Wikipedia
List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896. These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[2] The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[3] In 1901, van 't Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[4]
At least 25 laureates have received the Nobel Prize for contributions in the field of organic chemistry, more than any other field of chemistry.[5] Two Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry, Germans Richard Kuhn (1938) and Adolf Butenandt (1939), were not allowed by their government to accept the prize. They would later receive a medal and diploma, but not the money. Frederick Sanger is one out of three laureates to be awarded the Nobel Prize twice in the same subject, in 1958 and 1980. John Bardeen, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and 1972, and Karl Barry Sharpless, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2001 and 2022, are the others. Two others have won Nobel Prizes twice, one in chemistry and one in another subject: Maria Skłodowska-Curie (physics in 1903, chemistry in 1911) and Linus Pauling (chemistry in 1954, peace in 1962).[6] As of 2022, the prize has been awarded to 189 individuals, including eight women (Maria Skłodowska-Curie being the first to be awarded in 1911).[7]
There have been eight years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was not awarded (1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940–42). There were also nine years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was delayed for one year. The Prize was not awarded in 1914, as the Nobel Committee for Chemistry decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to Theodore William Richards in 1915 and counted as the 1914 prize.[8] This precedent was followed for the 1918 prize awarded to Fritz Haber in 1919,[9] the 1920 prize awarded to Walther Nernst in 1921,[10] the 1921 prize awarded to Frederick Soddy in 1922,[11] the 1925 prize awarded to Richard Zsigmondy in 1926,[12] the 1927 prize awarded to Heinrich Otto Wieland in 1928,[13] the 1938 prize awarded to Richard Kuhn in 1939,[14] the 1943 prize awarded to George de Hevesy in 1944,[15] and the 1944 prize awarded to Otto Hahn in 1945.[16]
In 2020, Ioannidis et al. reported that half of the Nobel Prizes for science awarded between 1995 and 2017 were clustered in just a few disciplines within their broader fields. Atomic physics, particle physics, cell biology, and neuroscience dominated the two subjects outside chemistry, while molecular chemistry was the chief prize-winning discipline in its domain. Molecular chemists won 5.3% of all science Nobel Prizes during this period.[17]
Laureates edit
| Year | Image | Laureate[A] | Country[B] | Rationale[C] | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1852–1911) | Netherlands | "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" | [18] | |
| 1902 | Hermann Emil Fischer (1852–1919) | Germany | "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses" | [19] | |
| 1903 | Svante August Arrhenius (1859–1927) | Sweden | "[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation" | [20] | |
| 1904 | Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916) | United Kingdom | "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system" | [21] | |
| 1905 | Adolf von Baeyer (1835–1917) | Germany | "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" | [22] | |
| 1906 | Henri Moissan (1852–1907) | France | "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him" | [23] | |
| 1907 | Eduard Buchner (1860–1917) | Germany | "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation" | [24] | |
| 1908 | Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937) | United Kingdom New Zealand | "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances" | [25] | |
| 1909 | Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932) | Germany | "[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" | [26] | |
| 1910 | Otto Wallach (1847–1931) | Germany | "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds" | [27] | |
| 1911 | Marie Curie, née Skłodowska (1867–1934) | Poland ( Russian Empire) France | "[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element" | [28] | |
| 1912 | Victor Grignard (1871–1935) | France | "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent" | [29] | |
| Paul Sabatier (1854–1941) | France | "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals" | [29] | ||
| 1913 | Alfred Werner (1866–1919) | Switzerland | "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry" | [30] | |
| 1914 | Theodore William Richards (1868–1928) | United States | "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements" | [8] | |
| 1915 | Richard Martin Willstätter (1872–1942) | Germany | "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll" | [31] | |
| 1916 | Not awarded | ||||
| 1917 | |||||
| 1918 | Fritz Haber (1868–1934) | Germany | "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" | [9] | |
| 1919 | Not awarded | ||||
| 1920 | Walther Hermann Nernst (1864–1941) | Germany | "[for] his work in thermochemistry" | [10] | |
| 1921 | Frederick Soddy (1877–1956) | United Kingdom | "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes" | [11] | |
| 1922 | Francis William Aston (1877–1945) | United Kingdom | "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule" | [32] | |
| 1923 | Fritz Pregl (1869–1930) | Austria Kingdom of Yugoslavia | "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances" | [33] | |
| 1924 | Not awarded | ||||
| 1925 | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865–1929) | Germany Hungary | "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used" | [12] | |
| 1926 | The (Theodor) Svedberg (1884–1971) | Sweden | "for his work on disperse systems" | [34] | |
| 1927 | Heinrich Otto Wieland (1877–1957) | Germany | "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances" | [13] | |
| 1928 | Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (1876–1959) | Germany | "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins" | [35] | |
| 1929 | Arthur Harden (1865–1940) | United Kingdom | "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" | [36] | |
| Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (1873–1964) | Sweden Germany | ||||
| 1930 | Hans Fischer (1881–1945) | Germany | "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin" | [37] | |
| 1931 | Carl Bosch (1874–1940) | Germany | "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods" | [38] | |
