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Foreign relations of Morocco

April 14, 2024

Morocco is a member of the United Nations and belongs to the African Union, Arab League, Arab Maghreb Union (UMA), Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Non-Aligned Movement and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD). Morocco's relationships vary greatly between African, Arab, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Western states. Morocco has had strong ties with the West in order to gain economic and political benefits.[1] France and Spain remain the primary trade partners, as well as the primary creditors and foreign investors in Morocco. From the total foreign investments in Morocco, the European Union invests approximately 73.5%, whereas the Arab world invests only 19.3%. As of 2009, many countries from the Persian Gulf and Maghreb regions are also becoming more involved in large-scale development projects in Morocco.[2]

Foreign relations have had a significant impact on economic and social development in Morocco. Certain evidence of foreign influence is through the many development projects, loans, investments, and free trade agreements that Morocco has with other countries. Some free trade agreements include the Euro-Mediterranean free trade area agreement with the European Union; the Greater Arab Free Trade Area with Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia; as well as the US-Morocco Free Trade Agreement with the United States.[3] An example of recent foreign influence is through loan agreements. Morocco signed three loan agreements with the French Development Agency (AFD) in 2009, totalling up to 155 million euros. These were for the purpose of reforming the education system, rural roads and rehabilitation, as well as infrastructure projects.[4]

Factors influencing foreign relations edit

Role of political organization edit

Policies associated with foreign relations are determined by King Mohamed VI, as well as his advisors, despite the fact that Morocco has a constitutional monarchy.[1] Morocco has had a history of monarchical rule. For example, the previous king, Hassan II of Morocco, suspended parliament in 1965 and ruled directly for two years. This was in response to the discovery of a plot on the king's life, of which a political party, UNFP, was accused of orchestrating. Foreign relations with Western countries became strained as a result of this. Portraying Morocco as a democratic state became important if Morocco wished to receive loans and investments from foreign powers.

Role of colonialism edit

Morocco's current relations with some countries are related to its colonial history. Morocco was secretly partitioned by Spain and France and in 1912 the Moroccan territory was made into French and Spanish protectorates. After achieving independence in 1956, Morocco still has a strong relationship with its former colonizers. Spain and France are currently the largest exporting and importing partners to Morocco. French is still popularly spoken and remains the second language in Morocco whilst Spanish is also widespread, particularly in the northern regions. France now is home to more than a million Moroccans legally residing in the country. This is the largest Moroccan population in a foreign country, followed next by Spain. These former colonizers remain influential in economic matters, such as development projects, investments, trade, and loans.[5]

Role of free market edit

Relations with foreign powers, especially with the West, have also been strengthened as Morocco has liberalized its economy and implemented major economic reforms. In 1993 there was major privatization and markets were opened up to foreign powers.[6] Morocco now is focusing more on promoting foreign direct investments. In 2007, Morocco adopted the Hassan II Fund for Development, which are measures that simplify procedures to make the process easier and more financially beneficial for foreign investors. This was done with financial incentives, as well as tax exemptions. These policies make it beneficial for other countries to have relations with Morocco so that they can take advantage of their goods. Morocco's exports are mainly agriculture, and it is one of the largest exporters of phosphate in the world. In addition, Morocco has rich fishing waters, a tourist industry, and a small manufacturing sector.

Role of foreign policy support edit

Morocco also gains financial support from countries that it assists. For example, Morocco has had a long history of supporting the United States and it has received financial support as a result. Moroccan troops were involved in Bosnia as well as in Somalia, during the operation Desert Storm. Morocco also was among the first Arab and Islamic states to denounce the September 11 attacks and declare solidarity with the American people in the war against terror.[7] It has contributed to UN peacekeeping efforts on the continent. In 1998, the U.S. Secretary of Defense, William Cohen, said that Morocco and the U.S. have "mutual concerns over transnational terrorism" as well as interests in "the effort to control the spread of weapons of mass destruction".[8] In recognition of its support for the War on Terror, in June 2004 U.S. President George W. Bush designated Morocco as a major non-NATO ally. Another case of mutual foreign policy interests is with Saudi Arabia. Ties between these countries were strengthened when Morocco sent troops to help Saudi Arabia during the 1992 Gulf War. This was perceived as a "gesture to support Western and Arab allies". Morocco's relationship to countries in the Middle East and its contribution to the Palestinian cause have created stronger relations between these countries.[9]

Role of immigration edit

Another factor determining relations is how much immigration the country receives from Morocco. The beginning of major migration to Europe began during the colonial era (1912 to 1956). During World War I and II, France had an urgent need for manpower, which led to the recruitment of tens of thousands of Moroccan men to work in factories, mines, and in the army.[10] Another increase in immigration from Morocco to France was during the Algerian war of independence. France stopped recruiting workers from Algeria and instead accepted more Moroccan factory and mine labourers. Immigration increased even further from 1962 to 1972 when economic growth in Europe occurred, which led to a greater demand for low-skilled labour. At this time, Morocco signed major labour recruitment agreements with European countries, such as France, West Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. This led to a more diverse spread of emigration, which until this time was focused primarily on the country of France.

Morocco's perceived identity plays a role in its relations with other countries. Numerous countries have strong relations with Morocco because of its history of being a Western ally. For example, Morocco has the longest friendship treaties with the United States. This is important for US interests because Morocco is a stable, democratizing, and liberalizing MENA & Muslim nation. Geopolitical benefits are evident because ties to Morocco means that an ally is established in Africa, in the Maghreb region. Morocco's identity as a Muslim state has also strengthened ties with the Persian Gulf countries as a result of 9/11 and the "War on Terror". This has resulted in Arab countries, including members of the GCC (Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates), choosing to invest more in Morocco.[11] Many countries in the Maghreb region also invest in Morocco because of perceived similarities in identity.

Maghreb and Africa edit

 
Positions on the status of Western Sahara:
  Diplomatic relations with or recognition of the Sahrawi Republic
  Support for Morocco territorial claim (including support for autonomy under Moroccan sovereignty)
  Support for self-determination of the Sahrawi people; SADR relations or recognition suspended or frozen (if no other position expressed)
  Recognition of the SADR withdrawn or frozen without expressing support for Morocco's claim
  None or conflicting positions expressed

Morocco is very active in Maghreb and African affairs. The Arab Maghreb Union is made up of Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, and Tunisia.[12] Although it was long not a member of the African Union (formerly the Organisation of African Unity) since November 12, 1984—following the admission of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as the government of Western Sahara—Morocco remained involved in developing the regional economy, as the city of Casablanca contains North Africa's busiest port and serves as the country's economic center. Morocco rejoined the African Union on 30 January 2017, following a change in AU leadership.[13][14] There are significant ties with West African and Sahel countries and Morocco maintains good relationships with Senegal, Gabon and Burkina Faso.[15][16]

Positions on Western Sahara conflict edit

The following lists contain the following states and entities:

Some states are listed in both lists, for example when a state is supportive of the "right of self-determination" including the option of autonomy under Morocco sovereignty. Some states change their opinion frequently, or give separate announcements of support for both Morocco and the Polisario Front/SADR.

Some of the states announcing support of the "right of self-determination" in addition already recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Not all of the states that have canceled relations with or withdrawn recognition of SADR have announced support for the Moroccan claim.

Diplomatic relations edit

List of countries which Morocco maintains diplomatic relations with:

