Brest, Belarus

"Brześć" redirects here. For other uses, see Brześć (disambiguation).

"Brest-Litovsk" redirects here. For the treaty, see Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Brest, formerly Brest-Litovsk and Brest-on-the-Bug,^[a] is a city in Belarus at the border with Poland opposite the Polish town of Terespol, where the Bug and Mukhavets rivers meet, making it a border town. It serves as the administrative center of Brest Region and Brest District, though it is administratively separated from the district.^[1] As of 2024, it has a population of 344,470.^[1]

Brest Брэст (Belarusian) Брест (Russian)
City
From top, left to right: Fortress church of Saint Nicholas Fortress Old Bank of Poland building Seat of regional authorities Exaltation of the Holy Cross church City History Museum
Flag Coat of arms
Brest Location of Brest in Belarus
Coordinates: 52°08′05″N 23°39′25″E / 52.13472°N 23.65694°E / 52.13472; 23.65694
Country	Belarus
Region	Brest Region
First mentioned	1017
Government
• Chairman of the Brest City Executive Committee	Siarhiej Labadzinski
• Chairman of the Brest City Council of Deputies	Mikalaj Krasouski
Area
• Total	145 km^2 (56 sq mi)
Elevation	280.4 m (919.9 ft)
Population  (2024)^[1]
• Total	344,470
• Density	2,400/km^2 (6,200/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK)
Postal code	224000
Area code	+375 (0)162
License plate	1
Website	City executive committee's official website

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1897	46,568	—
1939	41,400	−11.1%
1959	73,614	+77.8%
1970	121,629	+65.2%
1979	177,249	+45.7%
1989	258,016	+45.6%
1999	286,400	+11.0%
2009	309,764	+8.2%
2019	338,979	+9.4%
Source: pop-stat.mashke.org^[2]

Brest is one of the oldest cities in Belarus and a historical site for many cultures, as it hosted important historical events, such as the Union of Brest and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Furthermore, the Brest Fortress was recognized by the Soviet Union as a Hero Fortress in honour of the defense of Brest Fortress in June 1941.

In the High Middle Ages, the city often passed between Poland, Kievan Rus' principalities and Lithuania. From the Late Middle Ages to 1795, the city was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which later became a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569. In 1795, it was incorporated into the Russian Empire with the Third Partition of Poland. After the Polish-Soviet War, the city became part of the Second Polish Republic. In 1939, the city was captured by Nazi Germany during the invasion of Poland and then transferred to the Soviet Union per the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty. In 1941, it was retaken by the Germans during Operation Barbarossa. In 1944, it was retaken by the Soviet Red Army during the Lublin–Brest offensive.^[3] The city was part of the Byelorussian SSR until the breakup of the USSR in 1991. Since then, Brest has been part of independent Belarus.

Etymology

Several theories attempt to explain the origin of the city's name. The name could originate from Slavic root berest meaning "elm". It could likewise have come from the Lithuanian word brasta meaning "ford".^[4]

Traditionally, Belarusian-speakers called the city Берасце (Bieraście), similar to the Ukrainian name Берестя (Berestia).

Once a center of Jewish scholarship, the city has the Yiddish name בריסק (Brisk), hence the term "Brisker" used to describe followers of the influential Soloveitchik family of rabbis.

Brest became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1319.^[5] In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth formed in 1569, the town became known in Polish as Brześć, historically Brześć Litewski (literally: "Lithuanian Brest", in contradistinction to Brześć Kujawski). Brześć became part of the Russian Empire under the name Brest-Litovsk or Brest-Litovskii (Russian: Брест-Литовск, Брест-Литовский, literally "Lithuanian Brest") in the course of the Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795. After World War I, and the rebirth of Poland in 1918, the government of the Second Polish Republic renamed the city as Brześć nad Bugiem ("Brest on the Bug") on 20 March 1923.^[6] After World War II, the city became part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic with the name simplified as Brest.

Brest's coat of arms, adopted on 26 January 1991, features an arrow pointed upwards and a bow (both silver) on a sky-blue shield. An alternative coat of arms has a red shield. Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, first granted Brest a coat of arms in 1554.

