to the fluctuating slopes of land city planners are responsible for monitoring the stability of such areas and for preserving potentially threatened building and other structures of the city above sea level near water 68 Also a potential danger to the infrastructure and architecture of the city is the presence of multiple openings underground These cavities can cause buildings to collapse resulting in a loss of money and business citation needed Due to the effects of climate and weather on sedimentary rocks beneath the city the result is instability under some buildings foundations A panoramic view of central Odesa as seen from the Black Sea Climate Odesa has a hot summer humid continental climate Dfa using the 0 C 32 F isotherm bordering a cold semi arid BSk as well as a humid subtropical climate Cfa This has over the past few centuries aided the city greatly in creating conditions necessary for the development of summer tourism During the tsarist era Odesa s climate was considered to be beneficial for the body and thus many wealthy but sickly persons were sent to the city in order to relax and recuperate This resulted in the development of spa culture and the establishment of a number of luxury hotels in the city The average annual temperature of the sea is 13 14 C 55 57 F Seasonal sea temperatures range from an average of 6 C 43 F from January to March to 23 C 73 F in August Typically for a total of 4 months from June to September the average sea temperature in the Gulf of Odesa and the city s bay area exceeds 20 C 68 F 69 The city typically experiences dry cold winters which are relatively mild when compared to most of Ukraine as they re marked by temperatures which rarely fall below 10 C 14 F Summers see an increased level of precipitation and the city often experiences warm weather with temperatures often reaching into the high 20s and low 30s C Snow cover is often light or moderate due to its location on the northern coast of the Black Sea and municipal services rarely experience the problems that can often be found in other more northern Ukrainian cities The city hardly ever faces the phenomenon of sea freezing Climate data for Odesa 1991 2020 extremes 1894 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 15 1 59 2 19 2 66 6 24 1 75 4 29 4 84 9 33 3 91 9 37 2 99 0 39 3 102 7 38 0 100 4 35 4 95 7 30 5 86 9 26 0 78 8 16 9 62 4 39 3 102 7 Average high C F 2 3 36 1 3 4 38 1 7 7 45 9 13 6 56 5 20 3 68 5 25 1 77 2 27 9 82 2 27 7 81 9 21 8 71 2 15 3 59 5 9 1 48 4 4 2 39 6 14 9 58 8 Daily mean C F 0 4 31 3 0 4 32 7 4 3 39 7 10 0 50 0 16 2 61 2 20 8 69 4 23 4 74 1 23 1 73 6 17 8 64 0 12 0 53 6 6 3 43 3 1 5 34 7 11 3 52 3 Average low C F 2 7 27 1 2 1 28 2 1 6 34 9 6 9 44 4 12 6 54 7 16 9 62 4 19 1 66 4 18 5 65 3 14 0 57 2 8 9 48 0 3 9 39 0 0 8 30 6 8 1 46 6 Record low C F 26 2 15 2 28 0 18 4 16 0 3 2 5 9 21 4 0 3 32 5 5 2 41 4 7 5 45 5 7 9 46 2 0 8 30 6 13 3 8 1 14 6 5 7 19 6 3 3 28 0 18 4 Average precipitation mm inches 43 1 7 35 1 4 35 1 4 28 1 1 39 1 5 47 1 9 45 1 8 40 1 6 44 1 7 37 1 5 39 1 5 38 1 5 470 18 5 Average extreme snow depth cm inches 2 0 8 2 0 8 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 2 0 8 Average rainy days 9 7 10 11 12 13 10 8 9 10 13 10 122Average snowy days 11 10 6 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 9 41Average relative humidity 82 5 80 7 78 4 74 5 71 0 70 6 66 0 65 4 71 8 77 1 81 9 83 6 75 3Mean monthly sunshine hours 63 2 91 6 142 2 199 5 292 5 307 5 332 9 313 1 234 6 164 7 73 0 57 4 2 272 2Source 1 Pogoda ru 70 Source 2 World Meteorological Organization humidity and sun 1981 2010 71 DemographicsThe peculiarity of the ethnic composition of the population of Odesa region is its multinationality In the 2001 census Ukrainians made up 62 percent of the Odesa region s inhabitants Russian 29 percent Bulgarians 6 1 percent Moldovans 5 percent Gagauz 1 1 percent Jews 0 6 percent Belarusians 0 5 percent Armenians 0 3 percent Gypsies 0 2 percent Poles Germans Georgians Azerbaijanis Tartars Greeks Albanians and Arabs each 0 1 percent and 1 9 percent other nationalities 72 Historical population Historical populationYearPop p a 17952 349 18006 000 20 63 18029 000 22 47 181335 000 13 14 182952 000 2 51 183260 000 4 89 184477 800 2 19 1858104 200 2 11 1863118 900 2 67 1873193 513 4 99 1880217 000 1 65 1885240 600 2 09 1891297 600 3 61 1897403 815 5 22 1907449 700 1 08 1910506 000 4 01 1912635 000 12 02 1914481 500 12 92 1920454 200 0 97 1925325 354 6 45 1936534 000 4 61 1939601 651 4 06 1956607 000 0 05 1959667 182 3 20 1964721 000 1 56 1970892 000 3 61 19811 072 000 1 69 19891 115 371 0 50 19911 100 700 0 66 19981 027 600 0 98 20011 029 049 0 05 2008994 739 0 48 20131 014 900 0 40 20181 011 494 0 07 20191 013 159 0 16 at 73 74 75 76 77 A 2015 study by the International Republican Institute found that 68 of Odesa was ethnic Ukrainian and 25 ethnic Russian 78 According to the Seventh Annual Ukrainian Municipal Survey 96 of the residents of Odesa spoke some Russian at home and 29 spoke some Ukrainian at home overlap due to bilingually Ukrainian is gaining in popularity in 2021 the share of residents speaking some Ukrainian at home has increased almost 5 times from 6 in 2015 to 29 in 2021 79 78 Odesa oblast is also home to a number of other nationalities and minority ethnic groups including Albanians Armenians Azeris Crimean Tatars Bulgarians Georgians Greeks Jews Poles Romanians Turks among others 72 Up until the early 1940s the city had a large Jewish population As the result of mass deportation to extermination camps during the Second World War the city s Jewish population declined considerably Since the 1970s the majority of the remaining Jewish population emigrated to Israel and other countries shrinking the Jewish community Through most of the 19th century and until the mid 20th century the largest ethnic group in Odesa was Russians with the second largest ethnic group being Jews 80 Historic Ethnic and National composition of Odesa Historical ethnic and national composition 1897 81 Russians 198 233 people 49 09 Jews 124 511 people 30 83 Ukrainians 37 925 people 9 39 Poles 17 395 people 4 31 Germans 10 248 people 2 54 Greeks 5 086 people 1 26 Tatars 1 437 people 0 36 Armenians 1 401 people 0 35 Belarusians 1 267 people 0 31 French 1 137 people 0 28 1926 82 Russians 162 789 people 39 97 Jews 153 243 people 36 69 Ukrainians 73 453 people 17 59 Poles 10 021 people 2 40 Germans 5 522 people 1 32 Belarusians 2 501 people 0 60 Armenians 1 843 people 0 44 Greeks 1 377 people 0 33 Bulgarians 1 186 people 0 28 Moldovans 1 048 people 0 25 1939 83 Jews 200 961 people 33 26 Russians 186 610 people 30 88 Ukrainians 178 878 people 29 60 Poles 8 829 people 1 46 Germans 8 424 people 1 39 Bulgarians 4 967 people 0 82 Moldovans 2 573 people 0 43 Armenians 2 298 people 0 38 1941 84 Ukrainians 120 945 people 49 45 Russians 92 584 people 37 85 Germans 8 643 people 3 53 Poles 7 488 people 3 06 Bulgarians 4 928 people 2 01 Moldovans 3 224 people 1 32 Tatars 436 people 0 18 Lipovans 429 people 0 17 2001 85 Ukrainians 622 900 people 61 6 Russians 292 000 people 29 0 Bulgarians 13 300 people 1 3 Jews 12 400 people 1 2 Moldovans 7 600 people 0 7 Belarusians 6 400 people 0 6 Armenians 4 400 people 0 4 Poles 2 100 people 0 2 Government and administrative divisions Odesa City Hall the seat of the city s municipal authorities Whilst Odesa is the administrative centre of Odesa Raion and Odesa Oblast the city is also the main constituent of the Odesa Municipality The city of Odesa is governed by a mayor and city council which work cooperatively to ensure the smooth running of the city and procure its municipal bylaws