 
# Country Date[20]
1   Austria 28 February 1783[21]
2   United States 18 March 1905[22]
3    Switzerland 3 December 1921[23]
4   Portugal 16 May 1955[24]
5   France 2 March 1956[25]
6   Turkey 17 April 1956[26]
7   Syria 2 June 1956[27]
8   Spain 26 June 1956[28]
9   United Kingdom 28 June 1956[29]
10   Belgium 30 July 1956[30]
11   Italy 1 October 1956[31]
12   Japan 1956[32]
13   Jordan 1956[33]
14   Lebanon 1956[34]
15   Netherlands 1956[35]
16   Saudi Arabia 1956[36]
17   Tunisia 1956[37]
18   Serbia 2 March 1957[38]
19   Germany 26 March 1957[39]
20   Egypt 4 May 1957[40]
21   Pakistan 19 August 1957[41]
22   Denmark 29 November 1957[42][43]
23   India 1957[44]
24   Luxembourg 11 April 1958[45]
25   Russia 29 August 1958[46]
26   Norway 30 August 1958[47]
27   Libya 17 September 1958[48]
28   China 1 November 1958[49]
29   Sweden 1958[50]
30   Sudan 21 March 1959[51]
31   Poland 7 July 1959[52]
32   Czech Republic 8 July 1959[53]
33   Finland 17 July 1959[54]
34   Hungary 23 October 1959[55]
35   Brazil 27 November 1959[56]
36   Guinea 1959[57]
37   Liberia 5 April 1960[58]
38   Indonesia 19 April 1960[59]
39   Senegal 15 November 1960[60]
40   Dominican Republic 15 December 1960[61]
41   Ghana 1960[62]
42   Greece 1960[63]
43   Nigeria 1960[64]
44   Mali 10 January 1961[65]
45   Vietnam 27 March 1961[66]
46   Argentina 31 May 1961[67]
47   Bulgaria 1 September 1961[68]
48   Chile 6 October 1961[69]
49   Albania 11 February 1962[70]
50   Cuba 16 April 1962[71]
51   Canada 17 May 1962[72]
52   South Korea 6 July 1962[73]
53   Ivory Coast 26 August 1962[74]
—   Algeria (suspended) 1 October 1962[75]
54   Mexico 31 October 1962[76]
55   Uruguay 20 December 1962[77]
56   Ethiopia 5 August 1963[78]
57   Niger 1 October 1963[79]
58   Kuwait 26 October 1963[80]
59   Malaysia 1963[81]
60   Paraguay 23 May 1964[82]
61   Peru 18 June 1964[83]
62   Bolivia 26 June 1964[84]
63   Venezuela 18 May 1965[85]
64   Cameroon 13 August 1965[86]
65   Tanzania 8 October 1965[87]
66   Burkina Faso 21 October 1965[88]
67   Kenya 1965[89]
68   Uganda 1965[90]
69   Ecuador 22 April 1966[91]
70   Gambia 29 June 1966[92]
71   Benin 5 November 1966[93]
72   Romania 20 February 1968[94]
73   Democratic Republic of the Congo 27 September 1968[95]
74   Afghanistan 5 March 1969[96]
75   Mauritania 6 June 1970[97]
76   Mongolia 14 July 1970[98]
77   Guatemala 16 March 1971[99]
78   Gabon 12 July 1972[100]
79   Qatar 4 September 1972[101]
80   United Arab Emirates 1972[102]
81   Zambia 1972[103]
82   Bahrain 5 March 1973[104]
83   Oman 10 March 1973[105]
84   Bangladesh 13 July 1973[106]
85   Malta 18 December 1974[107]
86     Nepal 18 February 1975[108]
87   Ireland 19 March 1975[109]
88   Philippines 10 April 1975[110]
—   Holy See 15 January 1976[111]
89   Mauritius 8 June 1976[112]
90   Australia 13 July 1976[113]
91   Central African Republic 1976[114]
92   Djibouti 14 March 1978[115]
93   Myanmar 13 July 1978[116]
94   Bahamas 20 December 1978[117]
95   Comoros 1978[118]
96   Equatorial Guinea 1978[119]
97   São Tomé and Príncipe 1978[120]
98   Colombia 1 January 1979[121]
99   Somalia 24 January 1979[122]
100   Panama 27 July 1979[123]
101   Republic of the Congo 1979[124]
102   Cyprus 1979[125]
103   Honduras 1 March 1985[126]
104   Angola 24 June 1985
105   Haiti 20 August 1985[127]
106   Iceland 24 September 1985[128]
107   Thailand 4 October 1985
108   Cape Verde 1985[129]
109   Guinea-Bissau 27 February 1986[130]
110   Costa Rica 25 September 1986[131]
—   Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1986[132]
111   Maldives 4 February 1988
112   Saint Lucia 9 March 1988
113   Brunei 28 May 1988[133]
114   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10 August 1988
115   Trinidad and Tobago 4 November 1998[134]
116   Seychelles 17 December 1988[135]
—   State of Palestine 31 January 1989[136]
117   North Korea 13 February 1989
118   Namibia 23 March 1990[137]
119   Sri Lanka 27 November 1990[138]
120   Lesotho 1990[139]
121   Burundi 13 September 1991[140]
122   Lithuania 7 May 1992
123   Belarus 8 May 1992
124   Kazakhstan 26 May 1992
125   Slovenia 29 May 1992[141]
126   Estonia 22 June 1992
127   Ukraine 22 June 1992
128   Kyrgyzstan 25 June 1992
129   Armenia 26 June 1992
130   Croatia 26 June 1992[142]
131   Georgia 30 July 1992[143]
132   Azerbaijan 28 August 1992
133   Turkmenistan 25 September 1992
134   Latvia 5 October 1992
135   Moldova 8 October 1992
136   Slovakia 1 January 1993[144]
137   Bosnia and Herzegovina 24 February 1993
138   Uzbekistan 11 October 1993[145]
139   Madagascar 15 April 1994[146][147]
140   South Africa 10 May 1994[148]
141   Eritrea 30 May 1994[149]
142   Tajikistan 15 December 1994[150]
143   New Zealand 1994[151]
144   Tonga 16 January 1995[152]
145   Eswatini June 1996[153]
146   Cambodia 23 October 1996
147   Andorra 3 December 1996[154]
148   Sierra Leone 1996[155]
149   Singapore 20 January 1997[156]
150   Laos 30 January 1997
151   Trinidad and Tobago 4 November 1998
152   Nicaragua 21 July 2000[157]
153   Vanuatu 14 December 2000[158]
154   Malawi 31 January 2001[159]
155   Kiribati 21 March 2001[160]
156   Belize 3 May 2001
157   North Macedonia 18 September 2002
158   Liechtenstein 14 August 2003[161]
159   Suriname 28 July 2004[162]
160   San Marino 14 October 2004[163]
161   Botswana 27 June 2005
162   Rwanda 21 June 2007[164]
163   Antigua and Barbuda 3 July 2007[165]
164   Togo 10 July 2007[166]
165   Saint Kitts and Nevis 2 October 2007
166   Zimbabwe 27 December 2007[167]
167   Jamaica 29 January 2008
168   Monaco 12 February 2008[168]
169   Montenegro 8 September 2009[169]
170   Palau 8 May 2009
171   Fiji 15 June 2010
172   Dominica 23 June 2010
173   Nauru 9 September 2010
174   Marshall Islands 13 September 2010
175   Federated States of Micronesia 13 October 2010
176   Samoa 28 January 2011
177   Solomon Islands 4 February 2011
178   Tuvalu 23 May 2011
179   Grenada 27 May 2011
180   Bhutan 21 November 2011
181   Guyana 14 December 2012
182   Barbados 17 April 2013
183   South Sudan 2 February 2017[170]
184   El Salvador 22 August 2017[171]
185   Papua New Guinea 28 September 2018[172]
186   Israel 22 December 2020[173]
187   Chad Unknown
—   Iran (suspended) Unknown
188   Iraq Unknown
189   Mozambique Unknown
190   Yemen Unknown

Bilateral relations edit

Africa edit

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Algeria 1 October 1962 See Algeria–Morocco relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1962.[174] Severed diplomatic relations 27 February 1976, restored 16 May 1988, cuts diplomatic relations 24 August 2021.[175]

As a result of Algeria's continued support for the Polisario Front in the dispute over Western Sahara, relations between Morocco and Algeria have remained strained over the past several decades. The state of the relationships between the two neighboring countries has hindered bilateral collaboration and has left the Arab Maghreb Union (UMA) project almost inactive.[176] Morocco had been aligned with the United States during the Cold War, whereas Algeria kept a distance from the West, favouring the Soviet Union and later a non-aligned position.[citation needed]

  Egypt See Egypt–Morocco relations

Morocco and Egypt are both signers of the Agadir Agreement for the Establishment of a Free Trade Zone between the Arabic Mediterranean Nations, signed in Rabat, Morocco on February 25, 2004.[177] The agreement aimed at establishing a free trade area between Jordan, Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco and it was seen as a possible first step in the establishment of the Euro-Mediterranean free trade area as envisaged in the Barcelona Process.[178] They are also founding members of GAFTA, a pact made by the Arab League to achieve a complete Arab economic bloc that can compete internationally.

In 1999 Egypt renewed backing to Morocco's territorial integrity.[179] "Egypt has always backed Morocco's efforts to perfect its territorial integrity," Egyptian deputy minister of foreign affairs, Jamal-Eddine Bayoumi told Moroccan daily Al-Mounaataf, referring to Morocco's claims to the territory. Bayoumi also stressed the need for Morocco and Egypt to consolidate trade relations among Arab states.

  Mauritania 6 June 1970 See Mauritania–Morocco relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 1970[97]

Prior to the December 1984 coup that brought Taya to power, the Mauritanian-Moroccan cooperation agency stated that relations between the two countries were on the mend in spite of alleged Moroccan complicity in a 1981 coup attempt and Mauritania's subsequent turn toward Algeria. Representatives from both sides initiated a series of low-level contacts that led to a resumption of diplomatic ties in April 1985. For Mauritania, the détente with Morocco promised to end the threat of Moroccan incursions, and it also removed the threat of Moroccan support for opposition groups formed during the Haidalla presidency. Through the agreement with Mauritania, Morocco sought to tighten its control over the Western Sahara by denying the Polisario one more avenue for infiltrating guerrillas into the disputed territory.[180]

Relations between Morocco and Mauritania continued to improve through 1986, reflecting President Taya's pragmatic, if unstated, view that only a Moroccan victory over the Polisario would end the guerrilla war in the Western Sahara. Taya made his first visit to Morocco in October 1985 (prior to visits to Algeria and Tunisia) in the wake of Moroccan claims that Polisario guerrillas were again traversing Mauritanian territory. The completion of a sixth berm just north of Mauritania's crucial rail link along the border with the Western Sahara, between Nouadhibou and the iron ore mines, complicated relations between Mauritania and Morocco. Polisario guerrillas in mid-1987 had to traverse Mauritanian territory to enter the Western Sahara, a situation that invited Morocco's accusations of Mauritanian complicity. Moreover, any engagements near the sixth berm would threaten to spill over into Mauritania and jeopardize the rail link.[180]

  South Africa 10 May 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1994[181]
  • Morocco has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Rabat.
  Sudan 21 March 1959

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 March 1959.[51]

Sudan is one of the states that recognize Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara. Both nations have a number of trade agreements. There are no visa restrictions.

  Western Sahara
 
Recognizing Legal status of Western Sahara as an independent country
Main article: Legal status of Western Sahara

The conflict for this area continues to affect Morocco's relations with Spain, Algeria, and other Maghreb nations. The issue of sovereignty over Western Sahara remains unresolved. The territory—an area of wasteland and desert bordering the Atlantic Ocean between Mauritania and Morocco—is contested by Morocco and the Polisario (an independence movement based in the region of Tindouf, Algeria). Morocco's claim to sovereignty over the Sahara is based largely on an historical argument of traditional loyalty of the Sahrawi tribal leaders to the Moroccan sultan as spiritual leader and ruler. The Polisario Front claims to represent the aspirations of the Western Saharan inhabitants for independence. Algeria claims none of the territory for itself but maintains that Sahrawis should determine the territory's future status.

From 1904 until 1975, Spain occupied the entire territory, which is divided into a northern portion, the Saguia el-Hamra, and a southern two-thirds, known as Río de Oro. In 1973, the Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro) formed to combat the Spanish occupation of the territory. In November 1975, King Hassan mobilized 350,000 unarmed Moroccan citizens in what came to be known as the "Green March" into Western Sahara. The march was designed to both demonstrate and strengthen Moroccan claims to the territory. On November 14 of the same year, Spain, Morocco, and Mauritania announced a tripartite agreement for an interim administration under which Spain agreed to share administrative authority with Morocco and Mauritania, leaving aside the question of sovereignty. With the establishment of a Moroccan and Mauritanian presence throughout the territory, however, Spain's role in the administration of the Western Sahara ceased altogether.

After a period of hostilities, Mauritania withdrew from the territory in 1979 and signed a peace treaty with the Polisario relinquishing all claims to the territory. Moroccan troops took control of the region vacated by Mauritania and later proclaimed the territory reintegrated into Morocco. Morocco subsequently built the Moroccan Wall, a network of fortified berms around the largest portion of Western Sahara and has since asserted administrative control over that territory. Polisario remains in control over the easternmost part of the territory.

At the Organization of African Unity (OAU) summit in June 1981, King Hassan announced his willingness to hold a referendum in the Western Sahara. Subsequent meetings of an OAU Implementation Committee proposed a cease-fire, a United Nations peacekeeping force, and an interim administration to assist with an OAU-UN-supervised referendum on the issue of independence or annexation. In 1984, the OAU seated a delegation of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), the shadow government of the Polisario; Morocco, consequently, withdrew from the OAU.

