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Spaniards

Spaniards,[a] or Spanish people, are a Romance ethnic group native to Spain.[29][30] Within Spain, there are a number of national and regional ethnic identities that reflect the country's complex history, including a number of different languages, both indigenous and local linguistic descendants of the Roman-imposed Latin language, of which Spanish is the largest and the only one that is official throughout the whole country.

Spaniards
Españoles (Spanish)[a]
Total population
Spain nationals 41,539,400[1]
(for a total population of 47,059,533)

Hundreds of millions of Hispanic Americans of full or partial Spanish ancestry[2][3][4][5][6][7]
Nationals abroad: 2,183,043[8]

Total abroad: 2,654,723,[9] which of them:
840,535 are born in Spain
1,542,809 are born in the country of residence
265,885 others[9]
Regions with significant populations
Spain   41,539,400 (2015)[1]
Diaspora
Argentina404,111 (92,610 born in Spain)[8][10]
France273,290 (170,153 born in Spain)[11][8][10]
Venezuela188,585 (56,167 born in Spain)[8][10]
United Kingdom185,000 (2020) (including de jure Spanish citizens that were not born in Spain)[12]
Germany146,846 (61,881 born in Spain)[10][13][14]
Brazil117,523 (29,848 born in Spain)[8][10]
Cuba108,858 (2,114 born in Spain)[8][10]
Mexico108,314 (17,485 born in Spain)[8][10]
United States
(including Puerto Rico)
103,474 (48,546 born in Spain)[8][10]
Switzerland103,247 (46,947 born in Spain)[8][10]
Uruguay63,827 (12,023 born in Spain)[8][10]
Chile56,104 (9,669 born in Spain)[8][10]
Belgium53,212 (26,616 born in Spain)[15]
Ecuador35,616 (13,120 born in Spain)[16]
Colombia30,683 (8,057 born in Spain)[8][10]
Andorra24,485 (17,771 born in Spain)[8][10]
Netherlands21,974 (12,406 born in Spain)[8][10]
Italy20,898 (11,734 born in Spain)[8][10]
Peru19,668 (4,028 born in Spain)[8][10]
Dominican Republic18,928 (3,622 born in Spain)[10][15]
Australia18,353 (10,506 born in Spain)[8][10]
Costa Rica16,482[17]
Sweden15,390[18]
Panama12,375[17]
United Arab Emirates12,000[19]
Guatemala9,311[20]
Morocco8,003[10]
Ireland6,794[21]
Poland5,000[22]
Philippines3,110[23]
Honduras~ 1,000 (2009)[24]
El Salvador2,450[17]
Russia2,118–45,935[10][25]
Nicaragua1,826[26]
Greece1,489[10]
Czech Republic1,007[10]
Languages
Spanish (see languages)
Religion
Predominatly Catholic Christianity Minority Irreligion[27][28]
Related ethnic groups
Hispanic Americans, Mestizos, Mediterranean peoples, Romance peoples, Celts

Commonly spoken regional languages include, most notably, the sole surviving indigenous language of Iberia, Basque, as well as other Latin-descended Romance languages like Spanish itself, Catalan and Galician. Many populations outside Spain have ancestors who emigrated from Spain and share elements of a Hispanic culture. The most notable of these comprise Hispanic America in the Western Hemisphere.

The Roman Republic conquered Iberia during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. Hispania, the name given to Iberia by the Romans as a province of their Empire, became highly acculturated through a process of linguistic and cultural Romanization, and as such, the majority of local languages in Spain today, with the exception of Basque, evolved out of Vulgar Latin which was introduced by Roman soldiers. The Romans laid the foundations for modern Spanish culture and identity, and Spain was the birthplace of important Roman emperors such as Trajan, Hadrian or Theodosius I.

At the end of the Western Roman Empire, the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe, invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces, including the Suebi, Alans and Vandals. Eventually, the Visigoths would forcibly integrate all remaining independent territories in the peninsula, including the Byzantine province of Spania, into the Visigothic Kingdom, which more or less unified politically, ecclesiastically, and legally all the former Roman provinces or successor kingdoms of what was then documented as Hispania.

In the early eighth century, the Visigothic Kingdom was conquered by the Umayyad Islamic Caliphate, that arrived to the peninsula in the year 711. The Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula (al-Andalus) soon became autonomous from Baghdad. The handful of small Christian pockets in the north left out of Muslim rule, along the presence of the Carolingian Empire near the Pyrenean range, would eventually lead to the emergence of the Christian kingdoms of León, Castile, Aragon, Portugal and Navarre. Along seven centuries, an intermittent southwards expansion of the latter kingdoms (metahistorically dubbed as a reconquest: the Reconquista) took place, culminating with the Christian seizure of the last Muslim polity (the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada) in 1492, the same year Christopher Columbus arrived in the New World. During the centuries after the Reconquista, the Christian kings of Spain persecuted and expelled ethnic and religious minorities such as Jews and Muslims through the Spanish Inquisition.[31]

A process of political conglomeration among the Christian kingdoms also ensued, and the late 15th-century saw the dynastic union of Castile and Aragon under the Catholic Monarchs, sometimes considered as the point of emergence of Spain as a unified country. The Conquest of Navarre occurred in 1512. There was also a period called Iberian Union, the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Spanish Crown; during which, both countries were ruled by the Spanish Habsburg kings between 1580 and 1640.

In the early modern period, Spain had one of the largest empires in history, which was also one of the first global empires, leaving a large cultural and linguistic legacy that includes over 570 million Hispanophones,[32] making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese. During the Golden Age there were also many advancements in the arts, with the rise of renowned painters such as Diego Velázquez. The most famous Spanish literary work, Don Quixote, was also published during the Golden Age.

The population of Spain has become more diverse due to immigration of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. From 2000 to 2010, Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second-highest absolute net migration in the world (after the United States).[33] The diverse regional and cultural populations mainly include the Castilians, Catalans, Andalusians, Valencians, Balearics, Canarians, Basques and the Galicians among others.

Historical background

Early populations

 
Lady of Elche, a piece of Iberian sculpture from the 4th century BC
 
A young Hispano-Roman nobleman from the 1st century BC
 
Marble bust of Roman Emperor Trajan, born in Roman Hispania (in Italica near modern-day Seville)

The earliest modern humans inhabiting the region of Spain are believed to have been Neolithic peoples, who may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000–40,000 years ago. The Iberians are believed to have arrived or emerged in the region as a culture between the 4th millennium BC and the 3rd millennium BC, settling initially along the Mediterranean coast.

