The 1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic was one of the last major epidemics of plague in the Ottoman Empire.[1] This particular epidemic would cost the lives of at least 300,000 individuals.[2] Plague epidemics occurred frequently in the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries.[1]
The disease broke out in the capital Constantinople in July 1812. It was initially mild, but by late August the situation had become critical. By September, around 2000 people were dying each day. In December the epidemic subsided, but it later reappeared. By the end of the epidemic, the Ottoman government estimated that there were 320,955 deaths, which included 220,000 Turks, 40,800 Armenians, 32,000 Jews, 28,000 Greeks, 50 Aleppines, 80 islanders and 25 Franks.[3]
The outbreak spread throughout most of the empire's territory,[1] including Alexandria in Egypt.[4] In 1813, the plague reached the Ottoman vassal state of Wallachia where it became known as Caragea's plague after the country's ruler at the time. The epidemic killed about 25,000 to 30,000 people in Bucharest alone.[5] Around the same time, the plague was also present in Bosnia, reaching Dalmatia in 1815. In 1814–15 it reappeared in Egypt, Bosnia and Albania.[6]
The plague also spread beyond the borders of the empire. In May 1812 there was an outbreak in Poti, Georgia; in September the Crimea was hit. It had reached Odessa in August, where churches, the theatre and the Exchange were closed.[7] The duke of Richelieu played an important role. On November 22, 1812, all 32,000 residents of Odessa were forcibly imprisoned in their homes.[8][9] On 7 January 1813 no more cases were reported from Odessa and the town was reopened after 66 days, but no one was allowed to leave the city.[10] The epidemic killed 2656 people in 1812; 24 people died in 1813.[11] Counties in Moldavia (Tiraspol) and the southern of the Ukraine (Novomirgorod) had to deal with the plague.[citation needed]
In March 1813, it was introduced to the British-held island of Malta, causing an epidemic which lasted until January 1814 and which killed around 4500 people. The epidemic spread from Malta to the nearby island of Gozo, where the outbreak killed around 100 people between March and September 1814.[12] The epidemic also broke out on the island of Corfu in 1815.[6]
A small plague outbreak which occurred in Noja, Italy in 1815 might have also originated from the epidemic in Dalmatia, but its exact source is not known and it is possible that the outbreak was endemic.[6]
The next major plague epidemic in the Ottoman Empire occurred between 1835 and 1838.[1]
^ abcdPanzac, Daniel (2010). "Plague". In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 463. ISBN9781438110257.
^Chase-Levenson, Alex (2020). The Yellow Flag: Quarantine and the British Mediterranean World, 1780–1860. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN978-1-108-48554-8. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
^Walsh, R. (1828). "Narrative of a Journey from Constantinople to England". The Southern Review. Vol. 3. A. E. Miller. pp. 250–251.
^Cassar, Paul (1980). (PDF). Hyphen. Upper Secondary School Valletta. 2 (4): 147–157. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2020.
^Boia, Lucian (2001). Romania: Borderland of Europe. Reaktion Books. p. 298. ISBN9781861891037. (translated by James Christian Brown)
^ abcShadwell, Arthur; Hennessy, Harriet L.; Payne, Joseph Frank (1911). "Plague" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.).
^Travels in Russia, and a residence at St. Petersburg and Odessa, by Edward Morton, p. 315
^Odessa, 1812: Plague and Tyranny at the Edge of the Empire
^Travels in Russia, and a residence at St. Petersburg and Odessa, by Edward Morton, p. 318
^Travels in Russia, and a residence at St. Petersburg and Odessa, by Edward Morton, p. 322-326
^Lynch, Lily (5 December 2015). . Balkanist. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020.
^Bennett, J. D. C.; Bezzina, J. (January 1992). (PDF). Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 138 (1): 49. doi:10.1136/jramc-138-01-15. PMID 1578438. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2020.