In 1988, Moroccan and Polisario representatives agreed on a UN peace plan. A UN-brokered cease-fire and settlement plan went into effect on September 6, 1991. Implementation of the settlement plan, which calls for a popular referendum among the Sahrawi natives of the territory to determine its final status (integration into Morocco or independence), has been repeatedly postponed because of differences between the parties. In 2003 the UN launched the Baker Plan, allowing Moroccan settlers the vote and instituting a five-year Sahrawi autonomous rule under Moroccan sovereignty before the referendum. This plan won the unanimous approval of the Security Council through SC Resolution 1495, and was unexpectedly accepted by the Polisario. Morocco however refused the plan, stating that it is no longer willing to accept a referendum that includes the possibility of independence, but that it is willing to discuss an autonomy-based solution. This deadlocked the process, and the future of UN involvement is uncertain. Sahrawi demonstrations and riots that broke out in the Moroccan-held parts of Western Sahara further strained relations between the parties.

The United States has consistently supported the cease-fire and the UN's efforts at finding a peaceful settlement. As generally supportive of the Moroccan government administrative control of Western Sahara, the United States support Morocco's autonomy proposal and recognizing Morocco's sovereignty over Western Sahara.[182] In the UN Security Council, France has proved the strongest backer of the Moroccan view, China and UK hasn't clear statement, only support for a mutually acceptable solution under the leadership of the Security Council.[183]

Americas edit

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Argentina 31 May 1961 See Argentina–Morocco relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 May 1961.[67]

Argentina has an embassy in Rabat. Morocco has an embassy in Buenos Aires.

  Brazil 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962[184]
  • Brazil has an embassy in Rabat.
  • Morocco has an embassy in Brasília.
  Canada 17 May 1962 See Canada–Morocco relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 May 1962[185]

 
Embassy of Morocco in Ottawa
  Chile 6 October 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1961[188]
  • Chile has an embassy in Rabat.
  • Morocco has an embassy in Santiago.
  Colombia 1 January 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1979[121]
  • Colombia has an embassy in Rabat.
  • Morocco has an embassy in Bogotá.
  Cuba 21 April 2017
  • Historically, bilateral relations between Cuba and Morocco were strained after the establishment of relations on December 10, 1959. Morocco severed relations with Cuba on October 31, 1963, after Cuba showed its support for Algeria during the Sands War. Morocco then restored diplomatic relations with Cuba on January 13, 1964, only to cut ties once again in 1980, following Cuba's recognition of the SADR.
  • Cuba and Morocco re-established diplomatic relations on April 21, 2017.
  Mexico 31 October 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 October 1962[189]

See Mexico–Morocco relations

  • Mexico has an embassy in Rabat and a trade office in Casablanca.[190]
  • Morocco has an embassy in Mexico City.[191]
  Peru 18 June 1964
Main article: Morocco–Peru relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1964[83]
  • Morocco has an embassy in Lima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Rabat.
  United States 11 June 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 8, 1905. However, upon U.S. entry into the First World War, the U.S. Government issued a statement recognizing the protectorate over Morocco on October 20, 1917, whereupon the U.S. Minister at Tangier was downgraded to the status of Diplomatic Agent. Diplomatic relations reestablished on June 11, 1956.[192]

See Morocco–United States relations

 
The last page of 1786 treaty of friendship.

Morocco has close and long standing ties with the United States. Morocco was the first nation to recognize the fledgling United States as an independent nation.[193] In the beginning of the American Revolution, American merchant ships were subject to attack by the Barbary Pirates while sailing the Atlantic Ocean. At this time, American envoys tried to obtain protection from European powers, but to no avail. On December 20, 1777, Morocco's Sultan Mohammed III declared that the American merchant ships would be under the protection of the sultanate and could thus enjoy safe passage.

The Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship stands as the U.S.'s oldest non-broken friendship treaty. Negotiated by Thomas Barclay and signed by John Adams and Thomas Jefferson in 1786, it has been in continuous effect since its ratification by Congress in July 1787.[194] Following the re-organization of the U.S. federal government upon the 1787 Constitution, President George Washington wrote a now venerated letter to the Sultan Sidi Mohamed strengthening the ties between the two countries. The United States legation (consulate) in Tangier is the first property the American government ever owned abroad,[195] and is the first (and only) National Historic Landmark on purely foreign soil.[196] The building now houses the Tangier American Legation Museum.

Asia edit

Morocco's stance is supporting the search for peace in the Middle East, encouraging Israeli–Palestinian negotiations and urging moderation on both sides.

Morocco maintains close relations with Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf states, which have provided Morocco with substantial amounts of financial assistance. Morocco was the first Arab state to condemn Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and sent troops to help defend Saudi Arabia. Morocco also was among the first Arab and Islamic states to denounce the September 11 attacks in the United States and declare solidarity with the American people in the war against terrorism. It has contributed to United Nations peacekeeping efforts on the continent. In recognition of its support for the War on Terrorism, in June 2004 U.S. President George W. Bush designated Morocco as a major non-NATO ally.

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Azerbaijan 28 August 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 1992[197]

See Azerbaijan-Morocco relations

  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Rabat since 2005.
  • Morocco has an embassy in Baku.
  China 1 November 1958 See China–Morocco relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1958[198]

  Indonesia 19 April 1960 See Indonesia-Morocco relations
  • Indonesia and Morocco shared similarity as Muslim-majority countries.
  • Morocco praised Indonesia as a strong democratic nation, and pointed that both countries facing the same challenges of separatism and terrorism.[199]
  • Diplomatic relations were established in 1960. Indonesia has an embassy in Rabat and a consulate in Casablanca, while Morocco has an embassy in Jakarta.
  • both countries are members of the WTO, NAM and OIC.
  Iran See Iran–Morocco relations
  • Relations between Iran and Morocco have been relatively strained since the Iranian Revolution, particularly regarding the "hard-line" leadership in Iran. Morocco first severed relations in 1980, following the Revolution, however it later re-established diplomatic relations in June 1992.[200][201]
  • On March 6, 2009, Morocco again severed diplomatic relations with Iran after comments made by an Iranian politician that Bahrain was historically part of Iran and as such still had a seat in the Iranian Parliament.[202] Morocco described the comments as an attempt to "alter the religious fundamentals of the kingdom",[200] and accused Tehran of attempting to spread Shia Islam.[203] Morocco is a majority Sunni country and Bahrain, despite having a large Shi'ite population, is ruled by a Sunni elite which has not allowed the Shi'ites into the power structure.[204] Iran, a majority Shia country, reportedly has an interest in empowering the Shi'ites in Bahrain, and has called into question the legitimacy of Bahrain's King, in order to raise its own status in the Persian Gulf, which has strained relations between Morocco and Iran.[204][200][201]
  • Morocco cut diplomatic ties with Iran a third time in May 2018, over what Moroccan foreign minister Nasser Bourita said was Iranian support and arming of the Polisario Front. Relations were previously restored around 2014, although they have been gradually weak.[205]
  Israel 10 December 2020 See Israel–Morocco relations
  Kuwait 26 October 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 October 1963 when Mr. Al-Fatimi ibn Sulaiman presented his credentials as Ambassador of Morocco to Amir of Kuwait, Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah.[80]
  Malaysia 1963 See Malaysia–Morocco relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1963.[81]

Malaysia has an embassy in Rabat,[208] and Morocco has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[209]

  Pakistan 19 August 1957 See Morocco–Pakistan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relatins on 19 August 1957[41]

Pakistan has an embassy in Rabat while Morocco also has its embassy in Islamabad. Both the countries have co-operated significantly since the past and continue to widely expand their relations, in the past Pakistan has said that it does not recognise Western Sahara and that its status is disputed and remains to be decided by United Nations resolutions, but at the same time it gave the Moroccan point of view that it is an internal matter. Pakistan and Morocco enjoy friendly relationship based on deep religious and great human values commonly shared by both countries. These relations have grown to a large extent in recent years and thousands of Pakistanis visit Morocco annually.

  Philippines 27 December 1975 See Morocco-Philippines relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 December 1975[210]

  • Morocco has an embassy in Manila.
  • The Philippines has an embassy in Rabat.
  South Korea 6 July 1962

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1962[211]

  • Morocco has an embassy in Seoul
  • South Korea has an embassy in Rabat.
  Thailand 4 October 1985 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 October 1985[212]
  • Morocco has an embassy in Bangkok.
  • Thailand has an embassy in Rabat.
  Turkey 17 April 1956 See Morocco–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 April 1956[26]

  • Morocco has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Rabat.[213]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$2.71 billion in 2018 (Moroccan exports/imports: 0.72/1.99 billion USD).[214]
  • 114,155 Moroccan tourists visited Turkey in 2017.[214]
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Rabat.
  Vietnam 27 March 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 March 1961[215]
  • Morocco has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Rabat.

Europe edit

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Albania 11 February 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1962[70]
  • Morocco is accredited to Albania at the Moroccan embassy in Italy.[216]
  • Albania is accredited to Morocco at the Albanian embassy in Spain.[217]
  Belgium 30 July 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 July 1956 when has been established Embassy of Belgium in Rabat and appointed Mr. P. Lamotte as Ambassador of Belgium to Morocco.[30]
  • Around 530000 Moroccans reside in Belgium.[218]
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 24 February 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1993[219]
  • Morocco is accredited to Bosnia at the Moroccan embassy in Croatia.[220]
  • Bosnia is accredited to Morocco at the Bosnian embassy in Spain.[217]
  Bulgaria 1 September 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 September 1961[221]
  Croatia 26 June 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 1992[142]
  • Croatia has an embassy in Rabat.
  • Morocco has an embassy in Zagreb.[223]
  • Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration: list of bilateral treaties with Morocco
  Denmark 1957 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1957[224]
  European Union See Morocco–European Union relations

Morocco maintains close relations with the European Union, especially with its former colonial rulers, France and Spain. In October 2008, Morocco was granted a special partnership status with the EU (labelled as an 'advanced status') in response to the reforms undertaken on political, social and economic levels.[227] With that, Morocco became the first country in the southern Mediterranean region to benefit from the advanced status in its relations with the EU.[228] The status includes the establishment of an EU-Morocco summit and a direct participation of Morocco in a number of EU ministerial councils and working group meetings. Morocco has been afforded the privilege of having its currency unit linked to the Euro.

