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Libertarianism

January 13, 2023

"Libertarians" redirects here. For political parties that may go by this name, see List of libertarian political parties.
Not to be confused with Liberalism.
For other uses, see Libertarianism (disambiguation).

Libertarianism (from French: libertaire, "libertarian"; from Latin: libertas, "freedom") is a political philosophy that upholds liberty as a core value.[1][2] Libertarians seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom, and minimize the state's encroachment on and violations of individual liberties; emphasizing the rule of law, pluralism, cosmopolitanism, cooperation, civil and political rights, bodily autonomy, free association, free trade, freedom of expression, freedom of choice, freedom of movement, individualism and voluntary association.[1][2][3] Libertarians are often skeptical of or opposed to authority, state power, warfare, militarism and nationalism, but some libertarians diverge on the scope of their opposition to existing economic and political systems. Various schools of Libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and private power, often calling for the restriction or dissolution of coercive social institutions. Different categorizations have been used to distinguish various forms of Libertarianism.[2][4][5] Scholars distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital, usually along left–right or socialist–capitalist lines.[6] Libertarians of various schools were influenced by liberal ideas.[7]

Libertarianism originated as a form of left-wing politics such as anti-authoritarian and anti-state socialists like anarchists,[8] especially social anarchists,[9] but more generally libertarian communists/Marxists and libertarian socialists.[10][11] These libertarians seek to abolish capitalism and private ownership of the means of production, or else to restrict their purview or effects to usufruct property norms, in favor of common or cooperative ownership and management, viewing private property as a barrier to freedom and liberty.[16] While all libertarians support some level of individual rights, left-libertarians differ by supporting an egalitarian redistribution of natural resources.[17] Left-libertarian[23] ideologies include anarchist schools of thought, alongside many other anti-paternalist and New Left schools of thought centered around economic egalitarianism as well as geolibertarianism, green politics, market-oriented left-libertarianism and the Steiner–Vallentyne school.[27] Around the turn of the 21st century, libertarian socialism grew in popularity and influence as part of the anti-war, anti-capitalist and anti-globalisation movements.[28]

In the mid-20th century, American right-libertarian[31] proponents of anarcho-capitalism and minarchism co-opted[10] the term libertarian to advocate laissez-faire capitalism and strong private property rights such as in land, infrastructure and natural resources.[32] The latter is the dominant form of libertarianism in the United States.[30] This new form of libertarianism was a revival of classical liberalism in the United States,[33][page needed] which occurred due to American liberals embracing progressivism and economic interventionism in the early 20th century after the Great Depression and with the New Deal.[34] Since the 1970s, right-libertarianism has spread beyond the United States,[35] with right-libertarian parties being established in the United Kingdom,[36] Israel,[37][38][39][40] and South Africa.[41] Minarchists advocate for night-watchman states which maintain only those functions of government necessary to safeguard natural rights, understood in terms of self-ownership or autonomy,[42] while anarcho-capitalists advocate for the replacement of all state institutions with private institutions.[43]

Other forms of libertarianism include libertarian paternalism,[44] which advocates for a society "in which the state and other institutions are allowed to Nudge people to make decisions that serve their own long-term interests." while allowing them "to opt out";[45] neo-libertarianism, which combines "the libertarian's moral commitment to negative liberty with a procedure that selects principles for restricting liberty on the basis of a unanimous agreement in which everyone's particular interests receive a fair hearing";[46] and libertarian populism, which combines libertarian and populist politics, opposing "big government" while also opposing "other large, centralized institutions".[47]

Overview

Etymology

 
17 August 1860 edition of Le Libertaire, Journal du mouvement social, a libertarian communist publication in New York City

The first recorded use of the term libertarian was in 1789, when William Belsham wrote about libertarianism in the context of metaphysics.[48] As early as 1796, libertarian came to mean an advocate or defender of liberty, especially in the political and social spheres, when the London Packet printed on 12 February the following: "Lately marched out of the Prison at Bristol, 450 of the French Libertarians".[49] It was again used in a political sense in 1802 in a short piece critiquing a poem by "the author of Gebir" and has since been used with this meaning.[50][51][52]

The use of the term libertarian to describe a new set of political positions has been traced to the French cognate libertaire, coined in a letter French libertarian communist Joseph Déjacque wrote to mutualist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in 1857.[53][54][55] Déjacque also used the term for his anarchist publication Le Libertaire, Journal du mouvement social (Libertarian: Journal of Social Movement) which was printed from 9 June 1858 to 4 February 1861 in New York City.[56][57] Sébastien Faure, another French libertarian communist, began publishing a new Le Libertaire in the mid-1890s while France's Third Republic enacted the so-called villainous laws (lois scélérates) which banned anarchist publications in France. Libertarianism has frequently been used to refer to anarchism and libertarian socialism since this time.[58][59][60]

In the United States, libertarian was popularized by the individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker around the late 1870s and early 1880s.[61] Libertarianism as a synonym for liberalism was popularized in May 1955 by writer Dean Russell, a colleague of Leonard Read and a classical liberal himself. Russell justified the choice of the term as follows:

Many of us call ourselves "liberals." And it is true that the word "liberal" once described persons who respected the individual and feared the use of mass compulsions. But the leftists have now corrupted that once-proud term to identify themselves and their program of more government ownership of property and more controls over persons. As a result, those of us who believe in freedom must explain that when we call ourselves liberals, we mean liberals in the uncorrupted classical sense. At best, this is awkward and subject to misunderstanding. Here is a suggestion: Let those of us who love liberty trade-mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word "libertarian."[62][63][64]

Subsequently, a growing number of Americans with classical liberal beliefs began to describe themselves as libertarians. One person responsible for popularizing the term libertarian in this sense was Murray Rothbard, who started publishing libertarian works in the 1960s.[65] Rothbard described this modern use of the words overtly as a "capture" from his enemies, writing that "for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over".[10]

In the 1970s, Robert Nozick was responsible for popularizing this usage of the term in academic and philosophical circles outside the United States,[30][66][67] especially with the publication of Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), a response to social liberal John Rawls's A Theory of Justice (1971).[68] In the book, Nozick proposed a minimal state on the grounds that it was an inevitable phenomenon which could arise without violating individual rights.[69]

According to common United States meanings of conservative and liberal, libertarianism in the United States has been described as conservative on economic issues (economic liberalism and fiscal conservatism) and liberal on personal freedom (civil libertarianism and cultural liberalism).[70] It is also often associated with a foreign policy of non-interventionism.[71][72]

Definition

 
A Political compass as used by The Political Compass, with purple depicted as the Libertarian Party's usual quadrant.[73]
Main article: Definition of anarchism and libertarianism

Although libertarianism originated as a form of left-wing politics,[26][74] the development in the mid-20th century of modern libertarianism in the United States resulted in libertarianism being commonly associated with right-wing politics. It also resulted in several authors and political scientists using two or more categorizations[4][5][17] to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital, usually along left–right or socialist–capitalist lines.[6] Right-libertarians reject the label due to its association with conservatism and right-wing politics, calling themselves simply libertarians, while proponents of free-market anti-capitalism in the United States consciously label themselves as left-libertarians and see themselves as being part of a broad libertarian left.[26][74]

While the term libertarian has been largely synonymous with anarchism as part of the left,[11][75] continuing today as part of the libertarian left in opposition to the moderate left such as social democracy or authoritarian and statist socialism, its meaning has more recently diluted with wider adoption from ideologically disparate groups,[11] including the right.[19][29] As a term, libertarian can include both the New Left Marxists (who do not associate with a vanguard party) and extreme liberals (primarily concerned with civil liberties) or civil libertarians. Additionally, some libertarians use the term libertarian socialist to avoid anarchism's negative connotations and emphasize its connections with socialism.[11][76]

The revival of free-market ideologies during the mid- to late 20th century came with disagreement over what to call the movement. While many of its adherents prefer the term libertarian, many conservative libertarians reject the term's association with the 1960s New Left and its connotations of libertine hedonism.[77] The movement is divided over the use of conservatism as an alternative.[78] Those who seek both economic and social liberty would be known as liberals, but that term developed associations opposite of the limited government, low-taxation, minimal state advocated by the movement.[79] Name variants of the free-market revival movement include classical liberalism, economic liberalism, free-market liberalism and neoliberalism.[77] As a term, libertarian or economic libertarian has the most colloquial acceptance to describe a member of the movement, with the latter term being based on both the ideology's primacy of economics and its distinction from libertarians of the New Left.[78]

While both historical libertarianism and contemporary economic libertarianism share general antipathy towards power by government authority, the latter exempts power wielded through free-market capitalism. Historically, libertarians including Herbert Spencer and Max Stirner supported the protection of an individual's freedom from powers of government and private ownership.[80] In contrast, while condemning governmental encroachment on personal liberties, modern American libertarians support freedoms on the basis of their agreement with private property rights.[81] The abolishment of public amenities is a common theme in modern American libertarian writings.[82]

According to modern American libertarian Walter Block, left-libertarians and right-libertarians agree with certain libertarian premises, but "where [they] differ is in terms of the logical implications of these founding axioms".[83] Although several modern American libertarians reject the political spectrum, especially the left–right political spectrum,[84][85][86][87][88] several strands of libertarianism in the United States and right-libertarianism have been described as being right-wing,[89] New Right[90][91] or radical right[92][93] and reactionary.[94] While some American libertarians such as Walter Block,[83] Harry Browne,[86] Tibor Machan,[88] Justin Raimondo,[87] Leonard Read[85] and Murray Rothbard[84] deny any association with either the left or right, other American libertarians such as Kevin Carson,[26] Karl Hess,[95] and Roderick T. Long[96] have written about libertarianism's left-wing opposition to authoritarian rule and argued that libertarianism is fundamentally a left-wing position. Rothbard himself previously made the same point.[97]

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy defines libertarianism as the moral view that agents initially fully own themselves and have certain moral powers to acquire property rights in external things.[17] Libertarian historian George Woodcock defines libertarianism as the philosophy that fundamentally doubts authority and advocates transforming society by reform or revolution.[98] Libertarian philosopher Roderick T. Long defines libertarianism as "any political position that advocates a radical redistribution of power from the coercive state to voluntary associations of free individuals", whether "voluntary association" takes the form of the free market or of communal co-operatives.[99] According to the American Libertarian Party, libertarianism is the advocacy of a government that is funded voluntarily and limited to protecting individuals from coercion and violence.[100]

Philosophy

According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP), "What it means to be a 'libertarian' in a political sense is a contentious issue, especially among libertarians themselves."[101] Nevertheless, all libertarians begin with a conception of personal autonomy from which they argue in favor of civil liberties and a reduction or elimination of the state.[1] People described as being left-libertarian or right-libertarian generally tend to call themselves simply libertarians and refer to their philosophy as libertarianism. As a result, some political scientists and writers classify the forms of libertarianism into two or more groups[4][5] to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital.[6][15] In the United States, proponents of free-market anti-capitalism consciously label themselves as left-libertarians and see themselves as being part of a broad libertarian left.[26][74]

Left-libertarianism[19][20][22] encompasses those libertarian beliefs that claim the Earth's natural resources belong to everyone in an egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively.[18][21][24][25][30] Contemporary left-libertarians such as Hillel Steiner, Peter Vallentyne, Philippe Van Parijs, Michael Otsuka and David Ellerman believe the appropriation of land must leave "enough and as good" for others or be taxed by society to compensate for the exclusionary effects of private property.[18][25] Socialist libertarians[12][13][14][15] such as social and individualist anarchists, libertarian Marxists, council communists, Luxemburgists and De Leonists promote usufruct and socialist economic theories, including communism, collectivism, syndicalism and mutualism.[24][26] They criticize the state for being the defender of private property and believe capitalism entails wage slavery.[12][13][14]

Right-libertarianism[19][22][29][30] developed in the United States in the mid-20th century from the works of European writers like John Locke, Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig Von Mises and is the most popular conception of libertarianism in the United States today.[30][66] Commonly referred to as a continuation or radicalization of classical liberalism,[102][103] the most important of these early right-libertarian philosophers was Robert Nozick.[30][66][69] While sharing left-libertarians' advocacy for social freedom, right-libertarians value the social institutions that enforce conditions of capitalism while rejecting institutions that function in opposition to these on the grounds that such interventions represent unnecessary coercion of individuals and abrogation of their economic freedom.[104] Anarcho-capitalists[22][29] seek the elimination of the state in favor of privately funded security services while minarchists defend night-watchman states which maintain only those functions of government necessary to safeguard natural rights, understood in terms of self-ownership or autonomy.[42]

Libertarian paternalism[44] is a position advocated in the international bestseller Nudge by two American scholars, namely the economist Richard Thaler and the jurist Cass Sunstein.[105] In the book Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman provides the brief summary: "Thaler and Sunstein advocate a position of libertarian paternalism, in which the state and other institutions are allowed to Nudge people to make decisions that serve their own long-term interests. The designation of joining a pension plan as the default option is an example of a nudge. It is difficult to argue that anyone's freedom is diminished by being automatically enrolled in the plan, when they merely have to check a box to opt out".[45] Nudge is considered an important piece of literature in behavioral economics.[45]

Neo-libertarianism combines "the libertarian's moral commitment to negative liberty with a procedure that selects principles for restricting liberty on the basis of a unanimous agreement in which everyone's particular interests receive a fair hearing".[46] Neo-libertarianism has its roots at least as far back as 1980, when it was first described by the American philosopher James Sterba of the University of Notre Dame. Sterba observed that libertarianism advocates for a government that does no more than protection against force, fraud, theft, enforcement of contracts and other negative liberties as contrasted with positive liberties by Isaiah Berlin.[106] Sterba contrasted this with the older libertarian ideal of a night watchman state, or minarchism. Sterba held that it is "obviously impossible for everyone in society to be guaranteed complete liberty as defined by this ideal: after all, people's actual wants as well as their conceivable wants can come into serious conflict. [...] [I]t is also impossible for everyone in society to be completely free from the interference of other persons".[107] In 2013, Sterna wrote that "I shall show that moral commitment to an ideal of 'negative' liberty, which does not lead to a night-watchman state, but instead requires sufficient government to provide each person in society with the relatively high minimum of liberty that persons using Rawls' decision procedure would select. The political program actually justified by an ideal of negative liberty I shall call Neo-Libertarianism".[108]

Libertarian populism combines libertarian and populist politics. According to Jesse Walker, writing in the libertarian magazine Reason, libertarian populists oppose "big government" while also opposing "other large, centralized institutions" and advocate "tak[ing] an axe to the thicket of corporate subsidies, favors, and bailouts, clearing our way to an economy where businesses that can't make money serving customers don't have the option of wringing profits from the taxpayers instead."[47]

Non-aggression principle

Pro-private property libertarians espouse the non-aggression principle, which is the concept that a person or organization cannot use force or coercion on an individual or someone else's property to achieve their objectives. Under this principle you can defend yourself using force but you can not initiate force upon someone else. If force is initiated by someone the state will get involved to protect life, liberty, and property. The government therefore has a monopoly of force and violence and if it should exist at any capacity, it would be only to protect society from criminals who violate the non-aggression principle.[109]

Tax is theft

See also: Serfdom and Subjugation

Anarcho-capitalists, objectivists, most minarchists, right-wing libertarians, and voluntaryists believe that taxation is theft because it violates the non-aggression principle and therefore it is immoral.[110] A libertarian form of Modern Monetary Theory is one concept to overcome the conundrum of how the government could raise money without imposing taxes.[111]

Spontaneous order

Libertarians argue that some forms of order within society emerge spontaneously from the actions of many different individuals acting independently from one another without any central planning.[1]

No tax State and local governments

 
$10,000,000 a year initial investment for the first 10 years for a total of $100 million initial investment
 
*Annual dividend of 1.5%
*Dividends were not reinvested in this scenario
*A government with $100 million in tax revenue annually could wane themselves off taxes for government revenue in about ~34 years in this scenario
See also: List of countries by sovereign wealth funds

With a sovereign wealth fund, State wealth fund, local wealth fund, or social wealth fund that acts like an endowment where a State or local government could live off the investment dividends or yield from bonds for government revenue instead of tax revenues.[112]

Typology

 
The Nolan Chart, created by American libertarian David Nolan, expands the left–right line into a two-dimensional chart classifying the political spectrum by degrees of personal and economic freedom

In the United States, libertarian is a typology used to describe a political position that advocates small government and is culturally liberal and fiscally conservative in a two-dimensional political spectrum such as the libertarian-inspired Nolan Chart, where the other major typologies are conservative, liberal and populist.[70][113][114][115] Libertarians support legalization of victimless crimes such as the use of marijuana while opposing high levels of taxation and government spending on health, welfare and education.[70] Libertarians also support a foreign policy of non-interventionism.[116][117] Libertarian was adopted in the United States, where liberal had become associated with a version that supports extensive government spending on social policies.[64] Libertarian may also refer to an anarchist ideology that developed in the 19th century and to a liberal version which developed in the United States that is avowedly pro-capitalist.[18][19][22]

According to polls, approximately one in four Americans self-identify as libertarian.[118][119][120][121] While this group is not typically ideologically driven, the term libertarian is commonly used to describe the form of libertarianism widely practiced in the United States and is the common meaning of the word libertarianism in the United States.[30] This form is often named liberalism elsewhere such as in Europe, where liberalism has a different common meaning than in the United States.[64] In some academic circles, this form is called right-libertarianism as a complement to left-libertarianism, with acceptance of capitalism or the private ownership of land as being the distinguishing feature.[18][19][22]