| Friedrich Bergius (1884–1949) | Germany | ||||
| 1932 | Irving Langmuir (1881–1957) | United States | "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry" | [39] | |
| 1933 | Not awarded | ||||
| 1934 | Harold Clayton Urey (1893–1981) | United States | "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" | [40] | |
| 1935 | Frédéric Joliot (1900–1958) | France | "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements" | [41] | |
| Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956) | France | ||||
| 1936 | Peter Debye (1884–1966) | Netherlands | "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" | [42] | |
| 1937 | Walter Norman Haworth (1883–1950) | United Kingdom | "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C" | [43] | |
| Paul Karrer (1889–1971) | Switzerland | "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2" | |||
| 1938 | Richard Kuhn (1900–1967) | Germany | "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins" | [14] | |
| 1939 | Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (1903–1995) | Germany | "for his work on sex hormones" | [44] | |
| Leopold Ružička (1887–1976) | Kingdom of Yugoslavia Switzerland | "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" | [44] | ||
| 1940 | Not awarded | ||||
| 1941 | |||||
| 1942 | |||||
| 1943 | George de Hevesy (1885–1966) | Hungary | "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" | [15] | |
| 1944 | Otto Hahn (1879–1968) | Germany | "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" | [16] | |
| 1945 | Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895–1973) | Finland | "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" | [45] | |
| 1946 | James Batcheller Sumner (1887–1955) | United States | "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" | [46] | |
| John Howard Northrop (1891–1987) | United States | "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" | [46] | ||
| Wendell Meredith Stanley (1904–1971) | United States | ||||
| 1947 | Sir Robert Robinson (1886–1975) | United Kingdom | "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids" | [47] | |
| 1948 | Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (1902–1971) | Sweden | "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins" | [48] | |
| 1949 | William Francis Giauque (1895–1982) | United States | "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures" | [49] | |
| 1950 | Otto Paul Hermann Diels (1876–1954) | West Germany | "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis" | [50] | |
| Kurt Alder (1902–1958) | West Germany | ||||
| 1951 | Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907–1991) | United States | "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" | [51] | |
| Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912–1999) | United States | ||||
| 1952 | Archer John Porter Martin (1910–2002) | United Kingdom | "for their invention of partition chromatography" | [52] | |
| Richard Laurence Millington Synge (1914–1994) | United Kingdom | ||||
| 1953 | Hermann Staudinger (1881–1965) | West Germany | "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" | [53] | |
| 1954 | Linus Pauling (1901–1994) | United States | "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" | [54] | |
| 1955 | Vincent du Vigneaud (1901–1978) | United States | "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" | [55] | |
| 1956 | Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1897–1967) | United Kingdom | "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions" | [56] | |
| Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (1896–1986) | Soviet Union | ||||
| 1957 | Lord (Alexander R.) Todd (1907–1997) | United Kingdom | "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" | [57] | |
| 1958 | Frederick Sanger (1918–2013) | United Kingdom | "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" | [58] | |
| 1959 | Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890–1967) | Czechoslovakia | "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" | [59] | |
| 1960 | Willard Frank Libby (1908–1980) | United States | "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science" | [60] | |
| 1961 | Melvin Calvin (1911–1997) | United States | "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" | [61] | |
| 1962 | Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914–2002) | United Kingdom | "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" | [62] | |
| John Cowdery Kendrew (1917–1997) | United Kingdom | ||||
| 1963 | Karl Ziegler (1898–1973) | West Germany | "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers" | [63] | |
| Giulio Natta (1903–1979) | Italy | ||||
| 1964 | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994) | United Kingdom | "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" | [64] | |
| 1965 | Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979) | United States | "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis" | [65] | |
| 1966 | Robert S. Mulliken (1896–1986) | United States | "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method" | [66] | |
| 1967 | Manfred Eigen (1927–2019) | West Germany | "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" | [67] | |
| Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (1897–1978) | United Kingdom | ||||
| George Porter (1920–2002) | United Kingdom | ||||
| 1968 | Lars Onsager (1903–1976) | United States Norway | "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes" | [68] | |
| 1969 | Derek H. R. Barton (1918–1998) | United Kingdom | "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry" | [69] | |
| Odd Hassel (1897–1981) | Norway | ||||
| 1970 | Luis F. Leloir (1906–1987) | Argentina | "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" | [70] | |
| 1971 | Gerhard Herzberg (1904–1999) | Canada West Germany | "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" | [71] | |
| 1972 | Christian B. Anfinsen (1916–1995) | United States | "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" | [72] | |
| Stanford Moore (1913–1982) | United States | "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule" | [72] | ||
| William H. Stein (1911–1980) | United States | ||||
| 1973 | Ernst Otto Fischer (1918–2007) | West Germany | "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" | [73] | |
| Geoffrey Wilkinson (1921–1996) | United Kingdom | ||||
