fbpx
Wikipedia

Donald J. Cram

January 01, 1970

Donald James Cram (April 22, 1919 – June 17, 2001) was an American chemist who shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity." They were the founders of the field of host–guest chemistry.

Donald James Cram
BornApril 22, 1919
Chester, Vermont
DiedJune 17, 2001 (aged 82)
Palm Desert, California[1]
NationalityAmerican
Alma materRollins College (BS)
University of Nebraska (MS)
Harvard University (PhD)
Known forCram's rule
Host–guest chemistry
phenonium ions
paracyclophanes
AwardsNobel Prize in Chemistry (1987)
Glenn T. Seaborg Medal (1989)
National Medal of Science (1993)
Guggenheim fellowship (1955)
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry
InstitutionsUCLA, Merck & Co, MIT
Theses
  • Amino ketones, mechanism studies of the reactions of heterocyclic secondary amines with -bromo-, -unsaturated ketones.  (1942)
  • Syntheses and reactions of 2-(ketoalkyl)-3-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinones (1947)
Doctoral advisorLouis Fieser
Doctoral studentsM. Frederick Hawthorne
Norman L. Allinger

Early life and education edit

Cram was born[2] and raised in Chester, Vermont, to a Scottish immigrant father, and a German immigrant mother. His father died before Cram turned four, leaving him the only male in a family of five. He grew up on Aid to Dependent Children, and learned to work at an early age, doing jobs such as picking fruit, tossing newspapers, and painting houses, while bartering for piano lessons. By the time he turned eighteen, he had worked at least eighteen different jobs.[3]

Cram attended the Winwood High School in Long Island, N.Y.[4] From 1938 to 1941, he attended Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida on a national honorary scholarship, where he worked as an assistant in the chemistry department, and was active in theater, chapel choir, Lambda Chi Alpha, Phi Society, and Zeta Alpha Epsilon. It was at Rollins that he became known for building his own chemistry equipment. In 1941, he graduated from Rollins College with a BS in chemistry.[3]

In 1942, he graduated from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln with a MS in organic chemistry,[2] with Norman O. Cromwell serving as his thesis adviser. His subject was "Amino ketones, mechanism studies of the reactions of heterocyclic secondary amines with -bromo-, -unsaturated ketones."[5]

In 1947, Cram graduated from Harvard University with a PhD in organic chemistry,[2] with Louis Fieser serving as the adviser on his dissertation on "Syntheses and reactions of 2-(ketoalkyl)-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones"[6]

Career edit

From 1942 to 1945, Cram worked in chemical research at Merck & Co laboratories, doing penicillin research with mentor Max Tishler.[3] Postdoctoral work was as an American Chemical Society postdoctoral fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with John D. Roberts. Cram was the originator of Cram's rule, which provides a model for predicting the outcome of nucleophilic attack of carbonyl compounds.[7] He published over 350 research papers and eight books on organic chemistry, and taught graduate and post-doctoral students from 21 different countries.[3]

Research edit

 
Crystal structure of a nitrobenzene bound within a hemicarcerand reported by Cram and coworkers[8]

Cram expanded upon Charles Pedersen's ground-breaking synthesis of crown ethers, two-dimensional organic compounds that are able to recognize and selectively combine with the ions of certain metal elements. He synthesized molecules that took this chemistry into three dimensions, creating an array of differently shaped molecules that could interact selectively with other chemicals because of their complementary three-dimensional structures. Cram's work represented a large step toward the synthesis of functional laboratory-made mimics of enzymes and other natural molecules whose special chemical behavior is due to their characteristic structure. He also did work in stereochemistry and Cram's rule of asymmetric induction is named after him.

In 1973, Cram collaborated on research with Irish chemist Francis Leslie Scott.