History

 

In 1019, Brest was first mentioned in chronicles as "Berestye"

As a town, Brest – Berestye in Kievan Rus – was first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle in 1019 when the Kievan Rus' took the stronghold from the Poles. It is one of the oldest cities in Belarus.^[7] It was hotly contested between the Polish rulers (kings, principal dukes and dukes of Masovia) and Kievan Rus princes. It was recaptured by Poland in 1020, and unsuccessfully besieged by Prince Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev in 1022. It was captured Yaroslav the Wise, according to various sources, either in 1042^[8] or 1044,^[9] then by 1076 recaptured by King Bolesław II the Bold of Poland,^[9] but then lost again by his successor Władysław I Herman. Afterwards, it often passed between the principalities of Turov and Volhynia.^[8] In 1164, it was briefly captured by Lithuanians.^[8] In 1178, it was captured by Casimir II the Just of Poland, and made the seat of his fraternal nephew Leszek, Duke of Masovia, who, however, soon lost it to the Principality of Minsk. In 1182, Casimir II the Just captured the city once again,^[8][9] and then granted it as a fief to his sororal nephew Roman the Great the following year. It was laid waste by the Mongols in 1241 (see: First Mongol invasion of Poland), and was not rebuilt until 1275. Possibly since the 1270s, the city was contested by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia.^[10]

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

In 1319, the city became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Grand Duke Gediminas stayed in the city in the winter of 1319–1320, preparing to capture Kyiv.^[9][11] In 1349, it was captured by King Casimir III of Poland, however, it was restored to Lithuania in 1352.^[12] Its suburbs were burned by the Teutonic Order in 1379. In 1385, it became part of the Polish–Lithuanian union. During the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392), in 1390, the city was captured by Polish forces of Władysław II Jagiełło.^[13]

In 1390 Brest became the first city in the lands that now are Belarus to receive Magdeburg rights.

In 1409 it was a meeting place of King Władysław II Jagiełło, Grand Duke Vytautas the Great and Khan Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh under the Polish Deputy Chancellor Mikołaj Trąba's initiative, to prepare for war with the Teutonic Knights, which resulted in the Tatars aiding Poland and Lithuania in the Battle of Grunwald the following year.^[9][14][15] In 1410 the city mustered a cavalry banner that participated in the Polish-Lithuanian military victory at Grunwald.

In 1419 it became a seat of the starost in the newly created Trakai Voivodeship. Under Władysław II and Vytautas the city was significantly developed and granted privileges similar to those of the Polish city of Lublin.^[9][16] In 1425, the city hosted a congress attended by Władysław II, Vytautas, dukes of Masovia and Polish and Lithuanian nobles.^[17] In 1440, a Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was held in the city, at which Casimir IV Jagiellon was chosen Grand Duke of Lithuania.^[9][15] In 1446, a meeting of Casimir IV, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Polish senators regarding the political affiliation of Volhynia took place in the city, and in 1454 Casimir IV met with Lithuanian nobility to convince them to participate in the Polish–Teutonic War on the side of Poland.^[9][18]

Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth

Historical affiliations

  Principality of Galicia–Volhynia (1240–1246)
  Mongol Empire (1246–1319)
  Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1319–1320)
  Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1320–1321)
  Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1321–1349)
  Kingdom of Poland (1349–1351)
  Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1351–1569)
  Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
  Russian Empire (1795–1812)
  French occupation (1812)
  Russian Empire (1812–1915)
  German occupation (1915–1918)
  Second Polish Republic (1918–1919)
  SSR Byelorussia (1919)
  Second Polish Republic (1919–1939)
  Soviet occupation (1939–1941)
  German occupation (1941–1944)
  Soviet occupation (1944–1945)
  Soviet Union (1945–1991)
  Belarus (1991–present)

In 1500, it was burned again by Crimean Tatars. From 1513, the city was administratively located in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. In 1566, following the decree of Sigismund II Augustus, a new voivodeship was created – Brest Litovsk Voivodeship.

During the union of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Swedish Empire under king Sigismund III Vasa (Polish–Swedish union), diets were held there. In 1594 and 1596, it was the meeting-place of two remarkable councils of regional bishops of the Roman-Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. The 1596 council established the Uniate Church (also known as the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church in Belarus and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine). A Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was held in the city in 1653.^[19] A royal mint was founded in the city by King John II Casimir Vasa in 1665.

