fbpx
Wikipedia

Panorama

March 20, 2023

For other uses, see Panorama (disambiguation).

A panorama (formed from Greek πᾶν "all" + ὅραμα "view") is any wide-angle view or representation of a physical space, whether in painting, drawing, photography, film, seismic images, or 3D modeling. The word was coined in the 18th century[1] by the English (Irish descent) painter Robert Barker to describe his panoramic paintings of Edinburgh and London. The motion-picture term panning is derived from panorama.[2]

Panorama of the inner courtyard of the Great Mosque of Kairouan, in Tunisia

A panoramic view is also purposed for multimedia, cross-scale applications to an outline overview (from a distance) along and across repositories. This so-called "cognitive panorama" is a panoramic view over, and a combination of, cognitive spaces[3] used to capture the larger scale.

History

 
"Vue circulaire des montagnes qu‘on decouvre du sommet du Glacier de Buet", from Horace-Benedict de Saussure, Voyage dans les Alpes, précédés d'un essai sur l'histoire naturelle des environs de Geneve. Neuchatel, 1779–96, pl. 8.

The device of the panorama existed in painting, particularly in murals, as early as 20 A.D., in those found in Pompeii,[4] as a means of generating an immersive "panoptic" experience of a vista.

Cartographic experiments during the Enlightenment era preceded European panorama painting and contributed[5] to a formative impulse toward panoramic vision and depiction.

This novel perspective was quickly conveyed to America by Benjamin Franklin who was present for the first manned balloon flight by the Montgolfier brothers in 1783, and by the American-born physician, John Jeffries who had joined French aeronaut Jean Pierre Blanchard on flights over England and the first aerial crossing of the English Channel in 1785.[6]

As popular spectacle

In the mid-19th century, panoramic paintings and models became a very popular way to represent landscapes, topographic views[7] and historical events. Audiences of Europe in this period were thrilled by the aspect of illusion, immersed in a winding 360-degree panorama and given the impression of standing in a new environment. The panorama was a 360-degree visual medium patented under the title Apparatus for Exhibiting Pictures by the artist Robert Barker in 1787. The earliest that the word "panorama" appeared in print was on June 11, 1791, in the British newspaper The Morning Chronicle, referring to this visual spectacle.[8] Barker created a painting, shown on a cylindrical surface and viewed from the inside, giving viewers a vantage point encompassing the entire circle of the horizon, rendering the original scene with high fidelity. The inaugural exhibition, a "View of Edinburgh" (specifically the view from the summit of Calton Hill), was first shown in that city in 1788, then transported to London in 1789. By 1793, Barker had built "The Panorama" rotunda at the center of London's entertainment district in Leicester Square, where it remained attracting visitors for 70 years, then closing in 1863,[9] before being converted into the church of Notre Dame de France.

 
A panorama of London by Robert Barker, 1792

Inventor Sir Francis Ronalds developed a machine to remove errors in perspective that were created when a sequence of planar sketches was combined into a cylinder. It also projected the cylindrical drawing onto the wall of the rotunda at much larger scale to enable its accurate painting. The apparatus was exhibited at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in the early 1840s.[10]

Large scale installations enhance the illusion for an audience of being surrounded with a real landscape. The Bourbaki Panorama in Lucerne, Switzerland was created by Edouard Castres in 1881.[11] The painting measures about 10 metres in height with a circumference of 112 meters.[12] In the same year of 1881, the Dutch marine painter Hendrik Willem Mesdag created and established the Panorama Mesdag of The Hague, Netherlands, a cylindrical painting more than 14 metres high and roughly 40 meters in diameter (120 meters in circumference). In the United States of America is the Atlanta Cyclorama, depicting the Civil War Battle of Atlanta. It was first displayed in 1887, and is 42 feet high by 358 feet circumference (13 x 109 metres).[13] Also on a gigantic scale, and still extant, is the Racławice Panorama (1893) located in Wrocław, Poland, which measures 15 x 120 metres.[14]

In addition to these historical examples, there have been panoramas painted and installed in modern times; prominent among these is the Velaslavasay Panorama in Los Angeles, California (2004).