  France 2 March 1956 See France–Morocco relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 March 1956[229]

France showed early interests in Morocco and in 1904; the United Kingdom recognized France's sphere of influence in the region. France and Spain secretly partitioned Morocco, despite the evident disagreements this caused with Germany. The Treaty of Fes in 1912 made Morocco a protectorate of France. Struggles and opposition ensued when France exiled the Sultan Mohammed V, replacing him with Mohammed Ben Aarafa. The development of a strong independence movement together with a common trend of decolonization led to Morocco being granted independence in 1956.[230]

When De Gaulle returned to power in 1958, he was able to consolidate most of the initiatives taken under the Fourth Republic, but was only able to make progress by drawing up, once again, a new Constitution and finding a solution to the war in Algeria. It was only after his return that the policy of decolonisation ended and a policy of a new France started to emerge. 1962 marked Algerian independence and the revision of the Fifth Republic allowed the President of France to be directly elected. De Gaulle was able to set out his vision for the Third World, Africa and French influence in the wider world. Relations with Morocco were very cordial during the reign of King Mohammed V, only to take a turn for the worse when the French secret service delivered Ben Barka to some Moroccan agents, who eventually killed him and the affair turned into a serious and personal diplomatic row between King Hassan II and General de Gaulle, which lasted until the exit of the latter from politics in 1969.

During Pompidou's presidency a new entente developed between Morocco and France when new initiatives emerged in the field of co-operation setting up new institutions to deal with future aid and Moroccan economic development. Giscard d'Estaing's presidency provided a more pronounced support for Morocco and relations reached their zenith leading to a type of partnership in the affairs of Africa. The French-Moroccan intervention in Zaire was evidence of this partnership and President Giscard d'Estaing was in favour of Morocco's annexation of the Western Sahara. French military and public aid allocated to Morocco was unparalleled during this period when compared to previous aid received.

Mitterrand's presidency did not affect the special relations between Morocco and France but intensified after a shaky beginning. Although human rights proved difficult to resolve, nevertheless, the President kept the issue going together with Danielle Mitterrand, as President of France-Liberté. Towards the end of his first term in office, a more challenging period for constitutional debate emerged as a result of cohabitation which occurred between 1986 and 1988, adding another dimension to alternance to the end of Mitterrand's second septennat to the arrival of Jacques Chirac.

By now a more stable and continuous policy emerged to encourage investment and cooperation on major projects not only in agriculture and dam projects but also involving both French and Moroccan enterprises in creating a solid and a durable industrial base from aeronautics to automobile industries, to the Euro-Med Port at Tangier and Renault-Nissan Plant and TGV and tram projects in Casablanca and Rabat concluded under the presidency of Sarkozy.

Both France and the USA played an important role in supplying the Moroccan military with all the hardware and equipment needed to redress the balance of power within the region, especially against Algeria's rearmament, to ensure security in the Western Sahara and keep the Al Qaeda branch of the Maghreb outside the Moroccan borders. The Moroccan military has been modernised and trained to be admitted within the USA-NATO forces to carry out regular exercises, as well as involving other NATO members in the fight against any terrorist threat in the Mediterranean, the Atlantic and the Sahara regions.

Franco-Moroccan co-operation also extends to the African continent and both played a complementary role in helping to resolve the problems in the Congo, in Chad and in many other fields as well as in the economy and politics of the region. Morocco has become the preferred destination for African students to attend university, instead of going to France, or to attend military academies, Management and Administration or medical schools. Moroccan banking has a significant hold on some African countries as well as Moroccan expertise in energy production, construction, mining extraction, diamond and gold exploitation as well as a great expertise in agriculture and infrastructure in general. In short, many sectors which used to be the domain of France have been gradually taken over by Moroccan companies and Moroccan know-how.

  Germany 26 March 1957 See Germany–Morocco relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 March 1957[231]

  • Morocco has an embassy in Berlin and five consulates.[232]
  • Germany has an embassy in Rabat and three consulates. https://rabat.diplo.de/ma-dehttps://rabat.diplo.de/ma-de
  Ireland 19 March 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 March 1975[233]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Rabat, Morocco[234]
  • Morocco has an embassy in Dublin, Ireland[235]
  Italy 1 October 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1956[236]
  Norway 30 August 1958 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 August 1958[237]
  Poland 7 July 1959 See Morocco–Poland relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1959[238]

  • Morocco has an embassy in Warsaw and an honorary consulate in Poznań.
  • Poland has an embassy in Rabat and an honorary consulate in Marrakesh.
  Portugal 16 May 1956 See Morocco–Portugal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 May 1956. Portugal has an embassy in Rabat.

  Romania 20 February 1962 See Morocco–Romania relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1962[239]

  Russia 1 September 1958 See Morocco–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 September 1958[242]

Russia has an embassy in Rabat, and a consular office in Casablanca. Morocco is represented in Russia by its embassy to Moscow. President Vladimir Putin had paid a visit to Morocco in September 2006 in order to boost economic and military ties between Russia and Morocco.

  Serbia 1 March 1957 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1957[243]
  • Morocco has an embassy in Belgrade.[244]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Rabat.[245]
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the bilateral relations with Morocco 2011-05-19 at the Wayback Machine
  Spain 26 May 1956 See Morocco–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 May 1956[246]

The Treaty of Fes also allocated the northern part of Morocco as a Spanish protectorate. There were many instances of resistance to protest against Spanish exploitation of Morocco. The independence of this region was gained at the same time that France withdrew control. Unlike France, Spain still maintains control on some regions, such as Ceuta and Melila in northern Morocco. Tensions also increased with conflicts over the fishing water surrounding Morocco, the island of Perejil, and the Western Sahara.

Spain controls five "places of sovereignty" (Plazas de soberanía) on and off the north Africa coast: Ceuta and Melilla, as well as the islets of Peñón de Alhucemas, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas, all contested by Morocco (see Perejil Island crisis for the related incident).

  Sweden 1958 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1958[50]
  Ukraine 22 June 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 1992[247]
  United Kingdom 28 June 1956 See Morocco–United Kingdom relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 1956[248]

Morocco–United Kingdom relations cover a period from the 16th century to the present day.

Oceania edit

Formal Relations Began Notes
  Australia 13 July 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 1976[113]

See Australia-Morocco relations

  Fiji 15 June 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 2010[249]
  New Zealand 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1994[151]
  Papua New Guinea 28 September 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 2018[250]

