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Hideki Shirakawa

January 01, 1970

Hideki Shirakawa (白川 英樹, Shirakawa Hideki, born August 20, 1936) is a Japanese chemist, engineer, and Professor Emeritus at the University of Tsukuba and Zhejiang University. He is best known for his discovery of conductive polymers. He was co-recipient of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with Alan MacDiarmid and Alan Heeger.

Hideki Shirakawa
Hideki Shirakawa in 2001
Born (1936-08-20) August 20, 1936 (age 87)
Tokyo, Japan
NationalityJapanese
Alma materTokyo Institute of Technology
Known forConductive polymers
AwardsNobel Prize in Chemistry (2000)
Person of Cultural Merit (2000)
Order of Culture (2000)
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry
InstitutionsUniversity of Pennsylvania
University of Tsukuba

Early life and education edit

 
Shirakawa with Yoshirō Mori (at the Prime Minister's Official Residence on October 18, 2000)

Hideki Shirakawa was born in Tokyo, Japan, the second son of a military doctor. He had one elder and one younger brother and sister.[1] Olympic marathoner champion Naoko Takahashi is his second cousin-niece.[2] He lived in Manchukuo and Taiwan during childhood. Around third grade, he moved to Takayama, Gifu, which is the hometown of his mother.

Shirakawa graduated from Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech) with a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering in 1961, and his doctorate in 1966. Afterward, he obtained the post of assistant in Chemical Resources Laboratory at Tokyo Tech.

Career edit

 
Emperor Akihito conferred the Order of Culture on Shirakawa (at the Imperial Palace on November 3, 2000)

While employed as an assistant at Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech) in Japan, Shirakawa developed polyacetylene, which has a metallic appearance. This result interested Alan MacDiarmid when MacDiarmid visited Tokyo Tech in 1975.

In 1976, he was invited to work in the laboratory of Alan MacDiarmid as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Pennsylvania. The two developed the electrical conductivity of polyacetylene along with American physicist Alan Heeger.[3][4]

In 1977 they discovered that doping with iodine vapor could enhance the conductivity of polyacetylene. The three scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000 in recognition of the discovery. With regard to the mechanism of electric conduction, it is strongly believed that nonlinear excitations in the form of solitons play a role.

In 1979, Shirakawa became an assistant professor in the University of Tsukuba; three years later, he advanced to a full professor. In 1991 he was appointed as Tsukuba's Chief of Science and Engineering Department of Graduate School (until March, 1993), and as Tsukuba's Chief of Category #3 group (until March, 1997).

Research edit

Source:[5]

Shirakawa's research on conductive polymers can be broken down into four main categories: polyacetylene thin film synthesis, the causation of metallic conductivity due to chemical doping, the creation of conjugated (double or triple bonds in a molecule which are separated by a single bond) liquid crystalline polymers, and acetylene polymerization development that used liquid crystals as solvents.

  1. Polyacetylene Synthesis: Polyacetylene was expected to have certain properties, with insolubility making the substance difficult to work with. Dr. Shirakawa found that polyacetylene thin films can be synthesized, and with the thin films, the doctor clarified the molecular and solidified structures of polyacetylene.
  2. Creation of Metallic Conductivity: Dr. Shirakawa found that, when a trace of a halogen such as bromine or iodine is added to thin film polyacetylene, its electric conductivity increases, and it exhibits metallic conductivity. Shirakawa found that partial electron transfer between dopants and p-electrons of polyacetylene can generate metallic conductivity.
  3. Using Liquid Crystals to Develop Acetylene Polymerization: Dr. Shirakawa developed a method for the production of highly conductive polyacetylene thin films which paralleled the polymerization of acetylene. Furthermore, he succeeded in the synthesis of thin films of helical polyacetylene whose chirality is controllable.
    1. 'Chirality:[6] a property of asymmetry, meaning a molecule is distinguishable from its mirror image; that is, it cannot be superimposed onto it
  4. Creation of Conjugated Liquid Crystalline Polymers: Dr. Shirakawa created self-oriented, conjugated liquid crystalline polymers by introducing liquid crystalline groups into the side chains of p-conjugated polymers such as polyacetylene. He also macroscopically oriented the polymers with electric or magnetic fields and succeeded in having the molecules electric anisotropy.

