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Paul J. Crutzen

Paul Jozef Crutzen (Dutch pronunciation: [pʌul ˈjoːzəf ˈkrʏtsə(n)]; 3 December 1933 – 28 January 2021)[2][3] was a Dutch meteorologist and atmospheric chemist.[4][5][6] He and Mario Molina and Frank Sherwood Rowland were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 for their work on atmospheric chemistry and specifically for his efforts in studying the formation and decomposition of atmospheric ozone. In addition to studying the ozone layer and climate change, he popularized the term Anthropocene to describe a proposed new epoch in the Quaternary period when human actions have a drastic effect on the Earth. He was also amongst the first few scientists to introduce the idea of a nuclear winter to describe the potential climatic effects stemming from large-scale atmospheric pollution including smoke from forest fires, industrial exhausts, and other sources like oil fires.

Paul J. Crutzen
Crutzen in 2010
Born
Paul Jozef Crutzen

(1933-12-03)3 December 1933
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Died28 January 2021(2021-01-28) (aged 87)
Mainz, Germany
Alma materUniversity of Stockholm
Known for
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
ThesisDetermination of parameters appearing in the "dry" and the "wet" photochemical theories for ozone in the stratosphere. (1968)
Doctoral advisor
Doctoral students
Websitewww.mpic.de/3864489/paul-crutzen

He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and an elected foreign member of the Royal Society in the United Kingdom.[7]

Early life and education edit

Crutzen was born in Amsterdam, the son of Anna (Gurk) and Josef Crutzen.[8] In September 1940, the same year Germany invaded The Netherlands, Crutzen entered his first year of elementary school. After many delays and school switches caused by events in the war, Crutzen graduated from elementary school and moved onto "Hogere Burgerschool" (Higher Citizens School) in 1946, where he became fluent in French, English, and German. Along with languages he also focused on natural sciences in this school, from which he graduated in 1951. After this he studied Civil Engineering at a technical school, completed his military service, and married. In 1958, he moved his young family to Gävle.[9]

Research and career edit

Crutzen conducted research primarily in atmospheric chemistry.[10][11][12][13][14][15] He is best known for his research on ozone depletion. In 1970[16] he pointed out that emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a stable, long-lived gas produced by soil bacteria, from the Earth's surface could affect the amount of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere. Crutzen showed that nitrous oxide lives long enough to reach the stratosphere, where it is converted into NO. Crutzen then noted that increasing use of fertilizers might have led to an increase in nitrous oxide emissions over the natural background, which would in turn result in an increase in the amount of NO in the stratosphere. Thus human activity could affect the stratospheric ozone layer. In the following year, Crutzen and (independently) Harold Johnston suggested that NO emissions from the fleet of, then proposed, supersonic transport (SST) airliners (a few hundred Boeing 2707s), which would fly in the lower stratosphere, could also deplete the ozone layer; however more recent analysis has disputed this as a large concern.[17]

He listed his main research interests as "Stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry, and their role in the biogeochemical cycles and climate".[18] From 1980, he worked at the Department of Atmospheric Chemistry at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,[19] in Mainz, Germany; the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego;[20] and at Seoul National University,[21] South Korea. He was also a long-time adjunct professor at Georgia Institute of Technology and research professor at the department of meteorology at Stockholm University, Sweden.[22] From 1997 to 2002 he was professor of aeronomy at the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Utrecht University.[23]

He co-signed a letter from over 70 Nobel laureate scientists to the Louisiana Legislature supporting the repeal of that U.S. state's creationism law, the Louisiana Science Education Act.[24] In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.[25]

As of 2021, Crutzen has an h-index of 151 according to Google Scholar[26] and of 110 according to Scopus.[27]

Anthropocene edit

One of Crutzen's research interests was the Anthropocene.[28][29] In 2000, in IGBP Newsletter 41, Crutzen and Eugene F. Stoermer, to emphasize the central role of mankind in geology and ecology, proposed using the term anthropocene for the current geological epoch. In regard to its start, they said:

To assign a more specific date to the onset of the "anthropocene" seems somewhat arbitrary, but we propose the latter part of the 18th century, although we are aware that alternative proposals can be made (some may even want to include the entire holocene). However, we choose this date because, during the past two centuries, the global effects of human activities have become clearly noticeable. This is the period when data retrieved from glacial ice cores show the beginning of a growth in the atmospheric concentrations of several "greenhouse gases", in particular CO2 and CH4. Such a starting date also coincides with James Watt's invention of the steam engine in 1784.[30]

Geoengineering (Climate intervention) edit

Steve Connor, Science Editor of The Independent, wrote that Crutzen believes that political attempts to limit man-made greenhouse gases are so pitiful that a radical contingency plan is needed. In a polemical scientific essay that was published in the August 2006 issue of the journal Climatic Change, he says that an "escape route" is needed if global warming begins to run out of control.[31]

Crutzen advocated for climate engineering solutions, including artificially cooling the global climate by releasing particles of sulphur in the upper atmosphere, along with other particles at lower atmospheric levels, which would reflect sunlight and heat back into space. If this artificial cooling method actually were to work, it would reduce some of the effects of the accumulation of green house gas emissions caused by human activity, potentially extending the planet's integrity and livability.[32]

In January 2008, Crutzen published findings that the release of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in the production of biofuels means that they contribute more to global warming than the fossil fuels they replace.[33]

Nuclear winter edit

Crutzen was also a leader in promoting the theory of nuclear winter. Together with John W. Birks he wrote the first publication introducing the subject: The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon (1982).[34] They theorized the potential climatic effects of the large amounts of sooty smoke from fires in the forests and in urban and industrial centers and oil storage facilities, which would reach the middle and higher troposphere. They concluded that absorption of sunlight by the black smoke could lead to darkness and strong cooling at the earth's surface, and a heating of the atmosphere at higher elevations, thus creating atypical meteorological and climatic conditions which would jeopardize agricultural production for a large part of the human population.[35]

In a Baltimore Sun newspaper article printed in January 1991, along with his nuclear winter colleagues, Crutzen hypothesized that the climatic effects of the Kuwait oil fires would result in "significant" nuclear winter-like effects; continental-sized effects of sub-freezing temperatures.[36]

Awards and honours edit

Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, and F. Sherwood Rowland were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone".[4] Some of Crutzen's others honours include the below:

Personal life edit

In 1956 Crutzen met Terttu Soininen, whom he married a few years later in February 1958. In December of the same year, the couple had a daughter by the name of Ilona. In March 1964, the couple had another daughter, Sylvia.[4]

Crutzen died aged 87 on 28 January 2021.[44]