See also edit

Citations edit

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April 14, 2024
foreign, relations, morocco, morocco, member, united, nations, belongs, african, union, arab, league, arab, maghreb, union, organisation, islamic, cooperation, aligned, movement, community, sahel, saharan, states, morocco, relationships, vary, greatly, between. Morocco is a member of the United Nations and belongs to the African Union Arab League Arab Maghreb Union UMA Organisation of Islamic Cooperation OIC the Non Aligned Movement and the Community of Sahel Saharan States CEN SAD Morocco s relationships vary greatly between African Arab United States United Kingdom Australia and Western states Morocco has had strong ties with the West in order to gain economic and political benefits 1 France and Spain remain the primary trade partners as well as the primary creditors and foreign investors in Morocco From the total foreign investments in Morocco the European Union invests approximately 73 5 whereas the Arab world invests only 19 3 As of 2009 many countries from the Persian Gulf and Maghreb regions are also becoming more involved in large scale development projects in Morocco 2 Foreign relations have had a significant impact on economic and social development in Morocco Certain evidence of foreign influence is through the many development projects loans investments and free trade agreements that Morocco has with other countries Some free trade agreements include the Euro Mediterranean free trade area agreement with the European Union the Greater Arab Free Trade Area with Egypt Jordan and Tunisia as well as the US Morocco Free Trade Agreement with the United States 3 An example of recent foreign influence is through loan agreements Morocco signed three loan agreements with the French Development Agency AFD in 2009 totalling up to 155 million euros These were for the purpose of reforming the education system rural roads and rehabilitation as well as infrastructure projects 4 Contents 1 Factors influencing foreign relations 1 1 Role of political organization 1 2 Role of colonialism 1 3 Role of free market 1 4 Role of foreign policy support 1 5 Role of immigration 2 Maghreb and Africa 2 1 Positions on Western Sahara conflict 3 Diplomatic relations 4 Bilateral relations 4 1 Africa 4 2 Americas 4 3 Asia 4 4 Europe 4 5 Oceania 5 See also 6 Citations 7 General and cited references 8 External linksFactors influencing foreign relations editRole of political organization edit Policies associated with foreign relations are determined by King Mohamed VI as well as his advisors despite the fact that Morocco has a constitutional monarchy 1 Morocco has had a history of monarchical rule For example the previous king Hassan II of Morocco suspended parliament in 1965 and ruled directly for two years This was in response to the discovery of a plot on the king s life of which a political party UNFP was accused of orchestrating Foreign relations with Western countries became strained as a result of this Portraying Morocco as a democratic state became important if Morocco wished to receive loans and investments from foreign powers Role of colonialism edit Morocco s current relations with some countries are related to its colonial history Morocco was secretly partitioned by Spain and France and in 1912 the Moroccan territory was made into French and Spanish protectorates After achieving independence in 1956 Morocco still has a strong relationship with its former colonizers Spain and France are currently the largest exporting and importing partners to Morocco French is still popularly spoken and remains the second language in Morocco whilst Spanish is also widespread particularly in the northern regions France now is home to more than a million Moroccans legally residing in the country This is the largest Moroccan population in a foreign country followed next by Spain These former colonizers remain influential in economic matters such as development projects investments trade and loans 5 Role of free market edit Relations with foreign powers especially with the West have also been strengthened as Morocco has liberalized its economy and implemented major economic reforms In 1993 there was major privatization and markets were opened up to foreign powers 6 Morocco now is focusing more on promoting foreign direct investments In 2007 Morocco adopted the Hassan II Fund for Development which are measures that simplify procedures to make the process easier and more financially beneficial for foreign investors This was done with financial incentives as well as tax exemptions These policies make it beneficial for other countries to have relations with Morocco so that they can take advantage of their goods Morocco s exports are mainly agriculture and it is one of the largest exporters of phosphate in the world In addition Morocco has rich fishing waters a tourist industry and a small manufacturing sector Role of foreign policy support edit Morocco also gains financial support from countries that it assists For example Morocco has had a long history of supporting the United States and it has received financial support as a result Moroccan troops were involved in Bosnia as well as in Somalia during the operation Desert Storm Morocco also was among the first Arab and Islamic states to denounce the September 11 attacks and declare solidarity with the American people in the war against terror 7 It has contributed to UN peacekeeping efforts on the continent In 1998 the U S Secretary of Defense William Cohen said that Morocco and the U S have mutual concerns over transnational terrorism as well as interests in the effort to control the spread of weapons of mass destruction 8 In recognition of its support for the War on Terror in June 2004 U S President George W Bush designated Morocco as a major non NATO ally Another case of mutual foreign policy interests is with Saudi Arabia Ties between these countries were strengthened when Morocco sent troops to help Saudi Arabia during the 1992 Gulf War This was perceived as a gesture to support Western and Arab allies Morocco s relationship to countries in the Middle East and its contribution to the Palestinian cause have created stronger relations between these countries 9 Role of immigration edit Another factor determining relations is how much immigration the country receives from Morocco The beginning of major migration to Europe began during the colonial era 1912 to 1956 During World War I and II France had an urgent need for manpower which led to the recruitment of tens of thousands of Moroccan men to work in factories mines and in the army 10 Another increase in immigration from Morocco to France was during the Algerian war of independence France stopped recruiting workers from Algeria and instead accepted more Moroccan factory and mine labourers Immigration increased even further from 1962 to 1972 when economic growth in Europe occurred which led to a greater demand for low skilled labour At this time Morocco signed major labour recruitment agreements with European countries such as France West Germany Belgium and the Netherlands This led to a more diverse spread of emigration which until this time was focused primarily on the country of France Morocco s perceived identity plays a role in its relations with other countries Numerous countries have strong relations with Morocco because of its history of being a Western ally For example Morocco has the longest friendship treaties with the United States This is important for US interests because Morocco is a stable democratizing and liberalizing MENA amp Muslim nation Geopolitical benefits are evident because ties to Morocco means that an ally is established in Africa in the Maghreb region Morocco s identity as a Muslim state has also strengthened ties with the Persian Gulf countries as a result of 9 11 and the War on Terror This has resulted in Arab countries including members of the GCC Saudi Arabia Bahrain Oman Qatar the United Arab Emirates choosing to invest more in Morocco 11 Many countries in the Maghreb region also invest in Morocco because of perceived similarities in identity Maghreb and Africa edit nbsp Positions on the status of Western Sahara Diplomatic relations with or recognition of the Sahrawi Republic Support for Morocco territorial claim including support for autonomy under Moroccan sovereignty Support for self determination of the Sahrawi people SADR relations or recognition suspended or frozen if no other position expressed Recognition of the SADR withdrawn or frozen without expressing support for Morocco s claim None or conflicting positions expressedMorocco is very active in Maghreb and African affairs The Arab Maghreb Union is made up of Morocco Algeria Libya Mauritania and Tunisia 12 Although it was long not a member of the African Union formerly the Organisation of African Unity since November 12 1984 following the admission of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as the government of Western Sahara Morocco remained involved in developing the regional economy as the city of Casablanca contains North Africa s busiest port and serves as the country s economic center Morocco rejoined the African Union on 30 January 2017 following a change in AU leadership 13 14 There are significant ties with West African and Sahel countries and Morocco maintains good relationships with Senegal Gabon and Burkina Faso 15 16 Positions on Western Sahara conflict edit The following lists contain the following states and entities 45 states the United Nations the Non Aligned Movement the African Union and the European Union support the right of self determination of the people of Western Sahara e g the conduction of a referendum for status determination 17 65 states support Morocco s claim of Western Sahara and 23 states have consulates and or consulates general in the Moroccan administered Sahara 18 19 Some states are listed in both lists for example when a state is supportive of the right of self determination including the option of autonomy under Morocco sovereignty Some states change their opinion frequently or give separate announcements of support for both Morocco and the Polisario Front SADR Some of the states announcing support of the right of self determination in addition already recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Not all of the states that have canceled relations with or withdrawn recognition of SADR have announced support for the Moroccan claim Diplomatic relations editList of countries which Morocco maintains diplomatic relations with nbsp Country Date 20 1 nbsp Austria 28 February 1783 21 2 nbsp United States 18 March 1905 22 3 nbsp Switzerland 3 December 1921 23 4 nbsp Portugal 16 May 1955 24 5 nbsp France 2 March 1956 25 6 nbsp Turkey 17 April 1956 26 7 nbsp Syria 2 June 1956 27 8 nbsp Spain 26 June 1956 28 9 nbsp United Kingdom 28 June 1956 29 10 nbsp Belgium 30 July 1956 30 11 nbsp Italy 1 October 1956 31 12 nbsp Japan 1956 32 13 nbsp Jordan 1956 33 14 nbsp Lebanon 1956 34 15 nbsp Netherlands 1956 35 16 nbsp Saudi Arabia 1956 36 17 nbsp Tunisia 1956 37 18 nbsp Serbia 2 March 1957 38 19 nbsp Germany 26 March 1957 39 20 nbsp Egypt 4 May 1957 40 21 nbsp Pakistan 19 August 1957 41 22 nbsp Denmark 29 November 1957 42 43 23 nbsp India 1957 44 24 nbsp Luxembourg 11 April 1958 45 25 nbsp Russia 29 August 1958 46 26 nbsp Norway 30 August 1958 47 27 nbsp Libya 17 September 1958 48 28 nbsp China 1 November 1958 49 29 nbsp Sweden 1958 50 30 nbsp Sudan 21 March 1959 51 31 nbsp Poland 7 July 1959 52 32 nbsp Czech Republic 8 July 1959 53 33 nbsp Finland 17 July 1959 54 34 nbsp Hungary 23 October 1959 55 35 nbsp Brazil 27 November 1959 56 36 nbsp Guinea 1959 57 37 nbsp Liberia 5 April 1960 58 38 nbsp Indonesia 19 April 1960 59 39 nbsp Senegal 15 November 1960 60 40 nbsp Dominican Republic 15 December 1960 61 41 nbsp Ghana 1960 62 42 nbsp Greece 1960 63 43 nbsp Nigeria 1960 64 44 nbsp Mali 10 January 1961 65 45 nbsp Vietnam 27 March 1961 66 46 nbsp Argentina 31 May 1961 67 47 nbsp Bulgaria 1 September 1961 68 48 nbsp Chile 6 October 1961 69 49 nbsp Albania 11 February 1962 70 50 nbsp Cuba 16 April 1962 71 51 nbsp Canada 17 May 1962 72 52 nbsp South Korea 6 July 1962 73 53 nbsp Ivory Coast 26 August 1962 74 nbsp Algeria suspended 1 October 1962 75 54 nbsp Mexico 31 October 1962 76 55 nbsp Uruguay 20 December 1962 77 56 nbsp Ethiopia 5 August 1963 78 57 nbsp Niger 1 October 1963 79 58 nbsp Kuwait 26 October 1963 80 59 nbsp Malaysia 1963 81 60 nbsp Paraguay 23 May 1964 82 61 nbsp Peru 18 June 1964 83 62 nbsp Bolivia 26 June 1964 84 63 nbsp Venezuela 18 May 1965 85 64 nbsp Cameroon 13 August 1965 86 65 nbsp Tanzania 8 October 1965 87 66 nbsp Burkina Faso 21 October 1965 88 67 nbsp Kenya 1965 89 68 nbsp Uganda 1965 90 69 nbsp Ecuador 22 April 1966 91 70 nbsp Gambia 29 June 1966 92 71 nbsp Benin 5 November 1966 93 72 nbsp Romania 20 February 1968 94 73 nbsp Democratic Republic of the Congo 27 September 1968 95 74 nbsp Afghanistan 5 March 1969 96 75 nbsp Mauritania 6 June 1970 97 76 nbsp Mongolia 14 July 1970 98 77 nbsp Guatemala 16 March 1971 99 78 nbsp Gabon 12 July 1972 100 79 nbsp Qatar 4 September 1972 101 80 nbsp United Arab Emirates 1972 102 81 nbsp Zambia 1972 103 82 