Photographs

Main article: Panoramic photography

Panoramic photography soon came to displace painting as the most common method for creating wide views. Not long after the introduction of the Daguerreotype in 1839, photographers began assembling multiple images of a view into a single wide image.[15] In the late 19th century, flexible film enabled the construction of panoramic cameras using curved film holders and clockwork drives to rotate the lens in an arc and thus scan an image encompassing almost 180 degrees.[citation needed]

 
360-degree panorama picture of the center courtyard of the Sony Center at the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin. This picture was calculated from 126 individual photos using autostitch

Pinhole cameras of a variety of constructions can be used to make panoramic images. A popular design is the "oatmeal box", a vertical cylindrical container in which the pinhole is made in one side and the film or photographic paper is wrapped around the inside wall opposite, and extending almost right to the edge of, the pinhole. This generates an egg-shaped image with more than 180° view.[16]

Popular in the 1970s and 1980s, but now superseded by digital presentation software, Multi-image[17] (also known as multi-image slide presentations, slide shows or diaporamas) 35mm slide projections onto one or more screens characteristically lent themselves to the wide screen panorama. They could run autonomously with silent synchronization pulses to control projector advance and fades, recorded beside an audio voice-over or music track. Precisely overlapping slides placed in slide mounts with soft-edge density masks would merge seamlessly on the screen to create the panorama. Cutting and dissolving between sequential images generated animation effects in the panorama format.

 
A 270-degree panorama stitched "in-camera". Many modern digital cameras can automatically stitch a sequence of images shot while the camera is rotated.

VR photographs

Main article: VR photography
Further information: Image stitching

Digital photography of the late twentieth century greatly simplified this assembly process, which is now known as image stitching. Such stitched images may even be fashioned into forms of virtual reality movies, using technologies such as QuickTime VR, Flash, Java, or even JavaScript. A rotating line camera such as the Panoscan allows the capture of high resolution panoramic images and eliminates the need for image stitching, but immersive "spherical" panorama movies (that incorporate a full 180° vertical viewing angle as well as 360° around) must be made by stitching multiple images. Stitching images together can be used to create extremely high resolution gigapixel panoramic images.

 
Panoramic view of the antennas of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array under the clear sky over the Chajnantor Plateau, in the Chilean Andes.[18]

Motion picture

See also: Immersive video

On rare occasions, 360° panoramic movies have been constructed for specially designed display spaces—typically at theme parks, world's fairs, and museums. Starting in 1955, Disney has created 360° theaters for its parks[19] and the Swiss Transport Museum in Lucerne, Switzerland, features a theatre that is a large cylindrical space with an arrangement of screens whose bottom is several metres above the floor. Panoramic systems that are less than 360° around also exist. For example, Cinerama used a very wide curved screen, with three synchronized projectors, and IMAX Dome / OMNIMAX movies are projected on a dome above the spectators.

Non-photographic representations

Panoramic representation can be generated from digital elevation models such as SRTM. In these diagrams, a panorama from any given point[20] can be generated and imaged from the data.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ A Review of ‘The Panoramic River,’ at the Hudson River Museum - NYTimes.com
  2. ^ "Motion picture - Expressive elements of motion pictures". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  3. ^ For more see the International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics.
  4. ^ Grau, Oliver; Custance, Gloria (2003), Virtual art: from illusion to immersion (Rev. and expanded ed.), MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-07241-0
  5. ^ as argued in Oettermann, Stephan, The Panorama: History of a Mass Medium. trans. Deborah Lucas Schneider (New York: Zone Books, 1997)
  6. ^ John Jeffries. Two Voyages of Dr Jeffries with Mons. Blanchard (London. 1786: reprint, New York: Aeronautical Archive of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences and the Works Projects Administration. 1941), 17, 20.
  7. ^ The USA Library of Congress holds 1,172 images of panoramic maps of American towns and cities [1] and the British Library has panoramas of UK cities and towns, and of many in its colonies [2]
  8. ^ This reference, the earliest found so far, is suggested by Scott Wilcox in 'Erfindung und Entwicklung des Panoramas in Grossbritannien', Sehsucht. Das Panorama als Massenunterhaltung des 19 Jahrhunderts, edited by Marie-Louise von Plessen, Ulrich Giersch. Basel and Frankfurt am Main: Stroemfeld/Roter Stern, 1993, p. 35 (note 11)
  9. ^ Grovier, Kelly. "The surprising history of the word 'dude'". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  10. ^ Ronalds, B.F. (2016). Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph. London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-78326-917-4.
  11. ^ The Bourbaki Panorama, which shows the plight of the French Troops of General Bourbaki in 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War, is the subject of Jeff Wall's 1993 photograph Restoration. Wall constructed a fictitious scene in which actual conservators were posed as if they were in the process of restoring the painting which was not in fact undergoing restoration at the time. (Mieszkowski, Jan (22 August 2012), Watching war, Stanford, California Stanford University Press (published 2012), ISBN 978-0-8047-8240-1 p.91)
  12. ^ Bernard Comment (2004),Panorama, Reaktion Books, page 214
  13. ^ Marty Olmstead (2002), Hidden Georgia, Ulysses Press, page 204
  14. ^ Jan Stanisław Kopczewski (1976), Kosciuszko and Pulaski, Interpress, page 220
  15. ^ for example, the Cincinnati Panorama (1848), a daguerreotype by Charles Fontayne and William S. Porter. 6½ x 68 inches (15.24 by 21.59 cm). Held at the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County. http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401coll36/id/4168
  16. ^ Eric Renner (2008). Pinhole photography from historic technique to digital application (4th ed). Amsterdam Focal Press pps. 129-140
  17. ^ Kenny, Michael F.; Schmitt, Raymond F. (1983). Images, Images, Images: The Book of Programmed Multi-Image Production. New York: Eastman Kodak. ISBN 978-0-87985-327-3.
  18. ^ "ALMA Panoramic View with Carina Nebula". ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  19. ^ Joshua C. Shaffer (2010), Discovering the Magic Kingdom: An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide, AuthorHouse, page 200 ISBN 1452063125
  20. ^ McAdoo, B. G., Richardson, N., & Borrero, J. (2007). Inundation distances and run‐up measurements from ASTER, QuickBird and SRTM data, Aceh coast, Indonesia. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28(13-14), 2961-2975.
  21. ^ Fedorov, R., Fraternali, P., & Tagliasacchi, M. (2014, November). Mountain peak identification in visual content based on coarse digital elevation models. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on Multimedia Analysis for Ecological Data (pp. 7-11). ACM.