References edit

  1. ^ a b . London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015.
  2. ^ "Paul Crutzen, who shared Nobel for ozone work, has died". AP NEWS. 28 January 2021.
  3. ^ Benner, Susanne, Ph.D. (29 January 2021). "Max Planck Institute for Chemistry mourns the loss of Nobel Laureate Paul Crutzen". idw-online.de.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b c "Paul J. Crutzen – Facts". NobelPrize.org. from the original on 5 December 2018.
  5. ^ "Paul J. Crutzen – Curriculum Vitae". NobelPrize.org. from the original on 18 October 2020.
  6. ^ An Interview – Paul Crutzen talks to Harry Kroto Freeview video by the Vega Science Trust.
  7. ^ Müller, Rolf (2022). "Paul Jozef Crutzen. 3 December 1933 – 28 January 2021". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 72: 127–156. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2022.0011. S2CID 251743974.
  8. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995".
  9. ^ "Paul J. Crutzen: The engineer and the ozone hole". ESA.int. 29 May 2007. from the original on 30 December 2020.
  10. ^ Ramanathan, V.; Crutzen, P.J.; Kiehl, J.T.; Rosenfeld, D. (2001). "Aerosols, Climate, and the Hydrological Cycle". Science. 294 (5549): 2119–2124. Bibcode:2001Sci...294.2119R. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.521.1770. doi:10.1126/science.1064034. PMID 11739947. S2CID 18328444.
  11. ^ Ramanathan, V.; Crutzen, P.J.; Lelieveld, J.; Mitra, A.P.; Althausen, D.; et al. (2001). "Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (D22): 28, 371–28, 398. Bibcode:2001JGR...10628371R. doi:10.1029/2001JD900133.
  12. ^ Andreae, M.O.; Crutzen, P.J. (1997). "Atmospheric Aerosols: Biogeochemical Sources and Role in Atmospheric Chemistry". Science. 276 (5315): 1052–1058. doi:10.1126/science.276.5315.1052.
  13. ^ Dentener, F.J.; Carmichael, G.R.; Zhang, Y.; Lelieveld, J.; Crutzen, P.J. (1996). "Role of mineral aerosol as a reactive surface in the global troposphere". Journal of Geophysical Research. 101 (D17): 22, 869–22, 889. Bibcode:1996JGR...10122869D. doi:10.1029/96jd01818.
  14. ^ Crutzen, P.J.; Andreae, M.O. (1990). "Biomass Burning in the Tropics: Impact on Atmospheric Chemistry and Biogeochemical Cycles". Science. 250 (4988): 1669–1678. Bibcode:1990Sci...250.1669C. doi:10.1126/science.250.4988.1669. PMID 17734705. S2CID 22162901.
  15. ^ Crutzen, P.J.; Birks, J.W. (1982). "The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon". Ambio. 11 (2/3): 114–125. JSTOR 4312777.
  16. ^ Crutzen, P.J. (1970). (PDF). Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 96 (408): 320–325. doi:10.1002/qj.49709640815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  17. ^ Bekman, Stas. "24 Will commercial supersonic aircraft damage the ozone layer?". stason.org.
  18. ^ . Mpch-mainz.mpg.de. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
  19. ^ . Atmosphere.mpg.de. Archived from the original on 8 November 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
  20. ^ "Obituary Notice, Paul Crutzen, 1933–2021". Scripps Institution of Oceanography. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  21. ^ Choi, Naeun (10 November 2008). . Useoul.edu. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
  22. ^ Keisel, Greg (17 November 1995). . The Technique. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
  23. ^ "Catalogus Professorum – Prof Detail". profs.library.uu.nl. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  24. ^ "repealcreationism.com | 522: Connection timed out". www.repealcreationism.com.
  25. ^ "Notable Signers". Humanism and Its Aspirations. American Humanist Association. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  26. ^ Paul J. Crutzen publications indexed by Google Scholar  
  27. ^ "Scopus preview – Crutzen, Paul J. – Author details – Scopus". www.scopus.com. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  28. ^ Zalasiewicz, Jan; Williams, Mark; Steffen, Will; Crutzen, Paul (2010). "The New World of the Anthropocene1". Environmental Science & Technology. 44 (7): 2228–2231. Bibcode:2010EnST...44.2228Z. doi:10.1021/es903118j. hdl:1885/36498. PMID 20184359.
  29. ^ Steffen, W.; Grinevald, J.; Crutzen, P.; McNeill, J. (2011). "The Anthropocene: conceptual and historical perspectives". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 369 (1938): 842–867. Bibcode:2011RSPTA.369..842S. doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0327. ISSN 1364-503X. PMID 21282150.
  30. ^ "Opinion: Have we entered the "Anthropocene"?". IGBP.net. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  31. ^ Steve Connor (31 July 2006). . The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
  32. ^ Crutzen, Paul J. (August 2006). "Albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfur injections: a contribution to resolve a policy dilemma?". Climatic Change. 77 (3–4): 211–219. Bibcode:2006ClCh...77..211C. doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9101-y.
  33. ^ Crutzen, P. J.; Mosier, A. R.; Smith, K. A.; Winiwarter, W (2008). "N2O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels" (PDF). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8 (2): 389–395. Bibcode:2008ACP.....8..389C. doi:10.5194/acp-8-389-2008.
  34. ^ Paul J. Crutzen and John W. Birks: The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon Ambio, 1982 (abstract)
  35. ^ Gribbin, John; Butler, Paul (3 March 1990). "Science: A nuclear winter would 'devastate' Australia". NewScientist.com. from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  36. ^ Roylance, Frank D. (23 January 1991). "Burning oil wells could be disaster, Sagan says". baltimoresun.com.
  37. ^ a b c d e "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  38. ^ "Past Laureates". Tyler Prize.
  39. ^ . Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015.
  40. ^ "Krutzen P .. – General information" (in Russian). Russian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  41. ^ "APS Member History".
  42. ^ Honorary members – website of the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society
  43. ^ "Paul J. Crutzen (1933–2021) :: ChemViews Magazine :: ChemistryViews". www.chemistryviews.org. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  44. ^ "The Max Planck Institute for Chemistry mourns the loss of its former director and Nobel Laureate Paul J. Crutzen". Max Planck Institute for Chemistry. 28 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.