February 21, 2023
1812, 1819, ottoman, plague, epidemic, last, major, epidemics, plague, ottoman, empire, this, particular, epidemic, would, cost, lives, least, individuals, plague, epidemics, occurred, frequently, ottoman, empire, between, 16th, 19th, centuries, yersinia, pest. The 1812 1819 Ottoman plague epidemic was one of the last major epidemics of plague in the Ottoman Empire 1 This particular epidemic would cost the lives of at least 300 000 individuals 2 Plague epidemics occurred frequently in the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries 1 1812 1819 Ottoman plague epidemicYersinia pestisDiseasePlagueBacteria strainYersinia pestisLocationOttoman EmpireFirst outbreakConstantinopleIndex caseJuly 1812Deathsapprox 320 000History EditThe disease broke out in the capital Constantinople in July 1812 It was initially mild but by late August the situation had become critical By September around 2000 people were dying each day In December the epidemic subsided but it later reappeared By the end of the epidemic the Ottoman government estimated that there were 320 955 deaths which included 220 000 Turks 40 800 Armenians 32 000 Jews 28 000 Greeks 50 Aleppines 80 islanders and 25 Franks 3 The outbreak spread throughout most of the empire s territory 1 including Alexandria in Egypt 4 In 1813 the plague reached the Ottoman vassal state of Wallachia where it became known as Caragea s plague after the country s ruler at the time The epidemic killed about 25 000 to 30 000 people in Bucharest alone 5 Around the same time the plague was also present in Bosnia reaching Dalmatia in 1815 In 1814 15 it reappeared in Egypt Bosnia and Albania 6 The plague also spread beyond the borders of the empire In May 1812 there was an outbreak in Poti Georgia in September the Crimea was hit It had reached Odessa in August where churches the theatre and the Exchange were closed 7 The duke of Richelieu played an important role On November 22 1812 all 32 000 residents of Odessa were forcibly imprisoned in their homes 8 9 On 7 January 1813 no more cases were reported from Odessa and the town was reopened after 66 days but no one was allowed to leave the city 10 The epidemic killed 2656 people in 1812 24 people died in 1813 11 Counties in Moldavia Tiraspol and the southern of the Ukraine Novomirgorod had to deal with the plague citation needed In March 1813 it was introduced to the British held island of Malta causing an epidemic which lasted until January 1814 and which killed around 4500 people The epidemic spread from Malta to the nearby island of Gozo where the outbreak killed around 100 people between March and September 1814 12 The epidemic also broke out on the island of Corfu in 1815 6 A small plague outbreak which occurred in Noja Italy in 1815 might have also originated from the epidemic in Dalmatia but its exact source is not known and it is possible that the outbreak was endemic 6 The next major plague epidemic in the Ottoman Empire occurred between 1835 and 1838 1 See also EditList of epidemicsReferences Edit a b c d Panzac Daniel 2010 Plague In Agoston Gabor Masters Bruce eds Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire Infobase Publishing p 463 ISBN 9781438110257 Chase Levenson Alex 2020 The Yellow Flag Quarantine and the British Mediterranean World 1780 1860 Cambridge University Press p 31 ISBN 978 1 108 48554 8 Retrieved 15 March 2020 Walsh R 1828 Narrative of a Journey from Constantinople to England The Southern Review Vol 3 A E Miller pp 250 251 Cassar Paul 1980 The Correspondence of a Senglea Merchant during the Plague of 1813 PDF Hyphen Upper Secondary School Valletta 2 4 147 157 Archived from the original PDF on 14 March 2020 Boia Lucian 2001 Romania Borderland of Europe Reaktion Books p 298 ISBN 9781861891037 translated by James Christian Brown a b c Shadwell Arthur Hennessy Harriet L Payne Joseph Frank 1911 Plague Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 21 11th ed Travels in Russia and a residence at St Petersburg and Odessa by Edward Morton p 315 Odessa 1812 Plague and Tyranny at the Edge of the Empire Travels in Russia and a residence at St Petersburg and Odessa by Edward Morton p 318 Travels in Russia and a residence at St Petersburg and Odessa by Edward Morton p 322 326 Lynch Lily 5 December 2015 Odessa 1812 Plague and Tyranny at the Edge of the Empire Balkanist Archived from the original on 15 March 2020 Bennett J D C Bezzina J January 1992 Dr George McAdam PDF Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 138 1 49 doi 10 1136 jramc 138 01 15 PMID 1578438 Archived from the original PDF on 14 March 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1812 1819 Ottoman plague epidemic amp oldid 1136898780, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