| 1974 | Paul J. Flory (1910–1985) | United States | "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules" | [74] | |
| 1975 | John Warcup Cornforth (1917–2013) | Australia United Kingdom | "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" | [75] | |
| Vladimir Prelog (1906–1998) | Yugoslavia Switzerland | "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" | [75] | ||
| 1976 | William N. Lipscomb (1919–2011) | United States | "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding" | [76] | |
| 1977 | Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003) | Belgium | "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" | [77] | |
| 1978 | Peter D. Mitchell (1920–1992) | United Kingdom | "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" | [78] | |
| 1979 | Herbert C. Brown (1912–2004) | United States | "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis" | [79] | |
| Georg Wittig (1897–1987) | West Germany | ||||
| 1980 | Paul Berg (1926–2023) | United States | "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" | [80] | |
| Walter Gilbert (b. 1932) | United States | "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" | [80] | ||
| Frederick Sanger (1918–2013) | United Kingdom | ||||
| 1981 | Kenichi Fukui (1918–1998) | Japan | "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions" | [81] | |
| Roald Hoffmann (b. 1937) | United States Poland | ||||
| 1982 | Aaron Klug (1926–2018) | United Kingdom | "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" | [82] | |
| 1983 | Henry Taube (1915–2005) | United States | "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes" | [83] | |
| 1984 | Robert Bruce Merrifield (1921–2006) | United States | "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" | [84] | |
| 1985 | Herbert A. Hauptman (1917–2011) | United States | "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" | [85] | |
| Jerome Karle (1918–2013) | United States | ||||
| 1986 | Dudley R. Herschbach (b. 1932) | United States | "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" | [86] | |
| Yuan T. Lee (b. 1936) | United States Republic of China | ||||
| John C. Polanyi (b. 1929) | Canada Hungary | ||||
| 1987 | Donald J. Cram (1919–2001) | United States | "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" | [87] | |
| Jean-Marie Lehn (b. 1939) | France | ||||
| Charles J. Pedersen (1904–1989) | United States | ||||
| 1988 | Johann Deisenhofer (b. 1943) | West Germany | "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" | [88] | |
| Robert Huber (b. 1937) | West Germany | ||||
| Hartmut Michel (b. 1948) | West Germany | ||||
| 1989 | Sidney Altman (1939–2022) | Canada United States | "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" | [89] | |
| Thomas Cech (b. 1947) | United States | ||||
| 1990 | Elias James Corey (b. 1928) | United States | "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" | [90] | |
| 1991 | Richard R. Ernst (1933–2021) | Switzerland | "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" | [91] | |
| 1992 | Rudolph A. Marcus (b. 1923) | United States Canada | "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" | [92] | |
| 1993 | Kary B. Mullis (1944–2019) | United States | "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" | [93] | |
| Michael Smith (1932–2000) | Canada | "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies" | [93] | ||
| 1994 | George A. Olah (1927–2017) | United States Hungary | "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" | [94] | |
| 1995 | Paul J. Crutzen (1933–2021) | Netherlands | "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone" | [95] | |
| Mario J. Molina (1943–2020) | Mexico | ||||
| Frank Sherwood Rowland (1927–2012) | United States | ||||
| 1996 | Robert F. Curl Jr. (1933–2022) | United States | "for their discovery of fullerenes" | [96] | |
| Sir Harold W. Kroto (1939–2016) | United Kingdom | ||||
| Richard E. Smalley (1943–2005) | United States | ||||
| 1997 | Paul D. Boyer (1918–2018) | United States | "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" | [97] | |
| John E. Walker (b. 1941) | United Kingdom | ||||
| Jens C. Skou (1918–2018) | Denmark | "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase" | [97] | ||
| 1998 | Walter Kohn (1923–2016) | United States | "for his development of the density-functional theory" | [98] | |
| John A. Pople (1925–2004) | United Kingdom | "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry" | [98] | ||
| 1999 | Ahmed Zewail (1946–2016) | United States Egypt | "for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" | [99] | |
| 2000 | Alan J. Heeger (b. 1936) | United States | "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers" | [100] | |
| Alan G. MacDiarmid (1927–2007) | United States New Zealand | ||||
| Hideki Shirakawa (b. 1936) | Japan | ||||
| 2001 | William S. Knowles (1917–2012) | United States | "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" | [101] | |
| Ryōji Noyori (b. 1938) | Japan | ||||
| K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941) | United States | "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" | [101] | ||
| 2002 | John B. Fenn (1917–2010) | United States | "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" | [102] | |
| Koichi Tanaka (b. 1959) | Japan | ||||
| Kurt Wüthrich (b. 1938) | Switzerland | "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" | [102] | ||
| 2003 | Peter Agre (b. 1949) | United States | "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels" | [103] | |
| Roderick MacKinnon (b. 1956) | United States | "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels" | [103] | ||
| 2004 | Aaron Ciechanover (b. 1947) | Israel | "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" | [104] | |
| Avram Hershko (b. 1937) | Israel | ||||
| Irwin Rose (1926–2015) | United States | ||||
| 2005 | Yves Chauvin (1930–2015) | France | "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" | [105] | |
| Robert H. Grubbs (1942–2021) | United States | ||||
| Richard R. Schrock (b. 1945) | United States | ||||
| 2006 | Roger D. Kornberg (b. 1947) | United States | "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" | [106] | |
| 2007 | Gerhard Ertl (b. 1936) | Germany | "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" | [107] | |
| 2008 | Osamu Shimomura (1928–2018) | Japan[108] | "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP" | [109] | |
| Martin Chalfie (b. 1947) | United States | ||||
| Roger Y. Tsien (1952–2016) | United States | ||||
