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Wikipedia

Barbie

March 09, 2023

This article is about the fashion doll and brand. For other uses, see Barbie (disambiguation).

Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by American toy company Mattel, Inc. and launched on March 9, 1959. American businesswoman Ruth Handler is credited with the creation of the doll using a German doll called Bild Lilli as her inspiration.

Barbie
First appearanceMarch 9, 1959; 64 years ago (1959-03-09)
Created byRuth Handler
In-universe information
Full nameBarbara Millicent Roberts
NicknameBarbie
OccupationSee: Barbie's careers
FamilySee: List of Barbie's friends and family

Barbie is the figurehead of a brand of Mattel dolls and accessories, including other family members and collectible dolls. Barbie has been an important part of the toy fashion doll market for over six decades and has been the subject of numerous controversies and lawsuits, often involving parodies of the doll and her lifestyle. Mattel has sold over a billion Barbie dolls, making it the company's largest and most profitable line.[1]

The brand has expanded into a long-running multimedia franchise since the late 1980s, including video games and CGI/computer-animated films, the latter which began in 2001, became originally available on home video formats and broadcast regularly on the Nickelodeon cable channel in the United States from 2002 to 2017.[2] Since 2017, the franchise has been moved over to streaming services.[3][4][5]

Barbie and her best male friend Ken have been described as two most popular dolls in the world.[6] Since its launch, Barbie has transformed the toy business in affluent communities globally by becoming a vehicle for the sale of related merchandise (accessories, clothes, friends and relatives of Barbie, etc.). Writing for Journal of Popular Culture in 1977, Don Richard Cox noted that Barbie has a significant impact on social values by conveying characteristics of female independence, and with her multitude of accessories, an idealized upscale life-style that can be shared with affluent friends.[7]

Sales of Barbie dolls declined sharply from 2014 to 2016.[1] In 2020, Mattel sold $1.35 billion worth of Barbie dolls and accessories and this was their best sales growth in two decades. This is an increase from the $950 million the brand sold during 2017.[8]

History

 
The first Barbie doll was introduced in both blonde and brunette on March 9, 1959.

Ruth Handler watched her daughter Barbara play with paper dolls, and noticed that she often enjoyed giving them adult roles. At the time, most children's toy dolls were representations of infants. Realizing that there could be a gap in the market, Handler suggested the idea of an adult-bodied doll to her husband Elliot, a co-founder of the Mattel toy company. He was unenthusiastic about the idea, as were Mattel's directors.[9]

During a trip to Europe in 1956 with her children Barbara and Kenneth, Ruth Handler came across a German toy doll called Bild Lilli.[10] The adult-figured doll was exactly what Handler had in mind, so she purchased three of them. She gave one to her daughter and took the others back to Mattel. The Lilli doll was based on a popular character appearing in a comic strip drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper Bild. Lilli was a blonde bombshell, a working girl who knew what she wanted and was not above using men to get it. The Lilli doll was first sold in Germany in 1955, and although it was initially sold to adults, it became popular with children who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available separately.[11]

Upon her return to the United States, Handler redesigned the doll (with help from local inventor-designer Jack Ryan) and the doll was given a new name, Barbie, after Handler's daughter Barbara. The doll made its debut at the American International Toy Fair in New York City on March 9, 1959.[12] This date is also used as Barbie's official birthday.

 
Designer Charlotte Johnson with a 1965 doll

The first Barbie doll wore a black-and-white zebra striped swimsuit and signature topknot ponytail, and was available as either a blonde or brunette. The doll was marketed as a "Teen-age Fashion Model", with her clothes created by Mattel fashion designer Charlotte Johnson. The first Barbie dolls were manufactured in Japan, with their clothes hand-stitched by Japanese homeworkers. Around 350,000 Barbie dolls were sold during the first year of production.[13]

Louis Marx and Company sued Mattel in March 1961. After licensing Lilli, they claimed that Mattel had "infringed on Greiner & Hausser's patent for Bild-Lilli's hip joint", and also claimed that Barbie was "a direct take-off and copy" of Bild-Lilli. The company additionally claimed that Mattel "falsely and misleadingly represented itself as having originated the design". Mattel counter-claimed and the case was settled out of court in 1963. In 1964, Mattel bought Greiner & Hausser's copyright and patent rights for the Bild-Lilli doll for $21,600.[14][15]

Ruth Handler believed that it was important for Barbie to have an adult appearance, and early market research showed that some parents were unhappy about the doll's chest, which had distinct breasts. Barbie's appearance has been changed many times, most notably in 1971 when the doll's eyes were adjusted to look forwards rather than having the demure sideways glance of the original model. This would be the last adjustment Ruth would make to her own creation as, three years later, she and her husband Elliot were removed from their posts at Mattel after an investigation found them guilty of issuing false and misleading financial reports.[16]

Barbie was one of the first toys to have a marketing strategy based extensively on television advertising, which has been copied widely by other toys. In 2006, it was estimated that over a billion Barbie dolls had been sold worldwide in over 150 countries, with Mattel claiming that three Barbie dolls are sold every second.[17]

The standard range of Barbie dolls and related accessories are manufactured to approximately 1/6 scale, which is also known as playscale.[18] The standard dolls are approximately 11½ inches (29 cm) tall.

Appearances in media/multimedia franchises

Further information: Barbie (media franchise) and Barbie (film)

Since the mid-to-late 1980s, Barbie-branded products included not only the range of dolls with their clothes and accessories, but also a large range of branded goods such as books, apparel, cosmetics, video games and audiovisual content. Barbie is well known for her appearance as a virtual actress in a series of computer-animated feature films starting with Barbie in the Nutcracker in 2001,[19] which were distributed on home video formats and broadcast on Nickelodeon in the United States (and globally) until 2017.[2] Since 2017, they have been revamped as streaming television films, branded as animated "specials" and released through streaming services, primarily on Netflix.

As at the release of the film Barbie in the Pink Shoes on February 26, 2013, the film series have sold over 110 million units globally.[20] Before the films, the brand had two television specials released in 1987 in response to the rise of digital media at that time; Barbie and the Rockers: Out of This World and its sequel. Since 2012, she has appeared in several television and web series; including Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse, Barbie: Dreamtopia, Barbie: Dreamhouse Adventures and Barbie: It Takes Two and as a supporting character in Pixar's Toy Story films and the My Scene media franchise.[3] In 2015, Barbie began appearing as a vlogger on YouTube called Barbie Vlogger where she talks about her fictional life, fashion, friends and family, and even charged topics such as mental health and racism.[21][22][23] She was portrayed by Australian actress Margot Robbie in a live-action film adaptation[24] which is scheduled to be released on 21 July 2023 by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States.[25]

Fictional biography

See also: List of Barbie's friends and family

Barbie's full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts. In a series of novels published by Random House in the 1960s, her parents' names are given as George and Margaret Roberts from the fictional town of Willows, Wisconsin.[26][27] In the Random House novels, Barbie attended Willows High School; while in the Generation Girl books, published by Golden Books in 1999, she attended the fictional Manhattan International High School in New York City (based on the real-life Stuyvesant High School).[28]

She has an on-off romantic relationship with her then-boyfriend Ken (full name "Kenneth Carson"), who first appeared in 1961. A news release from Mattel in February 2004 announced that Barbie and Ken had decided to split up,[29] but in February 2006, they were hoping to rekindle their relationship after Ken had a makeover.[30] In 2011, Mattel launched a campaign for Ken to win Barbie's affections back.[31] The pair officially reunited in Valentine's Day 2011.[32] At the release of Barbie: Dreamhouse Adventures in 2018, the pair are seen as just friends or next-door neighbors.