Then Celts settled in Spain during the Iron Age. Some of those tribes in North-central Spain, who had cultural contact with the Iberians, are called Celtiberians. In addition, a group known as the Tartessians and later Turdetanians inhabited southwestern Spain. They are believed to have developed a separate culture influenced by Phoenicia. The seafaring Phoenicians,[34] Greeks, and Carthaginians successively settled trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast over a period of several centuries. Interaction took place with Indigenous peoples. The Second Punic War between the Carthaginians and Romans was fought mainly in what is now Spain and Portugal.[35]

The Roman Republic conquered Iberia during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, and established a series of Latin-speaking provinces in the region. As a result of Roman colonization, the majority of local languages, with the exception of Basque, stem from the Vulgar Latin that was spoken in Hispania (Roman Iberia). A new group of Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula including Spanish, which eventually became the main language in Spain evolved from Roman expansion. Hispania emerged as an important part of the Roman Empire and produced notable historical figures such as Trajan, Hadrian, Seneca and Quintilian.

The Germanic Vandals and Suebi, with Iranian Alans under King Respendial, arrived in the peninsula in 409 AD. Part of the Vandals with the remaining Alans, now under Geiseric, removed to North Africa after a few conflicts with another Germanic tribe, the Visigoths. The latter were established in Toulouse and supported Roman campaigns against the Vandals and Alans in 415–19 AD.

The Visigoths became the dominant power in Iberia and reigned for three centuries. They were highly romanized in the eastern Empire and already Christians, so they became fully integrated into the late Iberian-Roman culture.

The Suebi were another Germanic tribe in the west of the peninsula; some sources said that they became established as federates of the Roman Empire in the old Northwestern Roman province of Gallaecia (roughly, present-day northern Portugal and Galicia). But they were largely independent and raided neighboring provinces to expand their political control over ever-larger portions of the southwest after the Vandals and Alans left. They created a totally independent Suebic Kingdom. In 447 AC they converted to Roman Catholicism under King Rechila.

After being checked and reduced in 456 AD by the Visigoths, the Suebic Kingdom survived to 585 AD. It was decimated as an independent political unit by the Visigoths, after having been involved in the internal affairs of their kingdom.

Middle Ages

After two centuries of domination by the Visigothic Kingdom, the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by a Muslim force under Tariq Bin Ziyad in 711. This army consisted mainly of ethnic Berbers from the Ghomara tribe, who were reinforced by Arabs from Syria once the conquest was complete. Only a remote mountainous area in the far north retained independence, eventually developing as the Christian Kingdom of Asturias.

Muslim Iberia became part of the Umayyad Caliphate and would be known as Al-Andalus. The Berbers of Al Andalus revolted as early as 740 AD, halting Arab expansion across the Pyrenee Mountains into France. Upon the collapse of the Umayyad in Damascus, Spain was seized by Yusuf al Fihri. The exiled Umayyad Prince Abd al-Rahman I next seized power, establishing himself as Emir of Cordoba. Abd al Rahman III, his grandson, proclaimed a Caliphate in 929, marking the beginning of the Golden Age of Al Andalus. This policy was the effective power of the peninsula and Western North Africa; it competed with the Shiite rulers of Tunis and frequently raided the small Christian kingdoms in the North.

The Caliphate of Córdoba effectively collapsed during a ruinous civil war between 1009 and 1013; it was not finally abolished until 1031, when al-Andalus broke up into a number of mostly independent mini-states and principalities called taifas. These were generally too weak to defend themselves against repeated raids and demands for tribute from the Christian states to the north and west, which were known to the Muslims as "the Galician nations". These had expanded from their initial strongholds in Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, the Basque country, and the Carolingian Marca Hispanica to become the Kingdoms of Navarre, León, Portugal, Castile and Aragon, and the County of Barcelona. Eventually they began to conquer territory, and the Taifa kings asked for help from the Almoravids, Muslim Berber rulers of the Maghreb. But the Almoravids went on to conquer and annex all the Taifa kingdoms.

In 1086 the Almoravid ruler of Morocco, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, was invited by the Muslim princes in Iberia to defend them against Alfonso VI, King of Castile and León. In that year, Tashfin crossed the straits to Algeciras and inflicted defeat on the Christian army at the Battle of Sagrajas. By 1094, Yusuf ibn Tashfin had removed all Muslim princes in Iberia and had annexed their states, except for the one at Zaragoza. He also regained Valencia from the Christians. About this time a massive process of conversion to Islam took place, and Muslims comprised the majority of the population in Spain by the end of the 11th century.

The Almoravids were succeeded by the Almohads, another Berber dynasty, after the victory of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur over the Castilian Alfonso VIII at the Battle of Alarcos in 1195. In 1212 a coalition of Christian kings under the leadership of the Castilian Alfonso VIII defeated the Almohads at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. But the Almohads continued to rule Al-Andalus for another decade, though with much reduced power and prestige. The civil wars following the death of Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II rapidly led to the re-establishment of taifas. The taifas, newly independent but weakened, were quickly conquered by the kingdoms of Portugal, Castile, and Aragon. After the fall of Murcia (1243) and the Algarve (1249), only the Emirate of Granada survived as a Muslim state, tributary of Castile until 1492.

In 1469 the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile signaled a joining of forces to attack and conquer the Emirate of Granada. The King and Queen convinced the Pope to declare their war a crusade. The Christians were successful and finally, in January 1492, after a long siege, the Moorish sultan Muhammad XII surrendered the fortress palace, the renowned Alhambra.

Spain conquered the Canary Islands between 1402 and 1496. Their indigenous Berber population, the Guanches, were gradually absorbed by intermarrying with Spanish settlers.

Spanish conquest of the Iberian part of Navarre was begun by Ferdinand II of Aragon and completed by Charles V. The series of military campaigns extended from 1512 to 1524, while the war lasted until 1528 in the Navarre to the north of the Pyrenees. Between 1568 and 1571, Charles V armies fought and defeated a general insurrection of the Muslims of the mountains of Granada. Charles V then ordered the expulsion of up to 80,000 Granadans from the province and their dispersal throughout Spain.