 

Siege of Brest by E. Dahlbergh, 1657

In 1657, and again in 1706, the town and castle were captured by the Swedish Army during its invasions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Then, in an attack from the other direction, on 13 January 1660, the invading Streltsy of the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky took the Brest Castle in an early morning surprise attack, the town having been captured earlier, and massacred the 1,700 defenders and their families (according to an Austrian observer, Captain Rosestein).

Partitions

On 23 July 1792, the defending Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army, under the leadership of Szymon Zabiełło, and the invading Imperial Russian Army fought a battle near Brześć. On 19 September 1794, the area between Brest and Terespol was the site of another battle won by the Russian invaders led by Alexander Suvorov over a Polish-Lithuanian division under General Karol Sierakowski. Thereafter, Brest was annexed by Russia when the Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth was partitioned for the third time in 1795.

19th century to World War I

During Russian rule in the 19th century, Brest Fortress was built in and around the city. The Russians demolished the Polish Royal Castle and most Old Town "to make room" for the fortress.^{[citation needed]} The main Jewish synagogue in the city, the Choral Synagogue, was completed c. 1862.

 

Brest railway station during World War I, c. 1915

During World War I, the town was captured by the Imperial German Army under August von Mackensen on 25 August 1915, during the Great Retreat of 1915.^[20] Shortly after Brest fell into German hands, war poet August Stramm, who has been called "the first of the Expressionists" and one of "the most innovative poets of the First World War,"^[21] was shot in the head during an attack on nearby Russian positions on 1 September 1915.

In March 1918, in the Brest Fortress at the confluence of the Bug and Mukhavets rivers on the city' western outskirts, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, ending the war between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers and transferring the city and its surrounding region to the sphere of influence of the German Empire. This treaty was subsequently annulled by the Paris Peace Conference treaties which ended the war and even more so by events and developments in Central and Eastern Europe. During 1918, the city became a part of the Volhynia Governorate of the Ukrainian People's Republic as a result of negotiations and own treaty between the delegation of the Ukrainian Central Rada and Central Powers.^[22]

Interwar Poland

 

Bank of Poland between the wars

On 9 February 1919, Polish troops entered the city, and it returned to Poland, which regained independence three months earlier.^[23][24] During the Polish–Soviet War it was occupied by the Soviet Russians on 1 August 1920,^[25] and recaptured by the Poles on 20 August,^[23] with borders formally recognized by the Treaty of Riga of 1921. In 1921, it became the temporary capital of the Polesie Voivodeship instead of Pińsk.^[26][27] It was renamed Brześć nad Bugiem (Brest on the Bug) on 20 March 1923.

The city was developed significantly and a number of representative public buildings were erected in Neoclassical and Modernist styles, especially at Ulica Unii Lubelskiej (Union of Lublin Street, now Lenin Street), including the Bank of Poland, Tax Chamber, Regional Chamber of the State Control, Healthcare Fund and Voivodeship Office.^[28] Other notable projects include the officials' housing estate, stylistically inspired by historic manor houses of Polish nobility and the garden city movement, and the Warburg Residential Colony, dedicated to poor Jews who had lost their homes in World War I, founded by Felix M. Warburg, chairman of the Joint Distribution Committee of American Funds for Jewish War Sufferers.^[29] In 1929, city limits were greatly expanded.^[30][31]

In the twenty years of Poland's sovereignty, of the total of 36 brand new schools established in the city, there were ten public, and five private Jewish schools inaugurated, with Yiddish and Hebrew as the language of instruction. The first-ever Jewish school in Brześć history opened in 1920, almost immediately after Poland's return to independence. In 1936 Jews constituted 41.3% of the Brześć population or 21,518 citizens. Some 80.3% of private enterprises were run by Jews.^[32][33][34] The Polish Army troops of the 9th Military District along with its headquarters were stationed in Brześć Fortress.

The city had an overwhelmingly Jewish population in the Russian Partition: 30,000 out of 45,000 total population according to Russian 1897 census, which fell to 21,000 out of 50,000 according to the Polish census of 1931.^[35][36]

World War II

 

German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk at the conclusion of the Invasion of Poland. In the centre are Major General Heinz Guderian from the Wehrmacht and Brigadier Semyon Krivoshein from the Red Army.