History

Liberalism

See also: History of liberalism
 
John Locke, regarded as the father of liberalism

Elements of libertarianism can be traced as far back as the ancient Chinese philosopher Lao-Tzu, who argued that rulers should "do nothing" because "without law or compulsion, men would dwell in harmony." Elements of libertarianism can also be traced back to the higher-law concepts of the Greeks and the Israelites, and Christian theologians who argued for the moral worth of the individual and the division of the world into two realms, one of which is the province of God and thus beyond the power of states to control it.[1][122][123] Libertarianism was influenced by debates within Scholasticism regarding private property and slavery.[1] Scholastic thinkers, including Thomas Aquinas, Francisco de Vitoria, and Bartolomé de Las Casas, argued for the concept of "self-mastery" as the foundation of a system supporting individual rights.[1]

In 17th-century England, libertarian ideas began to take modern form in the writings of the Levellers and John Locke. In the middle of that century, opponents of royal power began to be called Whigs, or sometimes simply Opposition or Country, as opposed to Court writers.[124]

During the 18th century and Age of Enlightenment, liberal ideas flourished in Europe and North America.[125][126] Libertarians of various schools were influenced by liberal ideas.[7] For philosopher Roderick T. Long, libertarians "share a common—or at least an overlapping—intellectual ancestry. [Libertarians] [...] claim the seventeenth century English Levellers and the eighteenth century French Encyclopedists among their ideological forebears; and [...] usually share an admiration for Thomas Jefferson[127][128][129] and Thomas Paine".[130]

 
Thomas Paine, whose theory of property showed a libertarian concern with the redistribution of resources

John Locke greatly influenced both libertarianism and the modern world in his writings published before and after the English Revolution of 1688, especially A Letter Concerning Toleration (1667), Two Treatises of Government (1689) and An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690). In the text of 1689, he established the basis of liberal political theory, i.e. that people's rights existed before government; that the purpose of government is to protect personal and property rights; that people may dissolve governments that do not do so; and that representative government is the best form to protect rights.[131]

The United States Declaration of Independence was inspired by Locke in its statement: "[T]o secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it".[132] According to American historian Bernard Bailyn, during and after the American Revolution, "the major themes of eighteenth-century libertarianism were brought to realization" in constitutions, bills of rights, and limits on legislative and executive powers, including limits on starting wars.[1]

According to Murray Rothbard, the libertarian creed emerged from the liberal challenges to an "absolute central State and a king ruling by divine right on top of an older, restrictive web of feudal land monopolies and urban guild controls and restrictions" as well as the mercantilism of a bureaucratic warfaring state allied with privileged merchants. The object of liberals was individual liberty in the economy, in personal freedoms and civil liberty, separation of state and religion and peace as an alternative to imperial aggrandizement. He cites Locke's contemporaries, the Levellers, who held similar views. Also influential were the English Cato's Letters during the early 1700s, reprinted eagerly by American colonists who already were free of European aristocracy and feudal land monopolies.[132]

In January 1776, only two years after coming to America from England, Thomas Paine published his pamphlet Common Sense calling for independence for the colonies.[133] Paine promoted liberal ideas in clear and concise language that allowed the general public to understand the debates among the political elites.[134] Common Sense was immensely popular in disseminating these ideas,[135] selling hundreds of thousands of copies.[136] Paine would later write the Rights of Man and The Age of Reason and participate in the French Revolution.[133] Paine's theory of property showed a "libertarian concern" with the redistribution of resources.[137]

In 1793, William Godwin wrote a libertarian philosophical treatise titled Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Morals and Happiness which criticized ideas of human rights and of society by contract based on vague promises. He took liberalism to its logical anarchic conclusion by rejecting all political institutions, law, government and apparatus of coercion as well as all political protest and insurrection. Instead of institutionalized justice, Godwin proposed that people influence one another to moral goodness through informal reasoned persuasion, including in the associations they joined as this would facilitate happiness.[138]

Libertarian socialism

Main article: Libertarian socialism

Anarchist communist philosopher Joseph Déjacque was the first person to describe himself as a libertarian[139] in an 1857 letter.[140] Unlike mutualist anarchist philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, he argued that "it is not the product of his or her labor that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature".[141][142] According to anarchist historian Max Nettlau, the first use of the term libertarian communism was in November 1880, when a French anarchist congress employed it to more clearly identify its doctrines.[143] The French anarchist journalist Sébastien Faure started the weekly paper Le Libertaire (The Libertarian) in 1895.[144]

Individualist anarchism represents several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasize the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants such as groups, society, traditions, and ideological systems.[145][146] An influential form of individualist anarchism called egoism[147] or egoist anarchism was expounded by one of the earliest and best-known proponents of individualist anarchism, the German Max Stirner.[148] Stirner's The Ego and Its Own, published in 1844, is a founding text of the philosophy.[148] According to Stirner, the only limitation on the rights of the individual is their power to obtain what they desire,[149] without regard for God, state or morality.[150] Stirner advocated self-assertion and foresaw unions of egoists, non-systematic associations continually renewed by all parties' support through an act of will,[151] which Stirner proposed as a form of organisation in place of the state.[152]

Josiah Warren is widely regarded as the first American anarchist,[153] and the four-page weekly paper he edited during 1833, The Peaceful Revolutionist, was the first anarchist periodical published.[154] For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster, "[i]t is apparent [...] that Proudhonian Anarchism was to be found in the United States at least as early as 1848 and that it was not conscious of its affinity to the Individualist Anarchism of Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews. [...] William B. Greene presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form".[155]

Later, Benjamin Tucker fused Stirner's egoism with the economics of Warren and Proudhon in his eclectic influential publication Liberty. From these early influences, individualist anarchism in different countries attracted a small yet diverse following of bohemian artists and intellectuals,[156] free love and birth control advocates (anarchism and issues related to love and sex),[157] individualist naturists (anarcho-naturism), free thought and anti-clerical activists[158] as well as young anarchist outlaws in what became known as illegalism and individual reclamation[159][160] (European individualist anarchism and individualist anarchism in France). These authors and activists included Émile Armand, Han Ryner, Henri Zisly, Renzo Novatore, Miguel Giménez Igualada, Adolf Brand and Lev Chernyi.

 
Sébastien Faure, prominent French theorist of libertarian communism as well as atheist and freethought militant

In 1873, the follower and translator of Proudhon, the Catalan Francesc Pi i Margall, became President of Spain with a program which wanted "to establish a decentralized, or "cantonalist," political system on Proudhonian lines",[161] who according to Rudolf Rocker had "political ideas, [...] much in common with those of Richard Price, Joseph Priestly [sic], Thomas Paine, Jefferson, and other representatives of the Anglo-American liberalism of the first period. He wanted to limit the power of the state to a minimum and gradually replace it by a Socialist economic order".[162] On the other hand, Fermín Salvochea was a mayor of the city of Cádiz and a president of the province of Cádiz. He was one of the main propagators of anarchist thought in that area in the late 19th century and is considered to be "perhaps the most beloved figure in the Spanish Anarchist movement of the 19th century".[163][164] Ideologically, he was influenced by Bradlaugh, Owen and Paine, whose works he had studied during his stay in England and Kropotkin, whom he read later.[163]

The revolutionary wave of 1917–1923 saw the active participation of anarchists in Russia and Europe. Russian anarchists participated alongside the Bolsheviks in both the February and October 1917 revolutions. However, Bolsheviks in central Russia quickly began to imprison or drive underground the libertarian anarchists. Many fled to Ukraine,[165] where they fought for the Makhnovshchina in the Russian Civil War against the White movement, monarchists and other opponents of revolution and then against Bolsheviks as part of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine led by Nestor Makhno, who established an anarchist society in the region. The victory of the Bolsheviks damaged anarchist movements internationally as workers and activists joined Communist parties. In France and the United States, for example, members of the major syndicalist movements of the CGT and IWW joined the Communist International.[166] In Paris, the Dielo Truda group of Russian anarchist exiles, which included Nestor Makhno, issued a 1926 manifesto, the Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft), calling for new anarchist organizing structures.[167][168]

With the rise of fascism in Europe between the 1920s and the 1930s, anarchists began to fight fascists in Italy,[169] in France during the February 1934 riots[170] and in Spain where the CNT (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo) boycott of elections led to a right-wing victory and its later participation in voting in 1936 helped bring the popular front back to power. This led to a ruling class attempted coup and the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939).[171] Gruppo Comunista Anarchico di Firenze held that the during early twentieth century, the terms libertarian communism and anarchist communism became synonymous within the international anarchist movement as a result of the close connection they had in Spain (anarchism in Spain), with libertarian communism becoming the prevalent term.[172]

During autumn of 1931, the "Manifesto of the 30" was published by militants of the anarchist trade union CNT and among those who signed it there was the CNT General Secretary (1922–1923) Joan Peiro, Ángel Pestaña CNT (General Secretary in 1929) and Juan Lopez Sanchez. They were called treintismo and they were calling for libertarian possibilism which advocated achieving libertarian socialist ends with participation inside structures of contemporary parliamentary democracy.[173] In 1932, they establish the Syndicalist Party which participates in the 1936 Spanish general elections and proceed to be a part of the leftist coalition of parties known as the Popular Front obtaining two congressmen (Pestaña and Benito Pabon). In 1938, Horacio Prieto, general secretary of the CNT, proposes that the Iberian Anarchist Federation transforms itself into the Libertarian Socialist Party and that it participates in the national elections.[174]

 
Murray Bookchin, American libertarian socialist theorist and proponent of libertarian municipalism

The Manifesto of Libertarian Communism was written in 1953 by Georges Fontenis for the Federation Communiste Libertaire of France. It is one of the key texts of the anarchist-communist current known as platformism.[175] In 1968, the International of Anarchist Federations was founded during an international anarchist conference in Carrara, Italy to advance libertarian solidarity. It wanted to form "a strong and organized workers movement, agreeing with the libertarian ideas".[176][177] In the United States, the Libertarian League was founded in New York City in 1954 as a left-libertarian political organization building on the Libertarian Book Club.[178][179] Members included Sam Dolgoff,[180] Russell Blackwell, Dave Van Ronk, Enrico Arrigoni[181] and Murray Bookchin.

In Australia, the Sydney Push was a predominantly left-wing intellectual subculture in Sydney from the late 1940s to the early 1970s which became associated with the label Sydney libertarianism. Well known associates of the Push include Jim Baker, John Flaus, Harry Hooton, Margaret Fink, Sasha Soldatow,[182] Lex Banning, Eva Cox, Richard Appleton, Paddy McGuinness, David Makinson, Germaine Greer, Clive James, Robert Hughes, Frank Moorhouse and Lillian Roxon. Amongst the key intellectual figures in Push debates were philosophers David J. Ivison, George Molnar, Roelof Smilde, Darcy Waters and Jim Baker, as recorded in Baker's memoir Sydney Libertarians and the Push, published in the libertarian Broadsheet in 1975.[183] An understanding of libertarian values and social theory can be obtained from their publications, a few of which are available online.[184][185]

In 1969, French platformist anarcho-communist Daniel Guérin published an essay in 1969 called "Libertarian Marxism?" in which he dealt with the debate between Karl Marx and Mikhail Bakunin at the First International.[186] Libertarian Marxist currents often draw from Marx and Engels' later works, specifically the Grundrisse and The Civil War in France.[187] They emphasize the Marxist belief in the ability of the working class to forge its own destiny without the need for a revolutionary party or state.[188]

In the United States, there existed from 1970 to 1981 the publication Root & Branch[189] which had as a subtitle A Libertarian Marxist Journal.[190] In 1974, the Libertarian Communism journal was started in the United Kingdom by a group inside the Socialist Party of Great Britain.[191] In 1986, the anarcho-syndicalist Sam Dolgoff started and led the publication Libertarian Labor Review in the United States[192] which decided to rename itself as Anarcho-Syndicalist Review in order to avoid confusion with right-libertarian views.[193]

20th-century libertarianism in the United States

Main article: Libertarianism in the United States

By around the start of the 20th century, the heyday of individualist anarchism had passed.[194] H. L. Mencken and Albert Jay Nock were the first prominent figures in the United States to describe themselves as libertarian as synonym for liberal. They believed that Franklin D. Roosevelt had co-opted the word liberal for his New Deal policies which they opposed and used libertarian to signify their allegiance to classical liberalism, individualism and limited government.[195]

According to David Boaz, in 1943 three women "published books that could be said to have given birth to the modern libertarian movement".[196] Isabel Paterson's The God of the Machine, Rose Wilder Lane's The Discovery of Freedom and Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead each promoted individualism and capitalism. None of the three used the term libertarianism to describe their beliefs and Rand specifically rejected the label, criticizing the burgeoning American libertarian movement as the "hippies of the right".[197] Rand accused libertarians of plagiarizing ideas related to her own philosophy of Objectivism and yet viciously attacking other aspects of it.[197]

In 1946, Leonard E. Read founded the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE), an American nonprofit educational organization which promotes the principles of laissez-faire economics, private property and limited government.[198] According to Gary North, the FEE is the "granddaddy of all libertarian organizations".[199]

Karl Hess, a speechwriter for Barry Goldwater and primary author of the Republican Party's 1960 and 1964 platforms, became disillusioned with traditional politics following the 1964 presidential campaign in which Goldwater lost to Lyndon B. Johnson. He and his friend Murray Rothbard, an Austrian School economist, founded the journal Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought, which was published from 1965 to 1968, with George Resch and Leonard P. Liggio. In 1969, they edited The Libertarian Forum which Hess left in 1971.[200]

The Vietnam War split the uneasy alliance between growing numbers of American libertarians and conservatives who believed in limiting liberty to uphold moral virtues. Libertarians opposed to the war joined the draft resistance and peace movements as well as organizations such as Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). In 1969 and 1970, Hess joined with others, including Murray Rothbard, Robert LeFevre, Dana Rohrabacher, Samuel Edward Konkin III and former SDS leader Carl Oglesby to speak at two conferences which brought together activists from both the New Left and the Old Right in what was emerging as a nascent libertarian movement. Rothbard ultimately broke with the left, allying himself with the burgeoning paleoconservative movement.[201][202] He criticized the tendency of these libertarians to appeal to "'free spirits,' to people who don't want to push other people around, and who don't want to be pushed around themselves" in contrast to "the bulk of Americans" who "might well be tight-assed conformists, who want to stamp out drugs in their vicinity, kick out people with strange dress habits, etc." Rothbard emphasized that this was relevant as a matter of strategy as the failure to pitch the libertarian message to Middle America might result in the loss of "the tight-assed majority".[203][204] This left-libertarian tradition has been carried to the present day by Konkin III's agorists,[205] contemporary mutualists such as Kevin Carson,[206] Roderick T. Long[207] and others such as Gary Chartier[208] Charles W. Johnson[209][210] Sheldon Richman,[211] Chris Matthew Sciabarra[212] and Brad Spangler.[213]

 
Former Congressman Ron Paul, a self-described libertarian, whose presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012 garnered significant support from youth and libertarian Republicans

In 1971, a small group led by David Nolan formed the Libertarian Party,[214] which has run a presidential candidate every election year since 1972. Other libertarian organizations, such as the Center for Libertarian Studies and the Cato Institute, were also formed in the 1970s.[215] Philosopher John Hospers, a one-time member of Rand's inner circle, proposed a non-initiation of force principle to unite both groups, but this statement later became a required "pledge" for candidates of the Libertarian Party and Hospers became its first presidential candidate in 1972.[216]

Modern libertarianism gained significant recognition in academia with the publication of Harvard University professor Robert Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia in 1974, for which he received a National Book Award in 1975.[217] In response to John Rawls's A Theory of Justice, Nozick's book supported a minimal state (also called a nightwatchman state by Nozick) on the grounds that the ultraminimal state arises without violating individual rights[218] and the transition from an ultraminimal state to a minimal state is morally obligated to occur.

