The third of seven children, van 't Hoff was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands, 30 August 1852. His father was Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Sr., a physician, and his mother was Alida Kolff van 't Hoff.[10] From a young age, he was interested in science and nature, and frequently took part in botanical excursions. In his early school years, he showed a strong interest in poetry and philosophy. He considered Lord Byron to be his idol.
In 1878, van 't Hoff married Johanna Francina Mees. They had two daughters, Johanna Francina (1880–1964) and Aleida Jacoba (1882–1971), and two sons, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff III (1883–1943) and Govert Jacob (1889–1918). Van 't Hoff died at the age of 58, on 1 March 1911, at Steglitz, near Berlin, of tuberculosis.
Van 't Hoff earned his earliest reputation in the field of organic chemistry. In 1874, he accounted for the phenomenon of optical activity by assuming that the chemical bonds between carbonatoms and their neighbors were directed towards the corners of a regular tetrahedron.[15][16] This three-dimensional structure accounted for the isomers found in nature. He shares credit for this with the French chemist Joseph Le Bel, who independently came up with the same idea.
Three months before his doctoral degree was awarded, van 't Hoff published this theory, which today is regarded as the foundation of stereochemistry, first in a Dutch pamphlet in the fall of 1874, and then in the following May in a small French book entitled La chimie dans l'espace. A German translation appeared in 1877, at a time when the only job van 't Hoff could find was at the Veterinary School in Utrecht. In these early years his theory was largely ignored by the scientific community, and was sharply criticized by one prominent chemist, Hermann Kolbe. Kolbe wrote:
"A Dr. J. H. van 't Hoff of the Veterinary School at Utrecht has no liking, apparently, for exact chemical investigation. He has considered it more convenient to mount Pegasus (apparently borrowed from the Veterinary School) and to proclaim in his ‘La chimie dans l’espace’ how, in his bold flight to the top of the chemical Parnassus, the atoms appeared to him to be arranged in cosmic space."
However, by about 1880, support for van 't Hoff's theory by such important chemists as Johannes Wislicenus and Viktor Meyer brought recognition.
Physical chemistryEdit
In 1884, van 't Hoff published his research on chemical kinetics, titled Études de Dynamique chimique ("Studies in Chemical Dynamics"), in which he described a new method for determining the order of a reaction using graphics and applied the laws of thermodynamics to chemical equilibria. He also introduced the modern concept of chemical affinity. In 1886, he showed a similarity between the behaviour of dilute solutions and gases. In 1887, he and German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald founded an influential scientific magazine named Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie ("Journal of Physical Chemistry"). He worked on Svante Arrhenius's theory of the dissociation of electrolytes and in 1889 provided physical justification for the Arrhenius equation. In 1896, he became a professor at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. His studies of the salt deposits at Stassfurt were an important contribution to Prussia's chemical industry.
Van 't Hoff became a lecturer in chemistry and physics at the Veterinary College in Utrecht. He then worked as a professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology at the University of Amsterdam for almost 18 years before eventually becoming the chairman of the chemistry department. In 1896, van 't Hoff moved to Germany, where he finished his career at the University of Berlin in 1911. In 1901, he received the first Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work with solutions. His work showed that very dilute solutions follow mathematical laws that closely resemble the laws describing the behavior of gases.
^Nobel Lecture Osmotic Pressure and Chemical Equilibrium from Nobelprize.org website
^Grandin, Karl (ed.). "Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Biography". Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
^La Chemie dans l'Espace, Bazendijk: Rotterdam, 1875
^Meijer, E. W. (2001). "Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff; Hundred Years of Impact on Stereochemistry in the Netherlands". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 40 (20): 3783–3789. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20011015)40:20<3783::AID-ANIE3783>3.0.CO;2-J. PMID 11668534.
^Spek, Trienke M. van der (2006). "Selling a Theory: The Role of Molecular Models in J. H. van 't Hoff's Stereochemistry Theory". Annals of Science. 63 (2): 157. doi:10.1080/00033790500480816. S2CID 218636163.
^Kreuzfeld, HJ; Hateley, MJ. (1999). "125 years of enantiomers: back to the roots Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff 1852–1911". Enantiomer. 4 (6): 491–6. PMID 10672458.
^ abH.A.M., Snelders (1993). De geschiedenis van de scheikunde in Nederland. Deel 1: Van alchemie tot chemie en chemische industrie rond 1900. Delftse Universitaire Pers.