The union of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon as well as the conquest of Granada, Navarre and the Canary Islands led to the formation of the Spanish state as known today. This allowed for the development of a Spanish identity based on the Spanish language and a local form of Catholicism. This gradually developed in a territory that remained culturally, linguistically and religiously very diverse.

A majority of Jews were forcibly converted to Catholicism during the 14th and 15th centuries and those remaining were expelled from Spain in 1492. The open practice of Islam by Spain's sizeable Mudejar population was similarly outlawed. Furthermore, between 1609 and 1614, a significant number of Moriscos— (Muslims who had been baptized Catholic) were expelled by royal decree.[36] Although initial estimates of the number of Moriscos expelled such as those of Henri Lapeyre reach 300,000 moriscos (or 4% of the total Spanish population), the extent and severity of the expulsion has been increasingly challenged by modern historians. Nevertheless, the eastern region of Valencia, where ethnic tensions were highest, was particularly affected by the expulsion, suffering economic collapse and depopulation of much of its territory.

The Islamic legacy in Spain has been long lasting, and among many others, accounts for two of the eight masterpieces of Islamic architecture from around the world: the Alhambra of Granada and the Cordoba Mosque;[37] the Palmeral of Elche [38] is listed as a World Heritage Site due to its uniqueness.[39]

Those who avoided expulsion or who managed to return to Spain merged into the dominant culture.[40] The last mass prosecution against Moriscos for crypto-Islamic practices took place in Granada in 1727, with most of those convicted receiving relatively light sentences. By the end of the 18th century, Indigenous Islam and Morisco identity were considered to have been extinguished in Spain.[41]

Colonialism and emigration

 
Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790.

In the 16th century, following the military conquest of most of the new continent, perhaps 240,000 Spaniards entered American ports. They were joined by 450,000 in the next century.[42] It is estimated that during the colonial period (1492–1832), a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era (1850–1950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century, and most during the 18th century as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon Dynasty. After the conquest of Mexico and Peru these two regions became the principal destinations of Spanish colonial settlers in the 16th century.[43] In the period 1850–1950, 3.5 million Spanish left for the Americas, particularly Argentina, Uruguay, Mexico,[citation needed] Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, and Cuba.[44] From 1840 to 1890, as many as 40,000 Canary Islanders emigrated to Venezuela.[45] 94,000 Spaniards chose to go to Algeria in the last years of the 19th century, and 250,000 Spaniards lived in Morocco at the beginning of the 20th century.[44]

By the end of the Spanish Civil War, some 500,000 Spanish Republican refugees had crossed the border into France.[46] From 1961 to 1974, at the height of the guest worker in Western Europe, about 100,000 Spaniards emigrated each year.[44] The nation has formally apologized to expelled Jews and since 2015 offers the chance for people to reclaim Spanish citizenship. By 2019, over 132,000 Sephardic Jewish descendants had reclaimed Spanish citizenship.[47][48]

The population of Spain has become more diverse due to immigration of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. From 2000 to 2010, Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second-highest absolute net migration in the world (after the United States).[33] Immigrants now make up about 10% of the population. But Spain's prolonged economic crisis between 2008 and 2015 reduced economic opportunities, and both immigration rates and the total number of foreigners in the country declined. By the end of this period, Spain was becoming a net emigrant country.

Ancestry

Historical origins and genetics

The Spanish people's genetic pool largely derives from the pre-Roman inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula:

There are also some genetic influences from Germanic tribes who arrived after the Roman period, including the Suebi, Hasdingi Vandals, Alans and Visigoths.[55][56][57] Due to its position on the Mediterranean Sea, like other Southern European countries, the land that is now Spain also had contact with other Mediterranean peoples such as the ancient Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians who briefly settled along the Iberian Mediterranean coast, the Sephardi Jewish community, and Berbers and Arabs arrived during Al-Andalus, all of them leaving some North African and Middle Eastern genetic contributions, particularly in the Southern and Western Iberian Peninsula.[58][59][54][60][61][62][53]

Peoples of Spain

Nationalities and regions

 
Conversation in a Sevillian Courtyard, 19th century by José Jiménez Aranda

Within Spain, there are various nationalities and regional populations including the Andalusians, Castilians, Catalans, Valencians and Balearics (who speak Catalan, a distinct Romance language in eastern Spain), the Basques (who live in the Basque country and north of Navarre and speak Basque, a non-Indo-European language), and the Galicians (who speak Galician, a descendant of old Galician-Portuguese).

Respect to the existing cultural pluralism is important to many Spaniards. In many regions there exist strong regional identities such as Asturias, Aragon, the Canary Islands, León, and Andalusia, while in others (like Catalonia, Basque Country or Galicia) there are stronger national sentiments. Many of them refuse to identify themselves with the Spanish ethnic group and prefer some of the following:

Nationalities and regional identities

Romani minority

 
Gypsies of Granada

Spain is home to one of the largest communities of Romani people (commonly known by the English exonym "gypsies", Spanish: gitanos). The Spanish Roma, which belong to the Iberian Kale subgroup (calé), are a formerly-nomadic community, which spread across Western Asia, North Africa, and Europe, first reaching Spain in the 15th century.

Data on ethnicity is not collected in Spain, although the Government's statistical agency CIS estimated in 2007 that the number of Gitanos present in Spain is probably around one million.[63] Most Spanish Roma live in the autonomous community of Andalusia, where they have traditionally enjoyed a higher degree of integration than in the rest of the country. A number of Spanish Calé also live in Southern France, especially in the region of Perpignan.

Modern immigration

 
statue of King Alfonso XIII of Spain in Tegucigalpa. Built by the Spanish Honduran community

The population of Spain has become increasingly diverse due to recent immigration. From 2000 to 2010, Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second highest absolute net migration in the World (after the United States)[33] and immigrants now make up about 10% of the population. Since 2000, Spain has absorbed more than 3 million immigrants, with thousands more arriving each year.[64] In 2008, the immigrant population topped over 4.5 million.[65] These immigrants came mainly from Europe, Latin America, Asia, North Africa, and West Africa.[66]

Languages

 
The vernacular languages of Spain (simplified)
  •   Spanish official; spoken all over the country
  •   Catalan, co-official
  •   Basque, co-official
  •   Galician, co-official
  •   Occitan (Aranese), co-official
  •   Asturian (and Leonese), recognised but not official
  •   Aragonese, recognised but not official

Languages spoken in Spain include Spanish (castellano or español) (74%), Catalan (català, called valencià, in the Valencian Community) (17%), Galician (galego) (7%), and Basque (euskara) (2%).[67] Other languages with a lower level of official recognition are Asturian (asturianu), Aranese Gascon (aranés), Aragonese (aragonés), and Leonese, each with their own various dialects. Spanish is the official state language, although the other languages are co-official in a number of autonomous communities.