| 2009 | Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (b. 1952) | United States India United Kingdom | "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome" | [110] | |
| Thomas A. Steitz (1940–2018) | United States | ||||
| Ada E. Yonath (b. 1939) | Israel | ||||
| 2010 | Richard F. Heck (1931–2015) | United States | "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis" | [111] | |
| Ei-ichi Negishi (1935–2021) | Japan | ||||
| Akira Suzuki (b. 1930) | Japan | ||||
| 2011 | Dan Shechtman (b. 1941) | Israel United States | "for the discovery of quasicrystals" | [112] | |
| 2012 | Robert Lefkowitz (b. 1943) | United States | "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors" | [113] | |
| Brian Kobilka (b. 1955) | United States | ||||
| 2013 | Martin Karplus (b. 1930) | United States Austria | "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems" | [114] | |
| Michael Levitt (b. 1947) | United States United Kingdom Israel[115] | ||||
| Arieh Warshel (b. 1940) | United States Israel | ||||
| 2014 | Eric Betzig (b. 1960) | United States | "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" | [116] | |
| Stefan W. Hell (b. 1962) | Germany Romania[117] | ||||
| William E. Moerner (b. 1953) | United States | ||||
| 2015 | Tomas Lindahl (b. 1938) | Sweden United Kingdom | "for mechanistic studies of DNA repair" | [118] | |
| Paul L. Modrich (b. 1946) | United States | ||||
| Aziz Sancar (b. 1946) | United States Turkey | ||||
| 2016 | Jean-Pierre Sauvage (b. 1944) | France | "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines" | [119] | |
| Fraser Stoddart (b. 1942) | United Kingdom United States | ||||
| Ben Feringa (b. 1951) | Netherlands | ||||
| 2017 | Jacques Dubochet (b. 1942) | Switzerland | "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution" | [120] | |
| Joachim Frank (b. 1940) | Germany United States[121] | ||||
| Richard Henderson (b. 1945) | United Kingdom | ||||
| 2018 | Frances Arnold (b. 1956) | United States | "for the directed evolution of enzymes" | [122] | |
| George Smith (b. 1941) | United States | "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies" | |||
| Sir Gregory Winter (b. 1951) | United Kingdom | ||||
| 2019 | John B. Goodenough (1922–2023) | United States | "for the development of lithium ion batteries" | [123] | |
| M. Stanley Whittingham (b. 1941) | United Kingdom United States | ||||
| Akira Yoshino (b. 1948) | Japan | ||||
| 2020 | Emmanuelle Charpentier (b. 1968) | France | "for the development of a method for genome editing" | [124] | |
| Jennifer Doudna (b. 1964) | United States | ||||
| 2021 | Benjamin List (b. 1968) | Germany | "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis" | [125] | |
| David W.C. MacMillan (b. 1968) | United Kingdom United States | ||||
| 2022 | Carolyn Bertozzi (b. 1966) | United States | "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry" | [126] | |
| Morten Meldal (b. 1954) | Denmark | ||||
| K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941) | United States | ||||
| 2023 | Moungi G. Bawendi (b. 1961) | United States France Tunisia | "for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots" | [127] | |
| Louis E. Brus (b. 1943) | United States | ||||
| Alexey Ekimov (b. 1945) | Russia | ||||
See also edit
References edit
Notes edit
^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org.
^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.
^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of chemistry for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.
Citations edit
- ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
- ^ . Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
- ^ . Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
- ^ Malmström, Bo G.; Bertil Andersson (3 December 2001). "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Development of Modern Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. from the original on 16 July 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
- ^ . Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
- ^ "Facts on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914". Nobel Foundation. from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918". Nobel Foundation. from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920". Nobel Foundation. from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921". Nobel Foundation. from the original on 27 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925". Nobel Foundation. from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
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list, nobel, laureates, chemistry, nobel, prize, chemistry, swedish, nobelpriset, kemi, awarded, annually, royal, swedish, academy, sciences, scientists, various, fields, chemistry, five, nobel, prizes, established, 1895, will, alfred, nobel, died, 1896, these. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry Swedish Nobelpriset i kemi is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel who died in 1896 These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry physics literature peace and physiology or medicine 1 As dictated by Nobel s will the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2 The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff of the Netherlands Each recipient receives a medal a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years 3 In 1901 van t Hoff received 150 782 SEK which is equal to 7 731 004 SEK in December 2007 The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December the anniversary of Nobel s death 4 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Bernhard Nobel At least 25 laureates have received the Nobel Prize for contributions in the field of organic chemistry more than any other field of chemistry 5 Two Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry Germans Richard Kuhn 1938 and Adolf Butenandt 1939 were not allowed by their government to accept the prize They would later receive a medal and diploma but not the money Frederick Sanger is one out of three laureates to be awarded the Nobel Prize twice in the same subject in 1958 and 1980 John Bardeen who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and 1972 and Karl Barry Sharpless who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2001 and 2022 are the others Two others have won Nobel Prizes twice one in chemistry and one in another subject Maria Sklodowska Curie physics in 1903 chemistry in 1911 and Linus Pauling