Mattel has created a range of companions and relatives for Barbie. She has three younger sisters: Skipper, Stacie, and Chelsea (named Kelly until 2011).[33] Her sisters have co-starred in many entries of the Barbie film series, starting with Barbie & Her Sisters in A Pony Tale from 2013. Retired members of Barbie's family included Todd (twin brother to Stacie), Krissy (a baby sister), and Francie (cousin). Barbie's friends include Hispanic Teresa, Midge, African American Christie, and Steven (Christie's boyfriend). Barbie was also friendly with Blaine, an Australian surfer, during her split with Ken in 2004.[34]

Barbie has had over 40 pets including cats and dogs, horses, a panda, a lion cub, and a zebra. She has owned a wide range of vehicles, including pink Beetle and Corvette convertibles, trailers, and Jeeps. She also holds a pilot's license, and operates commercial airliners in addition to serving as a flight attendant. Barbie's careers are designed to show that women can take on a variety of roles in life, and the doll has been sold with a wide range of titles including Miss Astronaut Barbie (1965), Doctor Barbie (1988), and Nascar Barbie (1998).[35]

Legacy and influence

Barbie has become a cultural icon and has been given honors that are rare in the toy world. In 1974, a section of Times Square in New York City was renamed Barbie Boulevard for a week. The Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris at the Louvre held a Barbie exhibit in 2016. The exhibit featured 700 Barbie dolls over two floors as well as works by contemporary artists and documents (newspapers, photos, video) that contextualize Barbie.[36]

In 1986, the artist Andy Warhol created a painting of Barbie. The painting sold at auction at Christie's, London for $1.1 million. In 2015, The Andy Warhol Foundation then teamed up with Mattel to create an Andy Warhol Barbie.[37][38]

Outsider artist Al Carbee took thousands of photographs of Barbie and created countless collages and dioramas featuring Barbie in various settings.[39] Carbee was the subject of the feature-length documentary Magical Universe. Carbee's collage art was presented in the 2016 Barbie exhibit at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris in the section about visuals artists who have been inspired by Barbie.[40]

In 2013, in Taiwan, the first Barbie-themed restaurant called "Barbie Café" opened under the Sinlaku group.[41]

The Economist has emphasized the importance of Barbie to children's imagination:

From her early days as a teenage fashion model, Barbie has appeared as an astronaut, surgeon, Olympic athlete, downhill skier, aerobics instructor, TV news reporter, vet, rock star, doctor, army officer, air force pilot, summit diplomat, rap musician, presidential candidate (party undefined), baseball player, scuba diver, lifeguard, fire-fighter, engineer, dentist, and many more. [...] When Barbie first burst into the toy shops, just as the 1960s were breaking, the doll market consisted mostly of babies, designed for girls to cradle, rock and feed. By creating a doll with adult features, Mattel enabled girls to become anything they want.[42]

On September 7, 2021, following the debut of the streaming television film Barbie: Big City, Big Dreams on Netflix, Barbie joined forces with Grammy Award-nominated music producer, songwriter, singer and actress Ester Dean and Girls Make Beats – an organization dedicated to expanding the female presence of music producers, DJs and audio engineers – to inspire more girls to explore a future in music production.[43][44][45]

50th anniversary

In 2009, Barbie celebrated her 50th birthday. The celebrations included a runway show in New York for the Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week.[46] The event showcased fashions contributed by fifty well-known haute couturiers including Diane von Fürstenberg, Vera Wang, Calvin Klein, Bob Mackie, and Christian Louboutin.[47][48]

Barbie Dream Gap Project

In 2019, Mattel launched the "Barbie Dream Gap Project" to raise awareness of the phenomenon known as the "Dream Gap": beginning at the age of five, girls begin to doubt their own intelligence, where boys do not. This leads to boys pursuing careers requiring a higher intelligence, and girls being underrepresented in those careers.[49] As an example, in the U.S., 33% of sitting judges are female. This statistic inspired the release of Judge Barbie in four different skin tones and hairstyles with judge robes and a gavel accessory.[49]

Thank You Heroes

In May 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Mattel announced a new line of career dolls modeled after the first responders and essential workers of 2020. For every doll purchased, Mattel donated a doll to the First Responders Children's Foundation.[50]

Habitat for Humanity

In February 2022, Mattel celebrated its 60-year anniversary of the Barbie Dreamhouse by partnering with Habitat for Humanity International. Mattel committed to taking on 60 projects, including new construction, home preservation, and neighborhood revitalization.[51]

Controversies

"Black Barbies" redirects here. For the Nicki Minaj song, see Black Barbies (song).

Body image

From the start, some have complained that "the blonde, plastic doll conveyed an unrealistic body image to girls."[52]

Criticisms of Barbie are often centered around concerns that children consider Barbie a role model and will attempt to emulate her. One of the most common criticisms of Barbie is that she promotes an unrealistic idea of body image for a young woman, leading to a risk that girls who attempt to emulate her will become anorexic. Unrealistic body proportions in Barbie dolls have been connected to some eating disorders in children.[53][54][55][56]

A standard Barbie doll is 11.5 inches (29 cm) tall, giving a height of 5 feet 9 inches (1.75 m) at 1/6 scale. Barbie's vital statistics have been estimated at 36 inches (chest), 18 inches (waist) and 33 inches (hips). According to research by the University Central Hospital in Helsinki, Finland, she would lack the 17 to 22 percent body fat required for a woman to menstruate.[57] In 1963, the outfit "Barbie Baby-Sits" came with a book titled How to Lose Weight which advised: "Don't eat!".[58] The same book was included in another ensemble called "Slumber Party" in 1965 along with a pink bathroom scale permanently set at 110 lbs. (50 kg),[58] which would be around 35 lbs. (16 kg) underweight for a woman 5 feet 9 inches (1.75 m) tall.[59] Mattel said that the waist of the Barbie doll was made small because the waistbands of her clothes, along with their seams, snaps, and zippers, added bulk to her figure.[60] In 1997, Barbie's body mold was redesigned and given a wider waist, with Mattel saying that this would make the doll better suited to contemporary fashion designs.[61][62]

In 2016, Mattel introduced a range of new body types: 'tall', 'petite', and 'curvy', releasing them exclusively as part of the Barbie Fashionistas line. 'Curvy Barbie' received a great deal of media attention[63][64][65] and even made the cover of Time magazine with the headline "Now Can We Stop Talking About My Body?".[66] Despite the curvy doll's body shape being equivalent to a US size 4 in clothing,[63] some children reportedly regarded her as "fat".[66][67]

Although Barbie had been criticized for its unrealistic-looking "tall and petite" dolls, the company has been offering more dolls set to more realistic standards in order to help promote a positive body image.[68]

  •  
    Barbie's waist has been widened in more recent versions of the doll.
  •  
    Back cover of the vintage booklet titled How to Lose Weight, stating "Don't Eat!".
  •  
    Bathroom scale from 1965, permanently set at 110 lbs. (50 kg)
  •  
    Barbie Oreo School Time Fun from 2001[69] became controversial after a negative interpretation of the doll's name.

Diversity

Complaints also point to a lack of diversity in the line.[70] Mattel responded to these criticisms. Starting in 1980, it produced Hispanic dolls, and later came models from across the globe. For example, in 2007, it introduced "Cinco de Mayo Barbie" wearing a ruffled red, white, and green dress (echoing the Mexican flag). Hispanic magazine reports that:

[O]ne of the most dramatic developments in Barbie's history came when she embraced multi-culturalism and was released in a wide variety of native costumes, hair colors and skin tones to more closely resemble the girls who idolized her. Among these were Cinco De Mayo Barbie, Spanish Barbie, Peruvian Barbie, Mexican Barbie and Puerto Rican Barbie. She also has had close Hispanic friends, such as Teresa.[71]

More recently, Professor Emilie Rose Aguilo-Perez has argued that over time, Mattel shifted from ambiguous Hispanic presentations in their dolls to one that is more assertive in its "Latinx" marketing and product labeling.[72]

"Colored Francie" made her debut in 1967, and she is sometimes described as the first African-American Barbie doll. However, she was produced using the existing head molds for the white Francie doll and lacked distinct African characteristics other than dark skin. The first African-American doll in the Barbie range is usually regarded as Christie, who made her debut in 1968.[73][74] Black Barbie was launched in 1980 but still had Caucasian features. In 1990, Mattel created a focus group with African-American children and parents, early childhood specialists, and clinical psychologist, Darlene Powell Hudson. Instead of using the same molds for the Caucasian Barbies, new ones were created. In addition, facial features, skin tones, hair texture, and names were all altered. The body shapes looked different, but the proportions were the same to ensure clothing and accessories were interchangeable.[75] In September 2009, Mattel introduced the So In Style range, which was intended to create a more realistic depiction of African-American people than previous dolls.[76] In 2016, Mattel expanded this line to include seven skin tones, twenty-two eye colors, and twenty-four hairstyles. Part of the reason for this change was due to declining sales.[77] The brand now offers over 22 skin tones, 94 hair colors, 13 eye colors and five body types.[8]