External links edit

  • Paul J. Crutzen on Nobelprize.org   including the Nobel Lecture, 8 December 1995 My Life with O3, NOx and Other YZOxs
  • Memoirs Paul Jozef Crutzen. 3 December 1933—28 January 2021 auf The Royal Society Publishing (englisch)

paul, crutzen, paul, jozef, crutzen, dutch, pronunciation, pʌul, ˈjoːzəf, ˈkrʏtsə, december, 1933, january, 2021, dutch, meteorologist, atmospheric, chemist, mario, molina, frank, sherwood, rowland, were, awarded, nobel, prize, chemistry, 1995, their, work, at. Paul Jozef Crutzen Dutch pronunciation pʌul ˈjoːzef ˈkrʏtse n 3 December 1933 28 January 2021 2 3 was a Dutch meteorologist and atmospheric chemist 4 5 6 He and Mario Molina and Frank Sherwood Rowland were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 for their work on atmospheric chemistry and specifically for his efforts in studying the formation and decomposition of atmospheric ozone In addition to studying the ozone layer and climate change he popularized the term Anthropocene to describe a proposed new epoch in the Quaternary period when human actions have a drastic effect on the Earth He was also amongst the first few scientists to introduce the idea of a nuclear winter to describe the potential climatic effects stemming from large scale atmospheric pollution including smoke from forest fires industrial exhausts and other sources like oil fires Paul J CrutzenCrutzen in 2010BornPaul Jozef Crutzen 1933 12 03 3 December 1933Amsterdam NetherlandsDied28 January 2021 2021 01 28 aged 87 Mainz GermanyAlma materUniversity of StockholmKnown forResearch on ozone holeAnthropocene termAwardsTyler Prize for Environmental Achievement 1989 Volvo Environment Prize 1991 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995 ForMemRS 2006 1 Lomonosov Gold Medal 2019 Scientific careerFieldsChemistryphysicsInstitutionsUniversity of StockholmNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA Colorado State UniversityMax Planck Institute for ChemistryScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of ChicagoThesisDetermination of parameters appearing in the dry and the wet photochemical theories for ozone in the stratosphere 1968 Doctoral advisorBert BolinGeorg WittDoctoral studentsJohannes LelieveldDeliang ChenWebsitewww wbr mpic wbr de wbr 3864489 wbr paul crutzenHe was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and an elected foreign member of the Royal Society in the United Kingdom 7 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Research and career 2 1 Anthropocene 2 2 Geoengineering Climate intervention 2 3 Nuclear winter 3 Awards and honours 4 Personal life 5 References 6 External linksEarly life and education editCrutzen was born in Amsterdam the son of Anna Gurk and Josef Crutzen 8 In September 1940 the same year Germany invaded The Netherlands Crutzen entered his first year of elementary school After many delays and school switches caused by events in the war Crutzen graduated from elementary school and moved onto Hogere Burgerschool Higher Citizens School in 1946 where he became fluent in French English and German Along with languages he also focused on natural sciences in this school from which he graduated in 1951 After this he studied Civil Engineering at a technical school completed his military service and married In 1958 he moved his young family to Gavle 9 Research and career editCrutzen conducted research primarily in atmospheric chemistry 10 11 12 13 14 15 He is best known for his research on ozone depletion In 1970 16 he pointed out that emissions of nitrous oxide N2O a stable long lived gas produced by soil bacteria from the Earth s surface could affect the amount of nitric oxide NO in the stratosphere Crutzen showed that nitrous oxide lives long enough to reach the stratosphere where it is converted into NO Crutzen then noted that increasing use of fertilizers might have led to an increase in nitrous oxide emissions over the natural background which would in turn result in an increase in the amount of NO in the stratosphere Thus human activity could affect the stratospheric ozone layer In the following year Crutzen and independently Harold Johnston suggested that NO emissions