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Social conservatism in the United States

February 16, 2024

Social conservatism in the United States is a political ideology focused on the preservation of traditional values and beliefs. It focuses on a concern with moral and social values which proponents of the ideology see as degraded in modern society by liberalism.[1] In the United States, one of the largest forces of social conservatism is the Christian right.[2]

Social conservatives in the United States generally take fundamentalist, familialist, moralist stances on social issues. This is exemplified by their opposition to abortion, opposition to feminism, support for traditional family values, opposition to pornography, support for abstinence-only sex education, opposition to LGBT rights, support for school prayer, support for school vouchers, support for Sunday blue laws, opposition to gambling, and opposition to recreational drug use, among others.[3][4][5]

As many of them are religious, especially Christian fundamentalists, social conservatives push for a focus on Christian traditions as a guiding force for the country on social issues.[6] This includes advocacy for the presence of religion within the public sphere, such as the display of Judeo-Christian statuary in general and especially during Christmastide and Eastertide, as well as supporting the presence of religion in the education system, along with backing parochial schools, as social conservatives believe that "religion is the firmest foundation for the moral development that students need to become productive, law-abiding citizens."[7][8]

As a term, social conservatism describes conservative stances on socio-cultural issues such as abortion, same-sex marriage, and school prayer as opposed to what is termed social liberalism (cultural liberalism).[9][10] A social conservative in this sense is closer to the meaning of cultural conservatism than the broader European social conservatism and may hold various different views on fiscal policy.[11]

Views edit

Opposition to abortion edit

 
Students at the March for Life in Washington, D.C. in 2017
Main article: United States anti-abortion movement

The United States anti-abortion movement opposes induced abortion on moral and religious grounds and supports its legal prohibition or restriction. Social conservatives supported the overturning of Roe v. Wade and often use the term "pro-life" as a euphemism for opposition to legal abortion.[12] These beliefs are often based on the argument of "fetal personhood".[13][14] Personhood arguments focus on giving a fetus the status of a person which then entitles them to the right to life.[15] Anti-abortion beliefs tend to be associated with conservative Christian groups, especially the Catholic Church.[13]

Opposition to feminism edit

Social conservatives often oppose feminism, believing that men and women are fundamentally different and their traditional gender roles in society should be maintained. They often promote women's traditional roles as homemakers and caregivers, discouraging women from participating in the workforce, government, or military.[16] A number of social conservatives favor complementarianism with respect to gender roles.[17]

Social conservatives often blame feminism for many social problems ailing American families. They hold that feminism in modern times has created an upsurge in the non-married population, undermined male authority in families, and contributed to the decline of the traditional family. Many cite the declining birth rate due to legalized abortion.[18] Others have cited the rising rate of single mother families due to rising rates of divorce and out-of-wedlock births, and the resulting psychological and economic toll on children. Children of single or divorced parents are more likely to suffer from poverty and to be incarcerated for behavioral problems.[19]

Support for sexual morality edit

Ever since the sexual revolution in 1960s United States, sexual ethics have been a point of contention in the culture war between social conservatives and liberals. Social conservatives with familialist leanings call on the government to exert moral leadership over sexual mores and actively promote family values.[20] They stress the sanctity of marriage and childbirth, blaming social liberalism for the rise in casual sex, premarital sex, masturbation, out-of-wedlock births, teenage pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and pornography ever since the mid-20th century.[21]

Opposition to pornography edit

Opposition to pornography is a traditional stance of social conservatives in the United States. Many blame pornography for corrupting children, encouraging sexual violence against women, promoting casual sex, and destroying marriages.[22] Many conservative Christians oppose pornography on the basis of biblical teachings equating lust with adultery.[23]

The National Center on Sexual Exploitation, formerly known as Morality in Media, is a socially conservative organization that advances the movement against pornography.[21][24]

Support for abstinence-only sex education edit

Social conservatives are concerned with the moral education and possibly age-inappropriate information children receive from sex education classes in public schools. They prefer abstinence-only sex education for its compatibility with traditional Christian ethics regarding chastity and the sanctity of marriage. Abstinence-only sex education teaches that sex is limited to the bounds of marriage, and that premarital sex is unacceptable. Conversely social conservatives oppose comprehensive sex education as it teaches allegedly morally questionable concepts such as birth control, which they believe leads to premarital sex, sexually transmitted infections, and teenage pregnancy.[25][26] The wearing of purity rings among unmarried women is encouraged by social conservatives in order to preserve traditional Christian notions regarding human sexuality.[27]

Opposition to same-sex marriage edit

Social conservatism opposes same-sex marriage, civil unions, LGBT adoption, and other LGBT rights, as homosexuality goes against fundamental Christian teachings that marriage is between a man and a woman. Social conservatives often believe that homosexuality is abnormal, that the recognition of same-sex unions will promote homosexuality in society, and that children are raised better by opposite-sex couples.[28] Social conservatives are skeptical of the legalization of same-sex marriage, supporting instead laws such as the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) which defined marriage as a union between a man and a woman. Some are more tolerant of civil unions than same-sex marriage, but many oppose homosexual relations of any form.[29] While social conservatives sometimes support basic LGBT rights, they are concerned with "normalizing" same-sex relationships through the institution of marriage. Some conservatives support same-sex marriage, such as Log Cabin Republicans.[26]

Opposition to transgender rights edit

Social conservatism opposes transgender rights, as it goes against traditional gender roles prescribing adherence to one's biological sex. It opposes allowing transgender people to use their preferred gender identity's pronouns, names, bathrooms, and locker rooms. It also opposes recognition of non-binary genders.[30]

In modern times the relationship between Christianity and transgender people has been strained, as most churches require their members to adhere to what they believe to be their "God-given" gender.[31] Many Christian denominations denounce transsexuality and prohibit transgender people from marrying.[32]