^ abCordfunke, E. H. P. (2001). Een romantisch geleerde: Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1852–1911). Vossiuspers UvA.
^ abCohen, E. (1899). Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann.
^*Van 't Hoff (3 September 1874) Voorstel tot Uitbreiding der Tegenwoordige in de Scheikunde gebruikte Structuurformules in de Ruimte, benevens een daarmee samenhangende Opmerking omtrent het Verband tusschen Optisch Actief Vermogen en chemische Constitutie van Organische Verbindingen (Proposal for the Extension of Current Chemical Structural Formulas into Space, together with Related Observation on the Connection between Optically Active Power and the Chemical Constitution of Organic Compounds) [pamphlet published by the author]. Available in English at: ChemTeam.
Reprinted in French in: J.H. van 't Hoff (1874) "Sur les formules de structure dans l'espace," Archives neerlandaises des sciences exactes et naturelles, 9:445–454.
^Planar Methane – Periodic Table of Videos. YouTube. Retrieved on 30 December 2015.
^"Jacobus Hendrik van 't Hoff (1852–1911)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
^"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
^"Jacobus Hendrik van 't Hoff". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
^"WGSBN Bulletin Archive". Working Group Small Body Nomenclature. 14 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021. (Bulletin #1)
Further readingEdit
Patrick Coffey, Cathedrals of Science: The Personalities and Rivalries That Made Modern Chemistry, Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN978-0-19-532134-0
Hornix WJ, Mannaerts SHWM, Van 't Hoff and the emergence of Chemical Thermodynamics, Delft University Press, 2001, ISBN90-407-2259-5
Works by or about Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff at Wikisource
External linksEdit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacobus van 't Hoff.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff.
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, 13 December 1901 Osmotic Pressure and Chemical Equilibrium
October 21, 2023
jacobus, henricus, hoff, this, dutch, name, surname, hoff, jacobus, henricus, henry, hoff, dutch, vɑn, ˈɦɔf, august, 1852, march, 1911, dutch, physical, chemist, highly, influential, theoretical, chemist, time, hoff, first, winner, nobel, prize, chemistry, pio. In this Dutch name the surname is Van t Hoff Jacobus Henricus Henry van t Hoff Jr Dutch vɑn e t ˈɦɔf 30 August 1852 1 March 1911 was a Dutch physical chemist A highly influential theoretical chemist of his time van t Hoff was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 3 4 5 His pioneering work helped found the modern theory of chemical affinity chemical equilibrium chemical kinetics and chemical thermodynamics In his 1874 pamphlet van t Hoff formulated the theory of the tetrahedral carbon atom and laid the foundations of stereochemistry In 1875 he predicted the correct structures of allenes and cumulenes as well as their axial chirality 6 He is also widely considered one of the founders of physical chemistry as the discipline is known today 7 8 9 Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff Jr Van t Hoff by Nicola Perscheid in 1904Born 1852 08 30 30 August 1852Rotterdam NetherlandsDied1 March 1911 1911 03 01 aged 58 Steglitz Berlin German EmpireNationalityDutchAlma materDelft University of Technology University of Leiden University of Bonn University of Paris University of UtrechtKnown forOne of the founders of stereochemistry and physical chemistry Modern concept of chemical affinity Predicting the structure of tetrahedral carbon atom asymmetric carbon Predicting the existence of chiral allenes Stereoisomerism Chemical thermodynamics Chemical kinetics Chemical equilibrium Osmotic pressure Van t Hoff equation Van t Hoff factor Le Bel Van t Hoff ruleAwardsDavy Medal 1893 Pour le Merite 1895 ForMemRS 1897 1 Nobel Prize for Chemistry 1901 Helmholtz Medal 1911 Scientific careerFieldsPhysical chemistryOrganic chemistryTheoretical chemistryInstitutionsVeterinary College in Utrecht University of Amsterdam University of BerlinDoctoral advisorEduard Mulder 2 Doctoral studentsErnst CohenOther notable studentsFrederick G Donnan Contents 1 Biography 2 Career 2 1 Organic chemistry 2 2 Physical chemistry 3 Honours and awards 4 Works 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksBiography EditThe third of seven children van t Hoff was born in Rotterdam Netherlands 30 August 1852 His father was Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff Sr a physician and his mother was Alida Kolff van t Hoff 10 From a young age he was interested in science and nature and frequently took part in botanical excursions In his early school years he showed a strong interest in poetry and philosophy He considered Lord Byron to be his idol Against the wishes of his father van t Hoff chose to study chemistry First he enrolled at