The city s budget is also controlled by the administration The mayoralty 86 plays the role of the executive in the city s municipal administration Above all comes the mayor who is elected by the city s electorate for five years in a direct election 2015 Mayoral election of Odesa Hennadii Trukhanov was reelected in the first round of the election with 52 9 of the vote 87 Trukhanov was again reelected in the second round of the 2020 Mayoral election of Odesa when 54 28 of the voters voted for him 1 There are five deputy mayors each of which is responsible for a certain particular part of the city s public policy An old map of Odesa s city centre North is to the left The City Council 88 of the city makes up the administration s legislative branch thus effectively making it a city parliament or rada The municipal council is made up of 120 elected members 89 who are each elected to represent a certain district of the city for a four year term The current council is the fifth in the city s modern history and was elected in January 2011 In the regular meetings of the municipal council problems facing the city are discussed and annually the city s budget is drawn up The council has seventeen standing commissions 90 which play an important role in controlling the finances and trading practices of the city and its merchants The territory of Odesa is divided into four administrative raions districts Kyivskyi Raion Malynovskyi Raion Prymorskyi Raion Suvorovskyi RaionIn addition every raion has its own administration subordinate to the Odesa City council and with limited responsibilities Cityscape A panoramic view of Primorsky Boulevard at the top of the Potemkin Stairs Further information Odesa catacombs The Italian baroque facade of the Odesa Opera and Ballet Theater Many of Odesa s buildings have rather uniquely for a Ukrainian city been influenced by the Mediterranean style of classical architecture This is particularly noticeable in buildings built by architects such as the Italian Francesco Boffo who in early 19th century built a palace and colonnade for the Governor of Odesa Prince Mikhail Vorontsov the Potocki Palace and many other public buildings In 1887 one of the city s most well known architectural monuments was completed the theatre which still hosts a range of performances to this day it is widely regarded as one of the world s finest opera houses The first opera house was opened in 1810 and destroyed by fire in 1873 The modern building was constructed by Fellner and Helmer in neo baroque its luxurious hall was built in the rococo style It is said that thanks to its unique acoustics even a whisper from the stage can be heard in any part of the hall The theatre was projected along the lines of Dresden s Semperoper built in 1878 with its nontraditional foyer following the curvatures of the auditorium the building s most recent renovation was completed in 2007 91 Odesa s most iconic symbol the Potemkin Stairs is a vast staircase that conjures an illusion so that those at the top only see a series of large steps while at the bottom all the steps appear to merge into one pyramid shaped mass The original 200 steps now reduced to 192 were designed by Italian architect Francesco Boffo and built between 1837 and 1841 The steps were made famous by Sergei Eisenstein in his film Battleship Potemkin Most of the city s 19th century houses were built of limestone mined nearby Abandoned mines were later used and broadened by local smugglers This created a gigantic complicated labyrinth of tunnels beneath Odesa known as the Odesa catacombs During World War II the catacombs served as a hiding place for partisans and natural shelter for civilians who were escaping air plane bombing Derybasivska Street an attractive pedestrian avenue named after Jose de Ribas the Spanish born founder of Odesa and decorated Russian Navy Admiral from the Russo Turkish War is famous by its unique character and architecture citation needed During the summer it is common to find large crowds of people leisurely sitting and talking on the outdoor terraces of numerous cafes bars and restaurants or simply enjoying a walk along the cobblestone street which is not open to vehicular traffic and is kept shaded by the linden trees which line its route 92 A similar streetscape can also be found in that of Primorsky Bulvar a grand thoroughfare which runs along the edge of the plateau upon which the city is situated and where many of the city s most imposing buildings are to be found As one of the biggest on the Black Sea Odesa s port is busy all year round The Odesa Sea Port is located on an artificial stretch of Black Sea coast along with the north western part of the Gulf of Odesa The total shoreline length of Odesa s sea port is around 7 23 kilometres 4 49 mi The port which includes an oil refinery container handling facility passenger area and numerous areas for handling dry cargo is lucky in that its work does not depend on seasonal weather the harbour itself is defended from the elements by breakwaters The port is able to handle up to 14 million tons of cargo and about 24 million tons of oil products annually whilst its passenger terminals can cater for around 4 million passengers a year at full capacity 93 In late 2022 one of the city s former central landmarks the monument to the founders of Odesa with its statue of Catherine the Great was dismantled and temporarily moved to the Odesa Fine Arts Museum 94 Parks and gardens A park at Primorskiy prospekt in Odesa There are a number of public parks and gardens in Odesa among these are the Preobrazhensky Gorky and Victory parks the latter of which is an arboretum The city is also home to a university botanical garden which recently celebrated its 200th anniversary and a number of other smaller gardens The City Garden or Gorodskoy Sad is perhaps the most famous of Odesa s gardens Laid out in 1803 by Felix De Ribas brother of the founder of Odesa Jose de Ribas on a plot of urban land he owned the garden is located right in the heart of the city When Felix decided that he was no longer able to provide enough money for the garden s upkeep he decided to present it to the people of Odesa in 1806 95 The garden is home to a bandstand and is the traditional location for outdoor theater in the summertime Numerous sculptures can also be found within the grounds as well as a musical fountain the waters of which are computer controlled to coordinate with the musical melody being played Odesa s largest park Shevchenko Park previously Alexander Park was founded in 1875 during a visit to the city by Emperor Alexander II The park covers an area of around 700 by 900 metres 2 300 by 3 000 feet and is located near the centre of the city on the side closest to the sea Within the park there are a variety of cultural and entertainment facilities and wide pedestrian avenues In the center of the park is the local top flight football team s Chornomorets Stadium the Alexander Column and municipal observatory The Baryatinsky Bulvar is popular for its route which starts at the park s gate before winding its way along the edge of the coastal plateau There are a number of monuments and memorials in the park one of which is dedicated to the park s namesake the Ukrainian national poet Taras Shevchenko The city s Preobrazhensky Park surrounds its cathedral The Alexander Column in Schevchenko Park The Londonskaya Hotel on Odesa s magnificent Primorsky Bulvar is one of the city s landmark buildings The main building of the Odesa National Medical UniversityEducation The Odesa National Scientific Library is a major research library and the centre for studies