In early September 1939, the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish gold reserve from Warsaw to Brześć, and then further southeast to Śniatyn at the Poland-Romania border, from where it was transported via Romania and Turkey to territory controlled by Polish-allied France.^[37]

During the German Invasion of Poland in 1939, the city was defended by a small garrison of four infantry battalions under General Konstanty Plisowski against General Heinz Guderian's XIX Panzer Corps. After four days of heavy fighting, the Polish forces withdrew southwards on 17 September. The Soviet invasion of Poland began on the same day. As a result, the Soviet Red Army entered the city at the end of September 1939 following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact's Secret Protocol, and a joint Nazi-Soviet military parade took place on 22 September 1939. While Belarusians consider it a reunification of the Belarusian nation under one constituency (the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic at that time), Poles consider it the date when the city was lost. During the Soviet control (1939–41), the Polish population was subject to arrests, executions and mass deportations to Siberia and the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. Many Poles were imprisoned in the local prison, and then moved to a prison in Minsk.^[38] It is suspected that they were murdered by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre in 1940.^[38]

Further information: Brest Ghetto

 

The Begin family of the Brest-Litovsk Jewish community in 1932. Top left to right Herzl; Menahem; Rachel. In front their parents. Only Menahem and Rachel survived the Holocaust

 

A monument in memory of the Jews of Brest who were murdered in the Holocaust. In Kiryat Shaul cemetery in Tel Aviv

On 22 June 1941, Brest Fortress and the city were attacked by Nazi Germany on the first day of Operation Barbarossa, Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union. The fortress held out for six days. Nearly all its Soviet army defenders perished. The Germans placed Brest under the administration of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. The remaining municipal Jewish population (about 20,000) was sequestered in the Brest ghetto established by the German authorities in December 1941 and later murdered in October 1942. Only seven Jews survived the Nazi executions.^[36]

The Germans also operated a Nazi prison, a forced labour "education" camp for men and women, a forced labour camp for Jews, the AGSSt 3 prisoner-of-war assembly center, the Dulag 314 transit POW camp for Italians, the Stalag 397 POW camp for Soviet POWs and a subcamp of the Stalag 360 POW camp in the city.^{[39][40][41][42]}

The Polish resistance movement, including the Polesie District of the Home Army, was active in the city.

The city was re-occupied by the Red Army on 28 July 1944, and eventually annexed from Poland the following year.

Post-war period

In 1945, the Związek Obrońców Wolności ("Freedom Defenders Association") Polish resistance organization was founded in the city, with its activities including secret Polish schooling, rescuing historical Polish monuments from devastation and organising aid for repressed people and those in a difficult material situation.^[43] The organization was crushed by the NKVD in 1948, and its members were deported to Gulag forced labour camps for 25 years.^[43]

In early 2019, a mass grave containing the remains of 1,214 people were found in the Brest Ghetto area during a construction project. Most are believed to have been Jews murdered by Nazis.^[44][45]

Geography

Brest lies astride the Mukhavets River which flows west through the city, dividing it into north and south, and meets the Bug River in the Brest Fortress. The river flows slowly and gently. Today the river looks quite broad in Brest. The terrain is fairly flat around Brest. The river has an extremely broad floodplain, that is about 2 to 3 kilometres (1 to 2 miles) across. Brest was subject to flooding in the past. One of the worst floods in recorded history occurred in 1974.^{[citation needed]}

Part of the floodplain was reclaimed with hydraulic mining. In the 1980s, big cutter-suction dredgers mined sand and clay from the riverbed to build up the banks.^{[citation needed]}

In the 2000s, two new residential areas were developed in the southwest of Brest.

To the east of Brest, the Dnieper–Bug Canal was built in the mid-nineteenth century to join the river to Pina, a tributary of the Pripyat River which in turn drains into the Dnieper. Thus Brest has a shipping route all the way to the Black Sea. If not for a dam and neglected weirs west of Brest, north-western European shipping would be connected with the Black Sea also.

Climate

Brest has a humid continental climate but slightly leans towards oceanic due to the irregular winter temperatures that mostly hover around the freezing point. However, summers are warm and influenced by its inland position compared to areas nearer the Baltic Sea.