Peninsular Spanish is typically classified in northern and southern dialects; among the southern ones Andalusian Spanish is particularly important. The Canary Islands have a distinct dialect of Spanish which is close to Caribbean Spanish. The Spanish language is a Romance language and is one of the aspects (including laws and general "ways of life") that causes Spaniards to be labelled a Latin people. Spanish has a significant Arabic influence in vocabulary; between the 8th and 12th centuries, Arabic was the dominant language in Al-Andalus[68] and some 4,000 words are of Arabic origin, including nouns, verbs and adjectives.[69] It also has influences from other Romance languages such as French, Italian, Catalan, Galician or Portuguese. Traditionally, the Basque language has been considered a key influence on Spanish, though nowadays this is questioned. Other changes are borrowings from English and other Germanic languages, although English influence is stronger in Latin America than in Spain.

The number of speakers of Spanish as a mother tongue is roughly 35.6 million, while the vast majority of other groups in Spain such as the Galicians, Catalans, and Basques also speak Spanish as a first or second language, which boosts the number of Spanish speakers to the overwhelming majority of Spain's population of 46 million.

Spanish was exported to the Americas due to over three centuries of Spanish colonial rule starting with the arrival of Christopher Columbus to Santo Domingo in 1492. Spanish is spoken natively by over 400 million people and spans across most countries of the Americas; from the Southwestern United States in North America down to Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost region of South America in Chile and Argentina. A variety of the language, known as Judaeo-Spanish or Ladino (or Haketia in Morocco), is still spoken by descendants of Sephardim (Spanish and Portuguese Jews) who fled Spain following a decree of expulsion of practising Jews in 1492. Also, a Spanish creole language known as Chabacano, which developed by the mixing of Spanish and native Tagalog and Cebuano languages during Spain's rule of the country through Mexico from 1565 to 1898, is spoken in the Philippines (by roughly 1 million people).[70]

Religion

Roman Catholicism is by far the largest denomination present in Spain,[71][72] although its share of the population has been decreasing for decades. According to a study by the Spanish Centre for Sociological Research in 2013 about 71% of Spaniards self-identified as Catholics, 2% other faith, and about 25% identified as atheists or declared they had no religion. Survey data for 2019 show Catholics down to 69%, 2.8% "other faith" and 27% atheist-agnostic-non-believers.[67]

Emigration from Spain

 
Distribution of the Spaniards and their descendants around the world.
  Spain
  + 100,000
  + 10,000
  + 1,000

Outside of Europe, Latin America has the largest population of people with ancestors from Spain. These include people of full or partial Spanish ancestry.

People with Spanish ancestry

Country Population (% of country) Reference Criterion
Mexico: Spanish Mexican 94,720,000 (>80%) [2] estimated: 20-40% as Whites
60-80% as Mestizos.
United States: Spanish American 50,000,000 (16%) [3] 10,017,244 who identify themselves with direct ancestry from Spain. [73]
26,735,713 (53.0%) (8.7% of total U.S. population) Hispanics in the United States who identify as white (sometimes mixed with other European origins) or Mestizo via Latin America.
Venezuela: Spanish Venezuelan 25,079,923 (90%) [4] 42% as white and 50% as mestizos.
Brazil: Spanish Brazilian 15,000,000 (8%) [5] estimate by Bruno Ayllón.[74]
Colombia: Spanish Colombian 39,000,000 (86%)[citation needed] Self-description as "Mestizo, white and mulatto"
Cuba: Spanish Cuban 10,050,849 (89%) [6] Self-description as white, mulatto and mestizo
Puerto Rico: Spanish Puerto Rican 3,064,862 (80.5%) [75][76]
[77][78]
Self-description as white.
83,879 (2%) identified as Spanish citizens
Canada: Spanish Canadian 325,730 (1%) [79] Self-description
Australia: Spanish Australian 58,271 (0.3%) [80] Self-description

The listings above shows the nine countries with known collected data on people with ancestors from Spain, although the definitions of each of these are somewhat different and the numbers cannot really be compared. Spanish Chilean of Chile and Spanish Uruguayan of Uruguay could be included by percentage (each at above 40%) instead of numeral size.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Native names and pronunciations:

References

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  2. ^ a b "Mexico – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
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spaniards, other, uses, spaniard, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, . For other uses see Spaniard disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Spaniards news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Spaniards a or Spanish people are a Romance ethnic group native to Spain 29 30 Within Spain there are a number of national and regional ethnic identities that reflect the country s complex history including a number of different languages both indigenous and local linguistic descendants of the Roman imposed Latin language of which Spanish is the largest and the only one that is official throughout the whole country SpaniardsEspanoles Spanish a Total populationSpain nationals 41 539 400 1 for a total population of 47 059 533 Hundreds of millions of Hispanic Americans of full or partial Spanish ancestry 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nationals abroad 2 183 043 8 Total abroad 2 654 723 9 which of them 840 535 are born in Spain1 542 809 are born in the country of residence265 885 others 9 Regions with significant populationsSpain 41 539 400 2015 1 DiasporaArgentina404 111 92 610 born in Spain 8 10 France273 290 170 153 born in Spain 11 8 10 Venezuela188 585 56 167 born in Spain 8 10 United Kingdom185 000 2020 including de jure Spanish citizens that were not born in Spain 12 Germany146 846 61 881 born in Spain 10 13 14 Brazil117 523 29 848 born in Spain 8 10 Cuba108 858 2 114 born in Spain 8 10 Mexico108 314 17 485 born in Spain 8 10 United States including Puerto Rico 103 474 48 546 born in Spain 8 10 Switzerland103 247 46 947 born in Spain 8 10 Uruguay63 827 12 023 born in Spain 8 10 Chile56 104 9 669 born in Spain 8 10 Belgium53 212 26 616 born in Spain 15 Ecuador35 616 13 120 born in Spain 16 Colombia30 683 8 057 born in Spain 8 10 Andorra24 485 17 771 born in Spain 8 10 Netherlands21 974 12 406 born in Spain 8 10 Italy20 898 11 734 born in Spain 8 10 Peru19 668 4 028 born in Spain 8 10 Dominican Republic18 928 3 622 born in Spain 10 15 Australia18 353 10 506 born in Spain 8 10 Costa Rica16 482 17 Sweden15 390 18 Panama12 375 17 United Arab Emirates12 000 19 Guatemala9 311 20 Morocco8 003 10 Ireland6 794 21 Poland5 000 22 Philippines3 110 23 Honduras 1 000 2009 24 El Salvador2 450 17 Russia2 118 45 935 10 25 Nicaragua1 826 26 Greece1 489 10 Czech Republic1 007 10 LanguagesSpanish see languages ReligionPredominatly Catholic Christianity Minority Irreligion 27 28 Related ethnic groupsHispanic Americans Mestizos Mediterranean peoples Romance peoples CeltsCommonly spoken regional languages include most notably the sole surviving indigenous language of Iberia Basque as well as other Latin descended Romance languages like Spanish itself Catalan and Galician Many populations outside Spain have ancestors who emigrated from Spain and share elements of a Hispanic culture The most notable of these comprise Hispanic America in the Western Hemisphere The Roman Republic conquered Iberia during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC Hispania the name given to Iberia by the Romans as a province of their Empire became highly acculturated through a process of linguistic and cultural Romanization and as such the majority of local languages in Spain today with the exception of Basque evolved out of Vulgar Latin which was introduced by Roman soldiers The Romans laid the foundations for modern Spanish culture and identity and Spain was the birthplace of important Roman emperors such as Trajan Hadrian or Theodosius I At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces including the Suebi Alans and Vandals Eventually the Visigoths would forcibly integrate all remaining independent territories in the peninsula including the Byzantine province of Spania into the Visigothic Kingdom which more or less unified politically ecclesiastically and legally all the former Roman provinces or successor kingdoms of what was then documented as Hispania In the early eighth century the Visigothic Kingdom was conquered by the Umayyad Islamic Caliphate that arrived to the peninsula in the year 711 The Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula al Andalus soon became autonomous from Baghdad The handful of small Christian pockets in the north left out of Muslim rule along the presence of the Carolingian Empire near the Pyrenean range would eventually lead to the emergence of the Christian kingdoms of Leon Castile Aragon Portugal and Navarre Along seven centuries an intermittent southwards expansion of the latter kingdoms metahistorically dubbed as a reconquest the Reconquista took place culminating with the Christian seizure of the last Muslim polity the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492 the same year Christopher Columbus arrived in the New World During the centuries after the Reconquista the Christian kings of Spain persecuted and expelled ethnic and religious minorities such as Jews and Muslims through the Spanish Inquisition 31 A process of political conglomeration among the Christian kingdoms also ensued and the late 15th century saw the dynastic union of Castile and Aragon under the Catholic Monarchs sometimes considered as the point of emergence of Spain as a unified country The Conquest of Navarre occurred in 1512 There was also a period called Iberian Union the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Spanish Crown during which both countries were ruled by the Spanish Habsburg kings between 1580 and 1640 In the early modern period Spain had one of the largest empires in history which was also one of the first global empires leaving a large cultural and linguistic legacy that includes over 570 million Hispanophones 32 making Spanish the world s second most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese During the Golden Age there were also many advancements in the arts with the rise of renowned painters such as Diego Velazquez The most famous Spanish literary work Don Quixote was also published during the Golden Age The population of Spain has become more diverse due to immigration of the late 20th and early 21st centuries From 2000 to 2010 Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second highest absolute net migration in the world after the United States 33 The diverse regional and cultural populations mainly include the Castilians Catalans Andalusians Valencians Balearics Canarians Basques and the Galicians among others Contents 1 Historical background 1 1 Early populations 1 2 Middle Ages 1 3 Colonialism and emigration 2 Ancestry 2 1 Historical origins and genetics 3 Peoples of Spain 3 1 Nationalities and regions 3 2 Romani minority 3 3 Modern immigration 4 Languages 5 Religion 6 Emigration from Spain 6 1 People with Spanish ancestry 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 SourcesHistorical backgroundEarly populations Lady of Elche a piece of Iberian sculpture from the 4th century BC A young Hispano Roman nobleman from the 1st century BC Marble bust of Roman Emperor Trajan born in Roman Hispania in Italica near modern day Seville The earliest modern humans inhabiting the region of Spain are believed to have been Neolithic peoples who may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35 000 40 000 years ago The Iberians are believed to have arrived or emerged in the region as a culture between the 4th millennium BC and the 3rd millennium BC settling initially along the Mediterranean coast Then Celts settled in Spain during the Iron Age Some of those tribes in North central Spain who had cultural contact with the Iberians are called Celtiberians In addition a group known as the Tartessians and later Turdetanians inhabited southwestern Spain They are believed to have developed a separate culture influenced by Phoenicia The seafaring