nbsp Bahrain 5 March 1973 104 83 nbsp Oman 10 March 1973 105 84 nbsp Bangladesh 13 July 1973 106 85 nbsp Malta 18 December 1974 107 86 nbsp Nepal 18 February 1975 108 87 nbsp Ireland 19 March 1975 109 88 nbsp Philippines 10 April 1975 110 nbsp Holy See 15 January 1976 111 89 nbsp Mauritius 8 June 1976 112 90 nbsp Australia 13 July 1976 113 91 nbsp Central African Republic 1976 114 92 nbsp Djibouti 14 March 1978 115 93 nbsp Myanmar 13 July 1978 116 94 nbsp Bahamas 20 December 1978 117 95 nbsp Comoros 1978 118 96 nbsp Equatorial Guinea 1978 119 97 nbsp Sao Tome and Principe 1978 120 98 nbsp Colombia 1 January 1979 121 99 nbsp Somalia 24 January 1979 122 100 nbsp Panama 27 July 1979 123 101 nbsp Republic of the Congo 1979 124 102 nbsp Cyprus 1979 125 103 nbsp Honduras 1 March 1985 126 104 nbsp Angola 24 June 1985105 nbsp Haiti 20 August 1985 127 106 nbsp Iceland 24 September 1985 128 107 nbsp Thailand 4 October 1985108 nbsp Cape Verde 1985 129 109 nbsp Guinea Bissau 27 February 1986 130 110 nbsp Costa Rica 25 September 1986 131 nbsp Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1986 132 111 nbsp Maldives 4 February 1988112 nbsp Saint Lucia 9 March 1988113 nbsp Brunei 28 May 1988 133 114 nbsp Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10 August 1988115 nbsp Trinidad and Tobago 4 November 1998 134 116 nbsp Seychelles 17 December 1988 135 nbsp State of Palestine 31 January 1989 136 117 nbsp North Korea 13 February 1989118 nbsp Namibia 23 March 1990 137 119 nbsp Sri Lanka 27 November 1990 138 120 nbsp Lesotho 1990 139 121 nbsp Burundi 13 September 1991 140 122 nbsp Lithuania 7 May 1992123 nbsp Belarus 8 May 1992124 nbsp Kazakhstan 26 May 1992125 nbsp Slovenia 29 May 1992 141 126 nbsp Estonia 22 June 1992127 nbsp Ukraine 22 June 1992128 nbsp Kyrgyzstan 25 June 1992129 nbsp Armenia 26 June 1992130 nbsp Croatia 26 June 1992 142 131 nbsp Georgia 30 July 1992 143 132 nbsp Azerbaijan 28 August 1992133 nbsp Turkmenistan 25 September 1992134 nbsp Latvia 5 October 1992135 nbsp Moldova 8 October 1992136 nbsp Slovakia 1 January 1993 144 137 nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina 24 February 1993138 nbsp Uzbekistan 11 October 1993 145 139 nbsp Madagascar 15 April 1994 146 147 140 nbsp South Africa 10 May 1994 148 141 nbsp Eritrea 30 May 1994 149 142 nbsp Tajikistan 15 December 1994 150 143 nbsp New Zealand 1994 151 144 nbsp Tonga 16 January 1995 152 145 nbsp Eswatini June 1996 153 146 nbsp Cambodia 23 October 1996147 nbsp Andorra 3 December 1996 154 148 nbsp Sierra Leone 1996 155 149 nbsp Singapore 20 January 1997 156 150 nbsp Laos 30 January 1997151 nbsp Trinidad and Tobago 4 November 1998152 nbsp Nicaragua 21 July 2000 157 153 nbsp Vanuatu 14 December 2000 158 154 nbsp Malawi 31 January 2001 159 155 nbsp Kiribati 21 March 2001 160 156 nbsp Belize 3 May 2001157 nbsp North Macedonia 18 September 2002158 nbsp Liechtenstein 14 August 2003 161 159 nbsp Suriname 28 July 2004 162 160 nbsp San Marino 14 October 2004 163 161 nbsp Botswana 27 June 2005162 nbsp Rwanda 21 June 2007 164 163 nbsp Antigua and Barbuda 3 July 2007 165 164 nbsp Togo 10 July 2007 166 165 nbsp Saint Kitts and Nevis 2 October 2007166 nbsp Zimbabwe 27 December 2007 167 167 nbsp Jamaica 29 January 2008168 nbsp Monaco 12 February 2008 168 169 nbsp Montenegro 8 September 2009 169 170 nbsp Palau 8 May 2009171 nbsp Fiji 15 June 2010172 nbsp Dominica 23 June 2010173 nbsp Nauru 9 September 2010174 nbsp Marshall Islands 13 September 2010175 nbsp Federated States of Micronesia 13 October 2010176 nbsp Samoa 28 January 2011177 nbsp Solomon Islands 4 February 2011178 nbsp Tuvalu 23 May 2011179 nbsp Grenada 27 May 2011180 nbsp Bhutan 21 November 2011181 nbsp Guyana 14 December 2012182 nbsp Barbados 17 April 2013183 nbsp South Sudan 2 February 2017 170 184 nbsp El Salvador 22 August 2017 171 185 nbsp Papua New Guinea 28 September 2018 172 186 nbsp Israel 22 December 2020 173 187 nbsp Chad Unknown nbsp Iran suspended Unknown188 nbsp Iraq Unknown189 nbsp Mozambique Unknown190 nbsp Yemen UnknownBilateral relations editAfrica edit Country Formal Relations Began Notes nbsp Algeria 1 October 1962 See Algeria Morocco relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1962 174 Severed diplomatic relations 27 February 1976 restored 16 May 1988 cuts diplomatic relations 24 August 2021 175 As a result of Algeria s continued support for the Polisario Front in the dispute over Western Sahara relations between Morocco and Algeria have remained strained over the past several decades The state of the relationships between the two neighboring countries has hindered bilateral collaboration and has left the Arab Maghreb Union UMA project almost inactive 176 Morocco had been aligned with the United States during the Cold War whereas Algeria kept a distance from the West favouring the Soviet Union and later a non aligned position citation needed nbsp Egypt See Egypt Morocco relations Morocco and Egypt are both signers of the Agadir Agreement for the Establishment of a Free Trade Zone between the Arabic Mediterranean Nations signed in Rabat Morocco on February 25 2004 177 The agreement aimed at establishing a free trade area between Jordan Tunisia Egypt and Morocco and it was seen as a possible first step in the establishment of the Euro Mediterranean free trade area as envisaged in the Barcelona Process 178 They are also founding members of GAFTA a pact made by the Arab League to achieve a complete Arab economic bloc that can compete internationally In 1999 Egypt renewed backing to Morocco s territorial integrity 179 Egypt has always backed Morocco s efforts to perfect its territorial integrity Egyptian deputy minister of foreign affairs Jamal Eddine Bayoumi told Moroccan daily Al Mounaataf referring to Morocco s claims to the territory Bayoumi also stressed the need for Morocco and Egypt to consolidate trade relations among Arab states nbsp Mauritania 6 June 1970 See Mauritania Morocco relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 1970 97 Prior to the December 1984 coup that brought Taya to power the Mauritanian Moroccan cooperation agency stated that relations between the two countries were on the mend in spite of alleged Moroccan complicity in a 1981 coup attempt and Mauritania s subsequent turn toward Algeria Representatives from both sides initiated a series of low level contacts that led to a resumption of diplomatic ties in April 1985 For Mauritania the detente with Morocco promised to end the threat of Moroccan incursions and it also removed the threat of Moroccan support for opposition groups formed during the Haidalla presidency Through the agreement with Mauritania Morocco sought to tighten its control over the Western Sahara by denying the Polisario one more avenue for infiltrating guerrillas into the disputed territory 180 Relations between Morocco and Mauritania continued to improve through 1986 reflecting President Taya s pragmatic if unstated view that only a Moroccan victory over the Polisario would end the guerrilla war in the Western Sahara Taya made his first visit to Morocco in October 1985 prior to visits to Algeria and Tunisia in the wake of Moroccan claims that Polisario guerrillas were again traversing Mauritanian territory The completion of a sixth berm just north of Mauritania s crucial rail link along the border with the Western Sahara between Nouadhibou and the iron ore mines complicated relations between Mauritania and Morocco Polisario guerrillas in mid 1987 had to traverse Mauritanian territory to enter the Western Sahara a situation that invited Morocco s accusations of Mauritanian complicity Moreover any engagements near the sixth berm would threaten to spill over into Mauritania and jeopardize the rail link 180 nbsp South Africa 10 May 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1994 181 Morocco has an embassy in Pretoria South Africa has an embassy in Rabat nbsp Sudan 21 March 1959 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 March 1959 51 Sudan is one of the states that recognize Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara Both nations have a number of trade agreements There are no visa restrictions nbsp Western Sahara nbsp Recognizing Legal status of Western Sahara as an independent countryMain article Legal status of Western Sahara The conflict for this area continues to affect Morocco s relations with Spain Algeria and other Maghreb nations The issue of sovereignty over Western Sahara remains unresolved The territory an area of wasteland and desert bordering the Atlantic Ocean between Mauritania and Morocco is contested by Morocco and the Polisario an independence movement based in the region of Tindouf Algeria Morocco s claim to sovereignty over the Sahara is based largely on an historical argument of traditional loyalty of the Sahrawi tribal leaders to the Moroccan sultan as spiritual leader and ruler The Polisario Front claims to represent the aspirations of the Western Saharan inhabitants for independence Algeria claims none of the territory for itself but maintains that Sahrawis should determine the territory s future status From 1904 until 1975 Spain occupied the entire territory which is divided into a northern portion the Saguia el Hamra and a southern two thirds known as Rio de Oro In 1973 the Polisario Front Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro formed to combat the Spanish occupation of the territory In November 1975 King Hassan mobilized 350 000 unarmed Moroccan citizens in what came to be known as the Green March into Western Sahara The march was designed to both demonstrate and strengthen Moroccan claims to the territory On November 14 of the same year Spain Morocco and Mauritania announced a tripartite agreement for an interim administration under which Spain agreed to share administrative authority with Morocco and Mauritania leaving aside the question of sovereignty With the establishment of a Moroccan and Mauritanian presence throughout the territory however Spain s role in the administration of the Western Sahara ceased altogether After a period of hostilities Mauritania withdrew from the territory in 1979 and signed a peace treaty with the Polisario relinquishing all claims to the territory Moroccan troops took control of the region vacated by Mauritania and later proclaimed the territory reintegrated into Morocco Morocco subsequently built the Moroccan Wall a network of fortified berms around the largest portion of Western Sahara and has since asserted administrative control over that territory Polisario remains in control over the easternmost part of the territory At the Organization of African Unity OAU summit in June 1981 King Hassan announced his willingness to hold a referendum in the Western Sahara Subsequent meetings of an OAU Implementation Committee proposed a cease fire a United Nations peacekeeping force and an interim administration to assist with an OAU UN supervised referendum on the issue of independence or annexation In 1984 the OAU seated a delegation of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic SADR the shadow government of the Polisario Morocco consequently withdrew from the OAU In 1988 Moroccan and Polisario representatives agreed on a UN peace plan A UN brokered cease fire and settlement plan went into effect on September 6 1991 Implementation of the settlement plan which calls for a popular referendum among the Sahrawi natives of the territory to determine its final status integration into Morocco or independence has been repeatedly postponed because of differences between the parties In 2003 the UN launched the Baker Plan allowing Moroccan settlers the vote and instituting a five year Sahrawi autonomous rule under Moroccan sovereignty before the referendum This plan won the unanimous approval of the Security Council through SC Resolution 1495 and was unexpectedly accepted by the Polisario Morocco however refused the plan stating that it is no longer willing to accept a referendum that includes the possibility of independence but that it is willing to discuss an autonomy based solution This deadlocked the process and the future of UN involvement is uncertain Sahrawi demonstrations and riots that broke out in the Moroccan held parts of Western Sahara further strained relations between the parties The United States has consistently supported the cease fire and the UN s efforts at finding a peaceful settlement As generally supportive of the Moroccan government administrative control of Western Sahara the United States support Morocco s autonomy proposal and recognizing Morocco s sovereignty over Western Sahara 182 In the UN Security Council France has proved the strongest backer of the Moroccan view China and UK hasn t clear statement only support for a mutually acceptable solution under the leadership of the Security Council 183 Americas edit Country Formal Relations Began Notes nbsp Argentina 31 May 1961 See Argentina Morocco relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 May 1961 67 Argentina has an embassy in Rabat Morocco has an embassy in Buenos Aires nbsp Brazil 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962 184 Brazil has an embassy in Rabat Morocco has an embassy in Brasilia nbsp Canada 17 May 1962 See Canada Morocco relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 May 1962 185 nbsp Embassy of Morocco in OttawaCanada has an embassy in Rabat 186 Morocco has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate general in Montreal 187 nbsp Chile 6 October 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1961 188 Chile has an embassy in Rabat Morocco has an embassy in Santiago nbsp Colombia 1 January 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1979 121 Colombia has an embassy in Rabat Morocco has an embassy in Bogota nbsp Cuba 21 April 2017 Historically bilateral relations between Cuba and Morocco were strained after the establishment of relations on December 10 1959 Morocco severed relations with Cuba on October 31 1963 after Cuba showed its support for Algeria during the Sands War Morocco then restored diplomatic relations with Cuba on January 13 1964 only to cut ties once again in 1980 following Cuba s recognition of the SADR Cuba and Morocco re established diplomatic relations on April 21 2017 nbsp Mexico 31 October 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 October 1962 189 See Mexico Morocco relations Mexico has an embassy in Rabat and a trade office in Casablanca 190 Morocco has an embassy in Mexico City 191 nbsp Peru 18 June 1964 Main article Morocco Peru relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1964 83 Morocco has an embassy in Lima Peru has an embassy in Rabat nbsp United States 11 June 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 8 1905 However upon U S entry into the First World War the U S Government issued a statement recognizing the protectorate over Morocco on October 20 1917 whereupon the U S Minister at Tangier was downgraded to the status of Diplomatic Agent Diplomatic relations reestablished on June 11 1956 192 See Morocco United States relations nbsp The last page of 1786 treaty of friendship Morocco has close and long standing ties with the United States Morocco was the first nation to recognize the fledgling United States as an independent nation 193 In the beginning of the American Revolution American merchant ships were subject to attack by the Barbary Pirates while sailing the Atlantic Ocean At this time American envoys tried to obtain protection from European powers but to no avail On December 20 1777 Morocco s Sultan Mohammed III declared that the American merchant ships would be under the protection of the sultanate and could thus enjoy safe passage The Moroccan American Treaty of Friendship stands as the U S s oldest non broken friendship treaty Negotiated by Thomas Barclay and signed by John Adams and Thomas Jefferson in 1786 it has been in continuous effect since its ratification by Congress in July 1787 194 Following the re organization of the U S federal government upon the 1787 Constitution President George Washington wrote a now venerated letter to the Sultan Sidi Mohamed strengthening the ties between the two countries The United States legation consulate in Tangier is the first property the American government ever owned abroad 195 and is the first and only National Historic Landmark on purely foreign soil 196 The building now houses the Tangier American Legation Museum Asia edit Morocco s stance is supporting the search for peace in the Middle East encouraging Israeli Palestinian negotiations and urging moderation on both sides Morocco maintains close relations with Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf states which have provided Morocco with substantial amounts of financial assistance Morocco was the first Arab state to condemn Iraq s invasion of Kuwait and sent troops to help defend Saudi Arabia Morocco also was among the first Arab and Islamic states to denounce the September 11 attacks in the United States and declare solidarity with the American people in the war against terrorism It has contributed to United Nations peacekeeping efforts on the continent In recognition of its support for the War on Terrorism in June 2004 U S President George W Bush designated Morocco as a major non NATO ally Country Formal Relations Began Notes nbsp Azerbaijan 28 August 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 1992 197 See Azerbaijan Morocco relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Rabat since 2005 Morocco has an embassy in Baku nbsp China 1 November 1958 See China Morocco relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1958 198 nbsp Indonesia 19 April 1960 See Indonesia Morocco relations Indonesia and Morocco shared similarity as Muslim majority countries Morocco praised Indonesia as a strong democratic nation and pointed that both countries facing the same challenges of separatism and terrorism 199 Diplomatic relations were established in 1960 Indonesia has an embassy in Rabat and a consulate in Casablanca while Morocco has an embassy in Jakarta both countries are members of the WTO NAM and OIC nbsp Iran See Iran Morocco relations Relations between Iran and Morocco have been relatively strained since the Iranian Revolution particularly regarding the hard line leadership in Iran Morocco first severed relations in 1980 following the Revolution however it later re established diplomatic relations in June 1992 200 201 On March 6 2009 Morocco again severed diplomatic relations with Iran after comments made by an Iranian politician that Bahrain was historically part of Iran and as such still had a seat in the Iranian Parliament 202 Morocco described the comments as an attempt to alter the religious fundamentals of the kingdom 200 and accused Tehran of attempting to spread Shia Islam 203 Morocco is a majority Sunni country and Bahrain despite having a large Shi ite population is ruled by a Sunni elite which has not allowed the Shi ites into the power structure 204 Iran a majority Shia country reportedly has an interest in empowering the Shi ites in Bahrain and has called into question the legitimacy of Bahrain s King in order to raise its own status in the Persian Gulf which has strained relations between Morocco and Iran 204 200 201 Morocco cut diplomatic ties with Iran a third time in May 2018 over what Moroccan foreign minister Nasser Bourita said was Iranian support and arming of the Polisario Front Relations were previously restored around 2014 although they have been gradually weak 205 nbsp Israel 10 December 2020 See Israel Morocco relations In 1986 then King Hassan II took the daring step of inviting then Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres for talks becoming only the second MENA leader to host an Israeli leader Following the September 1993 signing of the Israeli Palestinian Declaration of Principles Morocco accelerated its economic ties and political contacts with Israel In September 1994 Morocco and Israel announced the opening of bilateral liaison offices These offices were closed in 2000 following sustained Israeli Palestinian violence On 10 December 2020 Morocco agreed to establish diplomatic relations with Israel in exchange for the United States supporting Morocco s claim on Western Sahara On the same day the United States agreed to the sale of sophisticated drones to Morocco 206 As a result of the agreement the Israeli liaison office was reopened in Rabat with plans for an embassy underway 207 nbsp Kuwait 26 October 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 October 1963 when Mr Al Fatimi ibn Sulaiman presented his credentials as Ambassador of Morocco to Amir of Kuwait Sheikh Abdullah Al Salem Al Sabah 80 nbsp Malaysia 1963 See Malaysia Morocco relations Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1963 81 Malaysia has an embassy in Rabat 208 and Morocco has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur 209 nbsp Pakistan 19 August 1957 See Morocco Pakistan relations Both countries established diplomatic relatins on 19 August 1957 41 Pakistan has an embassy in Rabat while Morocco also has its embassy in Islamabad Both the countries have co operated significantly since the past and continue to widely expand their relations in the past Pakistan has said that it does not recognise Western Sahara and that its status is disputed and remains to be decided by United Nations resolutions but at the same time it gave the Moroccan point of view that it is an internal matter Pakistan and Morocco enjoy friendly relationship based on deep religious and great human values commonly shared by both countries These relations have grown to a large extent in recent years and thousands of Pakistanis visit Morocco annually nbsp Philippines 27 December 1975 See Morocco Philippines relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 December 1975 210 Morocco has an embassy in Manila The Philippines has an embassy in Rabat nbsp South Korea 6 July 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1962 211 Morocco has an embassy in Seoul South Korea has an embassy in Rabat nbsp Thailand 4 October 1985 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 October 1985 212 Morocco has an embassy in Bangkok Thailand has an embassy in Rabat nbsp Turkey 17 April 1956 See Morocco Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 April 1956 26 Morocco has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul Turkey has an embassy in Rabat 213 Trade volume between the two countries was US 2 71 billion in 2018 Moroccan exports imports 0 72 1 99 billion USD 214 114 155 Moroccan tourists visited Turkey in 2017 214 Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Rabat nbsp Vietnam 27 March 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 March 1961 215 Morocco has an embassy in Hanoi Vietnam has an embassy in Rabat Europe edit Country Formal Relations Began Notes nbsp Albania 11 February 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1962 70 Morocco is accredited to Albania at the Moroccan embassy in Italy 216 Albania is accredited to Morocco at the Albanian embassy in Spain 217 nbsp Belgium 30 July 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 July 1956 when has been established Embassy of Belgium in Rabat and appointed Mr P Lamotte as Ambassador of Belgium to Morocco 30 Around 530000 Moroccans reside in Belgium 218 nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina 24 February 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1993 219 Morocco is accredited to Bosnia at the Moroccan embassy in Croatia 220 Bosnia is accredited to Morocco at the Bosnian embassy in Spain 217 nbsp Bulgaria 1 September 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 September 1961 221 Since January 1962 Bulgaria has an embassy in Rabat and an honorary consulate in Casablanca 222 Morocco has an embassy in Sofia Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean nbsp Croatia 26 June 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 1992 142 Croatia has an embassy in Rabat Morocco has an embassy in Zagreb 223 Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration list of bilateral treaties with Morocco nbsp Denmark 1957 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1957 224 Denmark has an embassy in Rabat Morocco 225 Morocco has an embassy in Copenhagen Denmark 226 nbsp European Union See Morocco European Union relations Morocco maintains close relations with the European Union especially with its former colonial rulers France and Spain In October 2008 Morocco was granted a special partnership status with the EU labelled as an advanced status in response to the reforms undertaken on political social and economic levels 227 With that Morocco became the first country in the southern Mediterranean region to benefit from the advanced status in its relations with the EU 228 The status includes the establishment of an EU Morocco summit and a direct participation of Morocco in a number of EU ministerial councils and working group meetings Morocco has been afforded the privilege of having its currency unit linked to the Euro nbsp France 2 March 1956 See France Morocco relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 March 1956 229 France showed early interests in Morocco and in 1904 the United Kingdom recognized France s sphere of influence in the region France and Spain secretly partitioned Morocco despite the evident disagreements this caused with Germany The Treaty of Fes in 1912 made Morocco a protectorate of France Struggles and opposition ensued when France exiled the Sultan Mohammed V replacing him with Mohammed Ben Aarafa The development of a strong independence movement together with a common trend of decolonization led to Morocco being granted independence in 1956 230 When De Gaulle returned to power in 1958 he was able to consolidate most of the initiatives taken under the Fourth Republic but was only able to make progress by drawing up once again a new Constitution and finding a solution to the war in Algeria It was only after his return that the policy of decolonisation ended and a policy of a new France started to emerge 1962 marked Algerian independence and the revision of the Fifth Republic allowed the President of France to be directly elected De Gaulle was able to set out his vision for the Third World Africa and French influence in the wider world Relations with Morocco were very cordial during the reign of King Mohammed V only to take a turn for the worse when