Professor edit

Cram was named an assistant professor at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1947, and a professor in 1955. He served there until his retirement in 1987. He was a popular teacher, having instructed some 8,000 undergraduates in his career and guided the academic output of 200 graduate students. He entertained his classes by strumming his guitar and singing folk songs.[2] He showed a self-deprecating style, saying at one time:

An investigator starts research in a new field with faith, a foggy idea, and a few wild experiments. Eventually the interplay of negative and positive results guides the work. By the time the research is completed, he or she knows how it should have been started and conducted.[9]

Bibliography edit

Technical Reports:

Books:

  1. Cram, Donald J.; Jane M. Cram (1994). Container Molecules and their Guests. Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 223 pp. ISBN 978-0-85404-507-5.
  2. Cram, Donald J. (1990). From Design to Discovery. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. pp. 146pp.
  3. Cram, Jane M.; Donald J. Cram (1978). The Essence of Organic Chemistry. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. pp. 456pp.
  4. Hendrickson, James B.; Donald J. Cram; George S. Hammond (1970). Organic Chemistry. Reading, Massachusetts: McGraw-Hill. pp. 1279pp. 3rd ed.
  5. Richards, John; Don Cram; George S. Hammond (1967). Elements of organic chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 444pp. LCCN 66024479.
  6. Cram, Donald J. (1965). Fundamentals of Carbanion Chemistry. New York: Academic Press. pp. 289pp.
  7. Cram, Donald J.; George S. Hammond (1964). Organic Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 846pp. 2nd ed.
  8. Cram, Donald J.; George S. Hammond (1959). Organic Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 712pp. 1st ed.

Awards and honors edit

Personal life edit

Cram once admitted that his career wasn't without sacrifice. His first wife was Rollins classmate, Jean Turner, who also graduated in 1941, and went on to receive a master's degree in social work from Columbia University. His second wife, Jane, is a former chemistry professor at Mount Holyoke College. Cram chose not to have any children, "because I would either be a bad father or a bad scientist."[3]

Cram died of cancer in 2001, at the age of 82.[2]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Donald J. Cram on Nobelprize.org  
  2. ^ a b c d e f (Press release). University of California. 2001-06-19. Archived from the original on 2008-06-17.
  3. ^ a b c d e f . Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
  4. ^ James, Laylin K. (1994). Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 1901–1992. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society and Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 146pp. ISBN 978-0-8412-2459-9.
  5. ^ . Archived from the original on 2020-02-18. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
  6. ^ Harvard Library Hollis
  7. ^ Studies in Stereochemistry. X. The Rule of "Steric Control of Asymmetric Induction" in the Syntheses of Acyclic Systems Donald J. Cram, Fathy Ahmed Abd Elhafez J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1952; 74(23); 5828–5835. Abstract
  8. ^ Juyoung Yoon; Carolyn B. Knobler; Emily F. Maverick; Donald J. Cram (1997). "Dissymmetric new hemicarcerands containing four bridges of different lengths". Chem. Commun. (14): 1303–1304. doi:10.1039/a701187c.
  9. ^ "Donald Cram Quotes".
  10. ^ National Science Foundation – The President's National Medal of Science
  11. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.

External links edit

  • Nobel Prize Donald Cram autobiography
  • Harlan Lebo and Stuart Wolpert, UCLA News, "Donald Cram, Nobel Laureate and UCLA Chemist, Dies at 82,'" undated.
  • Donald Cram quotations from the BrainyQuote Web site.