Climate data for Brest (1991–2020, extremes 1888–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	15.9 (60.6)	17.2 (63.0)	24.7 (76.5)	30.7 (87.3)	32.1 (89.8)	34.3 (93.7)	36.6 (97.9)	36.7 (98.1)	34.4 (93.9)	26.4 (79.5)	19.0 (66.2)	14.5 (58.1)	36.7 (98.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	0.0 (32.0)	1.7 (35.1)	7.0 (44.6)	14.4 (57.9)	20.2 (68.4)	23.5 (74.3)	25.6 (78.1)	25.0 (77.0)	19.2 (66.6)	12.6 (54.7)	6.0 (42.8)	1.4 (34.5)	13.1 (55.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−2.3 (27.9)	−1.2 (29.8)	2.7 (36.9)	9.2 (48.6)	14.5 (58.1)	18.0 (64.4)	19.9 (67.8)	19.2 (66.6)	13.9 (57.0)	8.4 (47.1)	3.4 (38.1)	−0.8 (30.6)	8.7 (47.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−4.5 (23.9)	−3.8 (25.2)	−0.8 (30.6)	4.3 (39.7)	9.1 (48.4)	12.6 (54.7)	14.7 (58.5)	13.9 (57.0)	9.4 (48.9)	5.0 (41.0)	1.2 (34.2)	−2.9 (26.8)	4.9 (40.8)
Record low °C (°F)	−35.5 (−31.9)	−28.1 (−18.6)	−22.6 (−8.7)	−6.2 (20.8)	−4.2 (24.4)	2.1 (35.8)	5.8 (42.4)	1.3 (34.3)	−2.8 (27.0)	−9.9 (14.2)	−19.2 (−2.6)	−25.1 (−13.2)	−35.5 (−31.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	36 (1.4)	35 (1.4)	33 (1.3)	39 (1.5)	67 (2.6)	68 (2.7)	83 (3.3)	62 (2.4)	56 (2.2)	42 (1.7)	39 (1.5)	40 (1.6)	600 (23.6)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches)	6 (2.4)	7 (2.8)	3 (1.2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.4)	4 (1.6)	7 (2.8)
Average rainy days	11	9	12	12	16	16	16	12	15	14	14	13	160
Average snowy days	16	16	10	3	0.1	0	0	0	0	1	7	14	67
Average relative humidity (%)	85	82	75	66	66	69	70	71	78	81	86	87	76
Mean monthly sunshine hours	43.3	64.6	139.4	198.6	267.9	282.1	284.7	268.0	182.4	119.6	49.1	35.8	1,935.5
Percent possible sunshine	19	25	36	42	51	52	52	54	45	36	18	14	41
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net^[46]
Source 2: NOAA,^[47] Belarus Department of Hydrometeorology (percent sun from 1949–1951 and 1953–2000)^[48]

Points of interest

 

Rowing course in Brest

 

A southern stretch of the ring barracks of the Citadel with a projecting semi-tower on the left

A majestic Soviet-era war memorial was constructed on the site of the 1941 battle to commemorate the known and unknown defenders of the Brest Fortress. This war memorial is the largest tourist attraction in the city. The Berestye Archeological Museum of the old city is located on the southern island of the Hero-Fortress. It has objects and huts dating from the 11th – 13th century that were unearthed during the 1970s.

The Museum of Rescued Art Treasures has a collection of paintings and icons. Brest City Park is over 100 years old and underwent renovations from 2004 to 2006 as part of a ceremony marking the park's centennial. In July 2009, the Millennium Monument of Brest was unveiled. Sovetskaya Street is a popular tourist destination in Brest; it was dramatically reconstructed in 2007–2009. Other important landmarks include the Brest Railway Museum.

Education

Brest is home to two Universities: A.S. Pushkin Brest State University and Brest State Technical University. There is also a branch of Belarusian National Technical University.

Among the secondary specialized educational institutions of the city:

• Brest State Railway College
• Brest State Medical College
• Brest State Musical College named after G. Shirmy
• Brest State Regional College of the Olympic Reserve
• Brest State Polytechnic College - a branch of the Brest State Technical University
• Brest State Professional-Technical College of Instrument Engineering
• Brest State College of Transport and Service
• Brest State College of Light Industry
• Brest State College of Builders
• Brest State Trade and Technology College
• Brest State College of Communications
• Brest State College of Service Industry
• Brest branch of the capital's private educational institution "College of Business and Law."