In the early 1970s, Rothbard wrote: "One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that, for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over".[219] The project of spreading libertarian ideals in the United States has been so successful that some Americans who do not identify as libertarian seem to hold libertarian views.[220] Since the resurgence of neoliberalism in the 1970s, this modern American libertarianism has spread beyond North America via think tanks and political parties.[221][222]

In a 1975 interview with Reason, California Governor Ronald Reagan appealed to libertarians when he stated to "believe the very heart and soul of conservatism is libertarianism".[223] Libertarian Republican Ron Paul supported Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign, being one of the first elected officials in the nation to support his campaign[224] and actively campaigned for Reagan in 1976 and 1980.[225] However, Paul quickly became disillusioned with the Reagan administration's policies after Reagan's election in 1980 and later recalled being the only Republican to vote against Reagan budget proposals in 1981.[226][227] In the 1980s, libertarians such as Paul and Rothbard[228][229] criticized President Reagan, Reaganomics and policies of the Reagan administration for, among other reasons, having turned the United States' big trade deficit into debt and the United States became a debtor nation for the first time since World War I under the Reagan administration.[230][231] Rothbard argued that the presidency of Reagan has been "a disaster for libertarianism in the United States"[232] and Paul described Reagan himself as "a dramatic failure".[225]

Contemporary libertarianism

Contemporary libertarian socialism

 
Members of the Spanish anarcho-syndicalist trade union Confederación Nacional del Trabajo marching in Madrid in 2010

A surge of popular interest in libertarian socialism occurred in Western nations during the 1960s and 1970s.[233] Anarchism was influential in the counterculture of the 1960s[234][235][236] and anarchists actively participated in the protests of 1968 which included students and workers' revolts.[237] In 1968, the International of Anarchist Federations was founded in Carrara, Italy during an international anarchist conference held there in 1968 by the three existing European federations of France, the Italian and the Iberian Anarchist Federation as well as the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation in French exile.[177][238]

Around the turn of the 21st century, libertarian socialism grew in popularity and influence as part of the anti-war, anti-capitalist and anti-globalisation movements.[28] Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the meetings of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Group of Eight and the World Economic Forum. Some anarchist factions at these protests engaged in rioting, property destruction and violent confrontations with police. These actions were precipitated by ad hoc, leaderless, anonymous cadres known as black blocs and other organizational tactics pioneered in this time include security culture, affinity groups and the use of decentralized technologies such as the Internet.[28] A significant event of this period was the confrontations at WTO conference in Seattle in 1999.[28] For English anarchist scholar Simon Critchley, "contemporary anarchism can be seen as a powerful critique of the pseudo-libertarianism of contemporary neo-liberalism. One might say that contemporary anarchism is about responsibility, whether sexual, ecological or socio-economic; it flows from an experience of conscience about the manifold ways in which the West ravages the rest; it is an ethical outrage at the yawning inequality, impoverishment and disenfranchisment that is so palpable locally and globally".[239] This might also have been motivated by "the collapse of 'really existing socialism' and the capitulation to neo-liberalism of Western social democracy".[240]

Contemporary libertarianism in the United States

In the United States, polls (circa 2006) find that the views and voting habits of between 10% and 20%, or more, of voting age Americans may be classified as "fiscally conservative and socially liberal, or libertarian".[70][113] This is based on pollsters and researchers defining libertarian views as fiscally conservative and socially liberal (based on the common United States meanings of the terms) and against government intervention in economic affairs and for expansion of personal freedoms.[70] In a 2015 Gallup poll, this figure had risen to 27%.[121] A 2015 Reuters poll found that 23% of American voters self-identify as libertarians, including 32% in the 18–29 age group.[120] Through twenty polls on this topic spanning thirteen years, Gallup found that voters who are libertarian on the political spectrum ranged from 17–23% of the United States electorate.[118] However, a 2014 Pew Poll found that 23% of Americans who identify as libertarians have no idea what the word means. In this poll, 11% of respondents both identified as libertarians and understand what the term meant.[119]

 
Tea Party movement protest in Washington, D.C., September 2009

In 2001, an American political migration movement, called the Free State Project, was founded to recruit at least 20,000 libertarians to move to a single low-population state (New Hampshire, was selected in 2003) in order to make the state a stronghold for libertarian ideas.[241][242] As of May 2022, approximately 6,232 participants have moved to New Hampshire for the Free State Project.[243]

2009 saw the rise of the Tea Party movement, an American political movement known for advocating a reduction in the United States national debt and federal budget deficit by reducing government spending and taxes, which had a significant libertarian component[244] despite having contrasts with libertarian values and views in some areas such as free trade, immigration, nationalism and social issues.[245] A 2011 Reason-Rupe poll found that among those who self-identified as Tea Party supporters, 41 percent leaned libertarian and 59 percent socially conservative.[246] Named after the Boston Tea Party, it also contains conservative[247][248][249] and populist elements[250][251][252] and has sponsored multiple protests and supported various political candidates since 2009. Tea Party activities have declined since 2010 with the number of chapters across the country slipping from about 1,000 to 600.[253][254] Mostly, Tea Party organizations are said to have shifted away from national demonstrations to local issues.[253] Following the selection of Paul Ryan as Mitt Romney's 2012 vice presidential running mate, The New York Times declared that Tea Party lawmakers are no longer a fringe of the conservative coalition, but now "indisputably at the core of the modern Republican Party".[255] President Donald Trump praised the Tea Party movement throughout his 2016 presidential campaign.[256] In a January 2016 CNN poll at the beginning of the 2016 Republican primary, Trump led all Republican candidates modestly among self-identified Tea Party voters with 37 percent supporting Trump and 34 percent supporting Ted Cruz.[257] By 2016, Politico noted that the Tea Party movement was essentially completely dead; however, the article noted that the movement seemed to die in part because some of its ideas had been absorbed by the mainstream Republican Party.[258]

In 2012, anti-war and pro-drug liberalization presidential candidates such as Libertarian Republican Ron Paul and Libertarian Party candidate Gary Johnson raised millions of dollars and garnered millions of votes despite opposition to their obtaining ballot access by both Democrats and Republicans.[259] The 2012 Libertarian National Convention saw Johnson and Jim Gray being nominated as the 2012 presidential ticket for the Libertarian Party, resulting in the most successful result for a third-party presidential candidacy since 2000 and the best in the Libertarian Party's history by vote number. Johnson received 1% of the popular vote, amounting to more than 1.2 million votes.[260][261] Johnson has expressed a desire to win at least 5 percent of the vote so that the Libertarian Party candidates could get equal ballot access and federal funding, thus subsequently ending the two-party system.[262][263][264] The 2016 Libertarian National Convention saw Johnson and Bill Weld nominated as the 2016 presidential ticket and resulted in the most successful result for a third-party presidential candidacy since 1996 and the best in the Libertarian Party's history by vote number. Johnson received 3% of the popular vote, amounting to more than 4.3 million votes.[265] Following the 2022 Libertarian National Convention, the Mises Caucus, a paleolibertarian faction, became the dominant faction on the Libertarian National Committee.[266][267]

Chicago school of economics economist Milton Friedman made the distinction between being part of the American Libertarian Party and "a libertarian with a small 'l'," where he held libertarian values but belonged to the American Republican Party.[268]

Contemporary libertarian organizations

See also the categories Anarchist organizations, Libertarian parties, Libertarian publications, and Libertarian think tanks

Current international anarchist federations which identify themselves as libertarian include the International of Anarchist Federations, the International Workers' Association and International Libertarian Solidarity. The largest organized anarchist movement today is in Spain, in the form of the Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT) and the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). CGT membership was estimated to be around 100,000 for 2003.[269] Other active syndicalist movements include the Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden and the Swedish Anarcho-syndicalist Youth Federation in Sweden; the Unione Sindacale Italiana in Italy; Workers Solidarity Alliance in the United States; and Solidarity Federation in the United Kingdom. The revolutionary industrial unionist Industrial Workers of the World claiming 2,000 paying members as well as the International Workers' Association, remain active. In the United States, there exists the Common Struggle – Libertarian Communist Federation.

Since the 1950s, many American libertarian organizations have adopted a free-market stance as well as supporting civil liberties and non-interventionist foreign policies. These include the Ludwig von Mises Institute, Francisco Marroquín University, the Foundation for Economic Education, Center for Libertarian Studies, the Cato Institute and Liberty International. The activist Free State Project, formed in 2001, works to bring 20,000 libertarians to New Hampshire to influence state policy.[270] Active student organizations include Students for Liberty and Young Americans for Liberty. A number of countries have libertarian parties that run candidates for political office. In the United States, the Libertarian Party was formed in 1972 and is the third largest[271][272] American political party, with 511,277 voters (0.46% of total electorate) registered as Libertarian in the 31 states that report Libertarian registration statistics and Washington, D.C.[273]

Criticism

Main article: Criticism of libertarianism

Criticism of libertarianism includes ethical, economic, environmental, pragmatic and philosophical concerns, especially in relation to right-libertarianism,[274] including the view that it has no explicit theory of liberty.[66] It has been argued that laissez-faire capitalism does not necessarily produce the best or most efficient outcome,[275][276] nor does its philosophy of individualism and policies of deregulation prevent the abuse of natural resources.[277]

Critics have accused libertarianism of promoting "atomistic" individualism that ignores the role of groups and communities in shaping an individual's identity.[1] Libertarians have responded by denying that they promote this form of individualism, arguing that recognition and protection of individualism does not mean the rejection of community living.[1] Libertarians also argue that they are simply against individuals being forced to have ties with communities and that individuals should be allowed to sever ties with communities they dislike and form new communities instead.[1]

Critics such as Corey Robin describe this type of libertarianism as fundamentally a reactionary conservative ideology united with more traditionalist conservative thought and goals by a desire to enforce hierarchical power and social relations.[89] Similarly, Nancy MacLean has argued that libertarianism is a radical right ideology that has stood against democracy. According to MacLean, libertarian-leaning Charles and David Koch have used anonymous, dark money campaign contributions, a network of libertarian institutes and lobbying for the appointment of libertarian, pro-business judges to United States federal and state courts to oppose taxes, public education, employee protection laws, environmental protection laws and the New Deal Social Security program.[278]

Conservative philosopher Russell Kirk argued that libertarians "bear no authority, temporal or spiritual" and do not "venerate ancient beliefs and customs, or the natural world, or [their] country, or the immortal spark in [their] fellow men."[1] Libertarians have responded by saying that they do venerate these ancient traditions, but are against the law being used to force individuals to follow them.[1]

Criticism of left-libertarianism is instead mainly related to anarchism and includes allegations of utopianism,[279] tacit authoritarianism[280][281] and vandalism towards feats of civilisation.[282]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Boaz, David (30 January 2009). "Libertarianism". Encyclopædia Britannica. from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2017. [L]ibertarianism, political philosophy that takes individual liberty to be the primary political value.
  2. ^ a b c "What is a libertarian?". Libertarianism.org. Retrieved 21 August 2022. A libertarian is committed to the principle that liberty is the most important political value.
  3. ^ Woodcock, George (2004) [1962]. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Peterborough: Broadview Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1551116297. [F]or the very nature of the libertarian attitude—its rejection of dogma, its deliberate avoidance of rigidly systematic theory, and, above all, its stress on extreme freedom of choice and on the primacy of the individual judgement [sic].
  4. ^ a b c Long, Joseph. W (1996). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class". Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 310. "When I speak of 'libertarianism' [...] I mean all three of these very different movements. It might be protested that LibCap [libertarian capitalism], LibSoc [libertarian socialism] and LibPop [libertarian populism] are too different from one another to be treated as aspects of a single point of view. But they do share a common—or at least an overlapping—intellectual ancestry."
  5. ^ a b c Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: SAGE Publications. p. 1006 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 1412988764. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars."
  6. ^ a b c Francis, Mark (December 1983). "Human Rights and Libertarians". Australian Journal of Politics & History. 29 (3): 462–472. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x. ISSN 0004-9522.
  7. ^ a b Otero, Carlos Peregrin, ed. (1994). Noam Chomsky: Critical Assessments, Volumes 2–3. Taylor & Francis. p. 617 9 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-0415106948.
  8. ^ Long, Roderick T. (2012). "The Rise of Social Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 223 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine. "In the meantime, anarchist theories of a more communist or collectivist character had been developing as well. One important pioneer is French anarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque (1821–1864), who [...] appears to have been the first thinker to adopt the term 'libertarian' for this position; hence 'libertarianism' initially denoted a communist rather than a free-market ideology."
  9. ^ Long, Roderick T. (2012). "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine. "In its oldest sense, it is a synonym either for anarchism in general or social anarchism in particular."
  10. ^ a b c Rothbard, Murray (2009) [2007]. The Betrayal of the American Right (PDF). Mises Institute. p. 83. ISBN 978-1610165013. (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019. One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that, for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over.
  11. ^ a b c d Marshall, Peter (2009). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. p. 641 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine. "For a long time, libertarian was interchangeable in France with anarchism but in recent years, its meaning has become more ambivalent. Some anarchists like Daniel Guérin will call themselves 'libertarian socialists', partly to avoid the negative overtones still associated with anarchism, and partly to stress the place of anarchism within the socialist tradition. Even Marxists of the New Left like E. P. Thompson call themselves 'libertarian' to distinguish themselves from those authoritarian socialists and communists who believe in revolutionary dictatorship and vanguard parties."
  12. ^ a b c Kropotkin, Peter (1927). Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings. Courier Dover Publications. p. 150. ISBN 978-0486119861. It attacks not only capital, but also the main sources of the power of capitalism: law, authority, and the State.
  13. ^ a b c Otero, Carlos Peregrin (2003). "Introduction to Chomsky's Social Theory". In Otero, Carlos Peregrin (ed.). Radical Priorities. Chomsky, Noam Chomsky (3rd ed.). Oakland, California: AK Press. p. 26. ISBN 1902593693.
  14. ^ a b c Chomsky, Noam (2003). Carlos Peregrin Otero (ed.). Radical Priorities (3rd ed.). Oakland, California: AK Press. pp. 227–228. ISBN 1902593693.
  15. ^ a b c Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilbur R. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 1006 21 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. "[S]ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few (whether politically or economically) as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism".
  16. ^ [12][13][14][15]
  17. ^ a b c Peter Vallentyne. "Libertarianism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI, Stanford University. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Kymlicka, Will (2005). "libertarianism, left-". In Honderich, Ted. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 516. ISBN 978-0199264797. "'Left-libertarianism' is a new term for an old conception of justice, dating back to Grotius. It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership over his person with the egalitarian premiss that natural resources should be shared equally. Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land. According to left-libertarians, however, the world's natural resources were initially unowned, or belonged equally to all, and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others. Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property. Historic proponents of this view include Thomas Paine, Herbert Spencer, and Henry George. Recent exponents include Philippe Van Parijs and Hillel Steiner."
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Goodway, David (2006). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-1846310256. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition".
  20. ^ a b Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 641 7 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. "Left libertarianism can therefore range from the decentralist who wishes to limit and devolve State power, to the syndicalist who wants to abolish it altogether. It can even encompass the Fabians and the social democrats who wish to socialize the economy but who still see a limited role for the State".
  21. ^ a b c Spitz, Jean-Fabien (March 2006). "Left-wing libertarianism: equality based on self-ownership". Raisons Politiques. 23 (3): 23–46. doi:10.3917/rai.023.0023. from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g Newman, Saul (2010). The Politics of Postanarchism, Edinburgh University Press. p. 43 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-0748634958. "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in a laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only a narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all".
  23. ^ [18][19][20][21][22]
  24. ^ a b c "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. (2012). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227. "The term 'left-libertarianism' has at least three meanings. In its oldest sense, it is a synonym either for anarchism in general or social anarchism in particular. Later it became a term for the left or Konkinite wing of the free-market libertarian movement, and has since come to cover a range of pro-market but anti-capitalist positions, mostly individualist anarchist, including agorism and mutualism, often with an implication of sympathies (such as for radical feminism or the labor movement) not usually shared by anarcho-capitalists. In a third sense it has recently come to be applied to a position combining individual self-ownership with an egalitarian approach to natural resources; most proponents of this position are not anarchists."
  25. ^ a b c Vallentyne, Peter (March 2009). "Libertarianism". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2009 ed.). Stanford, California: Stanford University. from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2010. Libertarianism is committed to full self-ownership. A distinction can be made, however, between right-libertarianism and left-libertarianism, depending on the stance taken on how natural resources can be owned.
  26. ^ a b c d e f Carson, Kevin (15 June 2014). "What is Left-Libertarianism?" 3 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  27. ^ [18][21][24][25][26]
  28. ^ a b c d Rupert, Mark (2006). Globalization and International Political Economy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 0742529436.
  29. ^ a b c d Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces laissez-faire liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order".
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: SAGE Publications. p. 1006 21 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 1412988764.
  31. ^ [19][22][29][30]
  32. ^ Hussain, Syed B. (2004). Encyclopedia of Capitalism, Volume 2. New York: Facts on File Inc. p. 492. ISBN 0816052247. from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2015. In the modern world, political ideologies are largely defined by their attitude towards capitalism. Marxists want to overthrow it, liberals to curtail it extensively, conservatives to curtail it moderately. Those who maintain that capitalism is an excellent economic system, unfairly maligned, with little or no need for corrective government policy, are generally known as libertarians.
  33. ^ Adams, Ian (2001). Political Ideology Today (reprinted, revised ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719060205.
  34. ^ Russell, Dean (1955). "Who is a libertarian?". Foundation for Economic Education. Many of us call ourselves 'liberals.' And it is true that the word 'liberal' once described persons who respected the individual and feared the use of mass compulsions. But the leftists have now corrupted that once-proud term to identify themselves and their program of more government ownership of property and more controls over persons. As a result, those of us who believe in freedom must explain that when we call ourselves liberals, we mean liberals in the uncorrupted classical sense. At best, this is awkward and subject to misunderstanding. Here is a suggestion: Let those of us who love liberty trade-mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word 'libertarian'.
  35. ^ Teles, Steven; Kenney, Daniel A. "Spreading the Word: The Diffusion of American Conservatism in Europe and Beyond". In Kopsten, Jeffrey; Steinmo, Sven, eds. (2007). Growing Apart?: America and Europe in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–169.
  36. ^ Singleton, Alex (30 May 2008). . Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  37. ^ Staff writer (24 March 2019). "Feiglin: Palestinians in Gaza had more rights under Israel". Israel Hayom. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  38. ^ Harkov, Lahav (17 March 2019). "The Feiglin phenomenon". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 17 March 2019. The leader of the rising Zehut Party is attracting more than just young potheads to his libertarian platform.
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External links