Support for school prayer and creationism edit

Social conservatism supports school prayer, which has been banned in public schools ever since a series of 1960s Supreme Court decisions such as Engel v. Vitale. Social conservatives have continued to attack the Supreme Court, blaming these decisions for pushing Christianity out of America's mainstream culture.[33][34]

Many social conservatives, mainly Christian fundamentalists, believe that creationism or intelligent design should be taught in public schools in place of evolution. More moderate conservatives support the teaching of creationism alongside evolution, specifically promoting theistic evolution, in which God is regarded as guiding evolution.[35]

In public schools, social conservatives have supported classes on "The Bible in History and Literature" (cf. National Council on Bible Curriculum in Public Schools).[36]

Support for school vouchers edit

 
Resurrection Lutheran School, a Christian parochial school of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS) in Rochester.

Peter S. Wenz explains the support of school vouchers, writing: "Social conservatives favor vouchers because they allow religion to be taught in government-funded schools, and they think religion is the firmest foundation for the moral development that students need to become productive, law-abiding citizens."[37]

Social conservatives thus strongly support funding for parochial schools, especially Christian schools.[38]

Support for accommodationism edit

 
Chick-fil-A, an American fast food chain, closes on Sundays in keeping with Sunday Sabbatarian principles–a practice widely praised by social conservatives.[39][40]
Further information: Accommodationism and Blue law

Social conservatives are accommodationists who often oppose secularism, state atheism, and moral relativism, viewing them as threats to the nation's Christian character. They hold that the Establishment Clause solely prevents the establishment of a state Church nationally, not public acknowledgements of God nor "developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government's goals."[41][42] Such Judeo-Christian heritage includes, for example, the national motto "In God We Trust", the courtroom oath "So help me God", the supplication which begins court sessions "God save the United States and this Honorable Court", "one nation under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance, Congressional prayer, a National Day of Prayer and Thanksgiving, among others.[43]

Notwithstanding, socially conservatives Justices in the United States such as Clarence Thomas have argued that the Establishment Clause's purpose was to prevent federal interference with the established Churches of the states within the Union and that the Constitution does not prevent the establishment of state churches with respect to the states (cf. Federalism).[44]

Social conservatives appeal to Christian nationalism, supporting the idea that the United States was founded as a Christian nation.[3] As such, social conservatives in the United States support Sunday blue laws, which are consistent with Sunday Sabbatarian principles, thus favoring legislation that prohibits Sunday trading (cf. Lord's Day Alliance); social conservatives also back the presence of Judeo-Christian monuments and statues in the public square.[9][45][46] In the same vein, social conservatives support regular church attendance and participation in Sunday School.[8][47]

Opposition to drugs edit

Social conservatives in the United States have maintained an opposition to drug usage on moral grounds.[37] They have historically supported the temperance movement and the war on drugs.[9][48]

Opposition to gambling edit

Social conservatives are opposed to gambling, viewing it as immoral.[4][49] As such, social conservatives have rallied to prevent casinos from opening in areas where they are numerically in strength, citing that gambling is opposed to family values.[50] The Woman's Christian Temperance Union, one of the oldest organizations espousing social conservatism, advanced the argument that "communities with casinos suffer higher rates of home foreclosures, financial distress, and domestic violence", thus calling for people to oppose gambling.[51]

History edit

 
A temperance fountain erected by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1929 in Sussex County, Delaware.

The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in the 19th and 20th centuries became a strong force for social conservatism, advancing the temperance movement in the United States.[52][53]

The 1897 Constitution of the National Reform Association, one of the oldest organizations espousing social conservatism in the United States, with a focus on introducing a Christian amendment to the U.S. Constitution, expressed alarm at what they viewed as:[54]

Perceiving the subtle and persevering attempts which are made to prohibit the reading of the Bible in our Public Schools, to overthrow our Sabbath laws, to corrupt the Family, to abolish the Oath, Prayer in our National and State Legislatures, Days of Fasting and Thanksgiving, and other Christian features of our institutions, and so to divorce the American Government from all connection with the Christian religion; Viewing with grave apprehension in our politics, the legal sanction of the liquor traffic, and the disregard of moral and religious character in those who are exalted to high places in the nation.[54]

The 1960s saw a surge in grassroots social conservative activism in response to the successes of liberal politics in changing American culture. Democrats continued to put forward increasingly liberal policy ideas that ran counter to the beliefs of many conservative Americans which mobilized them to protect their interests. Some social conservatives supported candidates such as Barry Goldwater in the 1964 Republican Party presidential primaries. There was a rise of social conservatism that advocated a strong moral code and increased religious authority.[55]

Historians have pointed to the 1970s as a turning point where "a vast shift toward social and political conservatism" really began. Meg Jacobs and Julian E. Zelizer argue that this period saw an increase an activism and concern with personal and social issues which lead to a growth of social conservatism.[56] There are multiple theories on the growth of social conservatism in this period. Some of the possible reasons or combination of reasons for this phenomenon are the backlash to the Vietnam War, the expanded conversation on civil rights, the economic changes in the United States and the overall changes in culture in this period.[57] Some commentators refer to social conservatism and renewed conservative grassroots activism as a reaction to the counterculture and cultural upheaval of the 1960s–1970s.[58] A notable event regarding social policy in the 1970s was the passage of Roe v. Wade in 1973 which recognized a legal right to abortion.[59]

Starting in the 1980s, Ronald Reagan, a prominent conservative Republican, exemplifies the rise of social conservatives in mainstream politics. Reagan appealed to social conservatives who felt marginalized by the growing liberalization of American culture, calling on the "forgotten man" or "moral majority".[60][61] After the tumultuous period of political and cultural changes in the 1960s–1970s, Reagan's moderate traditionalism appeared as a source of needed stability for many Americans.[62]