from the fleet of then proposed supersonic transport SST airliners a few hundred Boeing 2707s which would fly in the lower stratosphere could also deplete the ozone layer however more recent analysis has disputed this as a large concern 17 He listed his main research interests as Stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry and their role in the biogeochemical cycles and climate 18 From 1980 he worked at the Department of Atmospheric Chemistry at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry 19 in Mainz Germany the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego 20 and at Seoul National University 21 South Korea He was also a long time adjunct professor at Georgia Institute of Technology and research professor at the department of meteorology at Stockholm University Sweden 22 From 1997 to 2002 he was professor of aeronomy at the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Utrecht University 23 He co signed a letter from over 70 Nobel laureate scientists to the Louisiana Legislature supporting the repeal of that U S state s creationism law the Louisiana Science Education Act 24 In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto 25 As of 2021 update Crutzen has an h index of 151 according to Google Scholar 26 and of 110 according to Scopus 27 Anthropocene edit Main article Anthropocene One of Crutzen s research interests was the Anthropocene 28 29 In 2000 in IGBP Newsletter 41 Crutzen and Eugene F Stoermer to emphasize the central role of mankind in geology and ecology proposed using the term anthropocene for the current geological epoch In regard to its start they said To assign a more specific date to the onset of the anthropocene seems somewhat arbitrary but we propose the latter part of the 18th century although we are aware that alternative proposals can be made some may even want to include the entire holocene However we choose this date because during the past two centuries the global effects of human activities have become clearly noticeable This is the period when data retrieved from glacial ice cores show the beginning of a growth in the atmospheric concentrations of several greenhouse gases in particular CO2 and CH4 Such a starting date also coincides with James Watt s invention of the steam engine in 1784 30 Geoengineering Climate intervention edit Steve Connor Science Editor of The Independent wrote that Crutzen believes that political attempts to limit man made greenhouse gases are so pitiful that a radical contingency plan is needed In a polemical scientific essay that was published in the August 2006 issue of the journal Climatic Change he says that an escape route is needed if global warming begins to run out of control 31 Crutzen advocated for climate engineering solutions including artificially cooling the global climate by releasing particles of sulphur in the upper atmosphere along with other particles at lower atmospheric levels which would reflect sunlight and heat back into space If this artificial cooling method actually were to work it would reduce some of the effects of the accumulation of green house gas emissions caused by human activity potentially extending the planet s integrity and livability 32 In January 2008 Crutzen published findings that the release of nitrous oxide N2O emissions in the production of biofuels means that they contribute more to global warming than the fossil fuels they replace 33 Nuclear winter edit Crutzen was also a leader in promoting the theory of nuclear winter Together with John W Birks he wrote the first publication introducing the subject The atmosphere after a nuclear war Twilight at noon 1982 34 They theorized the potential climatic effects of the large amounts of sooty smoke from fires in the forests and in urban and industrial centers and oil storage facilities which would reach the middle and higher troposphere They concluded that absorption of sunlight by the black smoke could lead to darkness and strong cooling at the earth s surface and a heating of the atmosphere at higher elevations thus creating atypical meteorological and climatic conditions which would jeopardize agricultural production for a large part of the