Mattel teamed up with Nabisco to launch a cross-promotion Barbie doll with Oreo cookies in 1997 and 2001. While the 1997 release of the doll was only released in a white version, for the 2001 release Mattel manufactured both a white and a black version. The 2001 release Barbie Oreo School Time Fun was marketed as someone with whom young girls could play after class and share "America's favorite cookie". Critics argued that in the African American community, Oreo is a derogatory term meaning that the person is "black on the outside and white on the inside", like the chocolate sandwich cookie itself. The doll was unsuccessful and Mattel recalled the unsold stock, making it sought after by collectors.[78]

In May 1997, Mattel introduced Share a Smile Becky, a doll in a pink wheelchair. Kjersti Johnson, a 17-year-old high school student in Tacoma, Washington with cerebral palsy, pointed out that the doll would not fit into the elevator of Barbie's $100 Dream House. Mattel announced that it would redesign the house in the future to accommodate the doll.[79][80]

Bad influence concerns

In July 1992, Mattel released Teen Talk Barbie, which spoke a number of phrases including "Will we ever have enough clothes?", "I love shopping!", and "Wanna have a pizza party?" Each doll was programmed to say four out of 270 possible phrases, so that no two given dolls were likely to be the same (the number of possible combinations is 270!/(266!4!) = 216,546,345). One of these 270 phrases was "Math class is tough!", which led to criticism from the American Association of University Women; about 1.5% of all the dolls sold said the phrase. The doll was often erroneously misattributed in the media as having said "Math is hard!".[81][82] In October 1992, Mattel announced that Teen Talk Barbie would no longer say "Math class is tough!", and offered a swap to anyone who owned a doll that did.[83]

In 2002, Mattel introduced a line of pregnant Midge (and baby) dolls, but this Happy Family line was quickly pulled from the market due to complaints that she promoted teen pregnancy, though by that time, Barbie's friend Midge was supposed to be a married adult.[84]

In September 2003, the Middle Eastern country of Saudi Arabia outlawed the sale of Barbie dolls and franchises, stating that they did not conform to the ideals of Islam. The Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice warned, "Jewish Barbie dolls, with their revealing clothes and shameful postures, accessories and tools are a symbol of decadence to the perverted West. Let us beware of her dangers and be careful."[85] The 2003 Saudi ban was temporary.[86] In Muslim-majority nations, there is an alternative doll called Fulla, which was introduced in November 2003 and is equivalent to Barbie, but is designed specifically to represent traditional Islamic values. Fulla is not manufactured by Mattel (although Mattel still licenses Fulla dolls and franchises for sale in certain markets), and (as of January 2021) the "Jewish" Barbie brand is still available in other Muslim-majority countries including Egypt and Indonesia.[87] In Iran, the Sara and Dara dolls, which were introduced in March 2002, are available as an alternative to Barbie, even though they have not been as successful.[88]

In November 2014, Mattel received criticism over the book I Can Be a Computer Engineer, which depicted Barbie as being inept at computers and requiring that her two male friends complete all of the necessary tasks to restore two laptops after she accidentally infects her and her sister's laptop with a malware-laced USB flash drive.[89] Critics complained that the book was sexist, as other books in the I Can Be... series depicted Barbie as someone who was competent in those jobs and did not require outside assistance from others.[90] Mattel later removed the book from sale on Amazon in response to the criticism,[91] and the company released a "Computer Engineer Barbie" doll who was a game programmer rather than designer.[91][92]

"Role model Barbies"

In March 2018, in time for International Women's Day, Mattel unveiled the "Barbie Celebrates Role Models" campaign with a line of 17 dolls, informally known as "sheroes", from diverse backgrounds "to showcase examples of extraordinary women".[93][94] Mattel developed this collection in response to mothers concerned about their daughters having positive female role models.[93] Dolls in this collection include Frida Kahlo, Patti Jenkins, Chloe Kim, Nicola Adams, Ibtihaj Muhammad, Bindi Irwin, Amelia Earhart, Misty Copeland, Helene Darroze, Katherine Johnson, Sara Gama, Martyna Wojciechowska, Gabby Douglas, Guan Xiaotong, Ava Duvernay, Yuan Yuan Tan, Iris Apfel, Ashley Graham and Leyla Piedayesh.[93] In 2020, the company announced a new release of "shero" dolls, including Paralympic champion Madison de Rozario.[95] In July 2021, Mattel released a Naomi Osaka Barbie doll as a part of the 'Barbie Role Model' series. Osaka originally partnered with Barbie two years earlier.[96] A month earlier, a Julie Bishop doll was released to acknowledge the former Australian politician,[97] as was one for general practitioner Kirby White for her work during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia.[98] In August 2021 a Barbie modelled after European Space Agency astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti was released.[99]

Collecting

Mattel estimates that there are well over 100,000 avid Barbie collectors. Ninety percent are women, at an average age of 40, purchasing more than twenty Barbie dolls each year. Forty-five percent of them spend upwards of $1000 a year. Vintage Barbie dolls from the early years are the most valuable at auction, and while the original Barbie was sold for $3.00 in 1959, a mint boxed Barbie from 1959 sold for $3552.50 on eBay in October 2004.[100] On September 26, 2006, a Barbie doll set a world record at auction of £9,000 sterling (US$17,000) at Christie's in London. The doll was a Barbie in Midnight Red from 1965 and was part of a private collection of 4,000 Barbie dolls being sold by two Dutch women, Ietje Raebel and her daughter Marina.[101]

In recent years, Mattel has sold a wide range of Barbie dolls aimed specifically at collectors, including porcelain versions, vintage reproductions, and depictions of Barbie as a range of characters from film and television series such as The Munsters and Star Trek.[102][103] There are also collector's edition dolls depicting Barbie dolls with a range of different ethnic identities.[104] In 2004, Mattel introduced the Color Tier system for its collector's edition Barbie dolls including pink, silver, gold, and platinum, depending on how many of the dolls are produced.[105] In 2020, Mattel introduced the Dia De Los Muertos collectible Barbie doll, the second collectible released as part of the company's La Catrina line which was launched in 2019.[106]

Parodies and lawsuits

Barbie has frequently been the target of parody:

  • Mattel sued artist Tom Forsythe over a series of photographs called Food Chain Barbie in which Barbie winds up in a blender.[107][108][109] Mattel lost the lawsuit and was forced to pay Forsythe's legal costs.[107]
  • In Latin America, notable controversies include a 2018 legal dispute involving the Panama-based Frida Kahlo Corporation's allegations that Frida Kahlo's great-niece in Mexico had wrongly licensed the Frida Kahlo trademark for the "Frida Kahlo Barbie" doll.[110]
  • Mattel filed a lawsuit in 2004 in the U.S. against Barbara Anderson-Walley, a Canadian business owner whose nickname is Barbie, over her website, which sells fetish clothing.[111][112] The lawsuit was dismissed.[107]
  • In 2011, Greenpeace parodied Barbie,[113] calling on Mattel to adopt a policy for its paper purchases that would protect the rainforest. Four months later, Mattel adopted a paper sustainability policy.[114]
  • The Tonight Show with Jay Leno displayed a "Barbie Crystal Meth Lab".[citation needed]
  • Saturday Night Live aired a parody of the Barbie commercials featuring "Gangsta Bitch Barbie" and "Tupac Ken".[115] In 2002, the show also aired a skit, which starred Britney Spears as Barbie's sister Skipper.[116]
  • In November 2002, a New York judge refused an injunction against the British-based artist Susanne Pitt, who had produced a "Dungeon Barbie" doll in bondage clothing.[117]
  • Aqua's song "Barbie Girl" was the subject of the lawsuit Mattel v. MCA Records, which Mattel lost in 2002, with Judge Alex Kozinski saying that the song was a "parody and a social commentary".[118][119]
  • Two commercials by automobile company Nissan featuring dolls similar to Barbie and Ken was the subject of another lawsuit in 1997. In the first commercial, a female doll is lured into a car by a doll resembling G.I. Joe to the dismay of a Ken-like doll, accompanied by Van Halen's "You Really Got Me".[120] In the second commercial, the "Barbie" doll is saved by the "G.I. Joe" doll after she is accidentally knocked into a swimming pool by the "Ken" doll to Kiss's "Dr. Love".[121] The makers of the commercial said that the dolls' names were Roxanne, Nick and Tad. Mattel claimed that the commercial did "irreparable damage" to its products,[122][123] but settled.[124]
  • In 1999, Canadian nude model Barbie Doll Benson was involved in a trademark infringement case over her domain name, BarbieBenson.com.[125]
  • In 1993, a group calling itself the Barbie Liberation Organization secretly modified a group of Barbie dolls by implanting voice boxes from G.I. Joe dolls, then returning the Barbies to the toy stores from where they were purchased.[126][127]
  • Malibu Stacy from The Simpsons episode "Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy" (1994).
  • Savior Barbie refers to a satirical Instagram account. Savior Barbie is depicted as being in Africa where she runs an NGO that provides drinking water to locals and makes sure to provide footage that depicts her glorious acts of goodness. The account is likely to have inspired others such as "Hipster Barbie" and "Socality Barbie".[128][129]