January 13, 2023
libertarianism, libertarians, redirects, here, political, parties, that, this, name, list, libertarian, political, parties, confused, with, liberalism, other, uses, disambiguation, from, french, libertaire, libertarian, from, latin, libertas, freedom, politica. Libertarians redirects here For political parties that may go by this name see List of libertarian political parties Not to be confused with Liberalism For other uses see Libertarianism disambiguation Libertarianism from French libertaire libertarian from Latin libertas freedom is a political philosophy that upholds liberty as a core value 1 2 Libertarians seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom and minimize the state s encroachment on and violations of individual liberties emphasizing the rule of law pluralism cosmopolitanism cooperation civil and political rights bodily autonomy free association free trade freedom of expression freedom of choice freedom of movement individualism and voluntary association 1 2 3 Libertarians are often skeptical of or opposed to authority state power warfare militarism and nationalism but some libertarians diverge on the scope of their opposition to existing economic and political systems Various schools of Libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and private power often calling for the restriction or dissolution of coercive social institutions Different categorizations have been used to distinguish various forms of Libertarianism 2 4 5 Scholars distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital usually along left right or socialist capitalist lines 6 Libertarians of various schools were influenced by liberal ideas 7 Libertarianism originated as a form of left wing politics such as anti authoritarian and anti state socialists like anarchists 8 especially social anarchists 9 but more generally libertarian communists Marxists and libertarian socialists 10 11 These libertarians seek to abolish capitalism and private ownership of the means of production or else to restrict their purview or effects to usufruct property norms in favor of common or cooperative ownership and management viewing private property as a barrier to freedom and liberty 16 While all libertarians support some level of individual rights left libertarians differ by supporting an egalitarian redistribution of natural resources 17 Left libertarian 23 ideologies include anarchist schools of thought alongside many other anti paternalist and New Left schools of thought centered around economic egalitarianism as well as geolibertarianism green politics market oriented left libertarianism and the Steiner Vallentyne school 27 Around the turn of the 21st century libertarian socialism grew in popularity and influence as part of the anti war anti capitalist and anti globalisation movements 28 In the mid 20th century American right libertarian 31 proponents of anarcho capitalism and minarchism co opted 10 the term libertarian to advocate laissez faire capitalism and strong private property rights such as in land infrastructure and natural resources 32 The latter is the dominant form of libertarianism in the United States 30 This new form of libertarianism was a revival of classical liberalism in the United States 33 page needed which occurred due to American liberals embracing progressivism and economic interventionism in the early 20th century after the Great Depression and with the New Deal 34 Since the 1970s right libertarianism has spread beyond the United States 35 with right libertarian parties being established in the United Kingdom 36 Israel 37 38 39 40 and South Africa 41 Minarchists advocate for night watchman states which maintain only those functions of government necessary to safeguard natural rights understood in terms of self ownership or autonomy 42 while anarcho capitalists advocate for the replacement of all state institutions with private institutions 43 Other forms of libertarianism include libertarian paternalism 44 which advocates for a society in which the state and other institutions are allowed to Nudge people to make decisions that serve their own long term interests while allowing them to opt out 45 neo libertarianism which combines the libertarian s moral commitment to negative liberty with a procedure that selects principles for restricting liberty on the basis of a unanimous agreement in which everyone s particular interests receive a fair hearing 46 and libertarian populism which combines libertarian and populist politics opposing big government while also opposing other large centralized institutions 47 Contents 1 Overview 1 1 Etymology 1 2 Definition 1 3 Philosophy 1 3 1 Non aggression principle 1 3 2 Tax is theft 1 3 3 Spontaneous order 1 4 No tax State and local governments 1 5 Typology 2 History 2 1 Liberalism 2 2 Libertarian socialism 2 3 20th century libertarianism in the United States 3 Contemporary libertarianism 3 1 Contemporary libertarian socialism 3 2 Contemporary libertarianism in the United States 4 Contemporary libertarian organizations 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksOverview EditEtymology Edit 17 August 1860 edition of Le Libertaire Journal du mouvement social a libertarian communist publication in New York City The first recorded use of the term libertarian was in 1789 when William Belsham wrote about libertarianism in the context of metaphysics 48 As early as 1796 libertarian came to mean an advocate or defender of liberty especially in the political and social spheres when the London Packet printed on 12 February the following Lately marched out of the Prison at Bristol 450 of the French Libertarians 49 It was again used in a political sense in 1802 in a short piece critiquing a poem by the author of Gebir and has since been used with this meaning 50 51 52 The use of the term libertarian to describe a new set of political positions has been traced to the French cognate libertaire coined in a letter French libertarian communist Joseph Dejacque wrote to mutualist Pierre Joseph Proudhon in 1857 53 54 55 Dejacque also used the term for his anarchist publication Le Libertaire Journal du mouvement social Libertarian Journal of Social Movement which was printed from 9 June 1858 to 4 February 1861 in New York City 56 57 Sebastien Faure another French libertarian communist began publishing a new Le Libertaire in the mid 1890s while France s Third Republic enacted the so called villainous laws lois scelerates which banned anarchist publications in France Libertarianism has frequently been used to refer to anarchism and libertarian socialism since this time 58 59 60 In the United States libertarian was popularized by the individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker around the late 1870s and early 1880s 61 Libertarianism as a synonym for liberalism was popularized in May 1955 by writer Dean Russell a colleague of Leonard Read and a classical liberal himself Russell justified the choice of the term as follows Many of us call ourselves liberals And it is true that the word liberal once described persons who respected the individual and feared the use of mass compulsions But the leftists have now corrupted that once proud term to identify themselves and their program of more government ownership of property and more controls over persons As a result those of us who believe in freedom must explain that when we call ourselves liberals we mean liberals in the uncorrupted classical sense At best this is awkward and subject to misunderstanding Here is a suggestion Let those of us who love liberty trade mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word libertarian 62 63 64 Subsequently a growing number of Americans with classical liberal beliefs began to describe themselves as libertarians One person responsible for popularizing the term libertarian in this sense was Murray Rothbard who started publishing libertarian works in the 1960s 65 Rothbard described this modern use of the words overtly as a capture from his enemies writing that for the first time in my memory we our side had captured a crucial word from the enemy Libertarians had long been simply a polite word for left wing anarchists that is for anti private property anarchists either of the communist or syndicalist variety But now we had taken it over 10 In the 1970s Robert Nozick was responsible for popularizing this usage of the term in academic and philosophical circles outside the United States 30 66 67 especially with the publication of Anarchy State and Utopia 1974 a response to social liberal John Rawls s A Theory of Justice 1971 68 In the book Nozick proposed a minimal state on the grounds that it was an inevitable phenomenon which could arise without violating individual rights 69 According to common United States meanings of conservative and liberal libertarianism in the United States has been described as conservative on economic issues economic liberalism and fiscal conservatism and liberal on personal freedom civil libertarianism and cultural liberalism 70 It is also often associated with a foreign policy of non interventionism 71 72 Definition Edit A Political compass as used by The Political Compass with purple depicted as the Libertarian Party s usual quadrant 73 Main article Definition of anarchism and libertarianism Although libertarianism originated as a form of left wing politics 26 74 the development in the mid 20th century of modern libertarianism in the United States resulted in libertarianism being commonly associated with right wing politics It also resulted in several authors and political scientists using two or more categorizations 4 5 17 to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital usually along left right or socialist capitalist lines 6 Right libertarians reject the label due to its association with conservatism and right wing politics calling themselves simply libertarians while proponents of free market anti capitalism in the United States consciously label themselves as left libertarians and see themselves as being part of a broad libertarian left 26 74 While the term libertarian has been largely synonymous with anarchism as part of the left 11 75 continuing today as part of the libertarian left in opposition to the moderate left such as social democracy or authoritarian and statist socialism its meaning has more recently diluted with wider adoption from ideologically disparate groups 11 including the right 19 29 As a term libertarian can include both the New Left Marxists who do not associate with a vanguard party and extreme liberals primarily concerned with civil liberties or civil libertarians Additionally some libertarians use the term libertarian socialist to avoid anarchism s negative connotations and emphasize its connections with socialism 11 76 The revival of free market ideologies during the mid to late 20th century came with disagreement over what to call the movement While many of its adherents prefer the term libertarian many conservative libertarians reject the term s association with the 1960s New Left and its connotations of libertine hedonism 77 The movement is divided over the use of conservatism as an alternative 78 Those who seek both economic and social liberty would be known as liberals but that term developed associations opposite of the limited government low taxation minimal state advocated by the movement 79 Name variants of the free market revival movement include classical liberalism economic liberalism free market liberalism and neoliberalism 77 As a term libertarian or economic libertarian has the most colloquial acceptance to describe a member of the movement with the latter term being based on both the ideology s primacy of economics and its distinction from libertarians of the New Left 78 While both historical libertarianism and contemporary economic libertarianism share general antipathy towards power by government authority the latter exempts power wielded through free market capitalism Historically libertarians including Herbert Spencer and Max Stirner supported the protection of an individual s freedom from powers of government and private ownership 80 In contrast while condemning governmental encroachment on personal liberties modern American libertarians support freedoms on the basis of their agreement with private property rights 81 The abolishment of public amenities is a common theme in modern American libertarian writings 82 According to modern American libertarian Walter Block left libertarians and right libertarians agree with certain libertarian premises but where they differ is in terms of the logical implications of these founding axioms 83 Although several modern American libertarians reject the political spectrum especially the left right political spectrum 84 85 86 87 88 several strands of libertarianism in the United States and right libertarianism have been described as being right wing 89 New Right 90 91 or radical right 92 93 and reactionary 94 While some American libertarians such as Walter Block 83 Harry Browne 86 Tibor Machan 88 Justin Raimondo 87 Leonard Read 85 and Murray Rothbard 84 deny any association with either the left or right other American libertarians such as Kevin Carson 26 Karl Hess 95 and Roderick T Long 96 have written about libertarianism s left wing opposition to authoritarian rule and argued that libertarianism is fundamentally a left wing position Rothbard himself previously made the same point 97 The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy defines libertarianism as the moral view that agents initially fully own themselves and have certain moral powers to acquire property rights in external things 17 Libertarian historian George Woodcock defines libertarianism as the philosophy that fundamentally doubts authority and advocates transforming society by reform or revolution 98 Libertarian philosopher Roderick T Long defines libertarianism as any political position that advocates a radical redistribution of power from the coercive state to voluntary associations of free individuals whether voluntary association takes the form of the free market or of communal co operatives 99 According to the American Libertarian Party libertarianism is the advocacy of a government that is funded voluntarily and limited to protecting individuals from coercion and violence 100 Philosophy Edit According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy IEP What it means to be a libertarian in a political sense is a contentious issue especially among libertarians themselves 101 Nevertheless all libertarians begin with a conception of personal autonomy from which they argue in favor of civil liberties and a reduction or elimination of the state 1 People described as being left libertarian or right libertarian generally tend to call themselves simply libertarians and refer to their philosophy as libertarianism As a result some political scientists and writers classify the forms of libertarianism into two or more groups 4 5 to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital 6 15 In the United States proponents of free market anti capitalism consciously label themselves as left libertarians and see themselves as being part of a broad libertarian left 26 74 Left libertarianism 19 20 22 encompasses those libertarian beliefs that claim the Earth s natural resources belong to everyone in an egalitarian manner either unowned or owned collectively 18 21 24 25 30 Contemporary left libertarians such as Hillel Steiner Peter Vallentyne Philippe Van Parijs Michael Otsuka and David Ellerman believe the appropriation of land must leave enough and as good for others or be taxed by society to compensate for the exclusionary effects of private property 18 25 Socialist libertarians 12 13 14 15 such as social and individualist anarchists libertarian Marxists council communists Luxemburgists and De Leonists promote usufruct and socialist economic theories including communism collectivism syndicalism and mutualism 24 26 They criticize the state for being the defender of private property and believe capitalism entails wage slavery 12 13 14 Right libertarianism 19 22 29 30 developed in the United States in the mid 20th century from the works of European writers like John Locke Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig Von Mises and is the most popular conception of libertarianism in the United States today 30 66 Commonly referred to as a continuation or radicalization of classical liberalism 102 103 the most important of these early right libertarian philosophers was Robert Nozick 30 66 69 While sharing left libertarians advocacy for social freedom right libertarians value the social institutions that enforce conditions of capitalism while rejecting institutions that function in opposition to these on the grounds that such interventions represent unnecessary coercion of individuals and abrogation of their economic freedom 104 Anarcho capitalists 22 29 seek the elimination of the state in favor of privately funded security services while minarchists defend night watchman states which maintain only those functions of government necessary to safeguard natural rights understood in terms of self ownership or autonomy 42 Libertarian paternalism 44 is a position advocated in the international bestseller Nudge by two American scholars namely the economist Richard Thaler and the jurist Cass Sunstein 105 In the book Thinking Fast and Slow Daniel Kahneman provides the brief summary Thaler and Sunstein advocate a position of libertarian paternalism in which the state and other institutions are allowed to Nudge people to make decisions that serve their own long term interests The designation of joining a pension plan as the default option is an example of a nudge It is difficult to argue that anyone s freedom is diminished by being automatically enrolled in the plan when they merely have to check a box to opt out 45 Nudge is considered an important piece of literature in behavioral economics 45 Neo libertarianism combines the libertarian s moral commitment to negative liberty with a procedure that selects principles for restricting liberty on the basis of a unanimous agreement in which everyone s particular interests receive a fair hearing 46 Neo libertarianism has its roots at least as far back as 1980 when it was first described by the American philosopher James Sterba of the University of Notre Dame Sterba observed that libertarianism advocates for a government that does no more than protection against force fraud theft enforcement of contracts and other negative liberties as contrasted with positive liberties by Isaiah Berlin 106 Sterba contrasted this with the older libertarian ideal of a night watchman state or minarchism Sterba held that it is obviously impossible for everyone in society to be guaranteed complete liberty as defined by this ideal after all people s actual wants as well as their conceivable wants can come into serious conflict I t is also impossible for everyone in society to be completely free from the interference of other persons 107 In 2013 Sterna wrote that I shall show that moral commitment to an ideal of negative liberty which does not lead to a night watchman state but instead requires sufficient government to provide each person in society with the relatively high minimum of liberty that persons using Rawls decision procedure would select The political program actually justified by an ideal of negative liberty I shall call Neo Libertarianism 108 Libertarian populism combines libertarian and populist politics According to Jesse Walker writing in the libertarian magazine Reason libertarian populists oppose big government while also opposing other large centralized institutions and advocate tak ing an axe to the thicket of corporate subsidies favors and bailouts clearing our way to an economy where businesses that can t make money serving customers don t have the option of wringing profits from the taxpayers instead 47 Non aggression principle Edit Pro private property libertarians espouse the non aggression principle which is the concept that a person or organization cannot use force or coercion on an individual or someone else s property to achieve their objectives Under this principle you can defend yourself using force but you can not initiate force upon someone else If force is initiated by someone the state will get involved to protect life liberty and property The government therefore has a monopoly of force and violence and if it should exist at any capacity it would be only to protect society from criminals who violate the non aggression principle 109 Tax is theft Edit See also Serfdom and Subjugation Anarcho capitalists objectivists most minarchists right wing libertarians and voluntaryists believe that taxation is theft because it violates the non aggression principle and therefore it is immoral 110 A libertarian form of Modern Monetary Theory is one concept to overcome the conundrum of how the government could raise money without imposing taxes 111 Spontaneous order Edit Libertarians argue that some forms of order within society emerge spontaneously from the actions of many different individuals acting independently from one another without any central planning 1 No tax State and local governments Edit 10 000 000 a year initial investment for the first 10 years for a total of 100 million initial investment Annual dividend of 1 5 Dividends were not reinvested in this scenario A government with 100 million in tax revenue annually could wane themselves off taxes for government revenue in about 34 years in this scenario See also List of countries by sovereign wealth funds With a sovereign wealth fund State wealth fund local wealth fund or social wealth fund that acts like an endowment where a State or local government could live off the investment dividends or yield from bonds for government revenue instead of tax revenues 112 Typology Edit The Nolan Chart created by American libertarian David Nolan expands the left right line into a two dimensional chart classifying the political spectrum by degrees of personal and economic freedom In the United States libertarian is a typology used to describe a political position that advocates small government and is culturally liberal and fiscally conservative in a two dimensional political spectrum such as the libertarian inspired Nolan Chart where the other major typologies are conservative liberal and populist 70 113 114 115 Libertarians support legalization of victimless crimes such as the use of marijuana while opposing high levels of taxation and government spending on health welfare and education 70 Libertarians also support a foreign policy of non interventionism 116 117 Libertarian was adopted in the United States where liberal had become associated with a version that supports extensive government spending on social policies 64 Libertarian may also refer to an anarchist ideology that developed in the 19th century and to a liberal version