Transport

Being situated on the main railway line connecting Berlin and Moscow, and a transcontinental highway (the M1 highway is part of the European route E30 running from Cork to Omsk, where it links with Asian Highway 6 leading to Busan), Brest became a principal border crossing out of the Soviet Union in the postwar era. Today it links the European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

The city of Brest is served by Brest-Tsentralny railway station. Because of the break-of-gauge at Brest, where the Russian broad gauge meets the European standard gauge, all passenger trains, coming from Poland, must have their bogies replaced here, to travel on across Belarus. The freight must be transloaded from cars of one gauge to cars of another. Some of the land in the Brest rail yards remains contaminated due to the transhipment of radioactive materials here since Soviet days. However, cleanup operations have been taking place.^{[citation needed]}

The local airport, Brest Airport (code BQT), operates flights on a seasonal schedule to Kaliningrad^[49] in the Russian Federation and seasonal charter flights to Burgas and Antalya.^[50]

Sport

 

Regional Sport Complex Brestsky, Brest's largest stadium

HC Meshkov Brest is^[when?] the most successful team of the Belarusian Men's Handball Championship, as well as the current^[update] (2018–19) champions. Also, there is a Women's handball club in Brest – HC Victoria-Berestie.

HK Brest of the Belarusian Extraleague are the local pro hockey team.

Another popular sport in Brest is football. FC Dynamo Brest is a local club playing in Belarusian Premier League.

The sports venues are located on the northern riverside on the hydraulic fill, consisting of an indoor track-and-field centre, the Brest Ice Rink,^[51] and Belarus' first outdoor baseball stadium. On the opposite riverside is a large rowing course opened in 2007, home of the National Center for Olympic Training in Rowing. It meets international requirements and can host international competitions. Moreover, it has accommodation and training facilities, favourable location, 3 kilometres (2 miles) away from the border crossing along Warsaw Highway (the European route E30).

Media

There are some newspapers in Brest: Brestskaya Gazeta, Brestskiy Kurier, Vecherniy Brest.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus

Sister cities

Sister cities of Brest include:^[52]

•   Astrakhan, Russia
•   Dorogomilovo District (Moscow), Russia
•   Izhevsk, Russia
•   Kaliningrad, Russia
•   Kovrov, Russia
•   Malgobek, Russia
•   Nevsky District (Saint Petersburg), Russia
•   Nizhny Tagil, Russia
•   Novorossiysk, Russia
•   Oryol, Russia
•   Petrozavodsk, Russia
•   Ryazan, Russia
•   Tyumen, Russia
•   Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
•   Lutsk, Ukraine
•   Odesa, Ukraine
•   Siedlce County, Poland
•   Terespol, Poland
•   Baienfurt, Germany
•   Baindt, Germany
•   Berg, Germany
•   Ravensburg, Germany
•   Weingarten, Germany
•   Baiyin, China
•   Xiaogan, China
•   Batumi, Georgia
•   Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan
•   Coevorden, Netherlands
•   Port-sur-Saône, France
•   Subotica, Serbia

Former twin towns:

•   Biała Podlaska, Poland

In March 2022, the Polish city of Biała Podlaska suspended its partnership with Brest as a reaction to the Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[53]

Other forms of cooperation

Brest maintains partnership with:^[52]

•   Ashdod, Israel
•   Botoșani, Romania
•   Brest, France
•   Ludza, Latvia
•   Maldon, England, United Kingdom
•   Pleven, Bulgaria

Honours

A minor planet, 3232 Brest, discovered by the Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Ivanovna Chernykh in 1974, is named after the city.^[54]

Notable people

See also: Category:People from Brest, Belarus

 