Further reading

  • Altick, Richard (1978). The Shows of London. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674807316, 9780674807310
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Panorama". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Garrison, Laurie et al., editors (2013). Panoramas, 1787–1900 Texts and contexts Five volumes, 2,000pp. Pickering and Chatto. ISBN 978-1848930155
  • Marsh, John L. "Drama and Spectacle by the Yard: The Panorama in America." Journal of Popular Culture 10, no. 3 (1976): 581–589.
  • Oettermann, Stephan (1997). The Panorama: History of a mass medium. MIT Press. ISBN 0942299833, 9780942299830
  • Oleksijczuk, Denise (2011). The First Panoramas: Visions of British Imperialism. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4861-0, ISBN 978-0-8166-4860-3

External links

 
Look up panorama in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panoramas.

March 20, 2023
panorama, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, lead, section, adequately, summarize, contents, comply, with, wikipedia, lead, section, guidelines, please, consider, modifying, lead, provide, accessible, overview, article, points, such, that, stand, conc. For other uses see Panorama disambiguation This article s lead section may not adequately summarize its contents To comply with Wikipedia s lead section guidelines please consider modifying the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article s key points in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article April 2021 A panorama formed from Greek pᾶn all ὅrama view is any wide angle view or representation of a physical space whether in painting drawing photography film seismic images or 3D modeling The word was coined in the 18th century 1 by the English Irish descent painter Robert Barker to describe his panoramic paintings of Edinburgh and London The motion picture term panning is derived from panorama 2 Panorama of the inner courtyard of the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia A panoramic view is also purposed for multimedia cross scale applications to an outline overview from a distance along and across repositories This so called cognitive panorama is a panoramic view over and a combination of cognitive spaces 3 used to capture the larger scale Contents 1 History 2 As popular spectacle 3 Photographs 3 1 VR photographs 4 Motion picture 5 Non photographic representations 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistory Edit Vue circulaire des montagnes qu on decouvre du sommet du Glacier de Buet from Horace Benedict de Saussure Voyage dans les Alpes precedes d un essai sur l histoire naturelle des environs de Geneve Neuchatel 1779 96 pl 8 The device of the panorama existed in painting particularly in murals as early as 20 A D in those found in Pompeii 4 as a means of generating an immersive panoptic experience of a vista Cartographic experiments during the Enlightenment era preceded European panorama painting and contributed 5 to a formative impulse toward panoramic vision and depiction This novel perspective was quickly conveyed to America by Benjamin Franklin who was present for the first manned balloon flight by the Montgolfier brothers in 1783 and by the American born physician John Jeffries who had joined French aeronaut Jean Pierre Blanchard on flights over England and the first aerial crossing of the English Channel in 1785 6 As popular spectacle EditIn the mid 19th century panoramic paintings and models became a very popular way to represent landscapes topographic views 7 and historical events Audiences of Europe in this period were thrilled by the aspect of illusion immersed in a winding 360 degree panorama and given the impression of standing in a new environment The panorama was a 360 degree visual medium patented under the title Apparatus for Exhibiting Pictures by the artist Robert Barker in 1787 The earliest that the word panorama appeared in print was on June 11 1791 in the British newspaper The Morning Chronicle referring to this visual spectacle 8 Barker created a painting shown on a cylindrical surface and viewed from the inside giving viewers a vantage point encompassing the entire circle of the horizon rendering the original scene with high fidelity The inaugural exhibition a View of Edinburgh specifically the view from the summit of Calton Hill was first shown in that city in 1788 then transported to London in 1789 By 1793 Barker had built The Panorama rotunda at the center of London s entertainment district in Leicester Square where it remained attracting visitors for 70 years then closing in 1863 9 before being converted into the church of Notre Dame de France A panorama of London by Robert Barker 1792 Inventor Sir Francis Ronalds developed a machine to remove errors in perspective that were created when a sequence of planar sketches was combined into a