Major conservative welfare reform took place in the 1990s. In 1996, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWORA) was passed narrowing the benefits of welfare recipients and encouraging work. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) also came into effect during this period, limiting the time benefits can be received.[63]

Social conservatives again became powerful in American politics in 2001 with the election of socially conservative President George W. Bush. It has been argued that many of Bush's policy decisions were strongly influenced by his religious beliefs.[64] During his time in office, Bush would pass influential conservative social policies such as the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act and support an increase in funding of abstinence-only sex education.[65] While President Bush did not strongly promote anti-abortion policies, he supported the movement through an emphasis on parental rights and focus on strict regulation of taxpayer funding.[66]

Electoral politics edit

In American politics, the Republican Party is the largest political party with some socially conservative ideals incorporated into its platform. Social conservatives predominantly support the Republican Party, although there are also socially conservative Democrats who break ranks with the party platform. Despite this, there have been instances where the Republican Party's nominee has been considered too socially liberal by social conservatives. This has led to the support of third-party candidates from parties such as the Constitution Party, whose philosophies sometimes parallel that of social conservatism.[67] While many social conservatives see third parties as a viable option in such a situation, some high-profile social conservatives see the excessive support of them as dangerous. This fear arises from the possibility of vote splitting.[68] Like any other interest group, social conservatives usually must find a balance between pragmatic electability and ideological principles when supporting candidates.[69]

The American Tea Party movement is generally regarded as fiscally conservatives who tend to avoid social conservative issues.[70] The Tea Party Patriots is officially neutral on social conservatism.[71] While social conservatism tends to emphasize community, faith and family as core values, the Tea Party Patriots identifies its core values as "Fiscal Responsibility, Constitutionally Limited Government, Free Markets".[72] Some branches are opposed to social conservatism.[73] However, independent polls have repeatedly shown that Tea Party supporters are nearly indistinguishable in their views from traditional Republican social conservatives, despite their choice to emphasize economic issues.[74][75][76][77] While not allying itself officially with the Christian conservative movement,[78] members of the Tea Party movement statistically identify with Christianity and social conservatism more often than the general American populace (44%[79] compared to 34%[80] of the population). Some social conservative leaders have criticized the Tea Party movement for "libertarian" and "irreligious" views.[81] Nearly 80% of those in the Tea Party movement are members of the Republican Party.[82]