chemistry in 1954 peace in 1962 6 As of 2022 the prize has been awarded to 189 individuals including eight women Maria Sklodowska Curie being the first to be awarded in 1911 7 There have been eight years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was not awarded 1916 1917 1919 1924 1933 1940 42 There were also nine years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was delayed for one year The Prize was not awarded in 1914 as the Nobel Committee for Chemistry decided that none of that year s nominations met the necessary criteria but was awarded to Theodore William Richards in 1915 and counted as the 1914 prize 8 This precedent was followed for the 1918 prize awarded to Fritz Haber in 1919 9 the 1920 prize awarded to Walther Nernst in 1921 10 the 1921 prize awarded to Frederick Soddy in 1922 11 the 1925 prize awarded to Richard Zsigmondy in 1926 12 the 1927 prize awarded to Heinrich Otto Wieland in 1928 13 the 1938 prize awarded to Richard Kuhn in 1939 14 the 1943 prize awarded to George de Hevesy in 1944 15 and the 1944 prize awarded to Otto Hahn in 1945 16 In 2020 Ioannidis et al reported that half of the Nobel Prizes for science awarded between 1995 and 2017 were clustered in just a few disciplines within their broader fields Atomic physics particle physics cell biology and neuroscience dominated the two subjects outside chemistry while molecular chemistry was the chief prize winning discipline in its domain Molecular chemists won 5 3 of all science Nobel Prizes during this period 17 Contents 1 Laureates 2 See also 3 References 3 1 Notes 3 2 Citations 3 3 Sources 4 External linksLaureates edit1901 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year Image Laureate A Country B Rationale C Ref 1901 nbsp Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff 1852 1911 nbsp Netherlands for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions 18 1902 nbsp Hermann Emil Fischer 1852 1919 nbsp Germany for his work on sugar and purine syntheses 19 1903 nbsp Svante August Arrhenius 1859 1927 nbsp Sweden for his electrolytic theory of dissociation 20 1904 nbsp Sir William Ramsay 1852 1916 nbsp United Kingdom for his discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air and his determination of their place in the periodic system 21 1905 nbsp Adolf von Baeyer 1835 1917 nbsp Germany for the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds 22 1906 nbsp Henri Moissan 1852 1907 nbsp France for his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine and for the electric furnace called after him 23 1907 nbsp Eduard Buchner 1860 1917 nbsp Germany for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell free fermentation 24 1908 nbsp Ernest Rutherford 1871 1937 nbsp United Kingdom nbsp New Zealand for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances 25 1909 nbsp Wilhelm Ostwald 1853 1932 nbsp Germany for his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction 26 1910 nbsp Otto Wallach 1847 1931 nbsp Germany for his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds 27 1911 nbsp Marie Curie nee Sklodowska 1867 1934 nbsp Poland nbsp Russian Empire nbsp France for the discovery of the elements radium and polonium by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element 28 1912 nbsp Victor Grignard 1871 1935 nbsp France for the discovery of the Grignard reagent 29 nbsp Paul Sabatier 1854 1941 nbsp France for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals 29 1913 nbsp Alfred Werner 1866 1919 nbsp Switzerland for his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules especially in inorganic chemistry 30 1914 nbsp Theodore William Richards 1868 1928 nbsp United States for his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements 8 1915 nbsp Richard Martin Willstatter 1872 1942 nbsp Germany for his researches on plant pigments especially chlorophyll 31 1916 Not awarded 1917 1918 nbsp Fritz Haber 1868 1934 nbsp Germany for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements 9 1919 Not awarded 1920 nbsp Walther Hermann Nernst 1864 1941 nbsp Germany for his work in thermochemistry 10 1921 nbsp Frederick Soddy 1877 1956 nbsp United Kingdom for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes 11 1922 nbsp Francis William Aston 1877 1945 nbsp United Kingdom for his discovery by means of his mass spectrograph of isotopes in a large number of non radioactive elements and for his enunciation of the whole number rule 32 1923 nbsp Fritz Pregl 1869 1930 nbsp Austria nbsp Kingdom of Yugoslavia for his invention of the method of micro analysis of organic substances 33 1924 Not awarded 1925 nbsp Richard Adolf Zsigmondy 1865 1929 nbsp Germany nbsp Hungary for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used 12 1926 nbsp The Theodor Svedberg 1884 1971 nbsp Sweden for his work on disperse systems 34 1927 nbsp Heinrich Otto Wieland 1877 1957 nbsp Germany for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances 13 1928 nbsp Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus 1876 1959 nbsp Germany for his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins 35 1929 nbsp Arthur Harden 1865 1940 nbsp United Kingdom for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes 36 nbsp Hans Karl August Simon von Euler Chelpin 1873 1964 nbsp Sweden nbsp Germany 1930 nbsp Hans Fischer 1881 1945 nbsp Germany for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin 37 1931 nbsp Carl Bosch 1874 1940 nbsp Germany for their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods 38 nbsp Friedrich Bergius 1884 1949 nbsp Germany 1932 nbsp Irving Langmuir 1881 1957 nbsp United States for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry 39 1933 Not awarded 1934 nbsp Harold Clayton Urey 1893 1981 nbsp United States for his discovery of heavy hydrogen 40 1935 nbsp Frederic Joliot 1900 1958 nbsp France for their synthesis of new radioactive elements 41 nbsp Irene Joliot Curie 1897 1956 nbsp France 1936 nbsp Peter Debye 1884 1966 nbsp Netherlands for his work on molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X rays and electrons in gases 42 1937 nbsp Walter Norman Haworth 1883 1950 nbsp United Kingdom for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C 43 nbsp Paul Karrer 1889 1971 nbsp Switzerland for his investigations on carotenoids flavins and vitamins A and B2 1938 nbsp Richard Kuhn 1900 1967 nbsp Germany for his work on carotenoids and vitamins 14 1939 nbsp Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt 1903 1995 