Competition from Bratz dolls

In May 2001, MGA Entertainment launched the Bratz series of dolls, a move that gave Barbie her first serious competition in the fashion doll market. In 2004, sales figures showed that Bratz dolls were outselling Barbie dolls in the United Kingdom, although Mattel maintained that in terms of the number of dolls, clothes, and accessories sold, Barbie remained the leading brand.[130] In 2005, figures showed that sales of Barbie dolls had fallen by 30% in the United States, and by 18% worldwide, with much of the drop being attributed to the popularity of Bratz dolls.[131]

In December 2006, Mattel sued MGA Entertainment for $1 billion, alleging that Bratz creator Carter Bryant was working for Mattel when he developed the idea for Bratz.[132] On July 17, 2008, a federal jury agreed that the Bratz line was created by Carter Bryant while he was working for Mattel and that MGA and its chief executive officer Isaac Larian were liable for converting Mattel property for their own use and intentionally interfering with the contractual duties owed by Bryant to Mattel.[133] On August 26, the jury found that Mattel would have to be paid $100 million in damages. On December 3, 2008, U.S. District Judge Stephen Larson banned MGA from selling Bratz. He allowed the company to continue selling the dolls until the winter holiday season ended.[134][135] On appeal, a stay was granted by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit; the Court also overturned the District Court's original ruling for Mattel, where MGA Entertainment was ordered to forfeit the entire Bratz brand.[136][137]

Mattel Inc. and MGA Entertainment Inc. returned to court on January 18, 2011, to renew their battle over who owns Bratz, which this time included accusations from both companies that the other side stole trade secrets.[138] On April 21, 2011, a federal jury returned a verdict supporting MGA.[139] On August 5, 2011, Mattel was also ordered to pay MGA $310 million for attorney fees, stealing trade secrets, and false claims rather than the $88.5 million issued in April.[140]

In August 2009, MGA introduced a range of dolls called Moxie Girlz, intended as a replacement for Bratz dolls.[141]

"Barbie syndrome"

"Barbie syndrome" is a term that has been used to depict the desire to have a physical appearance and lifestyle representative of the Barbie doll. It is most often associated with pre-teenage and adolescent girls but is applicable to any age group or gender. A person with Barbie syndrome attempts to emulate the doll's physical appearance, even though the doll has unattainable body proportions.[142] This syndrome is seen as a form of body dysmorphic disorder and results in various eating disorders as well as an obsession with cosmetic surgery.[143]

Ukrainian model Valeria Lukyanova has received attention from the press, due in part to her appearance having been modified based on the physique of Barbie.[144][145] She stated that she has only had breast implants and relies heavily on make up and contacts to alter her appearance.[146] Similarly, Lacey Wildd, an American reality television personality frequently referred to as "Million Dollar Barbie" has also undergone 12 breast augmentation surgeries to become "the extreme Barbie".[147]

Jessica Alves, prior to coming out as transgender, underwent over £373,000 worth of cosmetic procedures to match the appearance of Barbie's male counterpart, garnering her the nickname the "Human Ken Doll". These procedures have included multiple nose jobs, six pack ab implants, a buttock lift, and hair and chest implants.[146] Sporting the same nickname, Justin Jedlica, the American businessman, has also received multiple cosmetic surgeries to enhance his Ken-like appearance.

In 2006, researchers Helga Dittmar, Emma Halliwell, and Suzanne Ive conducted an experiment testing how dolls, including Barbie, affect self-image in young girls. Dittmar, Halliwell, and Ive gave picture books to girls age 5–8, one with photos of Barbie and the other with photos of Emme, a doll with more realistic physical features. The girls were then asked about their ideal body size. Their research found that the girls who were exposed to the images of Barbie had significantly lower self-esteem than the girls who had photos of Emme.[148]

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b "Barbie shows signs of life as Mattel plots comeback". Detroit Free Press. April 18, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
  3. ^ a b "Barbie in pop culture". Barbie Media. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
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Further reading

  • Best, Joel. "Too Much Fun: Toys as Social Problems and the Interpretation of Culture", Symbolic Interaction 21#2 (1998), pp. 197–212. DOI: 10.1525/si.1998.21.2.197 in JSTOR
  • BillyBoy* (1987). Barbie: Her Life & Times. Crown. ISBN 978-0-517-59063-8.
  • Cox, Don Richard. "Barbie and her playmates." Journal of Popular Culture 11#2 (1977): 303–307.
  • Forman-Brunell, Miriam. "Barbie in" LIFE": The Life of Barbie." Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 2#3 (2009): 303-311. online
  • Gerber, Robin (2009). Barbie and Ruth: The Story of the World's Most Famous Doll and the Woman Who Created Her. Collins Business. ISBN 978-0-06-134131-1.
  • Karniol, Rachel, Tamara Stuemler‐Cohen, and Yael Lahav‐Gur. "Who Likes Bratz? The Impact of Girls’ Age and Gender Role Orientation on Preferences for Barbie Versus Bratz." Psychology & Marketing 29#11 (2012): 897-906.
  • Knaak, Silke, "German Fashion Dolls of the 50&60". Paperback www.barbies.de.
  • Lord, M. G. (2004). Forever Barbie: the unauthorized biography of a real doll. New York: Walker & Co. ISBN 978-0-8027-7694-5.
  • Plumb, Suzie, ed. (2005). Guys 'n' Dolls: Art, Science, Fashion and Relationships. Royal Pavilion, Art Gallery & Museums. ISBN 0-948723-57-2.
  • Rogers, Mary Ann (1999). Barbie culture. London: SAGE Publications. ISBN 0-7619-5888-6.
  • Sherman, Aurora M., and Eileen L. Zurbriggen. "'Boys can be anything': Effect of Barbie play on girls’ career cognitions." Sex roles 70.5-6 (2014): 195-208. online
  • Singleton, Bridget (2000). The Art of Barbie. London: Vision On. ISBN 0-9537479-2-1.
  • Weissman, Kristin Noelle. Barbie: The Icon, the Image, the Ideal: An Analytical Interpretation of the Barbie Doll in Popular Culture (1999).
  • Wepman, Dennis. "Handler, Ruth" American National Biography (2000) online

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barbie dolls.
  • Official website (redirects to the site under Mattel.com)
  • play.barbie.com (the former Barbie.com; only for games and DIY activities.)
  • St. Petersburg Times Floridian: "The doll that has everything – almost", an article by Susan Taylor Martin about the "Muslim Barbie"
  • USA Today: Barbie at number 43 on the list of The 101 Most Influential People Who Never Lived
  • The Telegraph: Doll power: Barbie celebrates 50th anniversary and toy world dominance
  • NPR Audio Report: Pretty, Plastic Barbie: Forever What We Make Her
  • Lawmaker Wants Barbie Banned in W.Va.; Local Residents Quickly React February 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine March 3, 2009
  • New York Times: Barbie: Doll, Icon Or Sexist Symbol? December 23, 1987
  • Barbie's 50th – slideshow by The First Post
  • BBC News: Mattel shuts flagship Shanghai Barbie concept store March 7, 2011
  • BBC News 1: Making Cindy into Barbie? - BBC News, HEALTH (21 September 1998)
  • CBS News: Becoming Barbie: Living Dolls, Real Life Couple Are Models Of Plastic Perfection - by Rebecca Leung (Aug. 6, 2004) CBS News
  • Glowka; et al. (2001). "Among the New Words". American Speech. Project MUSE. 76 (1): 79–96. doi:10.1215/00031283-76-1-79.
  • Anna Hart, Introducing the new, realistic Barbie: 'The thigh gap has officially gone', The Telegraph website, January 28, 2016