human population 35 In a Baltimore Sun newspaper article printed in January 1991 along with his nuclear winter colleagues Crutzen hypothesized that the climatic effects of the Kuwait oil fires would result in significant nuclear winter like effects continental sized effects of sub freezing temperatures 36 Awards and honours editCrutzen Mario J Molina and F Sherwood Rowland were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 for their work in atmospheric chemistry particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone 4 Some of Crutzen s others honours include the below 1976 Outstanding Publication Award Environmental Research Laboratories National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 37 1984 Rolex Discover Scientist of the Year 37 1985 Recipient of the Leo Szilard Award for Physics in the Publics Interest of the American Physical Society 37 1986 Elected as a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union 37 1989 Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement 38 1990 Corresponding Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 39 1995 Recipient of the Global Ozone Award for Outstanding Contribution for the Protection of the Ozone Layer by United Nations Environment Programme 37 1999 Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences 40 2006 Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ForMemRS 1 2007 International Member of the American Philosophical Society 41 2017 Honorary Member of the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society 42 2019 Lomonosov Gold Medal 43 Personal life editIn 1956 Crutzen met Terttu Soininen whom he married a few years later in February 1958 In December of the same year the couple had a daughter by the name of Ilona In March 1964 the couple had another daughter Sylvia 4 Crutzen died aged 87 on 28 January 2021 44 References edit a b Professor Paul Crutzen ForMemRS Foreign Member London Royal Society Archived from the original on 5 October 2015 Paul Crutzen who shared Nobel for ozone work has died AP NEWS 28 January 2021 Benner Susanne Ph D 29 January 2021 Max Planck Institute for Chemistry mourns the loss of Nobel Laureate Paul Crutzen idw online de a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c Paul J Crutzen Facts NobelPrize org Archived from the original on 5 December 2018 Paul J Crutzen Curriculum Vitae NobelPrize org Archived from the original on 18 October 2020 An Interview Paul Crutzen talks to Harry Kroto Freeview video by the Vega Science Trust Muller Rolf 2022 Paul Jozef Crutzen 3 December 1933 28 January 2021 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 72 127 156 doi 10 1098 rsbm 2022 0011 S2CID 251743974 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995 Paul J Crutzen The engineer and the ozone hole ESA int 29 May 2007 Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T Rosenfeld D 2001 Aerosols Climate and the Hydrological Cycle Science 294 5549 2119 2124 Bibcode 2001Sci 294 2119R CiteSeerX 10 1 1 521 1770 doi 10 1126 science 1064034 PMID 11739947 S2CID 18328444 Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Lelieveld J Mitra A P Althausen D et al 2001 Indian Ocean Experiment An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo Asian haze PDF Journal of Geophysical Research 106 D22 28 371 28 398 Bibcode 2001JGR 10628371R doi 10 1029 2001JD900133 Andreae M O Crutzen P J 1997 Atmospheric Aerosols Biogeochemical Sources and Role in Atmospheric Chemistry Science 276 5315 1052 1058 doi 10 1126 science 276 5315 1052 Dentener F J Carmichael G R Zhang Y Lelieveld J Crutzen P J 1996 Role of mineral aerosol as a reactive surface in the global troposphere Journal of Geophysical Research 101 D17 22 869 22 889 Bibcode 1996JGR 10122869D doi 10 1029 96jd01818 Crutzen P J Andreae M O 1990 Biomass Burning in the Tropics Impact on Atmospheric Chemistry and Biogeochemical Cycles Science 250 4988 1669 1678 Bibcode 1990Sci 250 1669C doi 10 1126 science 250 4988 1669 PMID 17734705 S2CID 22162901 Crutzen P J Birks J W 1982 The atmosphere after a nuclear war Twilight at noon Ambio 11 2 3 114 125 JSTOR 4312777 Crutzen P J 1970 The influence of nitrogen oxides on the atmospheric content