January 01, 1970
donald, cram, donald, james, cram, april, 1919, june, 2001, american, chemist, shared, 1987, nobel, prize, chemistry, with, jean, marie, lehn, charles, pedersen, their, development, molecules, with, structure, specific, interactions, high, selectivity, they, w. Donald James Cram April 22 1919 June 17 2001 was an American chemist who shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Jean Marie Lehn and Charles J Pedersen for their development and use of molecules with structure specific interactions of high selectivity They were the founders of the field of host guest chemistry Donald James CramBornApril 22 1919Chester VermontDiedJune 17 2001 aged 82 Palm Desert California 1 NationalityAmericanAlma materRollins College BS University of Nebraska MS Harvard University PhD Known forCram s ruleHost guest chemistryphenonium ionsparacyclophanesAwardsNobel Prize in Chemistry 1987 Glenn T Seaborg Medal 1989 National Medal of Science 1993 Guggenheim fellowship 1955 Scientific careerFieldsChemistryInstitutionsUCLA Merck amp Co MITThesesAmino ketones mechanism studies of the reactions of heterocyclic secondary amines with bromo unsaturated ketones 1942 Syntheses and reactions of 2 ketoalkyl 3 hydroxy 1 4 naphthoquinones 1947 Doctoral advisorLouis FieserDoctoral studentsM Frederick HawthorneNorman L Allinger Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2 1 Research 2 2 Professor 2 3 Bibliography 2 4 Awards and honors 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External linksEarly life and education editCram was born 2 and raised in Chester Vermont to a Scottish immigrant father and a German immigrant mother His father died before Cram turned four leaving him the only male in a family of five He grew up on Aid to Dependent Children and learned to work at an early age doing jobs such as picking fruit tossing newspapers and painting houses while bartering for piano lessons By the time he turned eighteen he had worked at least eighteen different jobs 3 Cram attended the Winwood High School in Long Island N Y 4 From 1938 to 1941 he attended Rollins College in Winter Park Florida on a national honorary scholarship where he worked as an assistant in the chemistry department and was active in theater chapel choir Lambda Chi Alpha Phi Society and Zeta Alpha Epsilon It was at Rollins that he became known for building his own chemistry equipment In 1941 he graduated from Rollins College with a BS in chemistry 3 In 1942 he graduated from the University of Nebraska Lincoln with a MS in organic chemistry 2 with Norman O Cromwell serving as his thesis adviser His subject was Amino ketones mechanism studies of the reactions of heterocyclic secondary amines with bromo unsaturated ketones 5 In 1947 Cram graduated from Harvard University with a PhD in organic chemistry 2 with Louis Fieser serving as the adviser on his dissertation on Syntheses and reactions of 2 ketoalkyl 3 hydroxy 1 4 naphthoquinones 6 Career editFrom 1942 to 1945 Cram worked in chemical research at Merck amp Co laboratories doing penicillin research with mentor Max Tishler 3 Postdoctoral work was as an American Chemical Society postdoctoral fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with John D Roberts Cram was the originator of Cram s rule which provides a model for predicting the outcome of nucleophilic attack of carbonyl compounds 7 He published over 350 research papers and eight books on organic chemistry and taught graduate and post doctoral students from 21 different countries 3 Research edit nbsp Crystal structure of a nitrobenzene bound within a hemicarcerand reported by Cram and coworkers 8 Cram expanded upon Charles Pedersen s ground breaking synthesis of crown ethers two dimensional organic compounds that are able to recognize and selectively combine with the ions of certain metal elements He synthesized molecules that took this chemistry into three dimensions creating an array of differently shaped molecules that could interact selectively with other chemicals because of their complementary three dimensional structures Cram s work represented a large step toward the synthesis of functional laboratory made mimics of enzymes and other natural molecules whose special chemical behavior is due to their characteristic structure He also did work in stereochemistry and Cram s rule of asymmetric induction is named after him In 1973 Cram collaborated on research with Irish chemist Francis Leslie Scott Professor edit Cram was named an assistant professor at the University of California Los Angeles in 1947 and a professor in 1955 He served there until his retirement in 1987 He was a popular teacher having instructed some 8 000 undergraduates in his career and guided the academic output of 200 graduate students He entertained his classes by strumming his guitar and singing folk songs 2 He showed a self deprecating style saying at one time An investigator starts research