March 09, 2023
barbie, this, article, about, fashion, doll, brand, other, uses, disambiguation, fashion, doll, manufactured, american, company, mattel, launched, march, 1959, american, businesswoman, ruth, handler, credited, with, creation, doll, using, german, doll, called,. This article is about the fashion doll and brand For other uses see Barbie disambiguation Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by American toy company Mattel Inc and launched on March 9 1959 American businesswoman Ruth Handler is credited with the creation of the doll using a German doll called Bild Lilli as her inspiration BarbieFirst appearanceMarch 9 1959 64 years ago 1959 03 09 Created byRuth HandlerIn universe informationFull nameBarbara Millicent RobertsNicknameBarbieOccupationSee Barbie s careersFamilySee List of Barbie s friends and familyBarbie is the figurehead of a brand of Mattel dolls and accessories including other family members and collectible dolls Barbie has been an important part of the toy fashion doll market for over six decades and has been the subject of numerous controversies and lawsuits often involving parodies of the doll and her lifestyle Mattel has sold over a billion Barbie dolls making it the company s largest and most profitable line 1 The brand has expanded into a long running multimedia franchise since the late 1980s including video games and CGI computer animated films the latter which began in 2001 became originally available on home video formats and broadcast regularly on the Nickelodeon cable channel in the United States from 2002 to 2017 2 Since 2017 the franchise has been moved over to streaming services 3 4 5 Barbie and her best male friend Ken have been described as two most popular dolls in the world 6 Since its launch Barbie has transformed the toy business in affluent communities globally by becoming a vehicle for the sale of related merchandise accessories clothes friends and relatives of Barbie etc Writing for Journal of Popular Culture in 1977 Don Richard Cox noted that Barbie has a significant impact on social values by conveying characteristics of female independence and with her multitude of accessories an idealized upscale life style that can be shared with affluent friends 7 Sales of Barbie dolls declined sharply from 2014 to 2016 1 In 2020 Mattel sold 1 35 billion worth of Barbie dolls and accessories and this was their best sales growth in two decades This is an increase from the 950 million the brand sold during 2017 8 Contents 1 History 2 Appearances in media multimedia franchises 3 Fictional biography 4 Legacy and influence 4 1 50th anniversary 4 2 Barbie Dream Gap Project 4 3 Thank You Heroes 4 4 Habitat for Humanity 5 Controversies 5 1 Body image 5 2 Diversity 5 3 Bad influence concerns 6 Role model Barbies 7 Collecting 8 Parodies and lawsuits 9 Competition from Bratz dolls 10 Barbie syndrome 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksHistory The first Barbie doll was introduced in both blonde and brunette on March 9 1959 Ruth Handler watched her daughter Barbara play with paper dolls and noticed that she often enjoyed giving them adult roles At the time most children s toy dolls were representations of infants Realizing that there could be a gap in the market Handler suggested the idea of an adult bodied doll to her husband Elliot a co founder of the Mattel toy company He was unenthusiastic about the idea as were Mattel s directors 9 During a trip to Europe in 1956 with her children Barbara and Kenneth Ruth Handler came across a German toy doll called Bild Lilli 10 The adult figured doll was exactly what Handler had in mind so she purchased three of them She gave one to her daughter and took the others back to Mattel The Lilli doll was based on a popular character appearing in a comic strip drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper Bild Lilli was a blonde bombshell a working girl who knew what she wanted and was not above using men to get it The Lilli doll was first sold in Germany in 1955 and although it was initially sold to adults it became popular with children who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available separately 11 Upon her return to the United States Handler redesigned the doll with help from local inventor designer Jack Ryan and the doll was given a new name Barbie after Handler s daughter Barbara The doll made its debut at the American International Toy Fair in New York City on March 9 1959 12 This date is also used as Barbie s official birthday Designer Charlotte Johnson with a 1965 doll The first Barbie doll wore a black and white zebra striped swimsuit and signature topknot ponytail and was available as either a blonde or brunette The doll was marketed as a Teen age Fashion Model with her clothes created by Mattel fashion designer Charlotte Johnson The first Barbie dolls were manufactured in Japan with their clothes hand stitched by Japanese homeworkers Around 350 000 Barbie dolls were sold during the first year of production 13 Louis Marx and Company sued Mattel in March 1961 After licensing Lilli they claimed that Mattel had infringed on Greiner amp Hausser s patent for Bild Lilli s hip joint and also claimed that Barbie was a direct take off and copy of Bild Lilli The company additionally claimed that Mattel falsely and misleadingly represented itself as having originated the design Mattel counter claimed and the case was settled out of court in 1963 In 1964 Mattel bought Greiner amp Hausser s copyright and patent rights for the Bild Lilli doll for 21 600 14 15 Ruth Handler believed that it was important for Barbie to have an adult appearance and early market research showed that some parents were unhappy about the doll s chest which had distinct breasts Barbie s appearance has been changed many times most notably in 1971 when the doll s eyes were adjusted to look forwards rather than having the demure sideways glance of the original model This would be the last adjustment Ruth would make to her own creation as three years later she and her husband Elliot were removed from their posts at Mattel after an investigation found them guilty of issuing false and misleading financial reports 16 Barbie was one of the first toys to have a marketing strategy based extensively on television advertising which has been copied widely by other toys In 2006 it was estimated that over a billion Barbie dolls had been sold worldwide in over 150 countries with Mattel claiming that three Barbie dolls are sold every second 17 The standard range of Barbie dolls and related accessories are manufactured to approximately 1 6 scale which is also known as playscale 18 The standard dolls are approximately 11 inches 29 cm tall Appearances in media multimedia franchisesFurther information Barbie media franchise and Barbie film Since the mid to late 1980s Barbie branded products included not only the range of dolls with their clothes and accessories but also a large range of branded goods such as books apparel cosmetics video games and audiovisual content Barbie is well known for her appearance as a virtual actress in a series of computer animated feature films starting with Barbie in the Nutcracker in 2001 19 which were distributed on home video formats and broadcast on Nickelodeon in the United States and globally until 2017 2 Since 2017 they have been revamped as streaming television films branded as animated specials and released through streaming services primarily on Netflix As at the release of the film Barbie in the Pink Shoes on February 26 2013 the film series have sold over 110 million units globally 20 Before the films the brand had two television specials released in 1987 in response to the rise of digital media at that time Barbie and the Rockers Out of This World and its sequel Since 2012 she has appeared in several television and web series including Barbie Life in the Dreamhouse Barbie Dreamtopia Barbie Dreamhouse Adventures and Barbie It Takes Two and as a supporting character in Pixar s Toy Story films and the My Scene media franchise 3 In 2015 Barbie began appearing as a vlogger on YouTube called Barbie Vlogger where she talks about her fictional life fashion friends and family and even charged topics such as mental health and racism 21 22 23 She was portrayed by Australian actress Margot Robbie in a live action film adaptation 24 which is scheduled to be released on 21 July 2023 by Warner Bros Pictures in the United States 25 Fictional biographySee also List of Barbie s friends and family Barbie s full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts In a series of novels published by Random House in the 1960s her parents names are given as George and Margaret Roberts from the fictional town of Willows Wisconsin 26 27 In the Random House novels Barbie attended Willows High School while in the Generation Girl books published by Golden Books in 1999 she attended the fictional Manhattan International High School in New York City based on the real life Stuyvesant High School 28 She has an on off romantic relationship with her then boyfriend Ken full name Kenneth Carson who first appeared in 1961 A news release from Mattel in February 2004 announced that Barbie and Ken had decided to split up 29 but in February 2006 they were hoping to rekindle their relationship after Ken had a makeover 30 In 2011 Mattel launched a campaign for Ken to win Barbie s affections back 31 The pair officially reunited in Valentine s Day 2011 32 At the release of Barbie Dreamhouse Adventures in 2018 the pair are seen as just friends or next