Phoenicians 34 Greeks and Carthaginians successively settled trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast over a period of several centuries Interaction took place with Indigenous peoples The Second Punic War between the Carthaginians and Romans was fought mainly in what is now Spain and Portugal 35 The Roman Republic conquered Iberia during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC and established a series of Latin speaking provinces in the region As a result of Roman colonization the majority of local languages with the exception of Basque stem from the Vulgar Latin that was spoken in Hispania Roman Iberia A new group of Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula including Spanish which eventually became the main language in Spain evolved from Roman expansion Hispania emerged as an important part of the Roman Empire and produced notable historical figures such as Trajan Hadrian Seneca and Quintilian The Germanic Vandals and Suebi with Iranian Alans under King Respendial arrived in the peninsula in 409 AD Part of the Vandals with the remaining Alans now under Geiseric removed to North Africa after a few conflicts with another Germanic tribe the Visigoths The latter were established in Toulouse and supported Roman campaigns against the Vandals and Alans in 415 19 AD The Visigoths became the dominant power in Iberia and reigned for three centuries They were highly romanized in the eastern Empire and already Christians so they became fully integrated into the late Iberian Roman culture The Suebi were another Germanic tribe in the west of the peninsula some sources said that they became established as federates of the Roman Empire in the old Northwestern Roman province of Gallaecia roughly present day northern Portugal and Galicia But they were largely independent and raided neighboring provinces to expand their political control over ever larger portions of the southwest after the Vandals and Alans left They created a totally independent Suebic Kingdom In 447 AC they converted to Roman Catholicism under King Rechila After being checked and reduced in 456 AD by the Visigoths the Suebic Kingdom survived to 585 AD It was decimated as an independent political unit by the Visigoths after having been involved in the internal affairs of their kingdom Middle Ages After two centuries of domination by the Visigothic Kingdom the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by a Muslim force under Tariq Bin Ziyad in 711 This army consisted mainly of ethnic Berbers from the Ghomara tribe who were reinforced by Arabs from Syria once the conquest was complete Only a remote mountainous area in the far north retained independence eventually developing as the Christian Kingdom of Asturias Muslim Iberia became part of the Umayyad Caliphate and would be known as Al Andalus The Berbers of Al Andalus revolted as early as 740 AD halting Arab expansion across the Pyrenee Mountains into France Upon the collapse of the Umayyad in Damascus Spain was seized by Yusuf al Fihri The exiled Umayyad Prince Abd al Rahman I next seized power establishing himself as Emir of Cordoba Abd al Rahman III his grandson proclaimed a Caliphate in 929 marking the beginning of the Golden Age of Al Andalus This policy was the effective power of the peninsula and Western North Africa it competed with the Shiite rulers of Tunis and frequently raided the small Christian kingdoms in the North The Caliphate of Cordoba effectively collapsed during a ruinous civil war between 1009 and 1013 it was not finally abolished until 1031 when al Andalus broke up into a number of mostly independent mini states and principalities called taifas These were generally too weak to defend themselves against repeated raids and demands for tribute from the Christian states to the north and west which were known to the Muslims as the Galician nations These had expanded from their initial strongholds in Galicia Asturias Cantabria the Basque country and the Carolingian Marca Hispanica to become the Kingdoms of Navarre Leon Portugal Castile and Aragon and the County of Barcelona Eventually they began to conquer territory and the Taifa kings asked for help from the Almoravids Muslim Berber rulers of the Maghreb But the Almoravids went on to conquer and annex all the Taifa kingdoms In 1086 the Almoravid ruler of Morocco Yusuf ibn Tashfin was invited by the Muslim princes in Iberia to defend them against Alfonso VI King of Castile and Leon In that year Tashfin crossed the straits to Algeciras and inflicted defeat on the Christian army at the Battle of Sagrajas By 1094 Yusuf ibn Tashfin had removed all Muslim princes in Iberia and had annexed their states except for the one at Zaragoza He also regained Valencia from the Christians About this time a massive process of conversion to Islam took place and Muslims comprised the majority of the population in Spain by the end of the 11th century The Almoravids were succeeded by the Almohads another Berber dynasty after the victory of Abu Yusuf Ya qub al Mansur over the Castilian Alfonso VIII at the Battle of Alarcos in 1195 In 1212 a coalition of Christian kings under the leadership of the Castilian Alfonso VIII defeated the Almohads at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa But the Almohads continued to rule Al Andalus for another decade though with much reduced power and prestige The civil wars following the death of Abu Ya qub Yusuf II rapidly led to the re establishment of taifas The taifas newly independent but weakened were quickly conquered by the kingdoms of Portugal Castile and Aragon After the fall of Murcia 1243 and the Algarve 1249 only the Emirate of Granada survived as a Muslim state tributary of Castile until 1492 In 1469 the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile signaled a joining of forces to attack and conquer the Emirate of Granada The King and Queen convinced the Pope to declare their war a crusade The Christians were successful and finally in January 1492 after a long siege the Moorish sultan Muhammad XII surrendered the fortress palace the renowned Alhambra Spain conquered the Canary Islands between 1402 and 1496 Their indigenous Berber population the Guanches were gradually absorbed by intermarrying with Spanish settlers Spanish conquest of the Iberian part of Navarre was begun by Ferdinand II of Aragon and completed by Charles V The series of military campaigns extended from 1512 to 1524 while the war lasted until 1528 in the Navarre to the north of the Pyrenees Between 1568 and 1571 Charles V armies fought and defeated a general insurrection of the Muslims of the mountains of Granada Charles V then ordered the expulsion of up to 80 000 Granadans from the province and their dispersal throughout Spain The union of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon as well as the conquest of Granada Navarre and the Canary Islands led to the formation of the Spanish state as known today This allowed for the development of a Spanish identity based on the Spanish language and a local form of Catholicism This gradually developed in a territory that remained culturally linguistically and religiously very diverse A majority of Jews were forcibly converted to Catholicism during the 14th and 15th centuries and those remaining were expelled from Spain in 1492 The open practice of Islam by Spain s sizeable Mudejar population was similarly outlawed Furthermore between 1609 and 1614 a significant number of Moriscos Muslims who had been baptized Catholic were expelled by royal decree 36 Although initial estimates of the number of Moriscos expelled such as those of Henri Lapeyre reach 300 000 moriscos or 4 of the total Spanish population the extent and severity of the expulsion has been increasingly challenged by modern historians Nevertheless the eastern region of Valencia where ethnic tensions were highest was particularly affected by the expulsion suffering economic collapse and depopulation of much