Delft University of Technology in September 1869 and studied until 1871 when he passed his final exam on 8 July and obtained a degree of chemical technologist 11 12 13 He passed all his courses in two years although the time assigned to study was three years 11 12 13 Then he enrolled at University of Leiden to study chemistry He then studied in Bonn Germany with August Kekule and in Paris with Adolphe Wurtz He received his doctorate under Eduard Mulder at the University of Utrecht in 1874 14 In 1878 van t Hoff married Johanna Francina Mees They had two daughters Johanna Francina 1880 1964 and Aleida Jacoba 1882 1971 and two sons Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff III 1883 1943 and Govert Jacob 1889 1918 Van t Hoff died at the age of 58 on 1 March 1911 at Steglitz near Berlin of tuberculosis Career EditThis section includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations August 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Van t Hoff in the 1900sOrganic chemistry Edit Van t Hoff earned his earliest reputation in the field of organic chemistry In 1874 he accounted for the phenomenon of optical activity by assuming that the chemical bonds between carbon atoms and their neighbors were directed towards the corners of a regular tetrahedron 15 16 This three dimensional structure accounted for the isomers found in nature He shares credit for this with the French chemist Joseph Le Bel who independently came up with the same idea Three months before his doctoral degree was awarded van t Hoff published this theory which today is regarded as the foundation of stereochemistry first in a Dutch pamphlet in the fall of 1874 and then in the following May in a small French book entitled La chimie dans l espace A German translation appeared in 1877 at a time when the only job van t Hoff could find was at the Veterinary School in Utrecht In these early years his theory was largely ignored by the scientific community and was sharply criticized by one prominent chemist Hermann Kolbe Kolbe wrote A Dr J H van t Hoff of the Veterinary School at Utrecht has no liking apparently for exact chemical investigation He has considered it more convenient to mount Pegasus apparently borrowed from the Veterinary School and to proclaim in his La chimie dans l espace how in his bold flight to the top of the chemical Parnassus the atoms appeared to him to be arranged in cosmic space However by about 1880 support for van t Hoff s theory by such important chemists as Johannes Wislicenus and Viktor Meyer brought recognition Physical chemistry Edit In 1884 van t Hoff published his research on chemical kinetics titled Etudes de Dynamique chimique Studies in Chemical Dynamics in which he described a new method for determining the order of a reaction using graphics and applied the laws of thermodynamics to chemical equilibria He also introduced the modern concept of chemical affinity In 1886 he showed a similarity between the behaviour of dilute solutions and gases In 1887 he and German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald founded an influential scientific magazine named Zeitschrift fur physikalische Chemie Journal of Physical Chemistry He worked on Svante Arrhenius s theory of the dissociation of electrolytes and in 1889 provided physical justification for the Arrhenius equation In 1896 he became a professor at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin His studies of the salt deposits at Stassfurt were an important contribution to Prussia s chemical industry nbsp J H van t Hoff with Wilhelm Ostwald right Van t Hoff became a lecturer in chemistry and physics at the Veterinary College in Utrecht He then worked as a professor of chemistry mineralogy and geology at the University of Amsterdam for almost 18 years before eventually becoming the chairman of the chemistry department In 1896 van t Hoff moved to Germany where he finished his career at the University of Berlin in 1911 In 1901 he received the first Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work with solutions His work showed that very dilute solutions follow mathematical laws that closely resemble the laws describing the behavior of gases Honours and awards EditIn 1885 van t Hoff was appointed as a Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 17 In 1904 he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society 18 Other distinctions include honorary doctorates from Harvard and Yale 1901 Victoria University the University of Manchester 1903 and University of Heidelberg 1908 He was awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society in 1893 along with Le Bel and elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ForMemRS in 1897 He was awarded the Helmholtz Medal of the Prussian Academy of Sciences 1911 and appointed Knight of the French Legion of Honour 1894 and Senator in the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft 1911 Van