cylinder It also projected the cylindrical drawing onto the wall of the rotunda at much larger scale to enable its accurate painting The apparatus was exhibited at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in the early 1840s 10 Large scale installations enhance the illusion for an audience of being surrounded with a real landscape The Bourbaki Panorama in Lucerne Switzerland was created by Edouard Castres in 1881 11 The painting measures about 10 metres in height with a circumference of 112 meters 12 In the same year of 1881 the Dutch marine painter Hendrik Willem Mesdag created and established the Panorama Mesdag of The Hague Netherlands a cylindrical painting more than 14 metres high and roughly 40 meters in diameter 120 meters in circumference In the United States of America is the Atlanta Cyclorama depicting the Civil War Battle of Atlanta It was first displayed in 1887 and is 42 feet high by 358 feet circumference 13 x 109 metres 13 Also on a gigantic scale and still extant is the Raclawice Panorama 1893 located in Wroclaw Poland which measures 15 x 120 metres 14 In addition to these historical examples there have been panoramas painted and installed in modern times prominent among these is the Velaslavasay Panorama in Los Angeles California 2004 Photographs EditMain article Panoramic photography Panoramic photography soon came to displace painting as the most common method for creating wide views Not long after the introduction of the Daguerreotype in 1839 photographers began assembling multiple images of a view into a single wide image 15 In the late 19th century flexible film enabled the construction of panoramic cameras using curved film holders and clockwork drives to rotate the lens in an arc and thus scan an image encompassing almost 180 degrees citation needed 360 degree panorama picture of the center courtyard of the Sony Center at the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin This picture was calculated from 126 individual photos using autostitch Pinhole cameras of a variety of constructions can be used to make panoramic images A popular design is the oatmeal box a vertical cylindrical container in which the pinhole is made in one side and the film or photographic paper is wrapped around the inside wall opposite and extending almost right to the edge of the pinhole This generates an egg shaped image with more than 180 view 16 Popular in the 1970s and 1980s but now superseded by digital presentation software Multi image 17 also known as multi image slide presentations slide shows or diaporamas 35mm slide projections onto one or more screens characteristically lent themselves to the wide screen panorama They could run autonomously with silent synchronization pulses to control projector advance and fades recorded beside an audio voice over or music track Precisely overlapping slides placed in slide mounts with soft edge density masks would merge seamlessly on the screen to create the panorama Cutting and dissolving between sequential images generated animation effects in the panorama format A 270 degree panorama stitched in camera Many modern digital cameras can automatically stitch a sequence of images shot while the camera is rotated VR photographs Edit Main article VR photography Further information Image stitching Digital photography of the late twentieth century greatly simplified this assembly process which is now known as image stitching Such stitched images may even be fashioned into forms of virtual reality movies using technologies such as QuickTime VR Flash Java or even JavaScript A rotating line camera such as the Panoscan allows the capture of high resolution panoramic images and eliminates the need for image stitching but immersive spherical panorama movies that incorporate a full 180 vertical viewing angle as well as 360 around must be made by stitching multiple images Stitching images together can be used to create extremely high resolution gigapixel panoramic images Panoramic view of the antennas of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array under the clear sky over the Chajnantor Plateau in the Chilean Andes 18 Motion picture EditSee also Immersive video On rare occasions 360 panoramic movies have been constructed for specially designed display spaces typically at theme parks world s fairs and museums Starting in 1955 Disney has created 360 theaters for its parks 19 and the Swiss Transport Museum in Lucerne Switzerland features a theatre that is a large cylindrical space with an arrangement of screens whose bottom is several metres above the floor Panoramic systems that are less than 360 around also exist For example Cinerama used a very wide curved screen with three synchronized projectors and IMAX Dome OMNIMAX movies are projected on a dome above the spectators Non photographic representations EditPanoramic representation can be generated from digital