which developed in the United States that is avowedly pro capitalist 18 19 22 According to polls approximately one in four Americans self identify as libertarian 118 119 120 121 While this group is not typically ideologically driven the term libertarian is commonly used to describe the form of libertarianism widely practiced in the United States and is the common meaning of the word libertarianism in the United States 30 This form is often named liberalism elsewhere such as in Europe where liberalism has a different common meaning than in the United States 64 In some academic circles this form is called right libertarianism as a complement to left libertarianism with acceptance of capitalism or the private ownership of land as being the distinguishing feature 18 19 22 History EditLiberalism Edit See also History of liberalism John Locke regarded as the father of liberalism Elements of libertarianism can be traced as far back as the ancient Chinese philosopher Lao Tzu who argued that rulers should do nothing because without law or compulsion men would dwell in harmony Elements of libertarianism can also be traced back to the higher law concepts of the Greeks and the Israelites and Christian theologians who argued for the moral worth of the individual and the division of the world into two realms one of which is the province of God and thus beyond the power of states to control it 1 122 123 Libertarianism was influenced by debates within Scholasticism regarding private property and slavery 1 Scholastic thinkers including Thomas Aquinas Francisco de Vitoria and Bartolome de Las Casas argued for the concept of self mastery as the foundation of a system supporting individual rights 1 In 17th century England libertarian ideas began to take modern form in the writings of the Levellers and John Locke In the middle of that century opponents of royal power began to be called Whigs or sometimes simply Opposition or Country as opposed to Court writers 124 During the 18th century and Age of Enlightenment liberal ideas flourished in Europe and North America 125 126 Libertarians of various schools were influenced by liberal ideas 7 For philosopher Roderick T Long libertarians share a common or at least an overlapping intellectual ancestry Libertarians claim the seventeenth century English Levellers and the eighteenth century French Encyclopedists among their ideological forebears and usually share an admiration for Thomas Jefferson 127 128 129 and Thomas Paine 130 Thomas Paine whose theory of property showed a libertarian concern with the redistribution of resources John Locke greatly influenced both libertarianism and the modern world in his writings published before and after the English Revolution of 1688 especially A Letter Concerning Toleration 1667 Two Treatises of Government 1689 and An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690 In the text of 1689 he established the basis of liberal political theory i e that people s rights existed before government that the purpose of government is to protect personal and property rights that people may dissolve governments that do not do so and that representative government is the best form to protect rights 131 The United States Declaration of Independence was inspired by Locke in its statement T o secure these rights Governments are instituted among Men deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it 132 According to American historian Bernard Bailyn during and after the American Revolution the major themes of eighteenth century libertarianism were brought to realization in constitutions bills of rights and limits on legislative and executive powers including limits on starting wars 1 According to Murray Rothbard the libertarian creed emerged from the liberal challenges to an absolute central State and a king ruling by divine right on top of an older restrictive web of feudal land monopolies and urban guild controls and restrictions as well as the mercantilism of a bureaucratic warfaring state allied with privileged merchants The object of liberals was individual liberty in the economy in personal freedoms and civil liberty separation of state and religion and peace as an alternative to imperial aggrandizement He cites Locke s contemporaries the Levellers who held similar views Also influential were the English Cato s Letters during the early 1700s reprinted eagerly by American colonists who already were free of European aristocracy and feudal land monopolies 132 In January 1776 only two years after coming to America from England Thomas Paine published his pamphlet Common Sense calling for independence for the colonies 133 Paine promoted liberal ideas in clear and concise language that allowed the general public to understand the debates among the political elites 134 Common Sense was immensely popular in disseminating these ideas 135 selling hundreds of thousands of copies 136 Paine would later write the Rights of Man and The Age of Reason and participate in the French Revolution 133 Paine s theory of property showed a libertarian concern with the redistribution of resources 137 In 1793 William Godwin wrote a libertarian philosophical treatise titled Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Morals and Happiness which criticized ideas of human rights and of society by contract based on vague promises He took liberalism to its logical anarchic conclusion by rejecting all political institutions law government and apparatus of coercion as well as all political protest and insurrection Instead of institutionalized justice Godwin proposed that people influence one another to moral goodness through informal reasoned persuasion including in the associations they joined as this would facilitate happiness 138 Libertarian socialism Edit Main article Libertarian socialism Anarchist communist philosopher Joseph Dejacque was the first person to describe himself as a libertarian 139 in an 1857 letter 140 Unlike mutualist anarchist philosopher Pierre Joseph Proudhon he argued that it is not the product of his or her labor that the worker has a right to but to the satisfaction of his or her needs whatever may be their nature 141 142 According to anarchist historian Max Nettlau the first use of the term libertarian communism was in November 1880 when a French anarchist congress employed it to more clearly identify its doctrines 143 The French anarchist journalist Sebastien Faure started the weekly paper Le Libertaire The Libertarian in 1895 144 Individualist anarchism represents several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasize the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants such as groups society traditions and ideological systems 145 146 An influential form of individualist anarchism called egoism 147 or egoist anarchism was expounded by one of the earliest and best known proponents of individualist anarchism the German Max Stirner 148 Stirner s The Ego and Its Own published in 1844 is a founding text of the philosophy 148 According to Stirner the only limitation on the rights of the individual is their power to obtain what they desire 149 without regard for God state or morality 150 Stirner advocated self assertion and foresaw unions of egoists non systematic associations continually renewed by all parties support through an act of will 151 which Stirner proposed as a form of organisation in place of the state 152 Josiah Warren is widely regarded as the first American anarchist 153 and the four page weekly paper he edited during 1833 The Peaceful Revolutionist was the first anarchist periodical published 154 For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster i t is apparent that Proudhonian Anarchism was to be found in the United States at least as early as 1848 and that it was not conscious of its affinity to the Individualist Anarchism of Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews William B Greene presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form 155 Later Benjamin Tucker fused Stirner s egoism with the economics of Warren and Proudhon in his eclectic influential publication Liberty From these early influences individualist anarchism in different countries attracted a small yet diverse following of bohemian artists and intellectuals 156 free love and birth control advocates anarchism and issues related to love and sex 157 individualist naturists anarcho naturism free thought and anti clerical activists 158 as well as young anarchist outlaws in what became known as illegalism and individual reclamation 159 160 European individualist anarchism and individualist anarchism in France These authors and activists included Emile Armand Han Ryner Henri Zisly Renzo Novatore Miguel Gimenez Igualada Adolf Brand and Lev Chernyi Sebastien Faure prominent French theorist of libertarian communism as well as atheist and freethought militant In 1873 the follower and translator of Proudhon the Catalan Francesc Pi i Margall became President of Spain with a program which wanted to establish a decentralized or cantonalist political system on Proudhonian lines 161 who according to Rudolf Rocker had political ideas much in common with those of Richard Price Joseph Priestly sic Thomas Paine Jefferson and other representatives of the Anglo American liberalism of the first period He wanted to limit the power of the state to a minimum and gradually replace it by a Socialist economic order 162 On the other hand Fermin Salvochea was a mayor of the city of Cadiz and a president of the province of Cadiz He was one of the main propagators of anarchist thought in that area in the late 19th century and is considered to be perhaps the most beloved figure in the Spanish Anarchist movement of the 19th century 163 164 Ideologically he was influenced by Bradlaugh Owen and Paine whose works he had studied during his stay in England and Kropotkin whom he read later 163 The revolutionary wave of 1917 1923 saw the active participation of anarchists in Russia and Europe Russian anarchists participated alongside the Bolsheviks in both the February and October 1917 revolutions However Bolsheviks in central Russia quickly began to imprison or drive underground the libertarian anarchists Many fled to Ukraine 165 where they fought for the Makhnovshchina in the Russian Civil War against the White movement monarchists and other opponents of revolution and then against Bolsheviks as part of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine led by Nestor Makhno who established an anarchist society in the region The victory of the Bolsheviks damaged anarchist movements internationally as workers and activists joined Communist parties In France and the United States for example members of the major syndicalist movements of the CGT and IWW joined the Communist International 166 In Paris the Dielo Truda group of Russian anarchist exiles which included Nestor Makhno issued a 1926 manifesto the Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists Draft calling for new anarchist organizing structures 167 168 With the rise of fascism in Europe between the 1920s and the 1930s anarchists began to fight fascists in Italy 169 in France during the February 1934 riots 170 and in Spain where the CNT Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo boycott of elections led to a right wing victory and its later participation in voting in 1936 helped bring the popular front back to power This led to a ruling class attempted coup and the Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 171 Gruppo Comunista Anarchico di Firenze held that the during early twentieth century the terms libertarian communism and anarchist communism became synonymous within the international anarchist movement as a result of the close connection they had in Spain anarchism in Spain with libertarian communism becoming the prevalent term 172 During autumn of 1931 the Manifesto of the 30 was published by militants of the anarchist trade union CNT and among those who signed it there was the CNT General Secretary 1922 1923 Joan Peiro Angel Pestana CNT General Secretary in 1929 and Juan Lopez Sanchez They were called treintismo and they were calling for libertarian possibilism which advocated achieving libertarian socialist ends with participation inside structures of contemporary parliamentary democracy 173 In 1932 they establish the Syndicalist Party which participates in the 1936 Spanish general elections and proceed to be a part of the leftist coalition of parties known as the Popular Front obtaining two congressmen Pestana and Benito Pabon In 1938 Horacio Prieto general secretary of the CNT proposes that the Iberian Anarchist Federation transforms itself into the Libertarian Socialist Party and that it participates in the national elections 174 Murray Bookchin American libertarian socialist theorist and proponent of libertarian municipalism The Manifesto of Libertarian Communism was written in 1953 by Georges Fontenis for the Federation Communiste Libertaire of France It is one of the key texts of the anarchist communist current known as platformism 175 In 1968 the International of Anarchist Federations was founded during an international anarchist conference in Carrara Italy to advance libertarian solidarity It wanted to form a strong and organized workers movement agreeing with the libertarian ideas 176 177 In the United States the Libertarian League was founded in New York City in 1954 as a left libertarian political organization building on the Libertarian Book Club 178 179 Members included Sam Dolgoff 180 Russell Blackwell Dave Van Ronk Enrico Arrigoni 181 and Murray Bookchin In Australia the Sydney Push was a predominantly left wing intellectual subculture in Sydney from the late 1940s to the early 1970s which became associated with the label Sydney libertarianism Well known associates of the Push include Jim Baker John Flaus Harry Hooton Margaret Fink Sasha Soldatow 182 Lex Banning Eva Cox Richard Appleton Paddy McGuinness David Makinson Germaine Greer Clive James Robert Hughes Frank Moorhouse and Lillian Roxon Amongst the key intellectual figures in Push debates were philosophers David J Ivison George Molnar Roelof Smilde Darcy Waters and Jim Baker as recorded in Baker s memoir Sydney Libertarians and the Push published in the libertarian Broadsheet in 1975 183 An understanding of libertarian values and social theory can be obtained from their publications a few of which are available online 184 185 In 1969 French platformist anarcho communist Daniel Guerin published an essay in 1969 called Libertarian Marxism in which he dealt with the debate between Karl Marx and Mikhail Bakunin at the First International 186 Libertarian Marxist currents often draw from Marx and Engels later works specifically the Grundrisse and The Civil War in France 187 They emphasize the Marxist belief in the ability of the working class to forge its own destiny without the need for a revolutionary party or state 188 In the United States there existed from 1970 to 1981 the publication Root amp Branch 189 which had as a subtitle A Libertarian Marxist Journal 190 In 1974 the Libertarian Communism journal was started in the United Kingdom by a group inside the Socialist Party of Great Britain 191 In 1986 the anarcho syndicalist Sam Dolgoff started and led the publication Libertarian Labor Review in the United States 192 which decided to rename itself as Anarcho Syndicalist Review in order to avoid confusion with right libertarian views 193 20th century libertarianism in the United States Edit Main article Libertarianism in the United States By around the start of the 20th century the heyday of individualist anarchism had passed 194 H L Mencken and Albert Jay Nock were the first prominent figures in the United States to describe themselves as libertarian as synonym for liberal They believed that Franklin D Roosevelt had co opted the word liberal for his New Deal policies which they opposed and used libertarian to signify their allegiance to classical liberalism individualism and limited government 195 According to David Boaz in 1943 three women published books that could be said to have given birth to the modern libertarian movement 196 Isabel Paterson s The God of the Machine Rose Wilder Lane s The Discovery of Freedom and Ayn Rand s The Fountainhead each promoted individualism and capitalism None of the three used the term libertarianism to describe their beliefs and Rand specifically rejected the label criticizing the burgeoning American libertarian movement as the hippies of the right 197 Rand accused libertarians of plagiarizing ideas related to her own philosophy of Objectivism and yet viciously attacking other aspects of it 197 In 1946 Leonard E Read founded the Foundation for Economic Education FEE an American nonprofit educational organization which promotes the principles of laissez faire economics private property and limited government 198 According to Gary North the FEE is the granddaddy of all libertarian organizations 199 Karl Hess a speechwriter for Barry Goldwater and primary author of the Republican Party s 1960 and 1964 platforms became disillusioned with traditional politics following the 1964 presidential campaign in which Goldwater lost to Lyndon B Johnson He and his friend Murray Rothbard an Austrian School economist founded the journal Left and Right A Journal of Libertarian Thought which was published from 1965 to 1968 with George Resch and Leonard P Liggio In 1969 they edited The Libertarian Forum which Hess left in 1971 200 The Vietnam War split the uneasy alliance between growing numbers of American libertarians and conservatives who believed in limiting liberty to uphold moral virtues Libertarians opposed to the war joined the draft resistance and peace movements as well as organizations such as Students for a Democratic Society SDS In 1969 and 1970 Hess joined with others including Murray Rothbard Robert LeFevre Dana Rohrabacher Samuel Edward Konkin III and former SDS leader Carl Oglesby to speak at two conferences which brought together activists from both the New Left and the Old Right in what was emerging as a nascent libertarian movement Rothbard ultimately broke with the left allying himself with the burgeoning paleoconservative movement 201 202 He criticized the tendency of these libertarians to appeal to free spirits to people who don t want to push other people around and who don t want to be pushed around themselves in contrast to the bulk of Americans who might well be tight assed conformists who want to stamp out drugs in their vicinity kick out people with strange dress habits etc Rothbard emphasized that this was relevant as a matter of strategy as the failure to pitch the libertarian message to Middle America might result in the loss of the tight assed majority 203 204 This left libertarian tradition has been carried to the present day by Konkin III s agorists 205 contemporary mutualists such as Kevin Carson 206 Roderick T Long 207 and others such as Gary Chartier 208 Charles W Johnson 209 210 Sheldon Richman 211 Chris Matthew Sciabarra 212 and Brad Spangler 213 Former Congressman Ron Paul a self described libertarian whose presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012 garnered significant support from youth and libertarian Republicans In 1971 a small group led by David Nolan formed the Libertarian Party 214 which has run a presidential candidate every election year since 1972 Other libertarian organizations such as the Center for Libertarian Studies and the Cato Institute were also formed in the 1970s 215 Philosopher John Hospers a one time member of Rand s inner circle proposed a non initiation of force principle to unite both groups but this statement later became a required pledge for candidates of the Libertarian Party and Hospers became its first presidential candidate in 1972 216 Modern libertarianism gained significant recognition in academia with the publication of Harvard University professor Robert Nozick s Anarchy State and Utopia in 1974 for which he received a National Book Award in 1975 217 In response to John Rawls s A Theory of Justice Nozick s book supported a minimal state also called a nightwatchman state by Nozick on the grounds that the ultraminimal state arises without violating individual rights 218 and the transition from an ultraminimal state to a minimal state is morally obligated to occur In the early 1970s Rothbard wrote One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that for the first time in my memory we our side had captured a crucial word from the enemy Libertarians had long been simply a polite word for left wing anarchists that is for anti private property anarchists either of the communist or syndicalist variety But now we had taken it over 219 The project of spreading libertarian ideals in the United States has been so successful that some Americans who do not identify as libertarian seem to hold libertarian views 220 Since the resurgence of neoliberalism in the 1970s this modern American libertarianism has spread beyond North America via think tanks and political parties 221 222 In a 1975 interview with Reason California Governor Ronald Reagan appealed to libertarians when he stated to believe the very heart and soul of conservatism is libertarianism 223 Libertarian Republican Ron Paul supported Reagan s 1980 presidential campaign being one of the first elected officials in the nation to support his campaign 224 and actively campaigned for Reagan in 1976 and 1980 225 However Paul quickly became disillusioned with the Reagan administration s policies after Reagan s election in 1980 and later recalled being the only Republican to vote against Reagan budget proposals in 1981 226 227 In the 1980s libertarians such as Paul and Rothbard 228 229 criticized President Reagan Reaganomics and policies of the Reagan administration for among other reasons having turned the United States big trade deficit into debt and the United States became a debtor nation for the first time since World War I under the Reagan administration 230 231 Rothbard argued that the presidency of Reagan has been a disaster for libertarianism in the United States 232 and Paul described Reagan himself as a dramatic failure 225 Contemporary libertarianism EditContemporary libertarian socialism Edit Members of the Spanish anarcho syndicalist trade union Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo marching in Madrid in 2010 A surge of popular interest in libertarian socialism occurred in Western nations during the 1960s and 1970s 233 Anarchism was influential in the counterculture of the 1960s 234 235 236 and anarchists actively participated in the protests of 1968 which included students and workers revolts 237 In 1968 the International of Anarchist Federations was founded in Carrara Italy during an international anarchist conference held there in 1968 by the three existing European federations of France the Italian and the Iberian Anarchist Federation as well as the Bulgarian