the French secret service delivered Ben Barka to some Moroccan agents who eventually killed him and the affair turned into a serious and personal diplomatic row between King Hassan II and General de Gaulle which lasted until the exit of the latter from politics in 1969 During Pompidou s presidency a new entente developed between Morocco and France when new initiatives emerged in the field of co operation setting up new institutions to deal with future aid and Moroccan economic development Giscard d Estaing s presidency provided a more pronounced support for Morocco and relations reached their zenith leading to a type of partnership in the affairs of Africa The French Moroccan intervention in Zaire was evidence of this partnership and President Giscard d Estaing was in favour of Morocco s annexation of the Western Sahara French military and public aid allocated to Morocco was unparalleled during this period when compared to previous aid received Mitterrand s presidency did not affect the special relations between Morocco and France but intensified after a shaky beginning Although human rights proved difficult to resolve nevertheless the President kept the issue going together with Danielle Mitterrand as President of France Liberte Towards the end of his first term in office a more challenging period for constitutional debate emerged as a result of cohabitation which occurred between 1986 and 1988 adding another dimension to alternance to the end of Mitterrand s second septennat to the arrival of Jacques Chirac By now a more stable and continuous policy emerged to encourage investment and cooperation on major projects not only in agriculture and dam projects but also involving both French and Moroccan enterprises in creating a solid and a durable industrial base from aeronautics to automobile industries to the Euro Med Port at Tangier and Renault Nissan Plant and TGV and tram projects in Casablanca and Rabat concluded under the presidency of Sarkozy Both France and the USA played an important role in supplying the Moroccan military with all the hardware and equipment needed to redress the balance of power within the region especially against Algeria s rearmament to ensure security in the Western Sahara and keep the Al Qaeda branch of the Maghreb outside the Moroccan borders The Moroccan military has been modernised and trained to be admitted within the USA NATO forces to carry out regular exercises as well as involving other NATO members in the fight against any terrorist threat in the Mediterranean the Atlantic and the Sahara regions Franco Moroccan co operation also extends to the African continent and both played a complementary role in helping to resolve the problems in the Congo in Chad and in many other fields as well as in the economy and politics of the region Morocco has become the preferred destination for African students to attend university instead of going to France or to attend military academies Management and Administration or medical schools Moroccan banking has a significant hold on some African countries as well as Moroccan expertise in energy production construction mining extraction diamond and gold exploitation as well as a great expertise in agriculture and infrastructure in general In short many sectors which used to be the domain of France have been gradually taken over by Moroccan companies and Moroccan know how nbsp Germany 26 March 1957 See Germany Morocco relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 March 1957 231 Morocco has an embassy in Berlin and five consulates 232 Germany has an embassy in Rabat and three consulates https rabat diplo de ma dehttps rabat diplo de ma de nbsp Ireland 19 March 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 March 1975 233 Ireland has an embassy in Rabat Morocco 234 Morocco has an embassy in Dublin Ireland 235 nbsp Italy 1 October 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1956 236 nbsp Norway 30 August 1958 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 August 1958 237 nbsp Poland 7 July 1959 See Morocco Poland relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1959 238 Morocco has an embassy in Warsaw and an honorary consulate in Poznan Poland has an embassy in Rabat and an honorary consulate in Marrakesh nbsp Portugal 16 May 1956 See Morocco Portugal relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 May 1956 Portugal has an embassy in Rabat nbsp Romania 20 February 1962 See Morocco Romania relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1962 239 Morocco has an embassy in Bucharest 240 Romania has an embassy in Rabat and an honorary consulate in Casablanca 241 Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean and of the Francophonie nbsp Russia 1 September 1958 See Morocco Russia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 September 1958 242 Russia has an embassy in Rabat and a consular office in Casablanca Morocco is represented in Russia by its embassy to Moscow President Vladimir Putin had paid a visit to Morocco in September 2006 in order to boost economic and military ties between Russia and Morocco nbsp Serbia 1 March 1957 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1957 243 Morocco has an embassy in Belgrade 244 Serbia has an embassy in Rabat 245 Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the bilateral relations with Morocco Archived 2011 05 19 at the Wayback Machine nbsp Spain 26 May 1956 See Morocco Spain relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 May 1956 246 The Treaty of Fes also allocated the northern part of Morocco as a Spanish protectorate There were many instances of resistance to protest against Spanish exploitation of Morocco The independence of this region was gained at the same time that France withdrew control Unlike France Spain still maintains control on some regions such as Ceuta and Melila in northern Morocco Tensions also increased with conflicts over the fishing water surrounding Morocco the island of Perejil and the Western Sahara Spain controls five places of sovereignty Plazas de soberania on and off the north Africa coast Ceuta and Melilla as well as the islets of Penon de Alhucemas Penon de Velez de la Gomera and Islas Chafarinas all contested by Morocco see Perejil Island crisis for the related incident nbsp Sweden 1958 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1958 50 nbsp Ukraine 22 June 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 1992 247 nbsp United Kingdom 28 June 1956 See Morocco United Kingdom relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 1956 248 Morocco United Kingdom relations cover a period from the 16th century to the present day Oceania edit Formal Relations Began Notes nbsp Australia 13 July 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 1976 113 See Australia Morocco relations nbsp Fiji 15 June 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 2010 249 nbsp New Zealand 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1994 151 nbsp Papua New Guinea 28 September 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 2018 250 See also edit nbsp Morocco portalList of diplomatic missions in Morocco Ministry of Foreign Affairs African Cooperation and Moroccan Expatriates Morocco Citations edit a b Morocco Foreign Policy Encyclopedia of the Nations Retrieved 2009 10 23 GCC Countries Invest Heavily in Morocco Retrieved 2009 10 23 Medibtikar EuroMed Innovation and Technology Program Archived from the original on 2012 09 04 Retrieved 2009 10 23 Morocco Signs 155 Million Euro Loan Agreement With France Retrieved 2009 10 23 CIA The World Factbook Cia gov Retrieved on 2011 01 10 Morocco Since 1830 A History Retrieved 2009 10 23 permanent dead link Foreign Relations of Morocco Archived 2009 02 04 at the Wayback Machine Somali Press Retrieved on 2011 01 10 Defense gov News Article Cohen Renews U S Morocco Ties Defenselink mil Retrieved on 2011 01 10 Morocco since 1830 a history Google Books Books google ca Retrieved on 2011 01 10 Migration Information Source Morocco From Emigration Country to Africa s Migration Passage to Europe Migrationinformation org Retrieved on 2011 01 10 GCC Countries Invest Heavily in Morocco The Memri Economic Blog Retrieved on 2011 01 10 The European culture area a Google Books Books google ca Retrieved on 2011 01 10 www dw com Deutsche Welle Chad s foreign minister to lead African Union News DW COM 30 01 2017 Deutsche Welle Morocco rejoins African Union Worldbulletin 30 January 2017 Retrieved 31 January 2017 Relations Maroc Afrique subsaharienne L amorce d une nouvelle ere Retrieved 2009 03 13 Gabon Maroc Relance significative de la cooperation economique Archived from the original on 2007 10 30 Retrieved 2009 03 13 Resolutions of the Security Council on MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara FOREIGN CONSULATES IN LAAYOUNE EmbassyPages FOREIGN CONSULATES IN DAKHLA EmbassyPages Diplomatic relations between Morocco and United Nations Digital Library Retrieved 9 September 2023 Joint Declaration between the Kingdom of Morocco and the Republic of Austria PDF 28 February 2023 Retrieved 4 January 2024 All Countries Office of the Historian Retrieved 10 September 2023 One hundred years of diplomatic relations between Switzerland and Morocco Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA Retrieved 4 January 2024 Paises in Portuguese Retrieved 2 July 2022 Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs Envoyes Extraordinaires Ministres Plenipotentiaires et Charges D Affaires de France a L Etranger Depuis 1945 PDF in French a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b Relations between Turkiye and Morocco mfa gov tr Retrieved 18 May 2023 The Middle East Journal Volumes 10 11 Middle East Institute 1956 p 423 Relaciones diplomaticas del Estado Espaniol in Spanish p 307 Retrieved 10 September 2023 The Diplomatic Service List Great Britain Diplomatic Service Administration Office 1970 pp 136 149 a b Belgisch staatsblad Issues 183 274 in French and Dutch 1956 1956 p 5912 Storia Ambasciata d Italia Rabat in Italian Archived from the original on 7 July 2023 Retrieved 10 September 2023 Countries amp Regions Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan Retrieved 16 July 2023 Politique etrangere du Maroc in French p 38 Retrieved 27 November 2023 Politique etrangere du Maroc in French p 40 Retrieved 2 January 2024 Inventaris van het archief van het Nederlandse Gezantschap later de Ambassade en Consulaten in Marokko 1940 1979 in Dutch Retrieved 7 January 2024 Politique etrangere du Maroc in French p 30 Retrieved 31 December 2023 Relations bilaterales in French Archived from the original on 31 May 2012 Retrieved 4 June 2023 Foreign relations of Yugoslavia Wikipedia 2022 03 22 retrieved 2022 04 11 Lander in German Retrieved 10 September 2023 Omar Khairat to perform for first time in Moroccan theatre Egypt Today 3 May 2017 Retrieved 10 March 2024 a b Pakistan Quarterly Volume 7 Pakistan Publications 1957 p 63 Danemark Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Morocco in French Archived from the 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tropicaux et mediterraneens Volume 31 Page 23 1975 Bilateral Relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal Retrieved 10 September 2023 Diosboireachtai Parlaiminte Tuairisc Oifigiuil 268 Oireachtas 1986 p 2335 Today we celebrate 42 years of formal diplomatic relations with Morroco 10 April 2017 Retrieved 31 July 2023 Diplomatic relations of the Holy See Retrieved 5 September 2022 MEED Arab Report Middle East Economic Digest Limited 1976 p 6 a b Karim Medrek Morocco and Australia Enjoy Distinguished Diplomatic Relations Morocco Telegraph 2 March 2021 Republique Centrafricaine in French Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 Retrieved 28 September 2023 Inauguration de l ambassade de la Republique de Djibouti a Rabat Diplomatic relations Retrieved 10 September 2022 Daily Report Middle East amp North Africa Index Volumes 1 2 NewsBank 1978 p 35 Politique etrangere du Maroc in French p 33 Retrieved 21 November 2023 Guinee Equatoriale Royaume du Maroc Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres 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PANORAMA DU MAROC DANS LE MONDE Les relations internationales du Royaume PDF in French July 2019 p 43 Retrieved 3 October 2023 Algeria cuts diplomatic ties with Morocco over hostile actions ALJAZEERA 24 August 2021 Retrieved 3 October 2023 Algerian Moroccan dispute frustrates regional integration afrol com Retrieved 2009 03 13 Full text of the Agreement English version Archived from the original on 2009 01 09 Wippel Steffen The Agadir Agreement and Open regionalism PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2008 10 03 Egypt renews backing to Morocco s territorial integrity Archived 2008 10 13 at the Wayback Machine Arabicnews com 1999 03 15 Retrieved on 2011 01 10 a b Handloff Robert E Relations with France In Mauritania A Country Study Robert E Handloff editor Library of Congress Federal Research Division June 1988 This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Afrique du Sud Royaume du Maroc Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation in French 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