Notable social conservatives edit

People edit

Political parties edit

Organizations edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Bell, Jeffrey (2012). The Case for Polarized Politics: Why American Needs Social Conservatism. New York: Encounter Books. pp. 6–10. ISBN 9781594035784 – via Proquest ebrary. The Case for Polarized Politics: Why American Needs Social Conservatism.
  2. ^ Marsden, Lee (December 28, 2012). The Ashgate Research Companion to Religion and Conflict Resolution. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4094-7128-8. Even within the secular heartlands of Western Europe and the United States religion began to force its way into the political agenda with the emergence of the American Christian Right as a new force in social conservatism in the late 1970s and in the UK with the issue of fatwas calling for the death of British author Salman Rushdie, promoted by the publication of his book The Satanic Verses, which was declared blasphemous by Ayatollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader of Iran, in 1989.
  3. ^ a b Quantz, Richard A. (January 8, 2016). Sociocultural Studies in Education: Critical Thinking for Democracy. Routledge. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-317-26076-9. Some important narratives appealed to by social conservatives that were not mentioned in Chapter 4 include the America is a Christian Nation narrative discussed earlier; the God Created man as Head of the Family and any other traditional family narrative, such as the Evils of Drugs and the Evils of Sex narratives; and any of the narrative found in the Bible, especially the Genesis, Jesus Son of God, and the Apocalypse narratives.
  4. ^ a b Chambers, Kerry (January 1, 2011). Gambling for Profit: Lotteries, Gaming Machines, and Casinos in Cross-national Focus. University of Toronto Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4426-4189-1. Historically, Protestant evangelicals, traditionalists, and social conservatives have condemned gambling as immoral and attempted to exert social-norm pressures on others.
  5. ^ Thompson, Michael (2007). Confronting the New Conservatism: The Rise of the Right in America. NYU Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 9780814782996.
  6. ^ Marietta, Morgan (2012). A Citizen's Guide to American Ideology: Conservatism and Liberalism in Contemporary Politics. New York: Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 9781136593659.
  7. ^ Wenz, Peter S. (February 10, 2012). Beyond Red and Blue: How Twelve Political Philosophies Shape American Debates. MIT Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-262-26127-2. Social conservatives favor vouchers because they allow religion to be taught in government-funded schools, and they think religious is the firmest foundation for the moral development that students need to become productive, law-abiding citizens.
  8. ^ a b Quantz, Richard A. (January 8, 2016). Sociocultural Studies in Education: Critical Thinking for Democracy. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-26075-2. Social conservatives tend to advocate for abstinence education, church attendance, prayer in school, public Christmas displays, patriotism, the military, and gun rights. ... Whereas religion is considered to be in the private realm, social conservatives often argue that the cultural history of the United States makes it perfectly legal to allow some aspects of religion to move into the public sphere. Primarily they advocate the public space be open to the display and expectations of broad Judaic-Christian traditions and often specifically Christian traditions.
  9. ^ a b c Rozell, Mark J.; Wilcox, Clyde (November 2, 2017). God at the Grassroots 2016: The Christian Right in American Politics. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-0893-2.
  10. ^ a b Walmer, Daniel (July 13, 2017). "Lebanon women's group still fighting against alcohol". Lebanon Daily News. from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  11. ^ Chideya, Farai (2004). "The Red and the Blue: A Divided America". Trust: Reaching the 100 Million Missing Voters and Other Selected Essays. Soft Skull Press. pp. 33–46. ISBN 9781932360264.
  12. ^ "Definition of PRO-LIFE". www.merriam-webster.com. from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
  13. ^ a b Farrell, Courtney (2010). The Abortion Debate. ABDO Publishing Company. pp. 6–7. ISBN 9781617852640.
  14. ^ Schultz, Jeffrey D.; Van Assendelft, Laura A. (1999). Encyclopedia of women in American politics. The American political landscape (1 ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 195. ISBN 1-57356-131-2.
  15. ^ Seipel, Peter (2014). "Is There Sufficient Common Ground to Resolve the Abortion Debate?". The Journal of Value Inquiry. 48 (3): 517–31. doi:10.1007/s10790-014-9436-y. S2CID 145389689.
  16. ^ Kimmel, Michael (2004). "Antifeminism". In Kimmel, Michael; Aronson, Amy (eds.). Men and masculinities a social, cultural, and historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 35–37. ISBN 978-1-57607-774-0.
  17. ^ Giles, Kevin (October 19, 2018). What the Bible Actually Teaches on Women. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-5326-3368-3.
  18. ^ . The Frederick S. Pardee Center for International Futures. University of Denver. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
  19. ^ Snowdon, Stacey (1997). "DIVORCE AND ITS EFFECTS ON CHILDREN". Advocates for Children program, College Park Scholars, University of Maryland. from the original on March 30, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
  20. ^ Blau, Joel; Abramovitz, Mimi (2010). The Dynamics of Social Welfare Policy. Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-19-538526-7.
  21. ^ a b c Lewis, Andrew R. (2017). The Rights Turn in Conservative Christian Politics: How Abortion Transformed the Culture Wars. Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
  22. ^ Hammer, Josh (December 11, 2019). "Porn Is Not a Blessing of Liberty". First Things. from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  23. ^ "Bible Verses about Pornography". biblestudytools.com. from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  24. ^ a b Gold, Michael (March 28, 2018). "Walmart Pulls Cosmo From Checkout. Plus! Guess Who's Claiming Victory". The New York Times. from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  25. ^ Josephson, Jyl J. (2016). Rethinking Sexual Citizenship. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-6047-5. From the perspective of social conservatives, the grant requirements ensure that organizations that support abstinence-only and conservative sexual morality are provided with funding under the program.
  26. ^ a b Luker, Kristin (2006). When Sex Goes to School. New York: Norton. pp. 101, 112.
  27. ^ Fantz, Ashley Fantz (May 31, 2005). "Pledging their purity, with fingers crossed". The Post-Star. from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  28. ^ Cline, Austin (July 16, 2017). "Common Arguments Against Gay Marriage". from the original on July 9, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  29. ^ Dombrink, John (2012). "After the Culture War? Shifts and Continuities in American Conservatism". Canadian Review of American Studies. 42 (3): 301–21. doi:10.1353/crv.2012.0018. S2CID 143729347.
  30. ^ Emanuella Grinberg (May 13, 2016). "White House issues guidance on transgender bathrooms". CNNPolitics.com. from the original on May 16, 2016.
  31. ^ Winfield, Nicole (June 10, 2019). "Vatican rejects gender change to alarm of LGBT Catholics". Boston Globe. from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
  32. ^ Norton, John (January 14, 2003). "Vatican says 'sex-change' operation does not change person's gender". Catholic News Service. from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
  33. ^ Clyde Wilcox (2018). Onward Christian Soldiers?: The Religious Right in American Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 96. ISBN 9780429974533.