in southern Ukraine Odesa is home to several universities and other institutions of higher education The city s best known and most prestigious university is the Odesa I I Mechnykov National University This university is the oldest in the city and was first founded by an edict of Tsar Alexander II of Russia in 1865 as the Imperial Novorossian University Since then the university has developed to become one of modern Ukraine s leading research and teaching universities with staff of around 1 800 and total of thirteen academic faculties Other than the National University the city is also home to the 1921 inaugurated Odesa National Economic University the Odesa National Medical University founded 1900 the 1918 founded Odesa National Polytechnic University In addition to these universities the city is home to the National University Odesa Law Academy the National Academy of Telecommunications the Odesa State Environmental University and the Odesa National Maritime Academy The last of these institutions is a highly specialised and prestigious establishment for the preparation and training of merchant mariners which sees around 1 000 newly qualified officer cadets graduate each year and take up employment in the merchant marines of numerous countries around the world The South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University is also based in the city this is one of the largest institutions for the preparation of educational specialists in Ukraine and is recognised as one of the country s finest of such universities citation needed In addition to all the state run universities mentioned above Odesa is also home to many private educational institutes and academies which offer highly specified courses in a range of different subjects With regard to primary and secondary education Odesa has many schools catering for all ages from kindergarten through to lyceum final secondary school level age Most of these schools are state owned and operated and all schools have to be state accredited in order to teach children CultureMain article Culture of Odesa Museums art and music The Odesa Archaeological Museum was designed in the Neoclassical style just like many other landmarks of the city Fine Arts museum is the biggest art gallery in the city which collection includes canvas mostly of Russian painters from 17th 21st centuries icon collection and modern art The Odesa Museum of Western and Eastern Art is big art museum it has large European collections from the 16 20th centuries along with the art from the East on display There are paintings from Caravaggio Mignard Hals Teniers and Del Piombo 96 Of note is Odesa s Alexander Pushkin Museum which is dedicated to detailing the short time Pushkin spent in exile in Odesa a period during which he continued to write 97 The poet also has a city street named after him as well as a statue 96 Other museums in the city include the Odesa Archeological Museum which is housed in a neoclassical building the Odesa Numismatics Museum the Odesa Museum of the Regional History Museum of Heroic Defense of Odesa 411th Battery Among the city s public sculptures two sets of Medici lions can be noted at the Vorontsov Palace 98 as well as the Starosinnyi Garden 99 The Pushkin Monument Odesa 1889 Department of Image Collections National Gallery of Art Library Washington DC Jacob Adler the major star of the Yiddish theatre in New York and father of the actor director and teacher Stella Adler was born and spent his youth in Odesa The most popular Russian show business people from Odesa are Yakov Smirnoff comedian Mikhail Zhvanetsky legendary humorist writer who began his career as a port engineer and Roman Kartsev comedian Zhvanetsky s and Kartsev s success in the 1970s along with Odesa s KVN team contributed to Odesa s established status as capital of Soviet humor culminating in the annual Humoryna festival carried out around the beginning of April Odesa was also the home of the late Armenian painter Sarkis Ordyan 1918 2003 the Ukrainian painter Mickola Vorokhta and the Greek philologist author and promoter of Demotic Greek Ioannis Psycharis 1854 1929 Yuri Siritsov bass player of the Israeli Metal band PallaneX is originally from Odesa Igor Glazer Production Manager Baruch Agadati 1895 1976 the Israeli classical ballet dancer choreographer painter and film producer and director grew up in Odesa as did Israeli artist and author Nachum Gutman 1898 1980 Israeli painter Avigdor Stematsky 1908 89 was born in Odesa The main hall of the Odesa Philharmonic Society s theatre Odesa produced one of the founders of the Soviet violin school Pyotr Stolyarsky It has also produced many musicians including the violinists Nathan Milstein David Oistrakh and Igor Oistrakh Boris Goldstein Zakhar Bron and pianists Sviatoslav Richter Benno Moiseiwitsch Vladimir de Pachmann Shura Cherkassky Emil Gilels Maria Grinberg Simon Barere Leo Podolsky and Yakov Zak Note Richter studied in Odesa but was not born there The Odesa International Film Festival is also held in this city annually since 2010 Literature The School of Stolyarsky founded in 1933 has long been recognised as a centre of musical excellence Poet Anna Akhmatova was born in Bolshoy Fontan near Odesa 100 however her further work was not connected with the city and its literary tradition Odesa has produced many writers including Isaac Babel whose series of short stories Odessa Tales are set in the city Other Odesans are the duo Ilf and Petrov authors of The Twelve Chairs and Yuri Olesha author of The Three Fat Men Vera Inber a poet and writer as well as the poet and journalist Margarita Aliger were both born in Odesa The Italian writer Slavist and anti fascist dissident Leone Ginzburg was born in Odesa into a Jewish family and then went to Italy where he grew up and lived One of the most prominent pre war Soviet writers Valentin Kataev was born here and began his writing career as early as high school gymnasia Before moving to Moscow in 1922 he made quite a few acquaintances here including Yury Olesha and Ilya Ilf Ilf s co author Petrov was in fact Kataev s brother Petrov being his pen name Kataev became a benefactor for these young authors who would become some of the most talented and popular Russian writers of this period In 1955 Kataev became the first chief editor of the Youth Russian Yunost Yunost one of the leading literature magazines of the Ottepel of the 1950s and 1960s citation needed These authors and comedians played a great role in establishing the Odesa myth in the Soviet Union Odesans were and are viewed in the ethnic stereotype as sharp witted street wise and eternally optimistic citation needed These qualities are reflected in the Odesa dialect which borrows chiefly from the characteristic speech of the Odesan Jews and is enriched by a plethora of influences common for the port city 101 The Odessite speech became a staple of the Soviet Jew depicted in a multitude of jokes and comedy acts in which a Jewish adherent served as a wise and subtle dissenter and opportunist always pursuing his own well being but unwittingly pointing out the flaws and absurdities of the Soviet regime The Odesan Jew in the jokes always came out clean and was in the end a lovable character unlike some of other jocular nation stereotypes such as The Chukcha The Ukrainian The Estonian or The American 101 Resorts and health care An aerial image of Beach Chayka Beaches of Arcadia Odesa is a popular tourist destination with many therapeutic resorts in and around the city The city s Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases amp Tissue Therapy is one of the world s leading