t Hoff became an Honorary Member of the British Chemical Society in London the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 1892 American Chemical Society 1898 the Academie des Sciences in Paris 1905 and the Netherlands Chemical Society 1908 Of his numerous distinctions van t Hoff regarded winning the first Nobel Prize in Chemistry as the culmination of his career 19 The following are named after him citation needed Van t Hoff factor Van t Hoff equation Le Bel Van t Hoff ruleOn 14 May 2021 asteroid 34978 van t Hoff discovered by astronomers with the Palomar Leiden survey in 1977 was named in his memory 20 Works EditChimie dans l espace in German Braunschweig Vieweg und Sohn 1894 Chemische Dynamik in German Braunschweig Vieweg und Sohn 1898 Chemische Statik in German Braunschweig Vieweg und Sohn 1899 Beziehungen zwischen Eigenschaften und Zusammensetzung in German Braunschweig Vieweg und Sohn 1900 Foundations of the theory of dilute solutions Edinburgh Alembic Club 1929 References Edit Fellows of the Royal Society London Royal Society Archived from the original on 16 March 2015 Ramberg Peter J 2017 Chemical Structure Spatial Arrangement The Early History of Stereochemistry 1874 1914 Routledge ISBN 9781351952453 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 van t Hoff Jacobus Hendricus Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press Nobel Lecture Osmotic Pressure and Chemical Equilibrium from Nobelprize org website Grandin Karl ed Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff Biography Les Prix Nobel The Nobel Foundation Retrieved 15 August 2008 La Chemie dans l Espace Bazendijk Rotterdam 1875 Meijer E W 2001 Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff Hundred Years of Impact on Stereochemistry in the Netherlands Angewandte Chemie International Edition 40 20 3783 3789 doi 10 1002 1521 3773 20011015 40 20 lt 3783 AID ANIE3783 gt 3 0 CO 2 J PMID 11668534 Spek Trienke M van der 2006 Selling a Theory The Role of Molecular Models in J H van t Hoff s Stereochemistry Theory Annals of Science 63 2 157 doi 10 1080 00033790500480816 S2CID 218636163 Kreuzfeld HJ Hateley MJ 1999 125 years of enantiomers back to the roots Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff 1852 1911 Enantiomer 4 6 491 6 PMID 10672458 Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff on Nobelprize org nbsp a b H A M Snelders 1993 De geschiedenis van de scheikunde in Nederland Deel 1 Van alchemie tot chemie en chemische industrie rond 1900 Delftse Universitaire Pers a b Cordfunke E H P 2001 Een romantisch geleerde Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff 1852 1911 Vossiuspers UvA a b Cohen E 1899 Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann Entry in Digital Album Promotorum Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine of Utrecht University Van t Hoff 3 September 1874 Voorstel tot Uitbreiding der Tegenwoordige in de Scheikunde gebruikte Structuurformules in de Ruimte benevens een daarmee samenhangende Opmerking omtrent het Verband tusschen Optisch Actief Vermogen en chemische Constitutie van Organische Verbindingen Proposal for the Extension of Current Chemical Structural Formulas into Space together with Related Observation on the Connection between Optically Active Power and the Chemical Constitution of Organic Compounds pamphlet published by the author Available in English at ChemTeam Reprinted in French in J H van t Hoff 1874 Sur les formules de structure dans l espace Archives neerlandaises des sciences exactes et naturelles 9 445 454 Planar Methane Periodic Table of Videos YouTube Retrieved on 30 December 2015 Jacobus Hendrik van t Hoff 1852 1911 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Retrieved 17 July 2015 APS Member History search amphilsoc org Retrieved 28 June 2021 Jacobus Hendrik van t Hoff NobelPrize org Retrieved 1 September 2019 WGSBN Bulletin Archive Working Group Small Body Nomenclature 14 May 2021 Retrieved 16 May 2021 Bulletin 1 Further reading EditPatrick Coffey Cathedrals of Science The Personalities and Rivalries That Made Modern Chemistry Oxford University Press 2008 ISBN 978 0 19 532134 0 Hornix WJ Mannaerts SHWM Van t Hoff and the emergence of Chemical Thermodynamics Delft University Press 2001 ISBN 90 407 2259 5 nbsp Works by or about Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff at WikisourceExternal links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacobus van t Hoff nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff Works by Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff at Biodiversity Heritage Library nbsp Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff on Nobelprize org nbsp including the Nobel Lecture 13 December 1901 Osmotic Pressure and Chemical Equilibrium Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jacobus Henricus van 27t Hoff amp oldid 1165969647, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