  34. ^ Glenn H. Utter; James L. True (2004). Conservative Christians and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. pp. 51–53. ISBN 9781851095131.
  35. ^ Ciment, James (March 26, 2015). Postwar America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History. Routledge. p. 513. ISBN 9781317462354. Throughout the twentieth century, many evangelicals accepted theistic evolution ... Some Christian right organizations supported the teaching of creationism, along with evolution, in public schools.
  36. ^ Scharrer, Gary (July 19, 2008). "Schools in Texas get OK for elective Bible course". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 14, 2020. Local school districts got a green light Friday to offer high school students an elective Bible course ... The argument focused on legislative intent. In the end, the board's coalition of social conservatives prevailed, 10-5.
  37. ^ a b Wenz, Peter S. (February 10, 2012). Beyond Red and Blue: How Twelve Political Philosophies Shape American Debates. MIT Press. pp. 7, 91. ISBN 978-0-262-26127-2. Social conservatives find happiness on drugs morally despicable.
  38. ^ Glenn, Brian J.; Teles, Steven M. (2009). Conservatism and American Political Development. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970601-3.
  39. ^ Page, Benjamin I.; Seawright, Jason; Lacombe, Matthew J. (December 21, 2018). Billionaires and Stealth Politics. University of Chicago Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-226-58626-7. The Chick-Fil-A boycott was counterbalanced by a movement of social conservatives supporting the restaurant chain.
  40. ^ Grem, Darren E. (2016). The Blessings of Business: How Corporations Shaped Conservative Christianity. Oxford University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-19-992797-5. By the 1980s, Chick-fil-A was so unique among fast-food restaurants that its Sunday closing policy was the equivalent of a totem for conservative evangelicals, a symbol that represented the proper posture that conservative people of faith could and should hold toward corporate culture or American society in general.
  41. ^ Warren A. Nord. Does God Make a Difference?. Oxford University Press. First Amendment Politics: At the risk of oversimplifying a very complicated situation, I suggest that conservative justices tend to favor a weak reading of both the Free Exercise and Establishment clause, while liberals tend to favor strong readings. That is, conservative justices have been less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights, particularly of religious minorities. Liberals, by contrast, have been opposed to any possibility of a religious establishment and they have been relatively more concerned to protect the free exercise rights of minorities.
  42. ^ Robert Devigne. Recasting Conservatism: Oakeshott, Strauss, and the Response to Postmodernism. Yale University Press. Conservatives claim that liberals misinterpret the establishment and free exercise clauses of the First Amendment. They point to the opinion written for the Supreme Court by Hugo Black in Everson v. Board of Education: "The 'establishment of religion' clause of the First Amendment means at least this: neither a state nor a Federal government can set up a church. Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions or prefer one religion over another." The establishment clause, conservatives insist, precludes the national state from promoting any religious denomination but does not prohibit state governments and local communities from developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government's goals.
  43. ^ ABA Journal Sep 1962. September 1962. Much more recently, in 1952, speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306, 313, the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments, saying: We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being. Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case, supra, mentioned many of these evidences of religion, and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... [P]rayers in our legislative halls; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday; "So help me God" in our courtroom oaths – these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws, our public rituals, our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session: "God save the United States and this Honorable Court" (312–313). To this list may be added tax exemption of churches, chaplaincies in the armed forces, the "Pray for Peace" postmark, the widespread observance of Christmas holidays, and, in classrooms, singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God, and the words "in God is our trust" as found in the National Anthem, and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag, modified by an Act of Congress of June 14, 1954, to include the words "under God".
  44. ^ Drakeman, Donald L. (2010). Church, State, and Original Intent. Cambridge University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-521-11918-4. The more common version of the enhanced federalism argument relates to the possibility voiced by Justice Clarence Thomas that there is something about the establishment clause that "resists incorporation." This argument has been advance in a variety of ways, but the basic point is that the First Amendment was specifically designed to protect the established churches in the states from federal interference. That Congress should make no law "respecting" an establishment of religion is thus read as forbidding laws on the subject matter of religious establishments in the states.
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  49. ^ Mayer, Russell K. (March 6, 2014). Taking Action on Internet Gambling: Federal Policymaking 1995–2011. Lexington Books. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-7391-8066-2. ...of conservative ideology, whereby social conservatives oppose the morally questionable activity of Internet gambling, combined with liberal ideological beliefs about freedom from government interference in the personal realm.
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February 16, 2024
social, conservatism, united, states, political, ideology, focused, preservation, traditional, values, beliefs, focuses, concern, with, moral, social, values, which, proponents, ideology, degraded, modern, society, liberalism, united, states, largest, forces, . Social conservatism in the United States is a political ideology focused on the preservation of traditional values and beliefs It focuses on a concern with moral and social values which proponents of the ideology see as degraded in modern society by liberalism 1 In the United States one of the largest forces of social conservatism is the Christian right 2 Social conservatives in the United States generally take fundamentalist familialist moralist stances on social issues This is exemplified by their opposition to abortion opposition to feminism support for traditional family values opposition to pornography support for abstinence only sex education opposition to LGBT rights support for school prayer support for school vouchers support for Sunday blue laws opposition to gambling and opposition to recreational drug use among others 3 4 5 As many of them are religious especially Christian fundamentalists social conservatives push for a focus on Christian traditions as a guiding force for the country on social issues 6 This includes advocacy for the presence of religion within the public sphere such as the display of Judeo Christian statuary in general and especially during Christmastide and Eastertide as well as supporting the presence of religion in the education system along with backing parochial schools as social conservatives believe that religion is the firmest foundation for the moral development that students need to become productive law abiding citizens 7 8 As a term social