nbsp Germany for his work on sex hormones 44 nbsp Leopold Ruzicka 1887 1976 nbsp Kingdom of Yugoslavia nbsp Switzerland for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes 44 1940 Not awarded 1941 1942 1943 nbsp George de Hevesy 1885 1966 nbsp Hungary for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes 15 1944 nbsp Otto Hahn 1879 1968 nbsp Germany for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei 16 1945 nbsp Artturi Ilmari Virtanen 1895 1973 nbsp Finland for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry especially for his fodder preservation method 45 1946 nbsp James Batcheller Sumner 1887 1955 nbsp United States for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized 46 nbsp John Howard Northrop 1891 1987 nbsp United States for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form 46 nbsp Wendell Meredith Stanley 1904 1971 nbsp United States 1947 nbsp Sir Robert Robinson 1886 1975 nbsp United Kingdom for his investigations on plant products of biological importance especially the alkaloids 47 1948 nbsp Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius 1902 1971 nbsp Sweden for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins 48 1949 nbsp William Francis Giauque 1895 1982 nbsp United States for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures 49 1950 nbsp Otto Paul Hermann Diels 1876 1954 nbsp West Germany for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis 50 nbsp Kurt Alder 1902 1958 nbsp West Germany 1951 nbsp Edwin Mattison McMillan 1907 1991 nbsp United States for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements 51 nbsp Glenn Theodore Seaborg 1912 1999 nbsp United States 1952 nbsp Archer John Porter Martin 1910 2002 nbsp United Kingdom for their invention of partition chromatography 52 nbsp Richard Laurence Millington Synge 1914 1994 nbsp United Kingdom 1953 nbsp Hermann Staudinger 1881 1965 nbsp West Germany for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry 53 1954 nbsp Linus Pauling 1901 1994 nbsp United States for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances 54 1955 nbsp Vincent du Vigneaud 1901 1978 nbsp United States for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone 55 1956 nbsp Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood 1897 1967 nbsp United Kingdom for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions 56 nbsp Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov 1896 1986 nbsp Soviet Union 1957 nbsp Lord Alexander R Todd 1907 1997 nbsp United Kingdom for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co enzymes 57 1958 nbsp Frederick Sanger 1918 2013 nbsp United Kingdom for his work on the structure of proteins especially that of insulin 58 1959 nbsp Jaroslav Heyrovsky 1890 1967 nbsp Czechoslovakia for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis 59 1960 nbsp Willard Frank Libby 1908 1980 nbsp United States for his method to use carbon 14 for age determination in archaeology geology geophysics and other branches of science 60 1961 nbsp Melvin Calvin 1911 1997 nbsp United States for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants 61 1962 nbsp Max Ferdinand Perutz 1914 2002 nbsp United Kingdom for their studies of the structures of globular proteins 62 nbsp John Cowdery Kendrew 1917 1997 nbsp United Kingdom 1963 nbsp Karl Ziegler 1898 1973 nbsp West Germany for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers 63 nbsp Giulio Natta 1903 1979 nbsp Italy 1964 nbsp Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 1910 1994 nbsp United Kingdom for her determinations by X ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances 64 1965 nbsp Robert Burns Woodward 1917 1979 nbsp United States for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis 65 1966 nbsp Robert S Mulliken 1896 1986 nbsp United States for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method 66 1967 nbsp Manfred Eigen 1927 2019 nbsp West Germany for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy 67 nbsp Ronald George Wreyford Norrish 1897 1978 nbsp United Kingdom nbsp George Porter 1920 2002 nbsp United Kingdom 1968 nbsp Lars Onsager 1903 1976 nbsp United States nbsp Norway for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes 68 1969 nbsp Derek H R Barton 1918 1998 nbsp United Kingdom for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry 69 nbsp Odd Hassel 1897 1981 nbsp Norway 1970 nbsp Luis F Leloir 1906 1987 nbsp Argentina for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates 70 1971 nbsp Gerhard Herzberg 1904 1999 nbsp Canada nbsp West Germany for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules particularly free radicals 71 1972 nbsp Christian B Anfinsen 1916 1995 nbsp United States for his work on ribonuclease especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation 72 nbsp Stanford Moore 1913 1982 nbsp United States for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule 72 nbsp William H Stein 1911 1980 nbsp United States 1973 nbsp Ernst Otto Fischer 1918 2007 nbsp West Germany for their pioneering work performed independently on the chemistry of the organometallic so called sandwich compounds 73 nbsp Geoffrey Wilkinson 1921 1996 nbsp United Kingdom 1974 nbsp Paul J Flory 1910 1985 nbsp United States for his fundamental work both theoretical and experimental in the physical chemistry of macromolecules 74 1975 nbsp John Warcup Cornforth 1917 2013 nbsp Australia nbsp United Kingdom for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme catalyzed reactions 75 nbsp Vladimir Prelog 1906 1998 nbsp Yugoslavia nbsp Switzerland for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions 75 1976 nbsp William N Lipscomb 1919 2011 nbsp United States for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding 76 1977 nbsp Ilya Prigogine 1917 2003 nbsp Belgium for his contributions to non equilibrium thermodynamics particularly the theory of dissipative structures 77 1978 nbsp Peter D Mitchell 1920 1992 nbsp United Kingdom for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory 78 1979 nbsp Herbert C Brown 1912 2004 nbsp United States for their development of the use of boron and phosphorus containing compounds respectively into important reagents in organic synthesis 79 nbsp Georg Wittig 1897 1987 nbsp West Germany 1980 nbsp Paul Berg 1926 2023 nbsp United States for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids with particular regard to recombinant DNA 80 nbsp Walter Gilbert b 1932 nbsp United States