Anarchist Federation in French exile 177 238 Around the turn of the 21st century libertarian socialism grew in popularity and influence as part of the anti war anti capitalist and anti globalisation movements 28 Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the meetings of the World Trade Organization WTO Group of Eight and the World Economic Forum Some anarchist factions at these protests engaged in rioting property destruction and violent confrontations with police These actions were precipitated by ad hoc leaderless anonymous cadres known as black blocs and other organizational tactics pioneered in this time include security culture affinity groups and the use of decentralized technologies such as the Internet 28 A significant event of this period was the confrontations at WTO conference in Seattle in 1999 28 For English anarchist scholar Simon Critchley contemporary anarchism can be seen as a powerful critique of the pseudo libertarianism of contemporary neo liberalism One might say that contemporary anarchism is about responsibility whether sexual ecological or socio economic it flows from an experience of conscience about the manifold ways in which the West ravages the rest it is an ethical outrage at the yawning inequality impoverishment and disenfranchisment that is so palpable locally and globally 239 This might also have been motivated by the collapse of really existing socialism and the capitulation to neo liberalism of Western social democracy 240 Contemporary libertarianism in the United States Edit In the United States polls circa 2006 find that the views and voting habits of between 10 and 20 or more of voting age Americans may be classified as fiscally conservative and socially liberal or libertarian 70 113 This is based on pollsters and researchers defining libertarian views as fiscally conservative and socially liberal based on the common United States meanings of the terms and against government intervention in economic affairs and for expansion of personal freedoms 70 In a 2015 Gallup poll this figure had risen to 27 121 A 2015 Reuters poll found that 23 of American voters self identify as libertarians including 32 in the 18 29 age group 120 Through twenty polls on this topic spanning thirteen years Gallup found that voters who are libertarian on the political spectrum ranged from 17 23 of the United States electorate 118 However a 2014 Pew Poll found that 23 of Americans who identify as libertarians have no idea what the word means In this poll 11 of respondents both identified as libertarians and understand what the term meant 119 Tea Party movement protest in Washington D C September 2009 In 2001 an American political migration movement called the Free State Project was founded to recruit at least 20 000 libertarians to move to a single low population state New Hampshire was selected in 2003 in order to make the state a stronghold for libertarian ideas 241 242 As of May 2022 approximately 6 232 participants have moved to New Hampshire for the Free State Project 243 2009 saw the rise of the Tea Party movement an American political movement known for advocating a reduction in the United States national debt and federal budget deficit by reducing government spending and taxes which had a significant libertarian component 244 despite having contrasts with libertarian values and views in some areas such as free trade immigration nationalism and social issues 245 A 2011 Reason Rupe poll found that among those who self identified as Tea Party supporters 41 percent leaned libertarian and 59 percent socially conservative 246 Named after the Boston Tea Party it also contains conservative 247 248 249 and populist elements 250 251 252 and has sponsored multiple protests and supported various political candidates since 2009 Tea Party activities have declined since 2010 with the number of chapters across the country slipping from about 1 000 to 600 253 254 Mostly Tea Party organizations are said to have shifted away from national demonstrations to local issues 253 Following the selection of Paul Ryan as Mitt Romney s 2012 vice presidential running mate The New York Times declared that Tea Party lawmakers are no longer a fringe of the conservative coalition but now indisputably at the core of the modern Republican Party 255 President Donald Trump praised the Tea Party movement throughout his 2016 presidential campaign 256 In a January 2016 CNN poll at the beginning of the 2016 Republican primary Trump led all Republican candidates modestly among self identified Tea Party voters with 37 percent supporting Trump and 34 percent supporting Ted Cruz 257 By 2016 Politico noted that the Tea Party movement was essentially completely dead however the article noted that the movement seemed to die in part because some of its ideas had been absorbed by the mainstream Republican Party 258 In 2012 anti war and pro drug liberalization presidential candidates such as Libertarian Republican Ron Paul and Libertarian Party candidate Gary Johnson raised millions of dollars and garnered millions of votes despite opposition to their obtaining ballot access by both Democrats and Republicans 259 The 2012 Libertarian National Convention saw Johnson and Jim Gray being nominated as the 2012 presidential ticket for the Libertarian Party resulting in the most successful result for a third party presidential candidacy since 2000 and the best in the Libertarian Party s history by vote number Johnson received 1 of the popular vote amounting to more than 1 2 million votes 260 261 Johnson has expressed a desire to win at least 5 percent of the vote so that the Libertarian Party candidates could get equal ballot access and federal funding thus subsequently ending the two party system 262 263 264 The 2016 Libertarian National Convention saw Johnson and Bill Weld nominated as the 2016 presidential ticket and resulted in the most successful result for a third party presidential candidacy since 1996 and the best in the Libertarian Party s history by vote number Johnson received 3 of the popular vote amounting to more than 4 3 million votes 265 Following the 2022 Libertarian National Convention the Mises Caucus a paleolibertarian faction became the dominant faction on the Libertarian National Committee 266 267 Chicago school of economics economist Milton Friedman made the distinction between being part of the American Libertarian Party and a libertarian with a small l where he held libertarian values but belonged to the American Republican Party 268 Contemporary libertarian organizations EditSee also the categories Anarchist organizations Libertarian parties Libertarian publications and Libertarian think tanks Current international anarchist federations which identify themselves as libertarian include the International of Anarchist Federations the International Workers Association and International Libertarian Solidarity The largest organized anarchist movement today is in Spain in the form of the Confederacion General del Trabajo CGT and the Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo CNT CGT membership was estimated to be around 100 000 for 2003 269 Other active syndicalist movements include the Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden and the Swedish Anarcho syndicalist Youth Federation in Sweden the Unione Sindacale Italiana in Italy Workers Solidarity Alliance in the United States and Solidarity Federation in the United Kingdom The revolutionary industrial unionist Industrial Workers of the World claiming 2 000 paying members as well as the International Workers Association remain active In the United States there exists the Common Struggle Libertarian Communist Federation Since the 1950s many American libertarian organizations have adopted a free market stance as well as supporting civil liberties and non interventionist foreign policies These include the Ludwig von Mises Institute Francisco Marroquin University the Foundation for Economic Education Center for Libertarian Studies the Cato Institute and Liberty International The activist Free State Project formed in 2001 works to bring 20 000 libertarians to New Hampshire to influence state policy 270 Active student organizations include Students for Liberty and Young Americans for Liberty A number of countries have libertarian parties that run candidates for political office In the United States the Libertarian Party was formed in 1972 and is the third largest 271 272 American political party with 511 277 voters 0 46 of total electorate registered as Libertarian in the 31 states that report Libertarian registration statistics and Washington D C 273 Criticism EditMain article Criticism of libertarianism Criticism of libertarianism includes ethical economic environmental pragmatic and philosophical concerns especially in relation to right libertarianism 274 including the view that it has no explicit theory of liberty 66 It has been argued that laissez faire capitalism does not necessarily produce the best or most efficient outcome 275 276 nor does its philosophy of individualism and policies of deregulation prevent the abuse of natural resources 277 Critics have accused libertarianism of promoting atomistic individualism that ignores the role of groups and communities in shaping an individual s identity 1 Libertarians have responded by denying that they promote this form of individualism arguing that recognition and protection of individualism does not mean the rejection of community living 1 Libertarians also argue that they are simply against individuals being forced to have ties with communities and that individuals should be allowed to sever ties with communities they dislike and form new communities instead 1 Critics such as Corey Robin describe this type of libertarianism as fundamentally a reactionary conservative ideology united with more traditionalist conservative thought and goals by a desire to enforce hierarchical power and social relations 89 Similarly Nancy MacLean has argued that libertarianism is a radical right ideology that has stood against democracy According to MacLean libertarian leaning Charles and David Koch have used anonymous dark money campaign contributions a network of libertarian institutes and lobbying for the appointment of libertarian pro business judges to United States federal and state courts to oppose taxes public education employee protection laws environmental protection laws and the New Deal Social Security program 278 Conservative philosopher Russell Kirk argued that libertarians bear no authority temporal or spiritual and do not venerate ancient beliefs and customs or the natural world or their country or the immortal spark in their fellow men 1 Libertarians have responded by saying that they do venerate these ancient traditions but are against the law being used to force individuals to follow them 1 Criticism of left libertarianism is instead mainly related to anarchism and includes allegations of utopianism 279 tacit authoritarianism 280 281 and vandalism towards feats of civilisation 282 See also Edit Anarchism portal Libertarianism portal Politics portalChristian libertarianism Fusionism Green libertarianism Libertarian feminism List of libertarian political ideologies Neoclassical liberalism Non aggression principle Outline of libertarianism Paleolibertarianism Property is theft Taxation is theft References Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m Boaz David 30 January 2009 Libertarianism Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 4 May 2015 Retrieved 21 February 2017 L ibertarianism political philosophy that takes individual liberty to be the primary political value a b c What is a libertarian Libertarianism org Retrieved 21 August 2022 A libertarian is committed to the principle that liberty is the most important political value Woodcock George 2004 1962 Anarchism A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements Peterborough Broadview Press p 16 ISBN 978 1551116297 F or the very nature of the libertarian attitude its rejection of dogma its deliberate avoidance of rigidly systematic theory and above all its stress on extreme freedom of choice and on the primacy of the individual judgement sic a b c Long Joseph W 1996 Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class Social Philosophy and Policy 15 2 310 When I speak of libertarianism I mean all three of these very different movements It might be protested that LibCap libertarian capitalism LibSoc libertarian socialism and LibPop libertarian populism are too different from one another to be treated as aspects of a single point of view But they do share a common or at least an overlapping intellectual ancestry a b c Carlson Jennifer D 2012 Libertarianism In Miller Wilburn R ed The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America London SAGE Publications p 1006 Archived 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 1412988764 There exist three major camps in libertarian thought right libertarianism socialist libertarianism and left libertarianism the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars a b c Francis Mark December 1983 Human Rights and Libertarians Australian Journal of Politics amp History 29 3 462 472 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8497 1983 tb00212 x ISSN 0004 9522 a b Otero Carlos Peregrin ed 1994 Noam Chomsky Critical Assessments Volumes 2 3 Taylor amp Francis p 617 Archived 9 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978 0415106948 Long Roderick T 2012 The Rise of Social Anarchism In Gaus Gerald F D Agostino Fred eds The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy p 223 Archived 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine In the meantime anarchist theories of a more communist or collectivist character had been developing as well One important pioneer is French anarcho communist Joseph Dejacque 1821 1864 who appears to have been the first thinker to adopt the term libertarian for this position hence libertarianism initially denoted a communist rather than a free market ideology Long Roderick T 2012 Anarchism In Gaus Gerald F D Agostino Fred eds The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy p 227 Archived 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine In its oldest sense it is a synonym either for anarchism in general or social anarchism in particular a b c Rothbard Murray 2009 2007 The Betrayal of the American Right PDF Mises Institute p 83 ISBN 978 1610165013 Archived PDF from the original on 21 December 2019 Retrieved 10 November 2019 One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that for the first time in my memory we our side had captured a crucial word from the enemy Libertarians had long been simply a polite word for left wing anarchists that is for anti private property anarchists either of the communist or syndicalist variety But now we had taken it over a b c d Marshall Peter 2009 Demanding the Impossible A History of Anarchism p 641 Archived 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine For a long time libertarian was interchangeable in France with anarchism but in recent years its meaning has become more ambivalent Some anarchists like Daniel Guerin will call themselves libertarian socialists partly to avoid the negative overtones still associated with anarchism and partly to stress the place of anarchism within the socialist tradition Even Marxists of the New Left like E P Thompson call themselves libertarian to distinguish themselves from those authoritarian socialists and communists who believe in revolutionary dictatorship and vanguard parties a b c Kropotkin Peter 1927 Anarchism A Collection of Revolutionary Writings Courier Dover Publications p 150 ISBN 978 0486119861 It attacks not only capital but also the main sources of the power of capitalism law authority and the State a b c Otero Carlos Peregrin 2003 Introduction to Chomsky s Social Theory In Otero Carlos Peregrin ed Radical Priorities Chomsky Noam Chomsky 3rd ed Oakland California AK Press p 26 ISBN 1902593693 a b c Chomsky Noam 2003 Carlos Peregrin Otero ed Radical Priorities 3rd ed Oakland California AK Press pp 227 228 ISBN 1902593693 a b c Carlson Jennifer D 2012 Libertarianism In Miller Wilbur R The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America An Encyclopedia SAGE Publications p 1006 Archived 21 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine S ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few whether politically or economically as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism 12 13 14 15 a b c Peter Vallentyne Libertarianism Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Metaphysics Research Lab CSLI Stanford University Retrieved 20 November 2011 a b c d e f Kymlicka Will 2005 libertarianism left In Honderich Ted The Oxford Companion to Philosophy New York City Oxford University Press p 516 ISBN 978 0199264797 Left libertarianism is a new term for an old conception of justice dating back to Grotius It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self ownership over his person with the egalitarian premiss that natural resources should be shared equally Right wing libertarians argue that the right of self ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world such as unequal amounts of land According to left libertarians however the world s natural resources were initially unowned or belonged equally to all and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property Historic proponents of this view include Thomas Paine Herbert Spencer and Henry George Recent exponents include Philippe Van Parijs and Hillel Steiner a b c d e f g Goodway David 2006 Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow Left Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward Liverpool Liverpool University Press p 4 Archived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978 1846310256 Libertarian and libertarianism are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for anarchist and anarchism largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of anarchy and its derivatives The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho capitalism minimal statism and an extreme right wing laissez faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozick and their adoption of the words libertarian and libertarianism It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition a b Marshall Peter 2008 Demanding the Impossible A History of Anarchism London Harper Perennial p 641 Archived 7 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine Left libertarianism can therefore range from the decentralist who wishes to limit and devolve State power to the syndicalist who wants to abolish it altogether It can even encompass the Fabians and the social democrats who wish to socialize the economy but who still see a limited role for the State a b c Spitz Jean Fabien March 2006 Left wing libertarianism equality based on self ownership Raisons Politiques 23 3 23 46 doi 10 3917 rai 023 0023 Archived from the original on 23 March 2019 Retrieved 11 March 2018 a b c d e f g Newman Saul 2010 The Politics of Postanarchism Edinburgh University Press p 43 Archived 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978 0748634958 It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name for example Murray Rothbard s anarcho capitalism There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick who advocate a minimal state and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone From an anarchist perspective however both positions the minimal state minarchist and the no state anarchist positions neglect the problem of economic domination in other words they neglect the hierarchies oppressions and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in a laissez faire free market Anarchism therefore has no truck with this right wing libertarianism not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination but also because in practice and theory it is highly inconsistent and contradictory The individual freedom invoked by right wing libertarians is only a narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market which as anarchists show is no freedom at all 18 19 20 21 22 a b c Anarchism In Gaus Gerald F D Agostino Fred eds 2012 The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy p 227 The term left libertarianism has at least three meanings In its oldest sense it is a synonym either for anarchism in general or social anarchism in particular Later it became a term for the left or Konkinite wing of the free market libertarian movement and has since come to cover a range of pro market but anti capitalist positions mostly individualist anarchist including agorism and mutualism often with an implication of sympathies such as for radical feminism or the labor movement not usually shared by anarcho capitalists In a third sense it has recently come to be applied to a position combining individual self ownership with an egalitarian approach to natural resources most proponents of this position are not anarchists a b c Vallentyne Peter March 2009 Libertarianism In Zalta Edward N ed Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Spring 2009 ed Stanford California Stanford University Archived from the original on 6 July 2019 Retrieved 5 March 2010 Libertarianism is committed to full self ownership A distinction can be made however between right libertarianism and left libertarianism depending on the stance taken on how natural resources can be owned a b c d e f Carson Kevin 15 June 2014 What is Left Libertarianism Archived 3 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine Center for a Stateless Society Retrieved 28 November 2019 18 21 24 25 26 a b c d Rupert Mark 2006 Globalization and International Political Economy Lanham Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 66 ISBN 0742529436 a b c d Marshall Peter 2008 Demanding the Impossible A History of Anarchism London Harper Perennial p 565 The problem with the term libertarian is that it is now also used by the Right In its moderate form right libertarianism embraces laissez faire liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State and in its extreme form anarcho capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order a b c d e f g h Carlson Jennifer D 2012 Libertarianism In Miller Wilburn R ed The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America London SAGE Publications p 1006 Archived 21 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 1412988764 19 22 29 30 Hussain Syed B 2004 Encyclopedia of Capitalism Volume 2 New York Facts on File Inc p 492 ISBN 0816052247 Archived from the original on 30 September 2020 Retrieved 31 October 2015 In the modern world political ideologies are largely defined by their attitude towards capitalism Marxists want to overthrow it liberals to curtail it extensively conservatives to curtail it moderately Those who maintain that capitalism is an excellent economic