conservatism describes conservative stances on socio cultural issues such as abortion same sex marriage and school prayer as opposed to what is termed social liberalism cultural liberalism 9 10 A social conservative in this sense is closer to the meaning of cultural conservatism than the broader European social conservatism and may hold various different views on fiscal policy 11 Contents 1 Views 1 1 Opposition to abortion 1 2 Opposition to feminism 1 3 Support for sexual morality 1 4 Opposition to pornography 1 5 Support for abstinence only sex education 1 6 Opposition to same sex marriage 1 7 Opposition to transgender rights 1 8 Support for school prayer and creationism 1 9 Support for school vouchers 1 10 Support for accommodationism 1 11 Opposition to drugs 1 12 Opposition to gambling 2 History 3 Electoral politics 4 Notable social conservatives 4 1 People 4 2 Political parties 4 3 Organizations 5 See also 6 ReferencesViews editOpposition to abortion edit nbsp Students at the March for Life in Washington D C in 2017Main article United States anti abortion movement The United States anti abortion movement opposes induced abortion on moral and religious grounds and supports its legal prohibition or restriction Social conservatives supported the overturning of Roe v Wade and often use the term pro life as a euphemism for opposition to legal abortion 12 These beliefs are often based on the argument of fetal personhood 13 14 Personhood arguments focus on giving a fetus the status of a person which then entitles them to the right to life 15 Anti abortion beliefs tend to be associated with conservative Christian groups especially the Catholic Church 13 Opposition to feminism edit Social conservatives often oppose feminism believing that men and women are fundamentally different and their traditional gender roles in society should be maintained They often promote women s traditional roles as homemakers and caregivers discouraging women from participating in the workforce government or military 16 A number of social conservatives favor complementarianism with respect to gender roles 17 Social conservatives often blame feminism for many social problems ailing American families They hold that feminism in modern times has created an upsurge in the non married population undermined male authority in families and contributed to the decline of the traditional family Many cite the declining birth rate due to legalized abortion 18 Others have cited the rising rate of single mother families due to rising rates of divorce and out of wedlock births and the resulting psychological and economic toll on children Children of single or divorced parents are more likely to suffer from poverty and to be incarcerated for behavioral problems 19 Support for sexual morality edit Ever since the sexual revolution in 1960s United States sexual ethics have been a point of contention in the culture war between social conservatives and liberals Social conservatives with familialist leanings call on the government to exert moral leadership over sexual mores and actively promote family values 20 They stress the sanctity of marriage and childbirth blaming social liberalism for the rise in casual sex premarital sex masturbation out of wedlock births teenage pregnancy sexually transmitted infections and pornography ever since the mid 20th century 21 Opposition to pornography edit Opposition to pornography is a traditional stance of social conservatives in the United States Many blame pornography for corrupting children encouraging sexual violence against women promoting casual sex and destroying marriages 22 Many conservative Christians oppose pornography on the basis of biblical teachings equating lust with adultery 23 The National Center on Sexual Exploitation formerly known as Morality in Media is a socially conservative organization that advances the movement against pornography 21 24 Support for abstinence only sex education edit Social conservatives are concerned with the moral education and possibly age inappropriate information children receive from sex education classes in public schools They prefer abstinence only sex education for its compatibility with traditional Christian ethics regarding chastity and the sanctity of marriage Abstinence only sex education teaches that sex is limited to the bounds of marriage and that premarital sex is unacceptable Conversely social conservatives oppose comprehensive sex education as it teaches allegedly morally questionable concepts such as birth control which they believe leads to premarital sex sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancy 25 26 The wearing of purity rings among unmarried women is encouraged by social conservatives in order to preserve traditional Christian notions regarding human sexuality 27 Opposition to same sex marriage edit Social conservatism opposes same sex marriage civil unions LGBT adoption and other LGBT rights as homosexuality goes against fundamental Christian teachings that marriage is between a man and a woman Social conservatives often believe that homosexuality is abnormal that the recognition of same sex unions will promote homosexuality in society and that children are raised better by opposite sex couples 28 Social conservatives are skeptical of the legalization of same sex marriage supporting instead laws such as the Defense of Marriage Act DOMA which defined marriage as a union between a man and a woman Some are more tolerant of civil unions than same sex marriage but many oppose homosexual relations of any form 29 While social conservatives sometimes support basic LGBT rights they are concerned with normalizing same sex relationships through the institution of marriage Some conservatives support same sex marriage such as Log Cabin Republicans 26 Opposition to transgender rights edit Social conservatism opposes transgender rights as it goes against traditional gender roles prescribing adherence to one s biological sex It opposes allowing transgender people to use their preferred gender identity s pronouns names bathrooms and locker rooms It also opposes recognition of non binary genders 30 In modern times the relationship between Christianity and transgender people has been strained as most churches require their members to adhere to what they believe to be their God given gender 31 Many Christian denominations denounce transsexuality and prohibit transgender people from marrying 32 Support for school prayer and creationism edit Social conservatism supports school prayer which has been banned in public schools ever since a series of 1960s Supreme Court decisions such as Engel v Vitale Social conservatives have continued to attack the Supreme Court blaming these decisions for pushing Christianity out of America s mainstream culture 33 34 Many social conservatives mainly Christian fundamentalists believe that creationism or intelligent design should be taught in public schools in place of evolution More moderate conservatives support the teaching of creationism alongside evolution specifically promoting theistic evolution in which God is regarded as guiding evolution 35 In public schools social conservatives have supported classes on The Bible in History and Literature cf National Council on Bible Curriculum in Public Schools 36 Support for school vouchers edit nbsp Resurrection Lutheran School a Christian parochial school of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod WELS in Rochester Peter S Wenz explains the support of school vouchers writing Social conservatives favor vouchers because they allow religion to be taught in government funded schools and they think religion is the firmest foundation for the moral development that students need to become productive law abiding citizens 37 Social conservatives thus strongly support funding for parochial schools especially Christian schools 38 Support for accommodationism edit nbsp Chick fil A an American fast food chain closes