for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids 80 nbsp Frederick Sanger 1918 2013 nbsp United Kingdom 1981 nbsp Kenichi Fukui 1918 1998 nbsp Japan for their theories developed independently concerning the course of chemical reactions 81 nbsp Roald Hoffmann b 1937 nbsp United States nbsp Poland 1982 nbsp Aaron Klug 1926 2018 nbsp United Kingdom for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid protein complexes 82 1983 nbsp Henry Taube 1915 2005 nbsp United States for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions especially in metal complexes 83 1984 nbsp Robert Bruce Merrifield 1921 2006 nbsp United States for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix 84 1985 nbsp Herbert A Hauptman 1917 2011 nbsp United States for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures 85 nbsp Jerome Karle 1918 2013 nbsp United States 1986 nbsp Dudley R Herschbach b 1932 nbsp United States for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes 86 nbsp Yuan T Lee b 1936 nbsp United States nbsp Republic of China nbsp John C Polanyi b 1929 nbsp Canada nbsp Hungary 1987 nbsp Donald J Cram 1919 2001 nbsp United States for their development and use of molecules with structure specific interactions of high selectivity 87 nbsp Jean Marie Lehn b 1939 nbsp France Charles J Pedersen 1904 1989 nbsp United States 1988 nbsp Johann Deisenhofer b 1943 nbsp West Germany for their determination of the three dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre 88 nbsp Robert Huber b 1937 nbsp West Germany nbsp Hartmut Michel b 1948 nbsp West Germany 1989 nbsp Sidney Altman 1939 2022 nbsp Canada nbsp United States for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA 89 nbsp Thomas Cech b 1947 nbsp United States 1990 nbsp Elias James Corey b 1928 nbsp United States for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis 90 1991 nbsp Richard R Ernst 1933 2021 nbsp Switzerland for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance NMR spectroscopy 91 1992 nbsp Rudolph A Marcus b 1923 nbsp United States nbsp Canada for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems 92 1993 nbsp Kary B Mullis 1944 2019 nbsp United States for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA based chemistry for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction PCR method 93 nbsp Michael Smith 1932 2000 nbsp Canada for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA based chemistry for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide based site directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies 93 1994 nbsp George A Olah 1927 2017 nbsp United States nbsp Hungary for his contribution to carbocation chemistry 94 1995 nbsp Paul J Crutzen 1933 2021 nbsp Netherlands for their work in atmospheric chemistry particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone 95 nbsp Mario J Molina 1943 2020 nbsp Mexico nbsp Frank Sherwood Rowland 1927 2012 nbsp United States 1996 nbsp Robert F Curl Jr 1933 2022 nbsp United States for their discovery of fullerenes 96 nbsp Sir Harold W Kroto 1939 2016 nbsp United Kingdom nbsp Richard E Smalley 1943 2005 nbsp United States 1997 nbsp Paul D Boyer 1918 2018 nbsp United States for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate ATP 97 nbsp John E Walker b 1941 nbsp United Kingdom nbsp Jens C Skou 1918 2018 nbsp Denmark for the first discovery of an ion transporting enzyme Na K ATPase 97 1998 nbsp Walter Kohn 1923 2016 nbsp United States for his development of the density functional theory 98 nbsp John A Pople 1925 2004 nbsp United Kingdom for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry 98 1999 nbsp Ahmed Zewail 1946 2016 nbsp United States nbsp Egypt for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy 99 2000 nbsp Alan J Heeger b 1936 nbsp United States for their discovery and development of conductive polymers 100 nbsp Alan G MacDiarmid 1927 2007 nbsp United States nbsp New Zealand nbsp Hideki Shirakawa b 1936 nbsp Japan 2001 nbsp William S Knowles 1917 2012 nbsp United States for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions 101 nbsp Ryōji Noyori b 1938 nbsp Japan nbsp K Barry Sharpless b 1941 nbsp United States for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions 101 2002 nbsp John B Fenn 1917 2010 nbsp United States for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules 102 nbsp Koichi Tanaka b 1959 nbsp Japan nbsp Kurt Wuthrich b 1938 nbsp Switzerland for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution 102 2003 nbsp Peter Agre b 1949 nbsp United States for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes for the discovery of water channels 103 nbsp Roderick MacKinnon b 1956 nbsp United States for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels 103 2004 nbsp Aaron Ciechanover b 1947 nbsp Israel for the discovery of ubiquitin mediated protein degradation 104 nbsp Avram Hershko b 1937 nbsp Israel nbsp Irwin Rose 1926 2015 nbsp United States 2005 nbsp Yves Chauvin 1930 2015 nbsp France for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis 105 nbsp Robert H Grubbs 1942 2021 nbsp United States nbsp Richard R Schrock b 1945 nbsp United States 2006 nbsp Roger D Kornberg b 1947 nbsp United States for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription 106 2007 nbsp Gerhard Ertl b 1936 nbsp Germany for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces 107 2008 nbsp Osamu Shimomura 1928 2018 nbsp Japan 108 for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein GFP 109 nbsp Martin Chalfie b 1947 nbsp United States nbsp Roger Y Tsien 1952 2016 nbsp United States 2009 nbsp Venkatraman Ramakrishnan b 1952 nbsp United States nbsp India nbsp United Kingdom for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome 110 nbsp Thomas A Steitz 1940 2018 nbsp United States nbsp Ada E Yonath b 1939 nbsp Israel 2010 nbsp Richard F Heck 1931 2015 nbsp United States for palladium catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis 111 nbsp Ei ichi Negishi 1935 2021 nbsp Japan nbsp Akira Suzuki b 1930 nbsp Japan 2011 nbsp Dan Shechtman b 1941 nbsp Israel nbsp United States for the discovery of quasicrystals 112 2012 nbsp Robert Lefkowitz b 1943 nbsp United States for studies of G protein coupled receptors 113 nbsp Brian Kobilka b 1955 nbsp United States 2013 nbsp Martin Karplus b 1930 nbsp United States nbsp Austria for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems 114 nbsp Michael Levitt b 1947 nbsp United States nbsp United