PDF Q J R Meteorol Soc 96 408 320 325 doi 10 1002 qj 49709640815 Archived from the original PDF on 9 August 2017 Retrieved 29 April 2017 Bekman Stas 24 Will commercial supersonic aircraft damage the ozone layer stason org Scientific Interest of Prof Dr Paul J Crutzen Mpch mainz mpg de Archived from the original on 14 October 2008 Retrieved 27 October 2008 Atmospheric Chemistry Start Page Atmosphere mpg de Archived from the original on 8 November 2008 Retrieved 27 October 2008 Obituary Notice Paul Crutzen 1933 2021 Scripps Institution of Oceanography 29 January 2021 Retrieved 3 February 2021 Choi Naeun 10 November 2008 Nobel Prize Winner Paul Crutzen Appointed as SNU Professor Useoul edu Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 Retrieved 26 December 2008 Keisel Greg 17 November 1995 Nobel Prize winner at Tech The Technique Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 Retrieved 22 May 2007 Catalogus Professorum Prof Detail profs library uu nl Retrieved 29 January 2021 repealcreationism com 522 Connection timed out www repealcreationism com Notable Signers Humanism and Its Aspirations American Humanist Association Retrieved 1 October 2012 Paul J Crutzen publications indexed by Google Scholar nbsp Scopus preview Crutzen Paul J Author details Scopus www scopus com Retrieved 15 October 2021 Zalasiewicz Jan Williams Mark Steffen Will Crutzen Paul 2010 The New World of the Anthropocene1 Environmental Science amp Technology 44 7 2228 2231 Bibcode 2010EnST 44 2228Z doi 10 1021 es903118j hdl 1885 36498 PMID 20184359 Steffen W Grinevald J Crutzen P McNeill J 2011 The Anthropocene conceptual and historical perspectives Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences 369 1938 842 867 Bibcode 2011RSPTA 369 842S doi 10 1098 rsta 2010 0327 ISSN 1364 503X PMID 21282150 Opinion Have we entered the Anthropocene IGBP net Retrieved 24 December 2016 Steve Connor 31 July 2006 Scientist publishes escape route from global warming The Independent London Archived from the original on 23 July 2008 Retrieved 27 October 2008 Crutzen Paul J August 2006 Albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfur injections a contribution to resolve a policy dilemma Climatic Change 77 3 4 211 219 Bibcode 2006ClCh 77 211C doi 10 1007 s10584 006 9101 y Crutzen P J Mosier A R Smith K A Winiwarter W 2008 N2O release from agro biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels PDF Atmos Chem Phys 8 2 389 395 Bibcode 2008ACP 8 389C doi 10 5194 acp 8 389 2008 Paul J Crutzen and John W Birks The atmosphere after a nuclear war Twilight at noon Ambio 1982 abstract Gribbin John Butler Paul 3 March 1990 Science A nuclear winter would devastate Australia NewScientist com Archived from the original on 13 April 2016 Retrieved 28 January 2021 Roylance Frank D 23 January 1991 Burning oil wells could be disaster Sagan says baltimoresun com a b c d e The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995 NobelPrize org Retrieved 31 January 2021 Past Laureates Tyler Prize P J Crutzen Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Archived from the original on 21 July 2015 Krutzen P General information in Russian Russian Academy of Sciences Retrieved 1 February 2021 APS Member History Honorary members website of the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society Paul J Crutzen 1933 2021 ChemViews Magazine ChemistryViews www chemistryviews org 29 January 2021 Retrieved 31 January 2021 The Max Planck Institute for Chemistry mourns the loss of its former director and Nobel Laureate Paul J Crutzen Max Planck Institute for Chemistry 28 January 2021 Retrieved 1 February 2021 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul Crutzen nbsp Scholia has a profile for Paul Josef Crutzen Q135139 Paul J Crutzen on Nobelprize org nbsp including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 1995 My Life with O3 NOx and Other YZOxs Memoirs Paul Jozef Crutzen 3 December 1933 28 January 2021 auf The Royal Society Publishing englisch Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Paul J Crutzen amp oldid 1188887100, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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