ophthalmology clinics Celebrations and holidays Ukrainian Navy Honour Guards during the Navy Day celebrations in Odesa in 2016 Further information Humorina April Fools Day held annually on 1 April is one of the most celebrated festivals in the city Practical joking is a central theme throughout and Odesans dress in unique colorful attire to express their spontaneous and comedic selves The tradition has been celebrated since the early 1970s when the humor of Ukraine s citizens were drawn to television and the media further developing into a mass festival Large amounts of money are made from the festivities supporting Odesa s local entertainers and shops 102 Notable Odesans Pyotr Schmidt 1867 1906 better known as Lieutenant Schmidt one of the leaders of the Sevastopol uprising was born in Odesa Ze ev Jabotinsky 1880 1940 was born in Odesa and largely developed his version of Zionism there in the early 1920s 103 A Marshal of the Soviet Union Rodion Malinovsky 1898 1967 a military commander in World War II and Defense Minister of the Soviet Union was born in Odesa whilst renowned Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal 1908 2005 lived in the city in 1934 1935 Sidney Reilly ca 1873 1925 who was employed by William Melville 1850 1918 as one of the first spies of the British Secret Service Bureau was a native Odesan Another intelligence agent from Odesa was Genrikh Lyushkov 1900 1945 who joined the Odesa Cheka in 1920 and reached two star rank in the NKVD before fleeing to Japanese occupied Manchuria in 1938 to avoid being murdered The composer Jacob Weinberg 1879 1956 was born in Odesa He composed over 135 works and was the founder of the Jewish National Conservatory in Jerusalem before immigrating to the U S where he became an influential voice in the promotion of American Jewish music 104 Valeria Lukyanova born 1985 a girl from Odesa who looks very similar to a Barbie doll has received attention on the Internet and from the media for her doll like appearance 105 Mikhail Zhvanetsky 2016 Mikhail Zhvanetsky 1934 2020 writer satirist and performer best known for his shows targeting different aspects of the Soviet and post Soviet everyday life was born in Odesa VitaliV Vitali Vinogradov born 1957 an artist and sculptor based in London since 1989 was born in Odesa 106 Kostyantyn Mykolayovych Bocharov born 1997 better known by his stage name Melovin is a native of Odesa He is best known for winning season six of X Factor Ukraine and for representing Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 singing the song Under the Ladder Yaakov Dori 1899 1973 the first Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces and President of the Technion Israel Institute of Technology was born in Odesa as was Israel Dostrovsky 1918 2010 Israeli physical chemist who was the fifth president of the Weizmann Institute of Science Yuriy Bazhal born 1950 Ukrainian scientist professor academic 107 Janka Bryl 1917 2006 Belarusian writer was born in Odesa 108 Vladimir de Pachmann 1848 1933 a pianist of Russian German ethnicity noted for performing the works of Chopin was from Odesa 109 Emil Grigoryevich Gilels 1916 1985 widely regarded as one of the greatest pianists of all time was born in Odesa Stasys Pundzevicius 1893 1980 Chief of the Lithuanian Air Force in the interwar Lithuania was born in Odesa EconomyOdesa s economy largely stems from its traditional role as a port city The nearly ice free port lies near the mouths of the Dnieper the Southern Bug the Dniester and the Danube rivers which provide good links to the hinterland 110 During the Soviet period until 1991 the city functioned as the USSR s largest trading port it continues in a similar role as independent Ukraine s busiest international port The port complex contains an oil and gas transfer and storage facility a cargo handling area and a large passenger port In 2007 the Port of Odesa handled 31 368 000 tonnes of cargo 111 112 The port of Odesa is one of the Ukrainian Navy s most important bases on the Black Sea Rail transport is an important sector of the economy in Odesa largely due to the role it plays in delivering goods and imports to and from the city s port The Container Terminal Odesa CTO in the port is the largest container terminal in Ukraine It has been operated by the Hamburg based HHLA Group since 2001 and in addition to containers also handles bulk goods general cargo and project cargo This means that Odesa is networked with the ports of Hamburg Muuga and Trieste via the logistics group HHLA 113 114 Hotel Grand Moscow in Odesa Industrial enterprises located in and around the city include those dedicated to fuel refinement machine building metallurgy and other types of light industry such as food preparation timber plants and chemical industry Agriculture is a relatively important sector in the territories surrounding the city The Seventh Kilometer Market is a major commercial complex on the outskirts of the city where private traders now operate one of the largest market complexes in Eastern Europe 115 The market has roughly 6 000 traders and an estimated 150 000 customers per day Daily sales according to the Ukrainian periodical Dzerkalo Tyzhnia were believed to be as high as US 20 million in 2004 With a staff of 1 200 mostly guards and janitors the market is also the region s largest employer It is owned by local land and agriculture tycoon Viktor A Dobrianskyi and three partners of his Tavria V is the most popular retail chain in Odesa Key areas of business include retail wholesale catering production construction and development private label Consumer recognition is mainly attributed by whom to the high level of service and the quality of services Tavria V is the biggest private company and the biggest tax payer Arkadia Beach in Odesa Deribasivska Street is one of the city s most important commercial streets hosting many of the city s boutiques and higher end shops In addition to this there are a number of large commercial shopping centres in the city The 19th century shopping gallery Passage was for a long time the city s most upscale shopping district and remains to this day update an important landmark of Odesa The tourism sector is of great importance to Odesa which is currently when the second most visited Ukrainian city 116 In 2003 this sector recorded a total revenue of 189 2 million UAH Other sectors of the city s economy include the banking sector the city hosts a branch of the National Bank of Ukraine Imexbank one of Ukraine s largest commercial banks was based in the city however on May 27 2015 the Deposit Guarantee Fund of Ukraine made a decision to liquidate the bank Foreign business ventures have thrived in the area as since 1 January 2000 much of the city and its surrounding area has been declared by whom a free economic zone this has aided the foundation of foreign companies and corporations Ukrainian divisions and allowed them to more easily invest in the Ukrainian manufacturing and service sectors To date a number of Japanese and Chinese companies as well as a host of European enterprises have invested in the development of the free economic zone to this end private investors in the city have invested a great deal of money into the provision of quality office real estate and modern manufacturing facilities such as warehouses and plant complexes Odesa also has a well developed IT industry with large number of IT outsourcing companies and IT product startups Among most famous startups is Looksery 117 and AI Factory both developed in Odesa and acquired by Snap inc 118 Odesa s port is Ukraine s busiest The harbour remains accessible all year