-The general definition of electrical anisotropy describes the variation of an electrical property depending on the lateral or vertical direction (x,y,z) in which a current flows.[7]

Recognition edit

The Nobel Prize edit

Shirakawa was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with UPenn's physics professor Alan J. Heeger and chemistry professor Alan G. MacDiarmid, "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers".[10] He also became the first Japanese Nobel laureate who did not graduate from one of the National Seven Universities and the second Japanese chemistry Nobel laureate.

Over the years, Shirakawa has expressed that he does not want the Nobel Prizes to receive too much special treatment from mass media (especially the Japanese media). He hopes that many vital areas in fields outside the Nobel Prize categories will also become more widely known.[11]

Relatives edit

One of his relatives, Hitomi Yoshizawa, is a member of the singing group Morning Musume Morning Girls. He is also related to Naoko Takahashi, the women's marathon gold medalist of the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Public issues edit

On 6 December 2013, the House of Councillors (Japan) approved the bill of the State Secrecy Law. Shirakawa and physics Nobel laureate Toshihide Maskawa issued a statement saying that the law:

"threatens the pacifist principles and fundamental human rights established by the constitution and should be rejected immediately...(omitted)...Even in difficult times, protecting the freedom of the press, of thought and expression and of academic research is indispensable."[12]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Shirakawa, Hideki; 白川英樹 (2001). Kagaku ni miserarete. Iwanami Shoten. p. 156. ISBN 4-00-430709-0. OCLC 47173441.
  2. ^ "Chubu Honsha-ban". Asahi Shimbun. 2000-10-12. p. 20.
  3. ^ Shirakawa, Hideki; Louis, Edwin J.; MacDiarmid, Alan G.; Chiang, Chwan K.; Heeger, Alan J. (1977). . Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (16): 578. doi:10.1039/C39770000578. Archived from the original on September 25, 2017.
  4. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000: Alan Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa".
  5. ^ "Dr. SHIRAKAWA Hideki – University of Tsukuba". www.tsukuba.ac.jp. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  6. ^ "Chirality", Wikipedia, 2022-11-25, retrieved 2022-12-09
  7. ^ "SURAGUS Everything about electrical anisotropy measurement". www.suragus.com. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  8. ^ 会員個人情報 | 日本学士院
  9. ^ "Nobel Laureate Hideki Shirakawa Appointed as an Honorary Professor-Archives-Zhejiang University".
  10. ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000
  11. ^ Shirakawa unhappy with way Japanese media reports Nobel issues | The Japan Times
  12. ^ Updated: Over Scientists' Objections, Japan Adopts State Secrets Law | Science | AAAS

References edit

  • Biographical snapshots: Hideki Shirakawa 2012-02-08 at the Wayback Machine, Journal of Chemical Education web site.
  • Shirakawa, Hideki (2001). "The discovery of polyacetylene film". Synthetic Metals. 125: 3–10. doi:10.1016/S0379-6779(01)00507-0.
  • Shirakawa, H. (2001). "Nobel Lecture: The discovery of polyacetylene film-the dawning of an era of conducting polymers". Reviews of Modern Physics. 73 (3): 713–718. Bibcode:2001RvMP...73..713S. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.73.713.
  • Dr. Shirakawa Hideki. Dr. SHIRAKAWA Hideki - University of Tsukuba. (n.d.). Retrieved December 9, 2022, from https://www.tsukuba.ac.jp/en/about/history/nobel/shirakawa/

External links edit

  • Hideki Shirakawa on Nobelprize.org   Nobel Lecture on 8 December 2000 The Discovery of Polyacetylene Film: The Dawning of an Era of Conducting Polymers