in a new field with faith a foggy idea and a few wild experiments Eventually the interplay of negative and positive results guides the work By the time the research is completed he or she knows how it should have been started and conducted 9 Bibliography edit Technical Reports Multiheteromacrocycles that Complex Metal Ions Second Progress Report 1 May 1975 30 April 1976 UCLA United States Department of Energy through predecessor agency the U S Energy Research and Development Administration January 15 1976 Multiheteromacrocycles that Complex Metal Ions Fourth Progress Report 1 May 1977 30 April 1978 UCLA United States Department of Energy through predecessor agency the U S Energy Research and Development Administration January 15 1978 Multiheteromacrocycles that Complex Metal Ions Sixth Progress Report 1 May 1979 30 April 1980 UCLA United States Department of Energy January 15 1980 Multiheteromacrocycles that Complex Metal Ions Ninth Progress Report includes results of last three years 1 May 1980 30 April 1983 UCLA United States Department of Energy September 15 1982 Books Cram Donald J Jane M Cram 1994 Container Molecules and their Guests Great Britain Royal Society of Chemistry pp 223 pp ISBN 978 0 85404 507 5 Cram Donald J 1990 From Design to Discovery Washington DC American Chemical Society pp 146pp Cram Jane M Donald J Cram 1978 The Essence of Organic Chemistry Reading Massachusetts Addison Wesley pp 456pp Hendrickson James B Donald J Cram George S Hammond 1970 Organic Chemistry Reading Massachusetts McGraw Hill pp 1279pp 3rd ed Richards John Don Cram George S Hammond 1967 Elements of organic chemistry New York McGraw Hill pp 444pp LCCN 66024479 Cram Donald J 1965 Fundamentals of Carbanion Chemistry New York Academic Press pp 289pp Cram Donald J George S Hammond 1964 Organic Chemistry New York McGraw Hill pp 846pp 2nd ed Cram Donald J George S Hammond 1959 Organic Chemistry New York McGraw Hill pp 712pp 1st ed Awards and honors edit NAS Award in Chemical Sciences Saul Winstein Endowed Chair in Organic Chemistry National Medal of Science 1993 10 International Academy of Science Munich member Glenn T Seaborg Medal 1989 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 1988 11 ACS Southern California Tolman Award 1984 ACS Chicago Section Willard Gibbs Award 1985 ACS Cope Award for Distinguished Achievement in Organic Chemistry 1974 American Academy of Arts and Sciences member 1967 American Chemical Society Award for Creative Work in Synthetic Organic Chemistry 1965 National Academy of Sciences member 1961 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1 2 3 Personal life editCram once admitted that his career wasn t without sacrifice His first wife was Rollins classmate Jean Turner who also graduated in 1941 and went on to receive a master s degree in social work from Columbia University His second wife Jane is a former chemistry professor at Mount Holyoke College Cram chose not to have any children because I would either be a bad father or a bad scientist 3 Cram died of cancer in 2001 at the age of 82 2 References edit a b Donald J Cram on Nobelprize org nbsp a b c d e f Donald Cram Nobel Laureate and UCLA Chemist Dies at 82 Press release University of California 2001 06 19 Archived from the original on 2008 06 17 a b c d e f Donald J Cram Ph D A 1941 Rollins College Chemistry Alumnus and winner of the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Archived from the original on 2011 07 20 Retrieved 2010 09 25 James Laylin K 1994 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 1901 1992 Washington DC American Chemical Society and Chemical Heritage Foundation pp 146pp ISBN 978 0 8412 2459 9 University of Nebraska Research Library entry Archived from the original on 2020 02 18 Retrieved 2008 10 10 Harvard Library Hollis Studies in Stereochemistry X The Rule of Steric Control of Asymmetric Induction in the Syntheses of Acyclic Systems Donald J Cram Fathy Ahmed Abd Elhafez J Am Chem Soc 1952 74 23 5828 5835 Abstract Juyoung Yoon Carolyn B Knobler Emily F Maverick Donald J Cram 1997 Dissymmetric new hemicarcerands containing four bridges of different lengths Chem Commun 14 1303 1304 doi 10 1039 a701187c Donald Cram Quotes National Science Foundation The President s National Medal of Science Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement www achievement org American Academy of Achievement External links editNobel Prize Donald Cram autobiography Rollins College Biography Donald Cram A Life in Pictures UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry A tribute in pictures and collected speeches Harlan Lebo and Stuart Wolpert UCLA News Donald Cram Nobel Laureate and UCLA Chemist Dies at 82 undated University of California in memoriam Donald Cram quotations from the BrainyQuote Web site Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Donald J Cram amp oldid 1217694577, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.