round and serves as a vital import export channel for the Ukrainian economy The Passage galleries one of the city s landmarks ScientistsA number of scientists have lived and worked in Odesa They include Illya Mechnikov Nobel Prize in Medicine 1908 119 Igor Tamm Nobel Prize in Physics 1958 Selman Waksman Nobel Prize in Medicine 1952 Dmitri Mendeleev Nikolay Pirogov Ivan Sechenov Vladimir Filatov Nikolay Umov Leonid Mandelstam Aleksandr Lyapunov Mark Krein Alexander Smakula Waldemar Haffkine Valentin Glushko Israel Dostrovsky Catherine Chamie and George Gamow 120 TransportMaritime transport Further information UkrFerry and Black Sea Shipping Company Odesa has long been an important Black Sea port Odesa is a major maritime transport hub that includes several ports including Port of Odesa Port of Chornomorsk ferry freight Yuzhne freight only The Port of Odesa became a provisional headquarters for the Ukrainian Navy following the Russian occupation of Crimea in 2014 Before the fall of the Soviet Union the Port of Odesa harbored the major Soviet cruise line Black Sea Shipping Company Passenger ships and ferries connect Odesa with Istanbul Haifa and Varna whilst river cruises can occasionally be booked for travel up the Dnieper River to cities such as Kherson Dnipro and Kyiv Roads and automotive transport The M05 Highway links Odesa with the nation s capital Kyiv The Odesa junction The first car in the Russian Empire a Mercedes Benz belonging to V Navrotsky came to Odesa from France in 1891 citation needed He was a popular city publisher of the newspaper Odesskii listok Odesa leaf Odesa is linked to the Ukrainian capital Kyiv by the M05 Highway a high quality multi lane road which is set to be re designated after further reconstructive works as an Avtomagistral motorway in the near future Other routes of national significance passing through Odesa include the M16 Highway to Moldova M15 to Izmail and Romania and the M14 which runs from Odesa through Mykolaiv and Kherson to Ukraine s eastern border with Russia The M14 is of particular importance to Odesa s maritime and shipbuilding industries as it links the city with Ukraine s other large deep water port Mariupol which is located in the south east of the country Odesa also has a well developed system of inter urban municipal roads and minor beltways However the city is still lacking an extra urban bypass for transit traffic which does not wish to proceed through the city centre Intercity bus services are available from Odesa to many cities in Russia Moscow Rostov on Don Krasnodar Pyatigorsk Germany Berlin Hamburg and Munich Greece Thessaloniki and Athens Bulgaria Varna and Sofia and several cities of Ukraine and Europe Railways Odesa Holovna is one of Ukraine s largest railway terminals Every day trains depart to many national and international destinations Odesa is served by a number of railway stations and halts the largest of which is Odesa Holovna Main Station From this station services connect Odesa with Warsaw Prague Bratislava Vienna Berlin Moscow St Petersburg the cities of Ukraine and many other cities of the former USSR The city s first railway station was opened in the 1880s During the Second World War the iconic building of the main station which had long been considered to be one of the Russian Empire s premier stations was destroyed through enemy action In 1952 the station was rebuilt to the designs of A Chuprina The current station which is characterised by its many socialist realist architectural details and grand scale was renovated by the state railway operator Ukrainian Railways in 2006 citation needed Public transport Share of the Belgian company Tramways d Odessa issued 24 August 1881 An Odesa tram on Sofievska Street In 1881 Odesa became the first city in Imperial Russia to have steam tramway lines an innovation that came only one year after the establishment of horse tramway services in 1880 operated by the Tramways d Odessa a Belgian owned company citation needed The first metre gauge steam tramway line ran from Railway Station to Great Fontaine and the second one to Hadzhi Bey Liman These routes were both operated by the same Belgian company Electric tramway started to operate on 22 August 1907 Trams were imported from Germany citation needed The city s public transit system is currently made up of trams 121 trolleybuses buses and fixed route taxis marshrutkas Odesa also has a cable car to Vidrada Beach 122 and recreational ferry service There are two routes of public transport which connect Odesa Airport with the city center trolley bus No 14 and marshrutka No 117 123 One additional mode of transport in Odesa is the Potemkin Stairs funicular railway which runs between the city s Primorsky Bulvar and the sea terminal has been in service since 1902 In 1998 after many years of neglect the city decided to raise funds for a replacement track and cars This project was delayed on multiple occasions but was finally completed eight years later in 2005 124 The funicular has now become as much a part of historic Odesa as the staircase to which it runs parallel Air transport Odesa International Airport which is located to the south west of the city centre is served by a number of airlines The airport is also often used by citizens of neighbouring countries for whom Odesa is the nearest large city and who can travel visa free to Ukraine Transit flights from the Americas Africa Asia Europe and the Middle East to Odesa are offered by Ukraine International Airlines through their hub at Kyiv s Boryspil International Airport SportSee also Category Sport in Odesa The Odesa Palace of SportsThe most popular sport in Odesa is football The main professional football club in the city is FC Chornomorets Odesa who play in the Ukrainian Premier League Chornomorets play their home games at the Chornomorets Stadium an elite class stadium which has a maximum capacity of 34 164 The second football team in Odesa is FC Odesa Chornomorets Stadium renovated in preparation to the Euro 2012Basketball is also a prominent sport in Odesa with BC Odesa representing the city in the Ukrainian Basketball League the highest tier basketball league in Ukraine Odesa will become one of five Ukrainian cities to host the 39th European Basketball Championship in 2015 Athletes The cyclist and aviator Sergei Utochkin was one of the most famous natives of Odesa in the years before the Russian Revolution Chess player Efim Geller was born in the city Gymnast Tatiana Gutsu known as The Painted Bird of Odesa brought home Ukraine s first Olympic gold medal as an independent nation when she outscored the USA s Shannon Miller in the women s all around event at 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona Spain Figure skaters Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov won the 1994 and 1998 Olympic gold medals as well as the 1994 1995 1996 and 1997 World Championships in ice dance Both were born and raised in the city though they skated at first for the Soviet Union in the Unified Team the Commonwealth of Independent States and then Russia Hennadiy Avdyeyenko won a 1988 Olympic gold medal in thehigh jump setting an Olympic record at 2 38 metres 7 81 feet Other notable athletes Mykola Avilov Olympic champion in decathlon at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich Oksana Baiul Olympic champion in figure skating in 1994 Ihor Belanov European Footballer of the Year in 1986 Yuriy Bilonoh European Athletics Championships in shot put at 2002 in Munich Leonid Buryak born 1953 football coach and former Olympic bronze medal winning player Maksim Chmerkovskiy professional ballroom amp Latin