Menachem Begin

• Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin, Rabbi of Brisk
• Menachem Begin, late Prime Minister of Israel
• Jarosław Dąbrowski, Polish revolutionary and general
• David Dubinsky, head of the International Ladies Garment Workers' Union
• Andrej Dyńko (b. 1974), journalist and editor^[55]
• Louis Gruenberg, composer
• Nikolay Karpol, Russian women's volleyball coach
• Jerzy Kolendo, Polish classical archaeologist and historian
• Harry Kopp (1880–1943), American lawyer and politician
• Pyotr Masherov, secretary of Belarusian committee of the Communist Party of Soviet Union
• Yulia Nesterenko, Olympian women's 100 m champion
• Dzmitryj Rubašeŭski (nom de guerre (“Hans”))(1992-2022), Belarusian volunteer killed in action defending Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion^[56]
• Nathan Sharon (1925–2011), Israeli biochemist, expert on lectins
• Hienadz Shutau (1975 – 2020), a protestor killed during the protests against the 2020 Belarusian presidential election^[57]
• The Soloveitchik rabbinical family associated with the Brisk yeshivas, and descendant Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik
• David B. Steinman, American structural engineer; the designer of the Mackinac Bridge called "Big Mac"
• Aliaksandar Cvikievič (1888 – 1937), Belarusian politician, historian, jurist, philosopher and a victim of Stalin's purges^[58]
• Ganna Walska, Polish opera singer
• Liubov Charkashyna, Belarusian bronze medallist in the individual all-around rhythmic gymnastics competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics
• Rabbi Aaron ben Meir of Brest, eighteenth-century rabbi
• Rabbi Aharon Leib Shteinman, haredi rabbi in Israel
• Sara Szweber, Bundist

See also

• Names of European cities in different languages: B

Notes

Explanatory notes

1. Brest: Belarusian: Брэст, pronounced [brɛs̪t̪]; Russian: Брест, pronounced [brʲes̪t̪]; Ukrainian: Берестя, romanized: Berestia; Lithuanian: Brasta; Polish: Brześć; Yiddish: בריסק, romanized: Brisk
   Brest-Litovsk: Russian: Брест-Литовск, lit. 'Lithuanian Brest'; Taraškievica Belarusian: Берасьце Літоўскае, romanized: Bieraście Litoŭskaje; Lithuanian: Lietuvos Brasta; Polish: Brześć Litewski, Yiddish: בריסק דליטא
   Brest-on-the-Bug: Polish: Brześć nad Bugiem