system unfairly maligned with little or no need for corrective government policy are generally known as libertarians Adams Ian 2001 Political Ideology Today reprinted revised ed Manchester Manchester University Press ISBN 9780719060205 Russell Dean 1955 Who is a libertarian Foundation for Economic Education Many of us call ourselves liberals And it is true that the word liberal once described persons who respected the individual and feared the use of mass compulsions But the leftists have now corrupted that once proud term to identify themselves and their program of more government ownership of property and more controls over persons As a result those of us who believe in freedom must explain that when we call ourselves liberals we mean liberals in the uncorrupted classical sense At best this is awkward and subject to misunderstanding Here is a suggestion Let those of us who love liberty trade mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word libertarian Teles Steven Kenney Daniel A Spreading the Word The Diffusion of American Conservatism in Europe and Beyond In Kopsten Jeffrey Steinmo Sven eds 2007 Growing Apart America and Europe in the Twenty First Century Cambridge University Press pp 136 169 Singleton Alex 30 May 2008 How Libertarians undermine liberty Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 25 June 2009 Retrieved 10 January 2016 Staff writer 24 March 2019 Feiglin Palestinians in Gaza had more rights under Israel Israel Hayom Retrieved 26 August 2019 Harkov Lahav 17 March 2019 The Feiglin phenomenon The Jerusalem Post Retrieved 17 March 2019 The leader of the rising Zehut Party is attracting more than just young potheads to his libertarian platform Zehut Israel Democracy Institute Retrieved 21 February 2019 and personal liberty Its platform includes libertarian economic positions Eglash Ruth 4 April 2019 A pro pot party could tip the scales in Israel s upcoming election The Washington Post Retrieved 7 April 2019 Now you have two special interest groups What pulls them together is the strong libertarian anti state agenda that works well for both Staden Martin 2 December 2015 Remembering the Founder of SA Libertarianism Dr Marc Swanepoel Rational Standard Retrieved 20 September 2020 a b Nozick Robert 1974 Anarchy State and Utopia Basic Books Geloso Vincent Leeson Peter T 2020 Are Anarcho Capitalists Insane Medieval Icelandic Conflict Institutions in Comparative Perspective Revue d economie politique 130 6 957 974 doi 10 3917 redp 306 0115 ISSN 0373 2630 S2CID 235008718 Anarcho capitalism is a variety of libertarianism according to which all government institutions can and should be replaced by private ones a b Thaler Richard Sunstein Cass 2003 Libertarian Paternalism The American Economic Review 93 175 179 a b c Kahneman Daniel 25 October 2011 Thinking Fast and Slow 1st ed New York City NY ISBN 978 0374275631 OCLC 706020998 a b Sterba James 2013 The Pursuit of Justice Lanham Rowman amp Littlefield p 66 ISBN 978 1442221796 a b Walker Jesse 23 July 2013 Three Lessons for Libertarian Populists Reason Retrieved 25 September 2022 William Belsham 1789 Essays C Dilly p 11 Archived from the original on 11 April 2021 Retrieved 26 October 2020 Original from the University of Michigan digitized 21 May 2007 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint postscript link OED November 2010 edition The British Critic p 432 The author s Latin verses which are rather more intelligible than his English mark him for a furious Libertarian if we may coin such a term and a zealous admirer of France and her liberty under Bonaparte such liberty Seeley John Robert 1878 Life and Times of Stein Or Germany and Prussia in the Napoleonic Age Cambridge Cambridge University Press 3 355 Maitland Frederick William July 1901 William Stubbs Bishop of Oxford English Historical Review 16 3 419 Dejacque Joseph 1857 De l etre humain male et femelle Lettre a P J Proudhon Archived 17 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine in French Marshall Peter 2009 Demanding the Impossible A History of Anarchism p 641 The word libertarian has long been associated with anarchism and has been used repeatedly throughout this work The term originally denoted a person who upheld the doctrine of the freedom of the will in this sense Godwin was not a libertarian but a necessitarian It came however to be applied to anyone who approved of liberty in general In anarchist circles it was first used by Joseph Dejacque as the title of his anarchist journal Le Libertaire Journal du Mouvement Social published in New York in 1858 At the end of the last century the anarchist Sebastien Faure took up the word to stress the difference between anarchists and authoritarian socialists Robert Graham ed 2005 Anarchism A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas Vol One From Anarchy to Anarchism 300 CE 1939 Montreal Black Rose Books 17 Woodcock George 1962 Anarchism A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements Meridian Books p 280 He called himself a social poet and published two volumes of heavily didactic verse Lazareennes and Les Pyrenees Nivelees In New York from 1858 to 1861 he edited an anarchist paper entitled Le Libertaire Journal du Mouvement Social in whose pages he printed as a serial his vision of the anarchist Utopia entitled L Humanisphere Mouton Jean Claude Le Libertaire Journal du mouvement social Archived from the original on 16 May 2011 Retrieved 7 March 2009 Nettlau Max 1996 A Short History of Anarchism London Freedom Press p 162 ISBN 978 0900384899 OCLC 37529250 Ward Colin 2004 Anarchism A Very Short Introduction Archived 13 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Oxford Oxford University Press p 62 For a century anarchists have used the word libertarian as a synonym for anarchist both as a noun and an adjective The celebrated anarchist journal Le Libertaire was founded in 1896 However much more recently the word has been appropriated by various American free market philosophers Chomsky Noam 23 February 2002 The Week Online Interviews Chomsky Z Magazine Z Communications Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 Retrieved 21 November 2011 The term libertarian as used in the US means something quite different from what it meant historically and still means in the rest of the world Historically the libertarian movement has been the anti statist wing of the socialist movement Socialist anarchism was libertarian socialism Comegna Anthony Gomez Camillo 3 October 2018 Libertarianism Then and Now Archived 3 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine Libertarianism Cato Institute Benjamin Tucker was the first American to really start using the term libertarian as a self identifier somewhere in the late 1870s or early 1880s Retrieved 3 August 2020 Russell Dean May 1955 Who Is A Libertarian The Freeman Foundation for Economic Education 5 5 Archived from the original on 26 June 2010 Retrieved 6 March 2010 Russel Dean May 1955 Who Is A Libertarian Archived 28 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine Foundation for Economic Education Retrieved 28 November 2019 a b c Tucker Jeffrey 15 September 2016 Where Does the Term Libertarian Come From Anyway Archived 23 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine Foundation for Economic Education Retrieved 28 November 2019 Paul Cantor The Invisible Hand in Popular Culture Liberty Vs Authority in American Film and TV University Press of Kentucky 2012 p 353 n 2 a b c d Lester J C 22 October 2017 New Paradigm Libertarianism a Very Brief Explanation Archived 6 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine PhilPapers Retrieved 26 June 2019 Teles Steven Kenney Daniel A 2008 Spreading the Word The diffusion of American Conservatism in Europe and beyond In Steinmo Sven Growing Apart America and Europe in the 21st Century Archived 13 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Growing Apart America and Europe in the Twenty first Century Cambridge University Press pp 136 169 National Book Award 1975 Philosophy and Religion 1975 National Book Foundation Retrieved 9 September 2011 Archived 9 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine a b Schaefer David Lewis 30 April 2008 Robert Nozick and the Coast of Utopia Archived 21 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine The New York Sun Retrieved 26 June 2019 a b c d e Boaz David Kirby David 18 October 2006 The Libertarian Vote Archived 31 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine Cato Institute Retrieved 10 February 2020 Carpenter Ted Galen Innocent Malen 2008 Foreign Policy In Hamowy Ronald ed The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism Thousand Oaks CA Sage Cato Institute pp 177 180 doi 10 4135 9781412965811 n109 ISBN 978 1412965804 LCCN 2008009151 OCLC 750831024 Archived from the original on 23 March 2022 Retrieved 26 October 2020 Edward A Olsen 2002 US National Defense for the Twenty First Century The Grand Exit Strategy Taylor amp Francis p 182 Archived 1 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978 0714681405 The Political Compass The Political Compass 11 October 2013 Retrieved 1 November 2013 a b c Anarchism In Gaus Gerald F D Agostino Fred eds 2012 The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy p 227 Cohn Jesse 20 April 2009 Anarchism In Ness Immanuel ed The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest Oxford John Wiley amp Sons Ltd p 6 doi 10 1002 9781405198073 wbierp0039 ISBN 978 1405198073 L ibertarianism a term that until the mid twentieth century was synonymous with anarchism per se Guerin Daniel 1970 Anarchism From Theory to Practice New York City Monthly Review Press p 12 A narchism is really a synonym for socialism The anarchist is primarily a socialist whose aim is to abolish the exploitation of man by man Anarchism is only one of the streams of socialist thought that stream whose main components are concern for liberty and haste to abolish the State ISBN 978 0853451754 a b Gamble Andrew August 2013 Freeden Michael Stears Marc eds Economic Libertarianism The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies Oxford University Press 405 doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780199585977 013 0008 a b Gamble Andrew August 2013 Freeden Michael Stears Marc eds Economic Libertarianism The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies Oxford University Press 406 doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780199585977 013 0008 Gamble Andrew August 2013 Freeden Michael Stears Marc eds Economic Libertarianism The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies Oxford University Press 405 406 doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780199585977 013 0008 Francis Mark December 1983 Human Rights and Libertarians Australian Journal of Politics amp History 29 3 462 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8497 1983 tb00212 x ISSN 0004 9522 Francis Mark December 1983 Human Rights and Libertarians Australian Journal of Politics amp History 29 3 462 463 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8497 1983 tb00212 x ISSN 0004 9522 Francis Mark December 1983 Human Rights and Libertarians Australian Journal of Politics amp History 29 3 463 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8497 1983 tb00212 x ISSN 0004 9522 a b Block Walter 2010 Libertarianism Is Unique and Belongs Neither to the Right Nor the Left A Critique of the Views of Long Holcombe and Baden on the Left Hoppe Feser and Paul on the Right Archived 13 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine Journal of Libertarian Studies 22 pp 127 170 a b Rothbard Murray 1 March 1971 The Left and Right Within Libertarianism Archived 1 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine WIN Peace and Freedom Through Nonviolent Action 7 4 6 10 Retrieved 14 January 2020 a b Read Leonard E January 1956 Neither Left Nor Right Archived 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine The Freeman 48 2 71 73 a b Browne Harry 21 December 1998 The Libertarian Stand on Abortion Archived 6 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine HarryBrowne org Retrieved 14 January 2020 a b Raimondo Justin 2000 An Enemy of the State Chapter 4 Beyond left and right Prometheus Books p 159 a b Machan Tibor R 2004 Neither Left Nor Right Selected Columns Archived 1 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine 522 Hoover Institution Press ISBN 978 0817939823 a b Robin Corey 2011 The Reactionary Mind Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Sarah Palin Oxford University Press pp 15 16 ISBN 978 0199793747 Harmel Robert Gibson Rachel K June 1995 Right Libertarian Parties and the New Values A Re examination Scandinavian Political Studies 18 July 1993 97 118 doi 10 1111 j 1467 9477 1995 tb00157 x Robinson Emily et al 2017 Telling stories about post war Britain popular individualism and the crisis of the 1970s Archived 3 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine Twentieth Century British History 28 2 268 304 Kitschelt Herbert McGann Anthony J 1997 1995 The Radical Right in Western Europe A Comparative Analysis University of Michigan Press p 27 Archived 5 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978 0472084418 Mudde Cas 11 October 2016 The Populist Radical Right A Reader Archived 4 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine 1st ed Routledge ISBN 978 1138673861 Baradat Leon P 2015 Political Ideologies Routledge p 31 ISBN 978 1317345558 Hess Karl 18 February 2015 Anarchism Without Hyphens amp The Left Right Spectrum Archived 17 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine Center for a Stateless Society Tulsa Alliance of the Libertarian Left Retrieved 17 March 2020 The far left as far as you can get away from the right would logically represent the opposite tendency and in fact has done just that throughout history The left has been the side of politics and economics that opposes the concentration of power and wealth and instead advocates and works toward the distribution of power into the maximum number of hands Long Roderick T 8 April 2006 Rothbard s Left and Right Forty Years Later Archived 10 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine Mises Institute Rothbard Memorial Lecture Austrian Scholars Conference 2006 Retrieved 17 March 2020 Rothbard Murray Spring 1965 Left and Right The Prospects for Liberty Left and Right A Journal of Libertarian Thought 1 1 4 22 George Woodcock Anarchism A History of Llibertarian Ideas and Movements Petersborough Ontario Broadview Press pp 11 31 especially p 18 ISBN 1551116294 Roderick T Long 1998 Towards a Libertarian Theory of Class PDF Social Philosophy and Policy 15 2 303 349 at p 304 doi 10 1017 S0265052500002028 S2CID 145150666 Duncan Watts 2002 Understanding American Government and Politics A Guide for A2 Politics Students Manchester England Manchester University Press p 246 Zwolinski Matt Libertarianism Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Retrieved 1 November 2022 Boaz David 1998 Libertarianism A Primer Free Press pp 22 26 Conway David 2008 Freedom of Speech In Hamowy Ronald ed Liberalism Classical The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism Thousand Oaks California SAGE Cato Institute pp 295 298 doi 10 4135 9781412965811 n112 ISBN 978 1412965804 LCCN 2008009151 OCLC 750831024 Archived from the original on 30 September 2020 Retrieved 31 October 2015 Depending on the context libertarianism can be seen as either the contemporary name for classical liberalism adopted to avoid confusion in those countries where liberalism is widely understood to denote advocacy of expansive government powers or as a more radical version of classical liberalism About the Libertarian Party Archived 8 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine Libertarian Party Libertarians strongly oppose any government interference into their personal family and business decisions Essentially we believe all Americans should be free to live their lives and pursue their interests as they see fit as long as they do no harm to another Retrieved 2 May 2020 Thaler Richard H 2008 Nudge Improving Decisions About Health Wealth and Happiness Sunstein Cass R New Haven CT Yale University Press ISBN 978 0300122237 OCLC 181517463 Carter Ian 2 August 2016 Positive and Negative Liberty Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archived from the original on 16 November 2019 Retrieved 21 September 2020 Sterba James 1980 Justice Alternative Political Perspectives Boston Wadsworth Publishing Company p 175 ISBN 978 0534007621 Sterba James 2013 The Pursuit of Justice Lanham Rowman amp Littlefield p 52 ISBN 978 1442221796 What you should know about the Non Aggression Principle Learnliberty org 24 February 2017 Archived from the original on 7 December 2021 Retrieved 7 December 2021 Taxation Is Robbery Mises Institute Mises org 26 February 2007 Archived from the original on 28 October 2014 Retrieved 20 February 2022 Mahdjour Nima 6 June 2016 Modern Monetary Theory Beinglibertarian co Archived from the original on 20 February 2022 Retrieved 23 February 2022 Make Taxation Unnecessary Through Public Investment Libertarianpolicy org Archived from the original on 22 February 2022 Retrieved 23 February 2022 a b Arbor Ann The ANES Guide to Public Opinion and Electoral Behavior 1948 2004 American National Election Studies Q8 What is the Nolan Chart Archived 18 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine Nolan Chart Retrieved 10 February 2020 About the Quiz Archived 31 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine Advocates for Self Government Retrieved 8 February 2020 Carpenter Ted Galen Innocent Malen 2008 Foreign Policy In Hamowy Ronald ed The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism Thousand Oaks California SAGE Publications Cato Institute pp 177 180 doi 10 4135 9781412965811 n109 ISBN 978 1 4129 6580 4 LCCN 2008009151 OCLC 750831024 Olsen Edward A 2002 US National Defense for the Twenty First Century The Grand Exit Strategy Taylor amp Francis p 182 ISBN 0714681407 ISBN 9780714681405 a b Gallup Database 2006 Survey Results Archived 23 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine Gallup Retrieved 23 December 2019 a b Kiley Jocelyn 25 August 2014 In Search of Libertarians Archived 7 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine Pew Research Center 14 say the term libertarian describes them well 77 of those know the definition 11 of total while 23 do not 3 of total a b Becker Amanda 30 April 2015 Americans don t like big government but like many programs poll Archived 29 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 31 October 2019 a b Boaz David 10 February 2016 Gallup Finds More Libertarians in the Electorate Archived 31 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 31 October 2019 Kropotkin Peter 13 January 2017 Anarchism Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 19 April 2022 Retrieved 16 April 2020 In a society developed on these lines the voluntary associations which already now begin to cover all the fields of human activity would take a still greater extension so as to substitute themselves for the state in all its functions Boaz David 21 November 1998 Preface for the Japanese Edition of Libertarianism A Primer Archived 10 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine Cato Institute Retrieved 10 December 2019 Boaz David 7 March 2007 A Note on Labels Why Libertarian Libertarianism org Cato Institute Retrieved 4 July 2013 Archived 16 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Garbooshian Adrina Michelle 2006 The Concept of Human Dignity in the French and American Enlightenments Religion Virtue Liberty ProQuest p 472 ISBN 978 0542851605 Influenced by Locke and Smith certain segments of society affirmed classical liberalism with a libertarian bent Cantor Paul A 2012 The Invisible Hand in Popular Culture Liberty Vs Authority in American Film and TV University Press of Kentucky p xiii Archived 9 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978 0813140827 T he roots of libertarianism lie in the classical liberal tradition Rocker Rudolf 1949 Pioneers of American Freedom Origin of Liberal and Radical Thought in America New York J J Little amp Ives Company p 13 It was the great service of liberal thinkers like Jefferson and Paine that they recognized the natural limitations of every form of government That is why they did not want to see the state become a terrestrial Providence which in its infallibility would make on its own every decision thereby not only blocking the road to higher forms of social development but also crippling the natural sense of responsibility of the people which is the essential condition for every prosperous society Tucker Benjamin 1926 1976 Individual Liberty New York Vanguard Press p 13 The Anarchists are simply unterrified Jeffersonian Democrats They believe that the best government is that which governs least and that that which governs least is no government at all Scott James C 2012 Two Cheers for Anarchism Six Easy Pieces on Autonomy Dignity and Meaningful Work and Play Princeton University Press pp 79 80 At one end of an institutional continuum one can place the total institutions that routinely destroy the autonomy and initiative of their subjects At the other end of this continuum lies perhaps some ideal version of Jeffersonian democracy composed of independent self reliant self respecting landowning farmers managers of their own small enterprises answerable to themselves free of debt and more generally with no institutional reason for servility or deference Such free standing farmers Jefferson thought were the basis of a vigorous and independent public sphere where citizens could speak their mind without fear or favor Somewhere in between these two poles lies the contemporary situation of most citizens of Western democracies a relatively open public sphere but a quotidian institutional experience that is largely at cross purposes with the implicit assumptions behind this public sphere and encouraging and often rewarding caution deference servility and conformity Long Roderick T 1998 Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class Social Philosophy and Policy 15 2 310 doi 10 1017 s0265052500002028 S2CID 145150666 Boaz David 2010 The Libertarian Reader Classic and Contemporary Writings from Lao Tzu to Milton Friedman Simon amp Schuster p 123 Archived 13 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978 1439118337 a b Rothbard Murray 1973 2006 The Libertarian Heritage The American Revolution and Classical Liberalism Archived 18 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine In For a New Liberty The Libertarian Manifesto LewRockwell com Retrieved 10 December 2019 a b Sprading Charles T 1913 1995 Liberty and the Great Libertarians Mises Institute p 74 Archived 5 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978 1610161077 Hoffman David C Fall 2006 Paine and Prejudice Rhetorical