door neighbors Mattel has created a range of companions and relatives for Barbie She has three younger sisters Skipper Stacie and Chelsea named Kelly until 2011 33 Her sisters have co starred in many entries of the Barbie film series starting with Barbie amp Her Sisters in A Pony Tale from 2013 Retired members of Barbie s family included Todd twin brother to Stacie Krissy a baby sister and Francie cousin Barbie s friends include Hispanic Teresa Midge African American Christie and Steven Christie s boyfriend Barbie was also friendly with Blaine an Australian surfer during her split with Ken in 2004 34 Barbie has had over 40 pets including cats and dogs horses a panda a lion cub and a zebra She has owned a wide range of vehicles including pink Beetle and Corvette convertibles trailers and Jeeps She also holds a pilot s license and operates commercial airliners in addition to serving as a flight attendant Barbie s careers are designed to show that women can take on a variety of roles in life and the doll has been sold with a wide range of titles including Miss Astronaut Barbie 1965 Doctor Barbie 1988 and Nascar Barbie 1998 35 Legacy and influenceBarbie has become a cultural icon and has been given honors that are rare in the toy world In 1974 a section of Times Square in New York City was renamed Barbie Boulevard for a week The Musee des Arts Decoratifs Paris at the Louvre held a Barbie exhibit in 2016 The exhibit featured 700 Barbie dolls over two floors as well as works by contemporary artists and documents newspapers photos video that contextualize Barbie 36 In 1986 the artist Andy Warhol created a painting of Barbie The painting sold at auction at Christie s London for 1 1 million In 2015 The Andy Warhol Foundation then teamed up with Mattel to create an Andy Warhol Barbie 37 38 Outsider artist Al Carbee took thousands of photographs of Barbie and created countless collages and dioramas featuring Barbie in various settings 39 Carbee was the subject of the feature length documentary Magical Universe Carbee s collage art was presented in the 2016 Barbie exhibit at the Musee des Arts Decoratifs Paris in the section about visuals artists who have been inspired by Barbie 40 In 2013 in Taiwan the first Barbie themed restaurant called Barbie Cafe opened under the Sinlaku group 41 The Economist has emphasized the importance of Barbie to children s imagination From her early days as a teenage fashion model Barbie has appeared as an astronaut surgeon Olympic athlete downhill skier aerobics instructor TV news reporter vet rock star doctor army officer air force pilot summit diplomat rap musician presidential candidate party undefined baseball player scuba diver lifeguard fire fighter engineer dentist and many more When Barbie first burst into the toy shops just as the 1960s were breaking the doll market consisted mostly of babies designed for girls to cradle rock and feed By creating a doll with adult features Mattel enabled girls to become anything they want 42 On September 7 2021 following the debut of the streaming television film Barbie Big City Big Dreams on Netflix Barbie joined forces with Grammy Award nominated music producer songwriter singer and actress Ester Dean and Girls Make Beats an organization dedicated to expanding the female presence of music producers DJs and audio engineers to inspire more girls to explore a future in music production 43 44 45 50th anniversary In 2009 Barbie celebrated her 50th birthday The celebrations included a runway show in New York for the Mercedes Benz Fashion Week 46 The event showcased fashions contributed by fifty well known haute couturiers including Diane von Furstenberg Vera Wang Calvin Klein Bob Mackie and Christian Louboutin 47 48 Barbie Dream Gap Project In 2019 Mattel launched the Barbie Dream Gap Project to raise awareness of the phenomenon known as the Dream Gap beginning at the age of five girls begin to doubt their own intelligence where boys do not This leads to boys pursuing careers requiring a higher intelligence and girls being underrepresented in those careers 49 As an example in the U S 33 of sitting judges are female This statistic inspired the release of Judge Barbie in four different skin tones and hairstyles with judge robes and a gavel accessory 49 Thank You Heroes In May 2020 in response to the COVID 19 pandemic Mattel announced a new line of career dolls modeled after the first responders and essential workers of 2020 For every doll purchased Mattel donated a doll to the First Responders Children s Foundation 50 Habitat for Humanity In February 2022 Mattel celebrated its 60 year anniversary of the Barbie Dreamhouse by partnering with Habitat for Humanity International Mattel committed to taking on 60 projects including new construction home preservation and neighborhood revitalization 51 Controversies Black Barbies redirects here For the Nicki Minaj song see Black Barbies song Body image From the start some have complained that the blonde plastic doll conveyed an unrealistic body image to girls 52 Criticisms of Barbie are often centered around concerns that children consider Barbie a role model and will attempt to emulate her One of the most common criticisms of Barbie is that she promotes an unrealistic idea of body image for a young woman leading to a risk that girls who attempt to emulate her will become anorexic Unrealistic body proportions in Barbie dolls have been connected to some eating disorders in children 53 54 55 56 A standard Barbie doll is 11 5 inches 29 cm tall giving a height of 5 feet 9 inches 1 75 m at 1 6 scale Barbie s vital statistics have been estimated at 36 inches chest 18 inches waist and 33 inches hips According to research by the University Central Hospital in Helsinki Finland she would lack the 17 to 22 percent body fat required for a woman to menstruate 57 In 1963 the outfit Barbie Baby Sits came with a book titled How to Lose Weight which advised Don t eat 58 The same book was included in another ensemble called Slumber Party in 1965 along with a pink bathroom scale permanently set at 110 lbs 50 kg 58 which would be around 35 lbs 16 kg underweight for a woman 5 feet 9 inches 1 75 m tall 59 Mattel said that the waist of the Barbie doll was made small because the waistbands of her clothes along with their seams snaps and zippers added bulk to her figure 60 In 1997 Barbie s body mold was redesigned and given a wider waist with Mattel saying that this would make the doll better suited to contemporary fashion designs 61 62 In 2016 Mattel introduced a range of new body types tall petite and curvy releasing them exclusively as part of the Barbie Fashionistas line Curvy Barbie received a great deal of media attention 63 64 65 and even made the cover of Time magazine with the headline Now Can We Stop Talking About My Body 66 Despite the curvy doll s body shape being equivalent to a US size 4 in clothing 63 some children reportedly regarded her as fat 66 67 Although Barbie had been criticized for its unrealistic looking tall and petite dolls the company has been offering more dolls set to more realistic standards in order to help promote a positive body image 68 Barbie s waist has been widened in more recent versions of the doll Back cover of the vintage booklet titled How to Lose Weight stating Don t Eat Bathroom scale from 1965 permanently set at 110 lbs 50 kg Barbie Oreo School Time Fun from 2001 69 became controversial after a negative interpretation of the doll s name Diversity Complaints also point to a lack of diversity in the line 70 Mattel responded to these criticisms Starting in 1980 it produced Hispanic dolls and later came models from across the globe For example in 2007 it introduced Cinco de Mayo Barbie wearing a ruffled red white and green dress echoing the Mexican flag Hispanic magazine reports that O ne of the most dramatic developments in Barbie s history came when she embraced multi culturalism and was released in a wide variety of native costumes hair colors and skin tones to more closely resemble the girls who idolized her Among these were Cinco De Mayo Barbie Spanish Barbie Peruvian Barbie Mexican Barbie and Puerto Rican Barbie She also has had close Hispanic friends such as Teresa 71 More recently Professor Emilie Rose Aguilo Perez has argued that over time Mattel shifted from ambiguous Hispanic presentations in their dolls to one that is more assertive in its Latinx marketing and product labeling 72 Colored Francie made her debut in 1967 and she is sometimes described as the first African American Barbie doll However she was produced using the existing head molds for the white Francie doll and lacked distinct African characteristics other than dark skin The first African American doll in the Barbie range is usually regarded as Christie who made her debut in 1968 73 74 Black Barbie was launched in 1980 but still had Caucasian features In 1990 Mattel created a focus group with African American children and parents early childhood specialists and clinical psychologist Darlene Powell Hudson Instead of using the same molds for the Caucasian Barbies new ones were created In addition facial features skin tones hair texture and names were all altered The body shapes looked different but the proportions were the same to ensure clothing and accessories were interchangeable 75 In September 2009 Mattel introduced the So In Style range which was intended to create a more realistic depiction of African American people than previous dolls 76 In 2016 Mattel expanded this line to include seven skin tones twenty two eye colors and