on Sundays in keeping with Sunday Sabbatarian principles a practice widely praised by social conservatives 39 40 Further information Accommodationism and Blue law Social conservatives are accommodationists who often oppose secularism state atheism and moral relativism viewing them as threats to the nation s Christian character They hold that the Establishment Clause solely prevents the establishment of a state Church nationally not public acknowledgements of God nor developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government s goals 41 42 Such Judeo Christian heritage includes for example the national motto In God We Trust the courtroom oath So help me God the supplication which begins court sessions God save the United States and this Honorable Court one nation under God in the Pledge of Allegiance Congressional prayer a National Day of Prayer and Thanksgiving among others 43 Notwithstanding socially conservatives Justices in the United States such as Clarence Thomas have argued that the Establishment Clause s purpose was to prevent federal interference with the established Churches of the states within the Union and that the Constitution does not prevent the establishment of state churches with respect to the states cf Federalism 44 Social conservatives appeal to Christian nationalism supporting the idea that the United States was founded as a Christian nation 3 As such social conservatives in the United States support Sunday blue laws which are consistent with Sunday Sabbatarian principles thus favoring legislation that prohibits Sunday trading cf Lord s Day Alliance social conservatives also back the presence of Judeo Christian monuments and statues in the public square 9 45 46 In the same vein social conservatives support regular church attendance and participation in Sunday School 8 47 Opposition to drugs edit Social conservatives in the United States have maintained an opposition to drug usage on moral grounds 37 They have historically supported the temperance movement and the war on drugs 9 48 Opposition to gambling edit Social conservatives are opposed to gambling viewing it as immoral 4 49 As such social conservatives have rallied to prevent casinos from opening in areas where they are numerically in strength citing that gambling is opposed to family values 50 The Woman s Christian Temperance Union one of the oldest organizations espousing social conservatism advanced the argument that communities with casinos suffer higher rates of home foreclosures financial distress and domestic violence thus calling for people to oppose gambling 51 History edit nbsp A temperance fountain erected by the Woman s Christian Temperance Union in 1929 in Sussex County Delaware The Woman s Christian Temperance Union in the 19th and 20th centuries became a strong force for social conservatism advancing the temperance movement in the United States 52 53 The 1897 Constitution of the National Reform Association one of the oldest organizations espousing social conservatism in the United States with a focus on introducing a Christian amendment to the U S Constitution expressed alarm at what they viewed as 54 Perceiving the subtle and persevering attempts which are made to prohibit the reading of the Bible in our Public Schools to overthrow our Sabbath laws to corrupt the Family to abolish the Oath Prayer in our National and State Legislatures Days of Fasting and Thanksgiving and other Christian features of our institutions and so to divorce the American Government from all connection with the Christian religion Viewing with grave apprehension in our politics the legal sanction of the liquor traffic and the disregard of moral and religious character in those who are exalted to high places in the nation 54 The 1960s saw a surge in grassroots social conservative activism in response to the successes of liberal politics in changing American culture Democrats continued to put forward increasingly liberal policy ideas that ran counter to the beliefs of many conservative Americans which mobilized them to protect their interests Some social conservatives supported candidates such as Barry Goldwater in the 1964 Republican Party presidential primaries There was a rise of social conservatism that advocated a strong moral code and increased religious authority 55 Historians have pointed to the 1970s as a turning point where a vast shift toward social and political conservatism really began Meg Jacobs and Julian E Zelizer argue that this period saw an increase an activism and concern with personal and social issues which lead to a growth of social conservatism 56 There are multiple theories on the growth of social conservatism in this period Some of the possible reasons or combination of reasons for this phenomenon are the backlash to the Vietnam War the expanded conversation on civil rights the economic changes in the United States and the overall changes in culture in this period 57 Some commentators refer to social conservatism and renewed conservative grassroots activism as a reaction to the counterculture and cultural upheaval of the 1960s 1970s 58 A notable event regarding social policy in the 1970s was the passage of Roe v Wade in 1973 which recognized a legal right to abortion 59 Starting in the 1980s Ronald Reagan a prominent conservative Republican exemplifies the rise of social conservatives in mainstream politics Reagan appealed to social conservatives who felt marginalized by the growing liberalization of American culture calling on the forgotten man or moral majority 60 61 After the tumultuous period of political and cultural changes in the 1960s 1970s Reagan s moderate traditionalism appeared as a source of needed stability for many Americans 62 Major conservative welfare reform took place in the 1990s In 1996 the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act PRWORA was passed narrowing the benefits of welfare recipients and encouraging work Temporary Assistance for Needy Families TANF also came into effect during this period limiting the time benefits can be received 63 Social conservatives again became powerful in American politics in 2001 with the election of socially conservative President George W Bush It has been argued that many of Bush s policy decisions were strongly influenced by his religious beliefs 64 During his time in office Bush would pass influential conservative social policies such as the Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act and support an increase in funding of abstinence only sex education 65 While President Bush did not strongly promote anti abortion policies he supported the movement through an emphasis on parental rights and focus on strict regulation of taxpayer funding 66 Electoral politics editIn American politics the Republican Party is the largest political party with some socially conservative ideals incorporated into its platform Social conservatives predominantly support the Republican Party although there are also socially conservative Democrats who break ranks with the party platform Despite this there have been instances where the Republican Party s nominee has been considered too socially liberal by social conservatives This has led to the support of third party candidates from parties such as the Constitution Party whose philosophies sometimes parallel that of social conservatism 67 While many social conservatives see third parties as a viable option in such a situation some high profile social conservatives see the excessive support of them as dangerous This fear arises from the possibility of vote splitting 68 Like any other interest group social conservatives usually must find a balance between pragmatic electability and ideological principles when supporting candidates 69 The American Tea Party movement is generally regarded as fiscally conservatives who tend to avoid social conservative issues 70 The Tea Party Patriots is officially neutral on social conservatism 71 While social