of its territory The Islamic legacy in Spain has been long lasting and among many others accounts for two of the eight masterpieces of Islamic architecture from around the world the Alhambra of Granada and the Cordoba Mosque 37 the Palmeral of Elche 38 is listed as a World Heritage Site due to its uniqueness 39 Those who avoided expulsion or who managed to return to Spain merged into the dominant culture 40 The last mass prosecution against Moriscos for crypto Islamic practices took place in Granada in 1727 with most of those convicted receiving relatively light sentences By the end of the 18th century Indigenous Islam and Morisco identity were considered to have been extinguished in Spain 41 Colonialism and emigration Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790 In the 16th century following the military conquest of most of the new continent perhaps 240 000 Spaniards entered American ports They were joined by 450 000 in the next century 42 It is estimated that during the colonial period 1492 1832 a total of 1 86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3 5 million immigrated during the post colonial era 1850 1950 the estimate is 250 000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon Dynasty After the conquest of Mexico and Peru these two regions became the principal destinations of Spanish colonial settlers in the 16th century 43 In the period 1850 1950 3 5 million Spanish left for the Americas particularly Argentina Uruguay Mexico citation needed Brazil Chile Venezuela and Cuba 44 From 1840 to 1890 as many as 40 000 Canary Islanders emigrated to Venezuela 45 94 000 Spaniards chose to go to Algeria in the last years of the 19th century and 250 000 Spaniards lived in Morocco at the beginning of the 20th century 44 By the end of the Spanish Civil War some 500 000 Spanish Republican refugees had crossed the border into France 46 From 1961 to 1974 at the height of the guest worker in Western Europe about 100 000 Spaniards emigrated each year 44 The nation has formally apologized to expelled Jews and since 2015 offers the chance for people to reclaim Spanish citizenship By 2019 over 132 000 Sephardic Jewish descendants had reclaimed Spanish citizenship 47 48 The population of Spain has become more diverse due to immigration of the late 20th and early 21st centuries From 2000 to 2010 Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second highest absolute net migration in the world after the United States 33 Immigrants now make up about 10 of the population But Spain s prolonged economic crisis between 2008 and 2015 reduced economic opportunities and both immigration rates and the total number of foreigners in the country declined By the end of this period Spain was becoming a net emigrant country AncestryHistorical origins and genetics Main article Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula The Spanish people s genetic pool largely derives from the pre Roman inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula Pre Indo European and Indo European speaking pre Celtic groups Iberians Vettones Turdetani Aquitani 49 50 51 Celts Gallaecians Celtiberians Turduli and Celtici 52 51 who were Romanized after the conquest of the region by the ancient Romans 53 54 There are also some genetic influences from Germanic tribes who arrived after the Roman period including the Suebi Hasdingi Vandals Alans and Visigoths 55 56 57 Due to its position on the Mediterranean Sea like other Southern European countries the land that is now Spain also had contact with other Mediterranean peoples such as the ancient Phoenicians Greeks and Carthaginians who briefly settled along the Iberian Mediterranean coast the Sephardi Jewish community and Berbers and Arabs arrived during Al Andalus all of them leaving some North African and Middle Eastern genetic contributions particularly in the Southern and Western Iberian Peninsula 58 59 54 60 61 62 53 Peoples of SpainNationalities and regions Main articles Nationalities and regions of Spain and Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain Conversation in a Sevillian Courtyard 19th century by Jose Jimenez Aranda Within Spain there are various nationalities and regional populations including the Andalusians Castilians Catalans Valencians and Balearics who speak Catalan a distinct Romance language in eastern Spain the Basques who live in the Basque country and north of Navarre and speak Basque a non Indo European language and the Galicians who speak Galician a descendant of old Galician Portuguese Respect to the existing cultural pluralism is important to many Spaniards In many regions there exist strong regional identities such as Asturias Aragon the Canary Islands Leon and Andalusia while in others like Catalonia Basque Country or Galicia there are stronger national sentiments Many of them refuse to identify themselves with the Spanish ethnic group and prefer some of the following Nationalities and regional identitiesAndalusian people Aragonese people Asturian people Balearic people Basque people Canary Islanders Cantabrian people Castilian people Catalan people Extremaduran people Galician people Leonese people Valencian people Romani minority Main article Romani people in Spain Gypsies of Granada Spain is home to one of the largest communities of Romani people commonly known by the English exonym gypsies Spanish gitanos The Spanish Roma which belong to the Iberian Kale subgroup cale are a formerly nomadic community which spread across Western Asia North Africa and Europe first reaching Spain in the 15th century Data on ethnicity is not collected in Spain although the Government s statistical agency CIS estimated in 2007 that the number of Gitanos present in Spain is probably around one million 63 Most Spanish Roma live in the autonomous community of Andalusia where they have traditionally enjoyed a higher degree of integration than in the rest of the country A number of Spanish Cale also live in Southern France especially in the region of Perpignan Modern immigration Main article Immigration to Spain statue of King Alfonso XIII of Spain in Tegucigalpa Built by the Spanish Honduran community The population of Spain has become increasingly diverse due to recent immigration From 2000 to 2010 Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second highest absolute net migration in the World after the United States 33 and immigrants now make up about 10 of the population Since 2000 Spain has absorbed more than 3 million immigrants with thousands more arriving each year 64 In 2008 the immigrant population topped over 4 5 million 65 These immigrants came mainly from Europe Latin America Asia North Africa and West Africa 66 LanguagesThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message The vernacular languages of Spain simplified Spanish official spoken all over the country Catalan co official Basque co official Galician co official Occitan Aranese co official Asturian and Leonese recognised but not official Aragonese recognised but not official Main article Languages of Spain Languages spoken in Spain include Spanish castellano or espanol 74 Catalan catala called valencia in the Valencian Community 17 Galician galego 7 and Basque euskara 2 67 Other languages with a lower level of official recognition are Asturian asturianu Aranese Gascon aranes Aragonese aragones and Leonese each with their own various dialects Spanish is the official state language although the other languages are co official in a number of autonomous communities Peninsular Spanish is typically classified in northern and southern dialects among the southern ones Andalusian Spanish is particularly important The Canary Islands have a distinct dialect of Spanish which is close to Caribbean Spanish The Spanish language is a Romance language and is one of the aspects including laws and general ways of life that causes Spaniards to be labelled a Latin people Spanish has a significant Arabic influence in vocabulary