Leadership through Perceptual Framing in Common Sense Rhetoric and Public Affairs 9 3 373 410 Maier Pauline 1997 American Scripture Making the Declaration of Independence New York City Knopf pp 90 91 Hitchens Christopher 2006 Thomas Paine s Rights of Man Grove Press p 37 ISBN 0802143830 Lamb Robert 2010 Liberty Equality and the Boundaries of Ownership Thomas Paine s Theory of Property Rights Review of Politics 72 3 483 511 doi 10 1017 s0034670510000331 hdl 10871 9896 S2CID 55413082 Archived from the original on 19 April 2022 Retrieved 1 December 2019 Ousby Ian 1993 The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English Cambridge University Press p 305 Archived 23 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978 0521440868 Joseph Dejacque De l etre humain male et femelle Lettre a P J Proudhon par Joseph Dejacque Archived 17 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine in French Joseph Dejacque De l etre humain male et femelle Lettre a P J Proudhon 1857 Robert Graham Anarchism A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas Volume One From Anarchy to Anarchism 300 CE to 1939 Black Rose Books 2005 l Echange Archived 25 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine article in Le Libertaire no 6 21 September 1858 New York Nettlau Max 1996 A Short History of Anarchism Freedom Press p 145 ISBN 0 900384 89 1 Nettlau Max 1996 A Short History of Anarchism Freedom Press p 162 ISBN 0 900384 89 1 What do I mean by individualism I mean by individualism the moral doctrine which relying on no dogma no tradition no external determination appeals only to the individual conscience Mini Manual of Individualism by Han Ryner I do not admit anything except the existence of the individual as a condition of his sovereignty To say that the sovereignty of the individual is conditioned by Liberty is simply another way of saying that it is conditioned by itself Anarchism and the State in Individual Liberty Goodway David Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow Liverpool University Press 2006 p 99 a b Leopold David 4 August 2006 Max Stirner In Zalta Edward N ed Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy The Encyclopedia Americana A Library of Universal Knowledge Encyclopedia Corporation p 176 Miller 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Retrieved 26 October 2020 Nomad Max 1966 The Anarchist Tradition In Drachkovitch Milorad M ed The Revolutionary Internationals 1864 1943 Stanford University Press p 88 ISBN 0804702934 verification needed Dielo Truda 2006 1926 Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists Draft Italy FdCA Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 Retrieved 24 October 2006 The Organizational Platform of the Libertarian Communists Nestormakhno info Archived from the original on 17 April 2021 Retrieved 13 June 2012 Holbrow Marnie Daring but Divided Archived 29 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine Socialist Review November 2002 Berry David Fascism or Revolution Le Libertaire August 1936 Antony Beevor The Battle for Spain The Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 Weidenfeld amp Nicolson 2006 p 46 ISBN 978 0297848325 Gruppo Comunista Anarchico di Firenze October 1979 Anarchist Communism amp Libertarian Communism Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine L informatore di parte 4 Jesus Ruiz Posibilismo 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In America by Paul Avrich AK Press 2005 A 1970s associate subject of David Marr s A spirit gone to another place Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Sydney Morning Herald obituary 9 September 2006 Baker A J 2 February 1998 Sydney Libertarianism and the Push Takver s Initiatives Archived 16 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine Archived from the original 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Neale Morison memorial site Retrieved 2 May 2020 Takver Sydney Libertarians and Anarchism Index Archived from the original on 29 June 2019 Retrieved 4 October 2013 Sydney Libertarianism Archived 5 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine at the Marxists Internet Archive Libertarian Marxism The Anarchist Library 6 February 2017 Archived from the original on 19 April 2022 Retrieved 16 April 2020 Ernesto Screpanti Libertarian communism Marx Engels and the Political Economy of Freedom Palgrave Macmillan London 2007 Draper Hal The Principle of Self Emancipation in Marx and Engels Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine The Socialist Register Vol 4 Root amp Branch libcom org Archived from the original on 14 June 2014 Retrieved 10 June 2014 Root amp Branch 7 libcom org Archived from the original on 26 January 2021 Retrieved 21 February 2021 papers relating to Libertarian Communism a splinter group of the SPGB including journals and miscellaneous correspondence 1970 1980 1 box Socialist Party of Great Britain at Archives Hub at the Great Research Centre Bekken Jon Sam Dolgoff MiMi Rivera and Jeff Stein 1 January 1989 Libertarian Labor Review Anarchosyndicalist Ideas and Discussion 9 Summer 1990 Champaign Libertarian Labor Review 1989 Archived from the original on 18 October 2017 Retrieved 3 September 2017 via Amazon Libertarian Labor Review Index 1 24 at syndicalists us Archived 26 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine Avrich Paul 1995 2006 Anarchist Voices An Oral History of Anarchism in America Edinburgh Scotland Oakland West Virginia AK Press p 6 ISBN 978 1904859277 Burns Jennifer 2009 Goddess of the Market Ayn Rand and the American Right New York Oxford University Press p 309 ISBN 978 0195324877 Archived from the original on 23 March 2022 Retrieved 26 October 2020 Boaz David 1997 The Libertarian Reader Classic and Contemporary Readings from Lao Tzu to Milton Friedman New York Free Press p 31 a b What was Ayn Rand s view of the libertarian movement Ayn Rand Institute Archived from the original on 15 January 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 More specifically I disapprove of disagree with and have no connection with the latest aberration of some conservatives the so called hippies of the right who attempt to snare the younger or more careless ones of my readers by claiming simultaneously to be followers of my philosophy and advocates of anarchism libertarians are a monstrous disgusting bunch of people they plagiarize my ideas when that fits their purpose and denounce me in a more vicious manner than any communist publication when that fits their purpose Phillips Fein Kim 2009 Invisible Hands The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Reagan New York W W Norton p 27 ISBN 978 0393059304 Galles Gary 2013 Apostle of Peace The Radical Mind of Leonard Read Laissez Faire Books ISBN 978 1621290513 Halle Roland Ladue Peter 1980 Karl Hess Toward Liberty Direct Cinema Ltd M16 2824 K Raimondo Justin 2001 An Enemy of the State The Life of Murray N Rothbard Amherst Prometheus pp 277 278 Doherty Brian 2007 Radicals for Capitalism A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement New York Public Affairs pp 562 565 Rothbard Murray 5 June 1986 Letter to David Bergland Rothbard emphasized that this was relevant as a matter of strategy writing that the failure to pitch the libertarian message to Middle America might result in the loss of the tight assed majority Raimondo Justin 2001 An Enemy of the State The Life of Murray N Rothbard Amherst Prometheus pp 263 264 Konkin III Samuel Edward The New Libertarian Manifesto Archived 5 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 10 February 2020 Carson Kevin A 2008 Organization Theory A Libertarian Perspective Charleston SC BookSurge Long Roderick T 2008 An Interview With Roderick Long Archived 27 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine Chartier Gary 2009 Economic Justice and Natural Law Cambridge Cambridge University Press Johnson Charles W 2008 Liberty Equality Solidarity Toward a Dialectical Anarchism Archived 21 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine Anarchism Minarchism Is a Government Part of a Free Country In Long Roderick T Machan Tibor Aldershot Ashgate pp 155 188 Chartier Gary Johnson Charles W 2011 Markets Not Capitalism Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses Inequality Corporate Power and Structural Poverty Brooklyn Minor Compositions Autonomedia pp 1 16 Richman Sheldon 3 February 2011 Libertarian Left Free market anti capitalism the unknown ideal The American Conservative Archived 10 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 5 March 2012 Sciabarra Chris Matthew 2000 Total Freedom Toward a Dialectical Libertarianism University Park PA Pennsylvania State University Press Spangler Brad 15 September 2006 Market Anarchism as Stigmergic Socialism Archived 10 May 2011 at archive today Winter Bill 1971 2001 The Libertarian Party s 30th Anniversary Year Remembering the first three decades of America s Party of Principle dead link LP News International Society for Individual Liberty Freedom Network list The Libertarian Party A History From Hospers to Johnson 71 Republic 11 November 2018 Archived from the original on 22 March 2019 Retrieved 22 March 2019 National Book Foundation National Book Awards 1975 Philosophy and Religion Archived 9 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Schaefer David Lewis 30 April 2008 Robert Nozick and the Coast of Utopia Archived 21 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine The New York Sun Rothbard Murray 2009 The Betrayal of the American Right Ludwig von Mises Institute ISBN 1610165012 Schneider Mayerson Matthew 14 October 2015 Peak Oil Apocalyptic Environmentalism and Libertarian Political Culture Chicago ISBN 978 0226285573 OCLC 922640625 Teles Steven Kenney Daniel A 2008 Spreading the Word The diffusion of American Conservatism in Europe and Beyond In Steinmo Sven 2007 Growing Apart America and Europe in the Twenty First Century Archived 13 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Cambridge University Press pp 136 169 Gregory Anthony 24 April 2007 Real World Politics and Radical Libertarianism LewRockwell com Archived 18 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine Klausner Manuel July 1975 Inside Ronald Reagan Reason Retrieved May 2 2020 Roberts Jerry 17 September 1988 Libertarian Candidate Rolls Out His Values San Francisco Chronicle a b Nichols Bruce 15 March 1987 Ron Paul Wants to Get Americans Thinking Republican Turned Libertarian Seeks Presidency Dallas Morning News Kennedy J Michael 10 May 1988 Politics 88 Hopeless Presidential Race Libertarian Plods On Alone and Unheard Los Angeles Times Retrieved 31 January 2012 Kutzmann David M 24 May 1988 Small Party Battles Big Government Libertarian Candidate Opposes Intrusion into Private Lives San Jose Mercury News 12A Rothbard Murray 1984 The Reagan Phenomenon Free Life The Journal of the Libertarian Alliance Libertarian Alliance 4 1 1 7 Retrieved September 20 2020 via the Mises Institute Riggenbach Jeff February 5 2011 The Reagan Fraud and After Mises Institute Retrieved September 20 2020 Kilborn Peter T September 17 1985 U S Turns Into Debtor Nation The New York Times Retrieved May 2 2020 Johnston Oswald September 17 1985 Big Trade Deficit Turns U S Into Debtor Nation First Time Since 1914 Los Angeles Times Retrieved May 2 2020 Weltch Matt September 9 2011 Rothbard on Reagan in Reason Reason Reason Foundation Retrieved September 20 2020 Thomas 1985 p 4 John Patten 28 October 1968 These groups had their roots in the anarchist resurgence of the nineteen sixties Young militants finding their way to anarchism often from the anti bomb and anti Vietnam war movements linked up with an earlier generation of activists largely outside the ossified structures of official anarchism Anarchist tactics embraced demonstrations direct action such as industrial militancy and squatting protest bombings like those of the First of May Group and Angry Brigade and a spree of publishing activity Islands of Anarchy Simian Cienfuegos Refract and their support network by John Patten Katesharpleylibrary net Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 Retrieved 11 October 2013 Farrell provides a detailed history of the Catholic Workers and their founders Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin He explains that their pacifism anarchism and commitment to the downtrodden were one of the important models and inspirations for the 60s As Farrell puts it Catholic Workers identified the issues of the sixties before the Sixties began and they offered models of protest long before the protest decade The Spirit of the Sixties The Making of Postwar Radicalism by James J Farrell Archived 6 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine While not always formally recognized much of the protest of the sixties was anarchist Within the nascent women s movement anarchist principles became so widespread that a political science professor denounced what she saw as The Tyranny of Structurelessness Several groups have called themselves Amazon Anarchists After the Stonewall Rebellion the New York Gay Liberation Front based their organization in part on a reading of Murray Bookchin s anarchist writings Anarchism by Charley Shively in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality Archived 19 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine p 52 Within the movements of the sixties there was much more receptivity to anarchism in fact than had existed in the movements of the thirties But the movements of the sixties were driven by concerns that were more compatible with an expressive style of politics with hostility to authority in general and state power in particular By the late sixties political protest was intertwined with cultural radicalism based on a critique of all authority and all hierarchies of power Anarchism circulated within the movement along with other radical ideologies The influence of anarchism was strongest among radical feminists in the commune movement and probably in the Weather Underground and elsewhere in the violent fringe of the anti war movement Anarchism and the Anti Globalization Movement by Barbara Epstein Archived 17 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine London Federation of Anarchists involvement in Carrara conference 1968 Archived 19 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine International Institute of Social History Retrieved 19 January 2010 Infinitely Demanding by Simon Critchley Verso 2007 p 125 Chamsy el Ojeili Beyond post socialism Dialogues with the far left Palgrave Macmillan 2015 p 7 Belluck Pam 27 October 2003 Libertarians Pursue New Political Goal State of Their Own The New York Times Retrieved 26 May 2011 Kitch Michael 22 October 2021 Its founder reflects on the Free State Project New Hampshire Business Review Retrieved 30 April 2022 FSP current mover count fsp org Free State Project Retrieved 1 May 2022 Kirby David Ekins Emily McClintock 6 August 2012 Libertarian Roots of the Tea Party Cato Archived from the original on 4 December 2018 Retrieved 7 June 2017 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Brennan Jason 2012 Libertarianism What Everyone Needs to Know Oxford University Press p 142 Is the Tea Party libertarian Overall the Tea Party movement is not libertarian though it has many libertarian elements and many libertarians are Tea Partiers They share the libertarian view that DC tends to be corrupt and that Washington often promotes special interests at the expense of the common good However Tea Party members are predominantly populist nationalist social conservatives rather than libertarians Polls indicate that most Tea Partiers believe government should have an active role in promoting traditional family values or conservative Judeo Christian values Many of them oppose free trade and open immigration They tend to favor less government intervention in the domestic economy but more government intervention in international trade Ekins Emily 26 September 2011 Is Half the Tea Party Libertarian Archived 11 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine Reason 26 September 2011 Pauline Arrillaga 14 March 2012 Tea Party 2012 A Look At The Conservative Movement s Last Three Years Huffington Post Archived from the original on 17 April 2012 Michelle Boorstein 5 October 2010 Tea party religious right often overlap poll shows The Washington Post Archived from the original on 7 April 2019 Retrieved 22 August 2017 Peter Wallsten Danny Yadron 29 September 2010 Tea Party Movement Gathers Strength The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on 13 September 2018 Retrieved 8 August 2017 Halloran Liz 5 February 2010 What s Behind The New Populism NPR Archived from the 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Retrieved 30 December 2019 Doherty Brian 29 May 2022 Mises Caucus Takes Control of Libertarian Party Reason Retrieved 7 June 2022 Mas Frederic 1 June 2022 United States the libertarian party veers to the right Contrepoints in French Retrieved 7 June 2022 Friedman and Freedom Queen s Journal Archived from the original on 11 August 2006 Retrieved 20 February 2008 Interview with Peter Jaworski The Journal Queen s University March 15 2002 Issue 37 Volume 129 Carley Mark 2004 Trade union membership 1993 2003 International SPIRE Associates Belluck Pam 27 October 2003 Libertarians Pursue New Political Goal State of Their Own The New York Times Archived from the original on 13 January 2022 Retrieved 26 May 2011 Elizabeth Hovde 11 May 2009 Americans mixed on Obama s big government gamble The Oregonian Archived from the original on 21 October 2018 Retrieved 6 September 2010 Gairdner William D 2007 1990 The Trouble with Canada A Citizen Speaks Out Toronto BPS Books pp 101 102 ISBN 978 0978440220 The first we would call libertarianism today Libertarians wanted to get all government out of people s lives This movement is still very much alive today In fact in the United States it is the third largest political party and ran 125 candidates during the U S election of 1988 August 2017 Ballot Access News Print Edition ballot access org Archived from the original on 7 January 2021 Retrieved 23 March 2019 Multiple citations Friedman Jeffrey 1993 What s Wrong with Libertarianism Critical Review 11 3 p 427 Sterba James P October 1994 From Liberty to Welfare Ethics Cambridge Massachusetts Blackwell 105 1 237 241 Partridge Ernest 2004 With Liberty and Justice for Some Archived 21 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine In Zimmerman Michael Callicott Baird Warren Karen Klaver Irene Clark John Environmental Philosophy From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology 4th ed Pearson ISBN 978 0131126954 Wolff Jonathan 22 October 2006 Libertarianism Utility and Economic Competition PDF Virginia Law Review Archived from the original PDF on 12 January 2013 Retrieved 10 February 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Bruenig Matt 28 October 2013 Libertarians Are Huge Fans of Economic Coercion Demos Archived from the original on 18 February 2019 Retrieved 19 August 2016 Bruenig Matt 17 November 2013 Libertarians are Huge Fans of Initiating Force Demos Archived from the original on 15 December 2018 Retrieved 19 August 2016 Fried Barbara 2009 The Progressive Assault on Laissez Faire Robert Hale and the First Law and Economics Movement Harvard University Press p 50 ISBN 978 0674037304 Liu Eric Hanauer Nick 7 May 2016 Complexity Economics Shows Us Why Laissez Faire Economics Always Fails Archived 26 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine Evonomics Retrieved 10 February 2020 Matthew Schneider Mayerson 14 October 2015 Peak Oil Apocalyptic Environmentalism and Libertarian Political Culture Chicago ISBN 978 0226285573 OCLC 922640625 MacLean Nancy 2017 Democracy in Chains The Deep History of the Radical Right s Stealth Plan for America Penguin Books ISBN 978 1101980965 Landauer Carl 1959 European Socialism A History of Ideas and Movements University of California Press ASIN B0071I7P1G Debord Guy Knabb Ken trans 1993 Society of the Spectacle London Rebel Press ISBN 978 0946061129 The problem of organisation and the notion of synthesis Archived 16 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine Libcom org 26 December 2005 Retrieved 10 February 2020 Engels Friedrich 1872 On Authority Archived 10 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine Marxists Internet Archive Retrieved 10 February 2020 Bibliography EditAttas Daniel 2010 Libertarianism In Bevir Mark Encyclopedia of Political Theory Thousand Oaks CA SAGE Publications pp 810 818 ISBN 978 1412958653 Carlson Jennifer D 2012 Libertarianism In Miller Wilburn R ed The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America London SAGE Publications ISBN 978 1412988766 Doherty Brian 2007 Radicals for Capitalism A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement PublicAffairs Graham Robert 2005 Anarchism a Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas from Anarchy to Anarchism Montreal Black Rose Books ISBN 1551642506 Guerin Daniel 1970 Anarchism From Theory to Practice New York Monthly Review Press ISBN 978 0853451754 Hamowy Ronald 2008 General Introduction In Hamowy Ronald ed The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism Thousand Oaks CA SAGE Cato Institute pp xxv xxxvii doi 10 4135 9781412965811 ISBN 978 1412965804 LCCN 2008009151 OCLC 750831024 Archived from the original on 30 September 2020 Retrieved 31 October 2015 Hospers John 1971 Libertarianism Santa Barbara CA Reason Press Hunt E K 2003 Property and Prophets the Evolution of Economic Institutions and Ideologies New York M E Sharpe Inc ISBN 0765606089 Kinna Ruth 2010 Anarchism In Bevir Mark Encyclopedia of Political Theory Thousand Oaks CA SAGE Publications pp 34 37 ISBN 978 1412958653 Marshall Peter 2009 Demanding the Impossible A History of Anarchism Oakland CA PM Press ISBN 978 1604860641 McLaughlin Paul 2007 Anarchism and Authority A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism AshGate Miller David Coleman Janet Connolly William Ryan Alan 1991 The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 0631179443 Richardson James L 2001 Contending Liberalisms in World Politics Ideology and Power Boulder CO Lynne Rienner Publishers ISBN 155587939X Ward Colin 2004 Anarchism A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0192804778 Woodcock George 2004 Anarchism University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 1551116297 External links EditLibertarianism at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Libertarianism Encyclopaedia Britannica Libertarianism Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Libertarianism entry by Bas van der Vossen in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy January 28 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Libertarianism amp oldid 1133220311, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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