dancer on American Dancing With the Stars Valentin Chmerkovskiy professional ballroom amp Latin dancer on American Dancing With the Stars Charles Goldenberg 1911 1986 NFL All Pro football player Viktor Kanevskyi born 1936 football player and coach Svetlana Krachevskaya Olympic silver medalist in shot put Viacheslav Kravtsov NBA basketball player Lenny Krayzelburg born 1975 Olympic champion swimmer Artur Kyshenko K1 Muay Thai kickboxer Yevgeny Lapinsky Olympic champion in volleyball at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico Roman Pelts Soviet chess master Viktor Petrenko Olympic champion in figure skating in 1992 Vladimir Portnoi Olympic silver and bronze medalist in gymnastics Vitaliy Pushkar racing driver No 6 in 2012 International Rally Challenge Production cup standings 125 Theodore Rezvoy ocean rower Guinness records holder twice Ekaterina Rubleva Russian ice dancing champion Yulia Ryabchinskaya Olympic champion in the K 1 500 m Kayak Singles at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich Dmitry Salita born 1982 boxer Michael Shmerkin born 1970 Israeli competitive figure skater Elina Svitolina born 1994 professional tennis player Olena Vitrychenko world champion in rhythmic gymnastics Andriy Voronin born 1979 football manager and player Yakov Zheleznyak Olympic champion in 50 m Running Target at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich Dayana Yastremska born 2000 professional tennis playerTwin towns sister citiesSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine Odesa is twinned with 126 Alexandria Egypt 1968 Baltimore United States 1975 Chișinău Moldova 1994 Constanța Romania 1991 Genoa Italy 1972 Haifa Israel 1992 Istanbul Turkey 1997 Kolkata India 1986 Liverpool United Kingdom 1957 Lodz Poland 1993 Marseille France 1973 Nicosia Cyprus 1996 Oulu Finland 1957 Piraeus Greece 1993 Qingdao China 1993 Regensburg Germany 1990 Split Croatia 1964 Szeged Hungary 1977 Vancouver Canada 1944 Varna Bulgaria 1958 Yerevan Armenia 1995 Yokohama Japan 1968 Partner cities Odesa cooperated with 127 Brest Belarus 2004 Gdansk Poland 1996 Klaipeda Lithuania 2004 Larnaca Cyprus 2004 Marrakesh Morocco 2019 Minsk Belarus 1996 Ningbo China 2008 Tallinn Estonia 1997 Tbilisi Georgia 1996 Valparaiso Chile 2004 Vienna Austria 2006 Warsaw Poland 2005 See alsoKherson Governorate List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ukraine The Municipal Guard New Life Radio Moscow 1996 References a b in Ukrainian Trukhanov officially won the mayoral election in Odessa The Ukrainian Week 17 November 2020 Ukrainian local elections City by city guide to this weekend s runoff votes Atlantic Council 13 November 2020 Chiselnist nayavnogo naselennya Ukrayini na 1 sichnya 2021 Number of Present Population of Ukraine as of January 1 2021 PDF in Ukrainian and English Kyiv State Statistics Service of Ukraine Dlugosz Jan Hoppe Samuel Joachim 1711 IOANNIS DLVGOSSI SEV LONGINI CANONICI QVONDAM CRACOVIENSIS HISTORIAE POLONICAE LIBRI XII QVORVM SEX POSTERIORES NONDVM EDITI NVNC SIMVL CVM PRIORIBVS EX MSCRIPTO RARISSIMO IN LVCEM PRODEVNT in Latin Svmptibvs Ioannis Lvdovici Gleditschii amp Mavritii Georgii Weidmanni Nash zavzyatij Golovatij povernuvsya do Odesi Antidot i detoks vid Dnya Retrieved 5 August 2022 Herlihy Patricia 1977 The Ethnic Composition of the City of Odessa in the Nineteenth Century PDF Harvard Ukrainian Studies 1 1 53 78 Archived from the original PDF on 29 May 2008 a b Odessa Architecture and Monuments UKRWorld Com 2009 Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 Retrieved 9 June 2009 Odesa Collinsdictionary com Note Pearl by the Sea comes from the popular song Ah Odessa zhemchuzhina u morya Ah Odessa a pearl by the sea written by Odessa born composer Modest Tabachnikov ru Nicknamed Southern Capital by an analogy with the nickname Northern Capital for St Petersburg see Biblioteka dli a chtenii a Volume 42 October 1840 p 19 a non OCR text so you will need to scroll and scroll and scroll until you notice a verse Odessa yuzhnaya stolica Vladychica evksinskih vod Stoit kak gordaya carica Vѣnec ej svљtimyj nebosvod Note Southern Palmyra is an apposition to St Petersburg nicknamed Northern Palmyra Odesa Through Cossacks Khans and Russian Emperors The Ukrainian Week 18 November 2014 retrieved 2 August 2015 Isaac Benjamin H 1 January 1986 The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest BRILL ISBN 9004069216 via Google Books Papuci Wladyka Ewdoksia et al Greek settlement on the northern Black Sea coast Polish Ukrainian excavations in Koshary Odessa province third preliminary report seasons 2000 2003 2006 pp 354 355 footnote 4 356 a b c d e Herlihy Patricia 1986 Odessa a history 1794 1914 Cambridge Mass Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute p 7 ISBN 0 916458 08 3 OCLC 15649318 Odessa Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 12 July 2022 Odesa Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 12 July 2022 Odessa Definition amp Meaning Britannica Dictionary Retrieved 24 June 2022 ODESSA Meaning amp Definition for UK English Lexico Dictionaries English Archived from the original on 7 February 2022 Retrieved 24 June 2022 Definition of ODESA Merriam Webster Retrieved 24 June 2022 Definition of Odesa Dictionary com Retrieved 24 June 2022 Odesa Collins Dictionary Retrieved 12 July 2022 United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names PDF 2 6 May 2011 Open Letter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine 4 October 2018 UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems February 2013 Ukrainian Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names PDF Guidance on the US Board on Geographic Names BGN Permanent Committee on Geographical Names PCGN romanization systems GOV UK 24 April 2020 Retrieved 14 May 2022 Kyiv Odesa and what s in a name Christian Science Monitor 29 March 2022 Retrieved 12 July 2022 Russia s invasion of Ukraine has sparked questions over why Ukrainian cities have historically been transliterated after their Russian versions YSA Today Retrieved 29 December 2022 Kalinin Igor Odesskie dostoprimechatelnosti raskopki grecheskogo poseleniya odessaguide net The Greek Colonisation of the Black Sea Area Historical Interpretation of Archaeology December 1998 Tsetskhladze Gocha R ed Franz Steiner Verlag p 41 n 116 a b c d e f g h i j k Vermenych Ya Odessa ODESA Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine 2010 Istoriya Odesi Sho robit yiyi spravzhnim ukrayinskim mistom Radio Svoboda in Ukrainian Retrieved 5 August 2022 Lubienski Tomasz Wentworth 1886 Henryk Lubienski i jego bracia wspomnenia rodzinne odnoszace sie do historyi Krolestwa Polskiego i Banku Polskiego Warsaw Ksieg G Gebethner p 41 in Polish Imperial 1848 p 183 Yefimenko Aleksandra Ochakov Oblast History of Ukraine and its people Litres 2018 a b c d e f Imperial 1848 p 184 a b Richardson p 110 Petro Tronko Creation and development of the city of Odessa Viniknennya i rozvitok mista Odesa The History of Cities and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR Richelieu Armand Emmanuel Sophie Septemanie du Plessis Duc de Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 23 11th ed 1911 pp 302 303 Morton Edward 12 July 1830 Travels in Russia and a residence at St Petersburg and Odessa in the years 1827 1829 Longman Rees Orme Brown and Green via Google Books Odessa 1812 Plague and Tyranny at the Edge of the Empire 5 December 2015 Robarts Andrew 1 December 2016 Migration and Disease in the Black Sea Region Ottoman Russian Relations in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 9781474259507 via Google Books Odesa Through Cossacks