between the 8th and 12th centuries Arabic was the dominant language in Al Andalus 68 and some 4 000 words are of Arabic origin including nouns verbs and adjectives 69 It also has influences from other Romance languages such as French Italian Catalan Galician or Portuguese Traditionally the Basque language has been considered a key influence on Spanish though nowadays this is questioned Other changes are borrowings from English and other Germanic languages although English influence is stronger in Latin America than in Spain The number of speakers of Spanish as a mother tongue is roughly 35 6 million while the vast majority of other groups in Spain such as the Galicians Catalans and Basques also speak Spanish as a first or second language which boosts the number of Spanish speakers to the overwhelming majority of Spain s population of 46 million Spanish was exported to the Americas due to over three centuries of Spanish colonial rule starting with the arrival of Christopher Columbus to Santo Domingo in 1492 Spanish is spoken natively by over 400 million people and spans across most countries of the Americas from the Southwestern United States in North America down to Tierra del Fuego the southernmost region of South America in Chile and Argentina A variety of the language known as Judaeo Spanish or Ladino or Haketia in Morocco is still spoken by descendants of Sephardim Spanish and Portuguese Jews who fled Spain following a decree of expulsion of practising Jews in 1492 Also a Spanish creole language known as Chabacano which developed by the mixing of Spanish and native Tagalog and Cebuano languages during Spain s rule of the country through Mexico from 1565 to 1898 is spoken in the Philippines by roughly 1 million people 70 ReligionMain article Religion in Spain Roman Catholicism is by far the largest denomination present in Spain 71 72 although its share of the population has been decreasing for decades According to a study by the Spanish Centre for Sociological Research in 2013 about 71 of Spaniards self identified as Catholics 2 other faith and about 25 identified as atheists or declared they had no religion Survey data for 2019 show Catholics down to 69 2 8 other faith and 27 atheist agnostic non believers 67 Emigration from SpainMain article Spanish diaspora Distribution of the Spaniards and their descendants around the world Spain 100 000 10 000 1 000 Outside of Europe Latin America has the largest population of people with ancestors from Spain These include people of full or partial Spanish ancestry People with Spanish ancestry Country Population of country Reference CriterionMexico Spanish Mexican 94 720 000 gt 80 2 estimated 20 40 as Whites60 80 as Mestizos United States Spanish American 50 000 000 16 3 10 017 244 who identify themselves with direct ancestry from Spain 73 26 735 713 53 0 8 7 of total U S population Hispanics in the United States who identify as white sometimes mixed with other European origins or Mestizo via Latin America Venezuela Spanish Venezuelan 25 079 923 90 4 42 as white and 50 as mestizos Brazil Spanish Brazilian 15 000 000 8 5 estimate by Bruno Ayllon 74 Colombia Spanish Colombian 39 000 000 86 citation needed Self description as Mestizo white and mulatto Cuba Spanish Cuban 10 050 849 89 6 Self description as white mulatto and mestizoPuerto Rico Spanish Puerto Rican 3 064 862 80 5 75 76 77 78 Self description as white 83 879 2 identified as Spanish citizensCanada Spanish Canadian 325 730 1 79 Self descriptionAustralia Spanish Australian 58 271 0 3 80 Self descriptionThe listings above shows the nine countries with known collected data on people with ancestors from Spain although the definitions of each of these are somewhat different and the numbers cannot really be compared Spanish Chilean of Chile and Spanish Uruguayan of Uruguay could be included by percentage each at above 40 instead of numeral size See alsoDemographics of Spain Hispanosphere Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain Nationalities and regions of Spain Spanish nationalities and regional identities Andalusian people Aragonese people Asturian people Balearic people Basque people Cagot Canarian people Cantabrian people Castilian people Catalan people Extremaduran people Galician people Leonese people Valencian people Vaqueiros de alzada Languages of Spain Spanish see also dialects and varieties Catalan Valencian Basque Galician Aranese Aragonese Asturian Judaeo Spanish Leonese Murcian language Ancient peoples of Spain Pre Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula Iberians Celtiberians Gallaeci Lusitanians Cantabrians Vascones Greeks and Punics Phoenicians and Carthaginians Guanches in the Canary Islands Romans Suebi Vandals Visigoths Moors of the Al Andalus Arabs Berbers History of the Jews in Spain Peoples with Spanish ancestry Criollos Spaniards in the former Spanish Empire Afro Spaniards Emancipados Fernandinos Latin Americans Latino Americans Islenos Louisiana Creole people Spanish Americans Spanish Argentinians Spanish Australians Spanish Brazilians Spanish Britons Spanish Canadians Spanish Central Americans Spanish Chileans Spanish Equatoguineans Spanish Filipino Spanish Mexican Spanish Peruvians Spanish Puerto Ricans Spanish Uruguayans Spanish Colombians White Latin AmericansNotes a b Native names and pronunciations Asturian and Spanish espanoles espaˈɲoles Dialectal pronunciations Southern Spanish ɛhpːaˈɲɔlɛh Extremaduran ɛhpːaˈɲɔlɪh Leonese espaˈɲoles lɪs Basque espainiarrak espaɲiarak or espainolak espaɲiolak Aragonese and Catalan espanyols Aragonese espaˈɲols Eastern Catalan espeˈɲɔls Galician espanois espaˈɲɔjs ˈɲɔjʃ Occitan espanhols espaˈɲɔls References a b Official Population Figures of Spain Population on 1 January 2013 INE Instituto Nacional de Estadistica a b Mexico Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica com Retrieved 10 July 2010 a b US Census Bureau 2014 American Community Survey B03001 1 Year Estimates HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN Archived 12 February 2020 at archive today retrieved 18 October 2015 Number of people of Hispanic and Latino Origin by specific origin except people of Brazilian origin a b Resultados Basicos Censo 2011 Archived 13 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine a b Brasil Espana hispanista com br Retrieved 24 February 2014 a b Census of population and homes in Spanish Government of Cuba 16 September 2002 Archived from the original on 14 April 2011 Retrieved 7 September 2009 Profile of General Demographic Characteristics 2000 Data Set Census 2000 Summary File 1 SF 1 100 Percent Data Factfinder census gov Archived from the original on 3 April 2009 Retrieved 14 May 2017 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Explotacion estadistica del Padron de Espanoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2015 PDF Ine es Retrieved 18 March 2015 a b Estadistica del Padron de Espanoles Residentes en el Extranjero PERE a 1 de enero de 2021 PDF Ine es Retrieved 22 January 2022 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Padron de Espanoles Residentes en el Extranjero PERE Ine es Retrieved 5 December 2015 Estadistica del Padron de Espanoles Residentes en el Extranjero PERE a 1 de enero de 2020 PDF Ine es Retrieved 1 January 2020 Spanish nationals population UK 2021 Statista com Retrieved 22 January 2022 1 31 December 2014 German Statistical Office Zensus 2014 Bevolkerung am 31 Dezember 2014 Auslander in Deutschland bis 2019 Herkunftsland De statista com Retrieved 22 January 2022 a b Explotacion estadistica del Padron de Espanoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2014 PDF Retrieved 19 June 2014 La nueva emigracion de espanoles a Ecuador Politicaexterior com 31 March 2016 a b c Censo electoral de espanoles residentes en el extranjero 2009 Archived from the original on 27 January 2010 Retrieved 22 January 2022 Fodelseland Och Ursprungsland 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