Kingdom nbsp Israel 115 nbsp Arieh Warshel b 1940 nbsp United States nbsp Israel 2014 nbsp Eric Betzig b 1960 nbsp United States for the development of super resolved fluorescence microscopy 116 nbsp Stefan W Hell b 1962 nbsp Germany nbsp Romania 117 nbsp William E Moerner b 1953 nbsp United States 2015 nbsp Tomas Lindahl b 1938 nbsp Sweden nbsp United Kingdom for mechanistic studies of DNA repair 118 nbsp Paul L Modrich b 1946 nbsp United States nbsp Aziz Sancar b 1946 nbsp United States nbsp Turkey 2016 nbsp Jean Pierre Sauvage b 1944 nbsp France for the design and synthesis of molecular machines 119 nbsp Fraser Stoddart b 1942 nbsp United Kingdom nbsp United States nbsp Ben Feringa b 1951 nbsp Netherlands 2017 nbsp Jacques Dubochet b 1942 nbsp Switzerland for developing cryo electron microscopy for the high resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution 120 nbsp Joachim Frank b 1940 nbsp Germany nbsp United States 121 nbsp Richard Henderson b 1945 nbsp United Kingdom 2018 nbsp Frances Arnold b 1956 nbsp United States for the directed evolution of enzymes 122 nbsp George Smith b 1941 nbsp United States for the phage display of peptides and antibodies nbsp Sir Gregory Winter b 1951 nbsp United Kingdom 2019 nbsp John B Goodenough 1922 2023 nbsp United States for the development of lithium ion batteries 123 nbsp M Stanley Whittingham b 1941 nbsp United Kingdom nbsp United States nbsp Akira Yoshino b 1948 nbsp Japan 2020 nbsp Emmanuelle Charpentier b 1968 nbsp France for the development of a method for genome editing 124 nbsp Jennifer Doudna b 1964 nbsp United States 2021 nbsp Benjamin List b 1968 nbsp Germany for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis 125 nbsp David W C MacMillan b 1968 nbsp United Kingdom nbsp United States 2022 nbsp Carolyn Bertozzi b 1966 nbsp United States for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry 126 nbsp Morten Meldal b 1954 nbsp Denmark nbsp K Barry Sharpless b 1941 nbsp United States 2023 nbsp Moungi G Bawendi b 1961 nbsp United States nbsp France nbsp Tunisia for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots 127 nbsp Louis E Brus b 1943 nbsp United States nbsp Alexey Ekimov b 1945 nbsp RussiaSee also editTimeline of chemistryReferences editNotes edit A The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize org the official website of the Nobel Foundation Alternative spellings and name forms where they exist are given at the articles linked from this column Where available an image of each Nobel laureate is provided For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize org B The information in the country column is according to nobelprize org the official website of the Nobel Foundation This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient s birthplace or citizenship C The citation for each award is quoted not always in full from nobelprize org the official website of the Nobel Foundation The links in this column are to articles or sections of articles on the history and areas of chemistry for which the awards were presented The links are intended only as a guide and explanation For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate please see the biography articles linked from the name column Citations edit Alfred Nobel The Man Behind the Nobel Prize Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 October 2007 Retrieved 7 October 2008 The Nobel Prize Awarders Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 15 October 2008 Retrieved 7 October 2008 The Nobel Prize Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 15 October 2008 Retrieved 7 October 2008 The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 22 August 2008 Retrieved 7 October 2008 Malmstrom Bo G Bertil Andersson 3 December 2001 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry The Development of Modern Chemistry Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 16 July 2008 Retrieved 8 October 2008 Nobel Laureates Facts Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 2 February 2007 Retrieved 7 October 2008 Facts on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 8 March 2017 Retrieved 5 October 2022 a b The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 15 October 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 a b The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 a b The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 a b The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 27 October 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 a b The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 15 October 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 a b The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 a b The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 19 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 a b The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 20 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 a b The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 Ioannidis John Cristea Ioana Alina Boyack Kevin 29 July 2020 Work honored by Nobel prizes 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October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 24 October 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 19 October 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 a b The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 27 October 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 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Chemistry 1935 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 7 October 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 22 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 a b The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 14 October 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 6 October 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 a b The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 4 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 4 November 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 26 October 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 24 October 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 24 September 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 13 October 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964 Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on 15 October 2008 Retrieved 6 October 2008 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,