Citations

1. . belsat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
2. "Cities & Towns of Belarus". 15 April 2024.
3. . www.brest-belarus.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2005. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
4. Encyclopedia Lituanica. Boston, Massachusetts, Vol. I, p.409. LCC74-114275
5. Auzias, Dominique; Labourdette, Jean-Paul (2010). "Brest et sa région". Biélorussie. Country Guides. Petit Futé. p. 121. ISBN 9782746937796. D'abord russe, ensuite polonaise, en 1319, Brest est conquis par le prince Gedimin et rattaché au grand-duché de Lituanie. [At first Russian, then Polish, Brest in 1319 was conquered by Prince Gediminas and absorbed into the grand Duchy of Lithuania.]
6. Kancelaria Sejmu RP (2013), Dz.U. 1923 nr 39 poz. 269 ISAP Archive. Link to PDF document.
7. . 20 June 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
8. Mondalski 1929, p. 43.
9. Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom I (in Polish). Warszawa. 1880. p. 399.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
10. Halecki, Oskar (2013). Dzieje Unii Jagiellońskiej. Tom I. W wiekach średnich (in Polish). Warszawa: Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Wydawnictwo Neriton. p. 46. ISBN 978-83-7543-277-0.
11. Mondalski 1929, p. 47.
12. Halecki, p. 71
13. Halecki, Oskar (2013). Dzieje Unii Jagiellońskiej. Tom I. W wiekach średnich (in Polish). Warszawa: Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Wydawnictwo Neriton. pp. 133–134. ISBN 978-83-7543-277-0.
14. Halecki, p. 190
15. Mondalski 1929, p. 53.
16. Mondalski 1929, pp. 51, 53.
17. Halecki, p. 229
18. Mondalski 1929, pp. 53, 55.
19. Konopczyński, Władysław (1948). Chronologia sejmów polskich 1493–1793 (in Polish). Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności. p. 153.
20. Robson, Stuart (2007). The First World War (1 ed.). Harrow, England: Pearson Longman. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4058-2471-2 – via Archive Foundation.
21. Tim Cross (1988) The Lost Voices of World War I, page 124.
22. Ivan Katchanovski; Zenon E., Kohut; Bohdan Y., Nebesio; Myroslav, Yurkevich (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Scarecrow Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 9780810878471.
23. Mondalski 1929, p. 96.
24. Pszczółkowski 2014, p. 6.
25. Pszczółkowski 2014, pp. 6–7.
26. Pszczółkowski 2014, p. 7.
27. Mondalski 1929, p. 97.
28. Pszczółkowski 2014, pp. 13, 15, 17, 29–30.
29. Pszczółkowski 2014, pp. 18–21, 30–32.
30. Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 31 maja 1929 r. o rozszerzeniu granic miasta Brześcia n/Bugiem w powiecie brzeskim, województwie poleskiem., Dz. U. z 1929 r. Nr 43, poz. 354
31. Pszczółkowski 2014, p. 9.
32. Norman Davies, God's Playground (Polish edition), Second volume, p.512-513
33. Alice Teichova; Herbert Matis; Jaroslav Pátek (2000). Economic Change and the National Question in Twentieth-century Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 342–344. ISBN 978-0-521-63037-5.
34. , (Polish-Byelorussian relations under the Soviet occupation). Bialorus.pl (in Polish)
35. Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, University of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 0-299-19464-7, Google Print, p.16
36. Christopher R. Browning, Nazi policy, Jewish workers, German killers', Google Print, p.124
37. Wróbel, Janusz (2002). "Wojenne losy polskiego złota". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). No. 8-9 (19-20). IPN. pp. 55–58. ISSN 1641-9561.
38. Ziółkowska, Ewa (2009). "Kuropaty". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). No. 1–2 (96–97). IPN. p. 51. ISSN 1641-9561.
39. "Gefängnis Brest-Litowsk". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 30 September 2023.
40. "Arbeitserziehungslager Brest". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 30 September 2023.
41. "Zwangsarbeitslager für Juden Brest". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 30 September 2023.
42. Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 39, 117, 363, 385–386. ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1.
43. Krajewski, Kazimierz; Łabuszewski, Tomasz (2009). "Ostatni obrońcy Kresow Połnocno-Wschodnich". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). No. 1–2 (96–97). IPN. pp. 105–106. ISSN 1641-9561.
44. Liphshiz, Cnaan (22 February 2019). . The Jerusalem Post. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
45. Higgins, Andrew (27 April 2019). . New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
46. "Weather and Climate- The Climate of Brest" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 8 November 2021.
47. "Brest Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
48. (in Russian). Department of Hydrometeorology. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
49. . Interfax.by. Interfax. 4 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
50. . Vecherniy Brest. 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
51. Geering. "BREST ICE SPORT PALACE". www.hockeyarenas.net. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
52. . city-brest.gov.by (in Belarusian). Brest. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
53. "Biała Podlaska: Miasto zawiesza współpracę z dwoma białoruskimi miastami" (in Polish). Retrieved 13 March 2022.
54. "3232 Brest 1974 SU – Google Search". books.google.com.
55. Andrej Dyńko of Naša Niva released on pledge to report when ordered
56. "Страціў вока на вайне. Як загінуў ва Ўкраіне беларускі добраахвотнік Зьміцер "Ганс" Рубашэўскі (Lost an eye on the war. How the Belarusian volunteer Dzmitryj "Hans" Rubašeŭski died in Ukraine) Радыё Свабода (Radio Liberty) (in Belarusian)". Retrieved 14 May 2022.
57. "They Don't Give Us Dad's Body Without Permission of the Investigative Committee"
58. ЦВІКЕВІЧ Аляксандр Іванавіч (Tsvikievich Alyaksandr Ivanavich)(in Belarusian)

Bibliography

• Pszczółkowski, Michał (2014). "Architektura Brześcia nad Bugiem w latach II Rzeczypospolitej". Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki (in Polish and English). Vol. 59, no. 3. Translated by Pszczółkowska, Karolina. Komitet Architektury i Urbanistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk. ISSN 0023-5865.
• Mondalski, Wiktor (1929). Brześć Podlaski (Brześć Litewski, Brześć nad Bugiem). Zarys geograficzno-historyczny (in Polish). Turek.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Further reading

• Kristian Gantser [Christian Ganzer], Irina Yelenskaya, Yelena Pashkovich [et al.] (ed.): Brest. Leto 1941 g. Dokumenty, materiyaly, fotografii. Smolensk: Inbelkul’t, 2016. ISBN 978-5-00076-030-7 [1]

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brest, Belarus.

 

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Brest_(Belarus).

 

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Brest-Litovsk".

• Brest Stories Guide – Audiotheatre on the history of anti-semitism and the Shoah in Brest from 1937 to 1944 by the independent Brest theatre "Krylja Cholopa" (English/Russian)
• Brest, Belarus at JewishGen