January 01, 1970
hideki, shirakawa, 白川, 英樹, shirakawa, hideki, born, august, 1936, japanese, chemist, engineer, professor, emeritus, university, tsukuba, zhejiang, university, best, known, discovery, conductive, polymers, recipient, 2000, nobel, prize, chemistry, jointly, with. Hideki Shirakawa 白川 英樹 Shirakawa Hideki born August 20 1936 is a Japanese chemist engineer and Professor Emeritus at the University of Tsukuba and Zhejiang University He is best known for his discovery of conductive polymers He was co recipient of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with Alan MacDiarmid and Alan Heeger Hideki ShirakawaHideki Shirakawa in 2001Born 1936 08 20 August 20 1936 age 87 Tokyo JapanNationalityJapaneseAlma materTokyo Institute of TechnologyKnown forConductive polymersAwardsNobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 Person of Cultural Merit 2000 Order of Culture 2000 Scientific careerFieldsChemistryInstitutionsUniversity of PennsylvaniaUniversity of Tsukuba Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Research 4 Recognition 4 1 The Nobel Prize 5 Relatives 6 Public issues 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksEarly life and education edit nbsp Shirakawa with Yoshirō Mori at the Prime Minister s Official Residence on October 18 2000 Hideki Shirakawa was born in Tokyo Japan the second son of a military doctor He had one elder and one younger brother and sister 1 Olympic marathoner champion Naoko Takahashi is his second cousin niece 2 He lived in Manchukuo and Taiwan during childhood Around third grade he moved to Takayama Gifu which is the hometown of his mother Shirakawa graduated from Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Tech with a bachelor s degree in chemical engineering in 1961 and his doctorate in 1966 Afterward he obtained the post of assistant in Chemical Resources Laboratory at Tokyo Tech Career edit nbsp Emperor Akihito conferred the Order of Culture on Shirakawa at the Imperial Palace on November 3 2000 While employed as an assistant at Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Tech in Japan Shirakawa developed polyacetylene which has a metallic appearance This result interested Alan MacDiarmid when MacDiarmid visited Tokyo Tech in 1975 In 1976 he was invited to work in the laboratory of Alan MacDiarmid as a post doctoral fellow at the University of Pennsylvania The two developed the electrical conductivity of polyacetylene along with American physicist Alan Heeger 3 4 In 1977 they discovered that doping with iodine vapor could enhance the conductivity of polyacetylene The three scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000 in recognition of the discovery With regard to the mechanism of electric conduction it is strongly believed that nonlinear excitations in the form of solitons play a role In 1979 Shirakawa became an assistant professor in the University of Tsukuba three years later he advanced to a full professor In 1991 he was appointed as Tsukuba s Chief of Science and Engineering Department of Graduate School until March 1993 and as Tsukuba s Chief of Category 3 group until March 1997 Research editSource 5 Shirakawa s research on conductive polymers can be broken down into four main categories polyacetylene thin film synthesis the causation of metallic conductivity due to chemical doping the creation of conjugated double or triple bonds in a molecule which are separated by a single bond liquid crystalline polymers and acetylene polymerization development that used liquid crystals as solvents Polyacetylene Synthesis Polyacetylene was expected to have certain properties with insolubility making the substance difficult to work with Dr Shirakawa found that polyacetylene thin films can be synthesized and with the thin films the doctor clarified the molecular and solidified structures of polyacetylene Creation of Metallic Conductivity Dr Shirakawa found that when a trace of a halogen such as bromine or iodine is added to thin film polyacetylene its electric conductivity increases and it exhibits metallic conductivity Shirakawa found that partial electron transfer between dopants and p electrons of polyacetylene can generate metallic conductivity Using Liquid Crystals to Develop Acetylene Polymerization Dr Shirakawa developed a method for the production of highly conductive polyacetylene thin films which paralleled the polymerization of acetylene Furthermore he succeeded in the synthesis of thin films of helical polyacetylene whose chirality is controllable Chirality 6 a property of asymmetry meaning a molecule is distinguishable from its mirror image that is it cannot