twenty four hairstyles Part of the reason for this change was due to declining sales 77 The brand now offers over 22 skin tones 94 hair colors 13 eye colors and five body types 8 Mattel teamed up with Nabisco to launch a cross promotion Barbie doll with Oreo cookies in 1997 and 2001 While the 1997 release of the doll was only released in a white version for the 2001 release Mattel manufactured both a white and a black version The 2001 release Barbie Oreo School Time Fun was marketed as someone with whom young girls could play after class and share America s favorite cookie Critics argued that in the African American community Oreo is a derogatory term meaning that the person is black on the outside and white on the inside like the chocolate sandwich cookie itself The doll was unsuccessful and Mattel recalled the unsold stock making it sought after by collectors 78 In May 1997 Mattel introduced Share a Smile Becky a doll in a pink wheelchair Kjersti Johnson a 17 year old high school student in Tacoma Washington with cerebral palsy pointed out that the doll would not fit into the elevator of Barbie s 100 Dream House Mattel announced that it would redesign the house in the future to accommodate the doll 79 80 Bad influence concerns In July 1992 Mattel released Teen Talk Barbie which spoke a number of phrases including Will we ever have enough clothes I love shopping and Wanna have a pizza party Each doll was programmed to say four out of 270 possible phrases so that no two given dolls were likely to be the same the number of possible combinations is 270 266 4 216 546 345 One of these 270 phrases was Math class is tough which led to criticism from the American Association of University Women about 1 5 of all the dolls sold said the phrase The doll was often erroneously misattributed in the media as having said Math is hard 81 82 In October 1992 Mattel announced that Teen Talk Barbie would no longer say Math class is tough and offered a swap to anyone who owned a doll that did 83 In 2002 Mattel introduced a line of pregnant Midge and baby dolls but this Happy Family line was quickly pulled from the market due to complaints that she promoted teen pregnancy though by that time Barbie s friend Midge was supposed to be a married adult 84 In September 2003 the Middle Eastern country of Saudi Arabia outlawed the sale of Barbie dolls and franchises stating that they did not conform to the ideals of Islam The Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice warned Jewish Barbie dolls with their revealing clothes and shameful postures accessories and tools are a symbol of decadence to the perverted West Let us beware of her dangers and be careful 85 The 2003 Saudi ban was temporary 86 In Muslim majority nations there is an alternative doll called Fulla which was introduced in November 2003 and is equivalent to Barbie but is designed specifically to represent traditional Islamic values Fulla is not manufactured by Mattel although Mattel still licenses Fulla dolls and franchises for sale in certain markets and as of January 2021 the Jewish Barbie brand is still available in other Muslim majority countries including Egypt and Indonesia 87 In Iran the Sara and Dara dolls which were introduced in March 2002 are available as an alternative to Barbie even though they have not been as successful 88 In November 2014 Mattel received criticism over the book I Can Be a Computer Engineer which depicted Barbie as being inept at computers and requiring that her two male friends complete all of the necessary tasks to restore two laptops after she accidentally infects her and her sister s laptop with a malware laced USB flash drive 89 Critics complained that the book was sexist as other books in the I Can Be series depicted Barbie as someone who was competent in those jobs and did not require outside assistance from others 90 Mattel later removed the book from sale on Amazon in response to the criticism 91 and the company released a Computer Engineer Barbie doll who was a game programmer rather than designer 91 92 Role model Barbies In March 2018 in time for International Women s Day Mattel unveiled the Barbie Celebrates Role Models campaign with a line of 17 dolls informally known as sheroes from diverse backgrounds to showcase examples of extraordinary women 93 94 Mattel developed this collection in response to mothers concerned about their daughters having positive female role models 93 Dolls in this collection include Frida Kahlo Patti Jenkins Chloe Kim Nicola Adams Ibtihaj Muhammad Bindi Irwin Amelia Earhart Misty Copeland Helene Darroze Katherine Johnson Sara Gama Martyna Wojciechowska Gabby Douglas Guan Xiaotong Ava Duvernay Yuan Yuan Tan Iris Apfel Ashley Graham and Leyla Piedayesh 93 In 2020 the company announced a new release of shero dolls including Paralympic champion Madison de Rozario 95 In July 2021 Mattel released a Naomi Osaka Barbie doll as a part of the Barbie Role Model series Osaka originally partnered with Barbie two years earlier 96 A month earlier a Julie Bishop doll was released to acknowledge the former Australian politician 97 as was one for general practitioner Kirby White for her work during the COVID 19 pandemic in Australia 98 In August 2021 a Barbie modelled after European Space Agency astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti was released 99 CollectingMattel estimates that there are well over 100 000 avid Barbie collectors Ninety percent are women at an average age of 40 purchasing more than twenty Barbie dolls each year Forty five percent of them spend upwards of 1000 a year Vintage Barbie dolls from the early years are the most valuable at auction and while the original Barbie was sold for 3 00 in 1959 a mint boxed Barbie from 1959 sold for 3552 50 on eBay in October 2004 100 On September 26 2006 a Barbie doll set a world record at auction of 9 000 sterling US 17 000 at Christie s in London The doll was a Barbie in Midnight Red from 1965 and was part of a private collection of 4 000 Barbie dolls being sold by two Dutch women Ietje Raebel and her daughter Marina 101 In recent years Mattel has sold a wide range of Barbie dolls aimed specifically at collectors including porcelain versions vintage reproductions and depictions of Barbie as a range of characters from film and television series such as The Munsters and Star Trek 102 103 There are also collector s edition dolls depicting Barbie dolls with a range of different ethnic identities 104 In 2004 Mattel introduced the Color Tier system for its collector s edition Barbie dolls including pink silver gold and platinum depending on how many of the dolls are produced 105 In 2020 Mattel introduced the Dia De Los Muertos collectible Barbie doll the second collectible released as part of the company s La Catrina line which was launched in 2019 106 Parodies and lawsuitsBarbie has frequently been the target of parody Mattel sued artist Tom Forsythe over a series of photographs called Food Chain Barbie in which Barbie winds up in a blender 107 108 109 Mattel lost the lawsuit and was forced to pay Forsythe s legal costs 107 In Latin America notable controversies include a 2018 legal dispute involving the Panama based Frida Kahlo Corporation s allegations that Frida Kahlo s great niece in Mexico had wrongly licensed the Frida Kahlo trademark for the Frida Kahlo Barbie doll 110 Mattel filed a lawsuit in 2004 in the U S against Barbara Anderson Walley a Canadian business owner whose nickname is Barbie over her website which sells fetish clothing 111 112 The lawsuit was dismissed 107 In 2011 Greenpeace parodied Barbie 113 calling on Mattel to adopt a policy for its paper purchases that would protect the rainforest Four months later Mattel adopted a paper sustainability policy 114 The Tonight Show with Jay Leno displayed a Barbie Crystal Meth Lab citation needed Saturday Night Live aired a parody of the Barbie commercials featuring Gangsta Bitch Barbie and Tupac Ken 115 In 2002 the show also aired a skit which starred Britney Spears as Barbie s sister Skipper 116 In November 2002 a New York judge refused an injunction against the British based artist Susanne Pitt who had produced a Dungeon Barbie doll in bondage clothing 117 Aqua s song Barbie Girl was the subject of the lawsuit Mattel v MCA Records which Mattel lost in 2002 with Judge Alex Kozinski saying that the song was a parody and a social commentary 118 119 Two commercials by automobile company Nissan featuring dolls similar to Barbie and Ken was the subject of another lawsuit in 1997 In the first commercial a female doll is lured into a car by a doll resembling G I Joe to the dismay of a Ken like doll accompanied by Van Halen s You Really Got Me 120 In the second commercial the Barbie doll is saved by the G I Joe doll after she is accidentally knocked into a swimming pool by the Ken doll to Kiss s Dr Love 121 The makers of the commercial said that the dolls names were Roxanne Nick and Tad Mattel claimed that the commercial did irreparable damage to its products 122 123 but settled 124 In 1999 Canadian nude model Barbie Doll Benson was involved in a trademark infringement case over her domain name BarbieBenson com 125 In 1993 a group calling itself the Barbie Liberation Organization secretly modified a group of Barbie dolls by implanting voice boxes from G I Joe dolls then returning the Barbies to the toy stores from where they were purchased 126 127 Malibu Stacy from The Simpsons episode Lisa vs Malibu Stacy 1994 Savior Barbie refers to a satirical Instagram account Savior Barbie is depicted as