Khans and Russian Emperors The Ukrainian Week 18 November 2014 Clive Pointing The Crimean War The Truth Behind the Myth Chatto amp Windus London 2004 ISBN 0 7011 7390 4 The Jewish Community of Odessa The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot a b c Tynchenko Yaros 23 March 2018 The Ukrainian Navy and the Crimean Issue in 1917 18 The Ukrainian Week retrieved 14 October 2018 Mykhailutsa amp Niculcea 2020 pp 197 198 Mykhailutsa amp Niculcea 2020 p 192 198 Mykhailutsa Mykola Niculcea Igor 2020 The Southern Bug Dnister Interfluve During World War II Administrative Organization Staffing and Statistics Guney Dogu Avrupa Arastirmalari Dergisi the Journal of Southeastern European Studies 35 35 195 doi 10 26650 gaad 794916 S2CID 243955109 a b Richardson p 33 The Antonescu Paradox Foreign Policy 5 February 2016 Richardson p 103 Richardson p 17 Ukrainian Independence Referendum 28 September 2015 Retrieved 20 November 2022 Dnipropetrovsk i Odesa vtratili ChYe bo ne vikonali vzyati zobov yazannya www unian ua in Ukrainian Retrieved 31 March 2022 Ukraine clashes dozens dead after Odessa building fire The Guardian 2 May 2014 Retrieved 16 October 2020 Canada 2 May 2014 At least 35 killed in Odessa Ukraine as building set on fire The Globe and Mail Archived from the original on 6 May 2014 Retrieved 22 May 2014 Lishe 3 ukrayinciv hochut priyednannya yih oblasti do Rosiyi Only 3 of Ukrainians want their region to become part of Russia Dzerkalo Tyzhnia in Ukrainian 3 January 2015 a b Two dead after Ukraine rocked by series of blasts Mashable 28 December 2014 Interior minister s advisor says Kharkiv Odesa explosions aim at escalating tensions in Ukraine Interfax Ukraine 25 December 2014 Bomb Explosion in Odessa Could Have Targeted Ukraine Army Charity Point The Moscow Times 10 December 2014 French Leader Urges End to Sanctions Against Russia Over Ukraine New York Times 5 January 2015 Latest Explosion in Odessa Strikes Pro Ukraine Organization Video The Moscow Times 5 January 2015 Mysterious bombing rocks Ukrainian port city of Odessa Mashable 5 January 2015 Lithuanian Minister of National Defense Twitter 10 March 2022 Retrieved 10 March 2022 Unaslidok raketnogo udaru po Odesi zaginulo p yatero lyudej sered nih nemovlya Slovo i Dilo in Ukrainian Retrieved 5 August 2022 Rosiya obstrilyala Odesu krilatimi raketami ye vluchannya v ob yekti infrastrukturi www unian ua in Ukrainian Retrieved 5 August 2022 Russia Ukraine The Russians shot at the cemetery and the house in Odessa Polish News 24 April 2022 Retrieved 5 August 2022 Sirens and Flaming Shots Life in Wartime Odesa 26 October 2022 About change area of Odessa city zakon rada gov ua in Ukrainian Cherkez E A Dragomyretska O V Gorokhovich Y 11 November 2006 Landslide protection of the historical heritage in Odessa Ukraine Landslides 3 4 303 309 doi 10 1007 s10346 006 0058 8 S2CID 17314959 Odessa Climate Guide Retrieved 5 June 2009 Pogoda i Klimat Klimat Odessy Weather and Climate The Climate of Odessa in Russian Weather and Climate Pogoda i klimat Retrieved 8 November 2021 World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981 2010 World Meteorological Organization Archived from the original on 17 July 2021 Retrieved 17 July 2021 a b All Ukrainian Census of 2001 Official Site 2001 ukrcensus gov ua Retrieved 22 May 2014 Anaoeda inueee iadaien ianaeaiiy 2001 Donneay aadney Dacoeuoaou eneaiiinou e oaddeoideaeuiia daciauaiea ianaeaiey eneaiiinou iaee iiai ianaeaiey e aai danidaaaeaiea ii iieo Dacoeuoao auaida 2001 ukrcensus gov ua Odessa Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary In 86 Volumes 82 Volumes and 4 Additional Volumes St Petersburg 1890 1907 Odessa v Bolshoj sovetskoj enciklopedii Archived from the original on 7 January 2007 Anaoeda inueee iadaien ianaeaiiy 2001 Donneay aadney Dacoeuoaou Iniiaiua eoiae iadaiene Eiee anoai aidiaia 2001 ukrcensus gov ua Statya v zhurnale Derzhava Skolko dejstvitelno naseleniya v Odesse Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 a b Ukrainian Municipal Survey March 2 20 2015 PDF IRI Seventh Ukrainian Municipal Survey May 12 June 3 2021 PDF IRI Dnistryansky M S 2006 Etnopoliticheskaya geografiya Ukrainy Etnopolitichna geografiya Ukrayini Liviv Litopis vidavnictvo LNU imeni Ivana Franka p 342 ISBN 966 7007 60 X Demoskop Weekly Prilozhenie Spravochnik statisticheskih pokazatelej demoscope ru Dannye Vsesoyuznoj perepisi naseleniya 1926 goda po regionam respublik SSSR Demoscope ru Retrieved 22 May 2014 Vsesoyuznaya perepis naseleniya 1939 goda Nacionalnyj sostav naseleniya rajonov gorodov i krupnyh sel soyuznyh respublik SSSR Demoscope ru Retrieved 15 April 2015 Recensămintele Romaniei 1899 1992 Enciclopedia de istorie a Romaniei in Romanian Editura Meronia 2002 p 358 Vseukrayinskij perepis naselennya 2001 English version Results General results of the census National composition of population Odesa region ukrcensus gov ua Official Website of the city administration Structure of the Mayorality Odessa ua 1 April 2008 Retrieved 28 October 2011 Incumbent Odesa Mayor Trukhanov declared winner in Sunday mayoral election interfax com ua Official Website of the city administration City Council Odessa ua 14 July 2011 Retrieved 28 October 2011 City Council members Odessa ua 1 April 2008 Retrieved 28 October 2011 Official Website of the city administration Standing commissions of the City Council Odessa ua 1 April 2008 Retrieved 28 October 2011 Buildings for Music Michael Forsythe Cambridge University Press p 344 ISBN 9780521268622 Deribasovskaya Street Archived from the original on 4 January 2012 Retrieved 26 December 2011 The Passage Archived from the original on 4 January 2012 Retrieved 26 December 2011 Odesa deputies back decision to dismantle monument to Catherine II Ukrinform 30 November 2022 Retrieved 30 November 2022 Odesa City Council finally agreed to demolish the monument to Catherine Odeska miskrada nareshti pogodilasya znesti pam yatnik Katerini Ukrainska Pravda in Ukrainian 30 November 2022 Retrieved 30 November 2022 Gubar Oleg 2011 How was the City Garden formed PDF Odessitclub a b Odessa The Star of Exile jpost com Morfill William Richard 1911 Pushkin Alexander In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 22 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 668 669 Commons Category Medici lions at Vorontsov palace in Odessa Commons File Starosinnyi Garden JPG Anderson Nancy K Anna Andreevna Akhmatova 2004 The word that causes death s defeat Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 10377 8 a b Tanny Jarrod 2011 City of Rogues and Schnorrers Russia s Jews and the Myth of Old Odessa Bloomington Indiana University Press pp 13 22 142 156 ISBN 978 0 253 22328 9 Retrieved 12 February 2016 Barry Ellen 1 April 2013 Odessa Celebrates April Fools Day The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 14 November 2016 Nissani Noah 1996 Ze ev Jabotinsky Brief Biography Liberal Org Archived from the original on 20 June 2009 Retrieved 9 June 2009 von Rhein John 19 August 2005 Jacob Weinberg Piano Concerto No 2 in C Major Chicago Tribune Retrieved 29 August 2014 Soldak Katya 17 October 2012 Barbie Flu Spreading in Ukraine Forbes Vitaly VITALIV Vinogradov zet gallery Zet Gallery Retrieved 24 May 2019 Akademiya nauk vishoyi shkoli Ukrayini 1992 2010 Dovidnik Already today Birthday of Janka Bryl Uzho syonnya Dzen naradzhennya Yanki Brylya in Belarusian Pachmann Vladimir de Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 20 11th ed 1911 p 433 Kravtsiv Bohdan 2012 Odesa Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Retrieved 4 November 2014 Odesa is situated on a large virtually ice free bay