be superimposed onto it Creation of Conjugated Liquid Crystalline Polymers Dr Shirakawa created self oriented conjugated liquid crystalline polymers by introducing liquid crystalline groups into the side chains of p conjugated polymers such as polyacetylene He also macroscopically oriented the polymers with electric or magnetic fields and succeeded in having the molecules electric anisotropy The general definition of electrical anisotropy describes the variation of an electrical property depending on the lateral or vertical direction x y z in which a current flows 7 Recognition edit1983 The Award of the Society of Polymer Science Japan 2000 SPSJ Award for Outstanding Achievement in Polymer Science and Technology 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 Order of Culture and selected as Person of Cultural Merit 2000 Professor Emeritus of the University of Tsukuba 2001 Special Award of the Chemical Society of Japan 2001 Member of the Japan Academy 8 2006 Professor Emeritus of the Zhejiang University 9 The Nobel Prize edit Shirakawa was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with UPenn s physics professor Alan J Heeger and chemistry professor Alan G MacDiarmid for the discovery and development of conductive polymers 10 He also became the first Japanese Nobel laureate who did not graduate from one of the National Seven Universities and the second Japanese chemistry Nobel laureate Over the years Shirakawa has expressed that he does not want the Nobel Prizes to receive too much special treatment from mass media especially the Japanese media He hopes that many vital areas in fields outside the Nobel Prize categories will also become more widely known 11 Relatives editOne of his relatives Hitomi Yoshizawa is a member of the singing group Morning Musume Morning Girls He is also related to Naoko Takahashi the women s marathon gold medalist of the 2000 Summer Olympics Public issues editOn 6 December 2013 the House of Councillors Japan approved the bill of the State Secrecy Law Shirakawa and physics Nobel laureate Toshihide Maskawa issued a statement saying that the law threatens the pacifist principles and fundamental human rights established by the constitution and should be rejected immediately omitted Even in difficult times protecting the freedom of the press of thought and expression and of academic research is indispensable 12 See also edit nbsp Japan portal nbsp Biography portal nbsp Chemistry portal List of Japanese Nobel laureatesNotes edit Shirakawa Hideki 白川英樹 2001 Kagaku ni miserarete Iwanami Shoten p 156 ISBN 4 00 430709 0 OCLC 47173441 Chubu Honsha ban Asahi Shimbun 2000 10 12 p 20 Shirakawa Hideki Louis Edwin J MacDiarmid Alan G Chiang Chwan K Heeger Alan J 1977 Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers Halogen derivatives of polyacetylene CH x Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Communications 16 578 doi 10 1039 C39770000578 Archived from the original on September 25 2017 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 Alan Heeger Alan G MacDiarmid Hideki Shirakawa Dr SHIRAKAWA Hideki University of Tsukuba www tsukuba ac jp Retrieved 2022 12 09 Chirality Wikipedia 2022 11 25 retrieved 2022 12 09 SURAGUS Everything about electrical anisotropy measurement www suragus com Retrieved 2022 12 09 会員個人情報 日本学士院 Nobel Laureate Hideki Shirakawa Appointed as an Honorary Professor Archives Zhejiang University The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 Shirakawa unhappy with way Japanese media reports Nobel issues The Japan Times Updated Over Scientists Objections Japan Adopts State Secrets Law Science AAASReferences editBiographical snapshots Hideki Shirakawa Archived 2012 02 08 at the Wayback Machine Journal of Chemical Education web site Shirakawa Hideki 2001 The discovery of polyacetylene film Synthetic Metals 125 3 10 doi 10 1016 S0379 6779 01 00507 0 Shirakawa H 2001 Nobel Lecture The discovery of polyacetylene film the dawning of an era of conducting polymers Reviews of Modern Physics 73 3 713 718 Bibcode 2001RvMP 73 713S doi 10 1103 RevModPhys 73 713 Dr Shirakawa Hideki Dr SHIRAKAWA Hideki University of Tsukuba n d Retrieved December 9 2022 from https www tsukuba ac jp en about history nobel shirakawa External links editHideki Shirakawa on Nobelprize org nbsp Nobel Lecture on 8 December 2000 The Discovery of Polyacetylene Film The Dawning of an Era of Conducting Polymers Official Homepage in Japanese Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hideki Shirakawa amp oldid 1219224910, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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