being in Africa where she runs an NGO that provides drinking water to locals and makes sure to provide footage that depicts her glorious acts of goodness The account is likely to have inspired others such as Hipster Barbie and Socality Barbie 128 129 Competition from Bratz dollsIn May 2001 MGA Entertainment launched the Bratz series of dolls a move that gave Barbie her first serious competition in the fashion doll market In 2004 sales figures showed that Bratz dolls were outselling Barbie dolls in the United Kingdom although Mattel maintained that in terms of the number of dolls clothes and accessories sold Barbie remained the leading brand 130 In 2005 figures showed that sales of Barbie dolls had fallen by 30 in the United States and by 18 worldwide with much of the drop being attributed to the popularity of Bratz dolls 131 In December 2006 Mattel sued MGA Entertainment for 1 billion alleging that Bratz creator Carter Bryant was working for Mattel when he developed the idea for Bratz 132 On July 17 2008 a federal jury agreed that the Bratz line was created by Carter Bryant while he was working for Mattel and that MGA and its chief executive officer Isaac Larian were liable for converting Mattel property for their own use and intentionally interfering with the contractual duties owed by Bryant to Mattel 133 On August 26 the jury found that Mattel would have to be paid 100 million in damages On December 3 2008 U S District Judge Stephen Larson banned MGA from selling Bratz He allowed the company to continue selling the dolls until the winter holiday season ended 134 135 On appeal a stay was granted by the U S Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit the Court also overturned the District Court s original ruling for Mattel where MGA Entertainment was ordered to forfeit the entire Bratz brand 136 137 Mattel Inc and MGA Entertainment Inc returned to court on January 18 2011 to renew their battle over who owns Bratz which this time included accusations from both companies that the other side stole trade secrets 138 On April 21 2011 a federal jury returned a verdict supporting MGA 139 On August 5 2011 Mattel was also ordered to pay MGA 310 million for attorney fees stealing trade secrets and false claims rather than the 88 5 million issued in April 140 In August 2009 MGA introduced a range of dolls called Moxie Girlz intended as a replacement for Bratz dolls 141 Barbie syndrome Barbie syndrome is a term that has been used to depict the desire to have a physical appearance and lifestyle representative of the Barbie doll It is most often associated with pre teenage and adolescent girls but is applicable to any age group or gender A person with Barbie syndrome attempts to emulate the doll s physical appearance even though the doll has unattainable body proportions 142 This syndrome is seen as a form of body dysmorphic disorder and results in various eating disorders as well as an obsession with cosmetic surgery 143 Ukrainian model Valeria Lukyanova has received attention from the press due in part to her appearance having been modified based on the physique of Barbie 144 145 She stated that she has only had breast implants and relies heavily on make up and contacts to alter her appearance 146 Similarly Lacey Wildd an American reality television personality frequently referred to as Million Dollar Barbie has also undergone 12 breast augmentation surgeries to become the extreme Barbie 147 Jessica Alves prior to coming out as transgender underwent over 373 000 worth of cosmetic procedures to match the appearance of Barbie s male counterpart garnering her the nickname the Human Ken Doll These procedures have included multiple nose jobs six pack ab implants a buttock lift and hair and chest implants 146 Sporting the same nickname Justin Jedlica the American businessman has also received multiple cosmetic surgeries to enhance his Ken like appearance In 2006 researchers Helga Dittmar Emma Halliwell and Suzanne Ive conducted an experiment testing how dolls including Barbie affect self image in young girls Dittmar Halliwell and Ive gave picture books to girls age 5 8 one with photos of Barbie and the other with photos of Emme a doll with more realistic physical features The girls were then asked about their ideal body size Their research found that the girls who were exposed to the images of Barbie had significantly lower self esteem than the girls who had photos of Emme 148 See alsoCreatable World Kitty Black Perkins Lammily a crowd funded alternative developed by Nickolay Lamm My Scene Sindy Superstar The Karen Carpenter Story The Most Popular Girls in School Totally Hair BarbieReferences a b Ziobro Paul January 28 2016 Mattel to Add Curvy Petite Tall Barbies Sales of the doll have fallen at double digit rate for past eight quarters Wall Street Journal Retrieved September 23 2020 a b Barbie shows signs of life as Mattel plots comeback Detroit Free Press April 18 2015 Retrieved January 15 2017 a b Barbie in pop culture Barbie Media Retrieved March 27 2022 Laurie Virginia January 22 2022 The Legacy of the Barbie Cinematic Universe Study Breaks Retrieved July 5 2022 Barbie Makes Music in Mattel Television s New Animated Movie Mattel Television Press release Mattel August 1 2020 Archived from the original on December 7 2020 Retrieved November 2 2020 Norton Kevin I Olds Timothy S Olive Scott Dank Stephen February 1 1996 Ken and Barbie at life size Sex Roles 34 3 287 294 doi 10 1007 BF01544300 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Valeria Lukyanova Model Seeks to Be Real Life Barbie Doll Inquisitr com April 23 2012 Archived from the original on December 8 2015 Retrieved August 22 2013 Valeria Lukyanova amp Another Real Life Barbie Doll Olga Oleynik Come to America EnStarz com December 10 2012 Retrieved December 13 2012 a b The Barbie Doll Syndrome Why Girls Are Becoming Obsessed with Unrealistic Curvy Bodies Women s Women s January 13 2018 Archived from the original on April 28 2018 Retrieved April 27 2018 Intern HL July 2 2014 Mom Of 6 Has 36 Surgeries To Look Like A Barbie Doll Did It Work Hollywood Life Archived from the original on March 15 2016 Retrieved April 27 2018 Dittmar Helga 2006 Does Barbie Make Girls Want to Be Thin The Effect of Experimental Exposure to Images of Dolls on the Body Image of 5 to 8 Year Old Girls PDF Developmental Psychology 42 2 283 292 doi 10 1037 0012 1649 42 2 283 PMID 16569167 Archived from the original PDF on December 16 2018 Retrieved April 28 2018 Further readingBest Joel Too Much Fun Toys as Social Problems and the Interpretation of Culture Symbolic Interaction 21 2 1998 pp 197 212 DOI 10 1525 si 1998 21 2 197 in JSTOR BillyBoy 1987 Barbie Her Life amp Times Crown ISBN 978 0 517 59063 8 Cox Don Richard Barbie and her playmates Journal of Popular Culture 11 2 1977 303 307 Forman Brunell Miriam Barbie in LIFE The Life of Barbie Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 2 3 2009 303 311 online Gerber Robin 2009 Barbie and Ruth The Story of the World s Most Famous Doll and the Woman Who Created Her Collins Business ISBN 978 0 06 134131 1 Karniol Rachel Tamara Stuemler Cohen and Yael Lahav Gur Who Likes Bratz The Impact of Girls Age and Gender Role Orientation on Preferences for Barbie Versus Bratz Psychology amp Marketing 29 11 2012 897 906 Knaak Silke German Fashion Dolls of the 50 amp 60 Paperback www barbies de Lord M G 2004 Forever Barbie the unauthorized biography of a real doll New York Walker amp Co ISBN 978 0 8027 7694 5 Plumb Suzie ed 2005 Guys n Dolls Art Science Fashion and Relationships Royal Pavilion Art Gallery amp Museums ISBN 0 948723 57 2 Rogers Mary Ann 1999 Barbie culture London SAGE Publications ISBN 0 7619 5888 6 Sherman Aurora M and Eileen L Zurbriggen Boys can be anything Effect of Barbie play on girls career cognitions Sex roles 70 5 6 2014 195 208 online Singleton Bridget 2000 The Art of Barbie London Vision On ISBN 0 9537479 2 1 Weissman Kristin Noelle Barbie The Icon the Image the Ideal An Analytical Interpretation of the Barbie Doll in Popular Culture 1999 Wepman Dennis Handler Ruth American National Biography 2000 onlineExternal links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barbie dolls Official website redirects to the site under Mattel com play wbr barbie wbr com the former Barbie com only for games and DIY activities St Petersburg Times Floridian The doll that has everything almost an article by Susan Taylor Martin about the Muslim Barbie USA Today Barbie at number 43 on the list of The 101 Most Influential People Who Never Lived The Telegraph Doll power Barbie celebrates 50th anniversary and toy world dominance NPR Audio Report Pretty Plastic Barbie Forever What We Make Her Lawmaker Wants Barbie Banned in W Va Local Residents Quickly React Archived February 27 2014 at the Wayback Machine March 3 2009 New York Times Barbie Doll Icon Or Sexist Symbol December 23 1987 Barbie s 50th slideshow by The First Post BBC News Mattel shuts flagship Shanghai Barbie concept store March 7 2011 BBC News 1 Making Cindy into Barbie BBC News HEALTH 21 September 1998 CBS News Becoming Barbie Living Dolls Real Life Couple Are Models Of Plastic Perfection by Rebecca Leung Aug 6 2004 CBS News Glowka et al 2001 Among the New Words American Speech Project MUSE 76 1 79 96 doi 10 1215 00031283 76 1 79 Anna Hart Introducing the new realistic Barbie The thigh gap has officially gone The Telegraph website January 28 2016 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Barbie amp oldid 1138333685, 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