elevation models such as SRTM In these diagrams a panorama from any given point 20 can be generated and imaged from the data 21 See also EditCircle Vision Comparison of photo stitching software Cyclorama Diorama EveryScape Google Street View International Panorama Council Leme panoramic camera Moving panorama Multi image Omnidirectional camera Panoramic painting Panoramic photography Panoramic tripod head Route panorama WidescreenReferences Edit A Review of The Panoramic River at the Hudson River Museum NYTimes com Motion picture Expressive elements of motion pictures Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2018 06 13 For more see the International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics Grau Oliver Custance Gloria 2003 Virtual art from illusion to immersion Rev and expanded ed MIT Press ISBN 978 0 262 07241 0 as argued in Oettermann Stephan The Panorama History of a Mass Medium trans Deborah Lucas Schneider New York Zone Books 1997 John Jeffries Two Voyages of Dr Jeffries with Mons Blanchard London 1786 reprint New York Aeronautical Archive of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences and the Works Projects Administration 1941 17 20 The USA Library of Congress holds 1 172 images of panoramic maps of American towns and cities 1 and the British Library has panoramas of UK cities and towns and of many in its colonies 2 This reference the earliest found so far is suggested by Scott Wilcox in Erfindung und Entwicklung des Panoramas in Grossbritannien Sehsucht Das Panorama als Massenunterhaltung des 19 Jahrhunderts edited by Marie Louise von Plessen Ulrich Giersch Basel and Frankfurt am Main Stroemfeld Roter Stern 1993 p 35 note 11 Grovier Kelly The surprising history of the word dude www bbc com Retrieved 2020 04 14 Ronalds B F 2016 Sir Francis Ronalds Father of the Electric Telegraph London Imperial College Press ISBN 978 1 78326 917 4 The Bourbaki Panorama which shows the plight of the French Troops of General Bourbaki in 1871 during the Franco Prussian War is the subject of Jeff Wall s 1993 photograph Restoration Wall constructed a fictitious scene in which actual conservators were posed as if they were in the process of restoring the painting which was not in fact undergoing restoration at the time Mieszkowski Jan 22 August 2012 Watching war Stanford California Stanford University Press published 2012 ISBN 978 0 8047 8240 1 p 91 Bernard Comment 2004 Panorama Reaktion Books page 214 Marty Olmstead 2002 Hidden Georgia Ulysses Press page 204 Jan Stanislaw Kopczewski 1976 Kosciuszko and Pulaski Interpress page 220 for example the Cincinnati Panorama 1848 a daguerreotype by Charles Fontayne and William S Porter 6 x 68 inches 15 24 by 21 59 cm Held at the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County http www ohiomemory org cdm ref collection p267401coll36 id 4168 Eric Renner 2008 Pinhole photography from historic technique to digital application 4th ed Amsterdam Focal Press pps 129 140 Kenny Michael F Schmitt Raymond F 1983 Images Images Images The Book of Programmed Multi Image Production New York Eastman Kodak ISBN 978 0 87985 327 3 ALMA Panoramic View with Carina Nebula ESO Picture of the Week Retrieved 12 November 2013 Joshua C Shaffer 2010 Discovering the Magic Kingdom An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide AuthorHouse page 200 ISBN 1452063125 McAdoo B G Richardson N amp Borrero J 2007 Inundation distances and run up measurements from ASTER QuickBird and SRTM data Aceh coast Indonesia International Journal of Remote Sensing 28 13 14 2961 2975 Fedorov R Fraternali P amp Tagliasacchi M 2014 November Mountain peak identification in visual content based on coarse digital elevation models In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on Multimedia Analysis for Ecological Data pp 7 11 ACM Further reading EditAltick Richard 1978 The Shows of London Harvard University Press ISBN 0674807316 9780674807310 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Panorama Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press Garrison Laurie et al editors 2013 Panoramas 1787 1900 Texts and contexts Five volumes 2 000pp Pickering and Chatto ISBN 978 1848930155 Marsh John L Drama and Spectacle by the Yard The Panorama in America Journal of Popular Culture 10 no 3 1976 581 589 Oettermann Stephan 1997 The Panorama History of a mass medium MIT Press ISBN 0942299833 9780942299830 Oleksijczuk Denise 2011 The First Panoramas Visions of British Imperialism University of Minnesota Press ISBN 978 0 8166 4861 0 ISBN 978 0 8166 4860 3External links Edit Look up panorama in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panoramas Panorama Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 20 11th ed 1911 p 681 Peak finder Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Panorama amp oldid 1144863475, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.