on the Black Sea near the mouths of the Danube River the Dnister River the Boh River and the Dnieper River which link it with the interior of the country Associaciya portov Ukrainy Ukrport obedinyaet 43 organizacij Ukrainian Ports Association Ukrport unites 43 organizations ukrport org ua Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 Ports of Ukraine Archived from the original on 9 November 2007 Terminalbetreiber in Estland gekauft In Schiff amp Hafen 7 2018 p 9 Hamburger Hafenkonzern investiert gross in Triest In Die Presse 29 September 2020 Preuss Olaf 1 March 2019 HHLA sucht Terminals auch jenseits von Hamburg via www welt de Odessa o gorode Odessa info com ua Archived from the original on 24 May 2013 Retrieved 12 March 2013 Odessa Region Profile PDF mfa gov ua Odessa Regional State Administration Archived from the original PDF on 23 October 2012 Retrieved 29 April 2012 Snap became a resident of UNIT City AIN UA 20 November 2018 Retrieved 29 May 2020 Snap acquires Ukrainian startup AI Factory for 166M AIN UA 26 December 2019 Retrieved 29 May 2020 Schmalstieg Frank C Goldman Armond S May 2008 Ilya Ilich Metchnikoff 1845 1915 and Paul Ehrlich 1854 1915 the centennial of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Journal of Medical Biography England 16 2 96 103 doi 10 1258 jmb 2008 008006 PMID 18463079 S2CID 25063709 Gamow George 1970 My time line Viking New York Odessa Tram Themes Retrieved 2 May 2006 Odessa Cable Car to Vidrada Otrada Beach on Wikimapia Odessa tour guide leodessa com Odessa Sights odessaguide net Drivers IRC Intercontinental Rally Challenge Eurosport Archived from the original on 11 April 2013 Retrieved 4 March 2013 Mista pobratimi omr gov ua in Ukrainian Odessa Archived from the original on 1 April 2019 Retrieved 29 March 2020 Mista partneri omr gov ua in Ukrainian Odessa Retrieved 29 March 2020 Cited sourcesRichardson Tanya 2008 Kaleidoscopic Odessa History and Place in Contemporary Ukraine University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0 8020 9563 3 Retrieved 7 November 2009 Imperial Odessa Society of History and Artifacts 1848 Notes of the Imperial Odessa Society of History and Artifacts Vol 2 Odessa Odessa City Typography Retrieved 29 April 2019 Yefimenko Aleksandra 2018 History of Ukraine and its people Istoriya Ukrajny i ee naroda Litres ISBN 9785457887299 Retrieved 29 April 2019 Further readingSee also Bibliography of the history of Odessa Dallin Alexander 1998 Odessa 1941 1944 A Case Study of Soviet Territory Under Foreign Rule Iasi Center for Romanian Studies ISBN 973 98391 1 8 Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 Retrieved 7 November 2009 Complete book available online Friedberg Maurice 1991 How Things Were Done in Odessa Cultural and Intellectual Pursuits in a Soviet City Boulder CO Westview Press ISBN 0 8133 7987 3 Ghervas Stella 2008 Odessa et les confins de l Europe un eclairage historique In Ghervas Stella Rosset Francois eds Lieux d Europe Mythes et limites Paris Editions de la Maison des sciences de l homme ISBN 978 2 7351 1182 4 Ghervas Stella 2008 Reinventer la tradition Alexandre Stourdza et l Europe de la Sainte Alliance Paris Honore Champion ISBN 978 2 7453 1669 1 Gubar Oleg 2004 Odessa New Monuments Memorial Plaques and Buildings Odessa Optimum ISBN 966 8072 86 3 Herlihy Patricia 1979 1980 Greek Merchants in Odessa in the Nineteenth Century PDF Harvard Ukrainian Studies 3 4 399 420 Archived from the original PDF on 29 May 2008 Herlihy Patricia 1987 Odessa A History 1794 1914 Cambridge MA Harvard University Press ISBN 0 916458 15 6 hardcover ISBN 0 916458 43 1 1991 paperback reprint Herlihy Patricia 2002 Commerce and Architecture in Odessa in Late Imperial Russia Commerce in Russian Urban Culture 1861 1914 Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 0 8018 6750 9 Herlihy Patricia 2003 Port Jews of Odessa and Trieste A Tale of Two Cities Jahrbuch des Simon Dubnow Instituts Munchen Deutsche Verlags Anstalt 2 182 198 ISBN 3 421 05522 X Herlihy Patricia Gubar Oleg 2008 The Persuasive Power of the Odessa Myth In Czaplicka John Gelazis Nida Ruble Blair A eds Cities after the Fall of Communism Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 9191 5 Kaufman Bel Oleg Gubar Alexander Rozenboim 2004 Nicholas V Iljine Patricia Herlihy eds Odessa Memories Seattle University of Washington Press ISBN 0 295 98345 0 King Charles 2011 Odessa Genius and Death in a City of Dreams W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 393 07084 2 Kononova G 1984 Odessa A Guide Moscow Raduga Publishers OCLC 12344892 Makolkin Anna 2004 A History of Odessa the Last Italian Black Sea Colony Lewiston New York Edwin Mellen Press ISBN 0 7734 6272 4 Mazis John Athanasios 2004 The Greeks of Odessa Diaspora Leadership in Late Imperial Russia East European Monographs New York Columbia University Press ISBN 0 88033 545 9 Orbach Alexander 1997 New Voices of Russian Jewry A Study of the Russian Jewish Press of Odessa in the Era of the Great Reforms 1860 1871 Studies in Judaism in Modern Times No 4 Leiden Brill Academic Publishers ISBN 90 04 06175 4 Rothstein Robert A 2001 How It Was Sung in Odessa At the Intersection of Russian and Yiddish Folk Culture Slavic Review 60 4 781 801 doi 10 2307 2697495 JSTOR 2697495 S2CID 163549178 Skinner Frederick W 1986 Odessa and the Problem of Urban Modernization The City in Late Imperial Russia Indiana Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies Bloomington Indiana Indiana University Press ISBN 0 253 31370 8 Sylvester Roshanna P 2001 City of Thieves Moldavanka Criminality and Respectability in Prerevolutionary Odessa Journal of Urban History 27 2 131 157 doi 10 1177 009614420102700201 PMID 18333319 S2CID 34219426 Tanny Jarrod 2011 City of Rogues and Schnorrers Russia s Jews and the Myth of Old Odessa Bloomington IN Indiana University Press ISBN 978 0 253 35646 8 hardcover ISBN 978 0 253 22328 9 paperback Weinberg Robert 1992 The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa A Case Study Pogroms Anti Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 40532 7 Weinberg Robert 1993 The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa Blood on the Steps Indiana Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies Bloomington IN Indiana University Press ISBN 0 253 36381 0 Herlihy Patricia 1994 Review of The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa Blood on the Steps by Robert Weinberg Journal of Social History 28 2 435 437 doi 10 1353 jsh 28 2 435 JSTOR 3788930 Zipperstein Steven J 1991 1986 The Jews of Odessa A Cultural History 1794 1881 Palo Alto Stanford University Press ISBN 0 8047 1251 4 hardcover ISBN 0 8047 1962 4 paperback reprint External linksOdessa at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Kropotkin Peter Alexeivitch Bealby John Thomas 1911 Odessa In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 20 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 3 4 Odesa at Curlie Official Odessa web page Archived 13 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine in Ukrainian and Russian Official Odessa Map Portal in English Ukrainian and Russian Map of the current public transport routes in Odessa in English Ukrainian and Russian The murder of the Jews of Odessa during World War II at Yad Vashem website The Jewish Community of Odessa The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot Odessa yesterday Odessa today Images gallery Prospekt Group Portals Ukraine Europe Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Odesa amp oldid 1131792998, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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