conservatism tends to emphasize community faith and family as core values the Tea Party Patriots identifies its core values as Fiscal Responsibility Constitutionally Limited Government Free Markets 72 Some branches are opposed to social conservatism 73 However independent polls have repeatedly shown that Tea Party supporters are nearly indistinguishable in their views from traditional Republican social conservatives despite their choice to emphasize economic issues 74 75 76 77 While not allying itself officially with the Christian conservative movement 78 members of the Tea Party movement statistically identify with Christianity and social conservatism more often than the general American populace 44 79 compared to 34 80 of the population Some social conservative leaders have criticized the Tea Party movement for libertarian and irreligious views 81 Nearly 80 of those in the Tea Party movement are members of the Republican Party 82 Notable social conservatives editPeople edit Michele Bachmann 83 Pat Buchanan 84 Ted Cruz 85 James Dobson 86 Jerry Falwell Jr 87 Newt Gingrich 88 Mike Huckabee 89 Mike Johnson 90 Rush Limbaugh 91 Sarah Palin 92 93 94 95 Mike Pence 96 Pat Robertson 97 Rick Santorum 98 Rick Scarborough 99 Phyllis Schlafly 100 Political parties edit Republican Party American Solidarity Party 101 Christian Liberty Party 102 Constitution Party 102 Prohibition Party 103 Organizations edit Alliance Defending Freedom 104 American Center for Law and Justice 105 American Family Association 106 American Principles Project 106 Becket Fund for Religious Liberty 107 Christian Coalition of America 108 Concerned Women for America 109 Family Research Council 110 First Liberty Institute 111 Foundation for Moral Law 105 Knights of Columbus Liberty Counsel 106 Lord s Day Alliance 46 Medical Institute for Sexual Health 112 Moral Majority 113 National Center on Sexual Exploitation 21 24 National Council on Bible Curriculum in Public Schools 114 National Reform Association 115 Pacific Justice Institute 116 Wallbuilders 114 Woman s Christian Temperance Union 10 See also editChristian right Christian democracy Fiscal conservatism Moralism Paleoconservatism Traditionalist conservatismReferences edit Bell Jeffrey 2012 The Case for Polarized Politics Why American Needs Social Conservatism New York Encounter Books pp 6 10 ISBN 9781594035784 via Proquest ebrary The Case for Polarized Politics Why American Needs Social Conservatism Marsden Lee December 28 2012 The Ashgate Research Companion to Religion and Conflict Resolution Ashgate Publishing Ltd ISBN 978 1 4094 7128 8 Even within the secular heartlands of Western Europe and the United States religion began to force its way into the political agenda with the emergence of the American Christian Right as a new force in social conservatism in the late 1970s and in the UK with the issue of fatwas calling for the death of British author Salman Rushdie promoted by the publication of his book The Satanic Verses which was declared blasphemous by Ayatollah Khomeini Supreme Leader of Iran in 1989 a b Quantz Richard A January 8 2016 Sociocultural Studies in Education Critical Thinking for Democracy Routledge p 137 ISBN 978 1 317 26076 9 Some important narratives appealed to by social conservatives that were not mentioned in Chapter 4 include the America is a Christian Nation narrative discussed earlier the God Created man as Head of the Family and any other traditional family narrative such as the Evils of Drugs and the Evils of Sex narratives and any of the narrative found in the Bible especially the Genesis Jesus Son of God and the Apocalypse narratives a b Chambers Kerry January 1 2011 Gambling for Profit Lotteries Gaming Machines and Casinos in Cross national Focus University of Toronto Press p 14 ISBN 978 1 4426 4189 1 Historically Protestant evangelicals traditionalists and social conservatives have condemned gambling as immoral and attempted to exert social norm pressures on others Thompson Michael 2007 Confronting the New Conservatism The Rise of the Right in America NYU Press pp 2 3 ISBN 9780814782996 Marietta Morgan 2012 A Citizen s Guide to American Ideology Conservatism and Liberalism in Contemporary Politics New York Routledge p 32 ISBN 9781136593659 Wenz Peter S February 10 2012 Beyond Red and Blue How Twelve Political Philosophies Shape American Debates MIT Press p 7 ISBN 978 0 262 26127 2 Social conservatives favor vouchers because they allow religion to be taught in government funded schools and they think religious is the firmest foundation for the moral development that students need to become productive law abiding citizens a b Quantz Richard A January 8 2016 Sociocultural Studies in Education Critical Thinking for Democracy Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 26075 2 Social conservatives tend to advocate for abstinence education church attendance prayer in school public Christmas displays patriotism the military and gun rights Whereas religion is considered to be in the private realm social conservatives often argue that the cultural history of the United States makes it perfectly legal to allow some aspects of religion to move into the public sphere Primarily they advocate the public space be open to the display and expectations of broad Judaic Christian traditions and often specifically Christian traditions a b c Rozell Mark J Wilcox Clyde November 2 2017 God at the Grassroots 2016 The Christian Right in American Politics Lanham Maryland Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 1 5381 0893 2 a b Walmer Daniel July 13 2017 Lebanon women s group still fighting against alcohol Lebanon Daily News Archived from the original on May 15 2021 Retrieved October 14 2020 Chideya Farai 2004 The Red and the Blue A Divided America Trust Reaching the 100 Million Missing Voters and Other Selected Essays Soft Skull Press pp 33 46 ISBN 9781932360264 Definition of PRO LIFE www merriam webster com Archived from the original on July 28 2022 Retrieved April 6 2022 a b Farrell Courtney 2010 The Abortion Debate ABDO Publishing Company pp 6 7 ISBN 9781617852640 Schultz Jeffrey D Van Assendelft Laura A 1999 Encyclopedia of women in American politics The American political landscape 1 ed Greenwood Publishing Group p 195 ISBN 1 57356 131 2 Seipel Peter 2014 Is There Sufficient Common Ground to Resolve the Abortion Debate The Journal of Value Inquiry 48 3 517 31 doi 10 1007 s10790 014 9436 y S2CID 145389689 Kimmel Michael 2004 Antifeminism In Kimmel Michael Aronson Amy eds Men and masculinities a social cultural and historical encyclopedia Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO pp 35 37 ISBN 978 1 57607 774 0 Giles Kevin October 19 2018 What the Bible Actually Teaches on Women Wipf and Stock Publishers p 40 ISBN 978 1 5326 3368 3 Total Fertility Rate of the United States History plus Forecast The Frederick S Pardee Center for International Futures University of Denver Archived from the original on February 22 2014 Retrieved April 26 2012 Snowdon Stacey 1997 DIVORCE AND ITS EFFECTS ON CHILDREN Advocates for Children program College Park Scholars University of Maryland Archived from the original on March 30 2022 Retrieved November 14 2011 Blau Joel Abramovitz Mimi 2010 The Dynamics of Social Welfare Policy Oxford University Press p 169 ISBN 978 0 19 538526 7 a b c Lewis Andrew R 2017 The Rights Turn in Conservative Christian Politics How Abortion Transformed the Culture Wars Cambridge University Press 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Common Arguments Against Gay Marriage Archived from the original on July 9 2022 Retrieved November 20 2021 Dombrink John 2012 After the Culture War Shifts and Continuities in American Conservatism Canadian Review of American Studies 42 3 301 21 doi 10 1353 crv 2012 0018 S2CID 143729347 Emanuella Grinberg May 13 2016 White House issues guidance on transgender bathrooms CNNPolitics com Archived from the original on May 16 2016 Winfield Nicole June 10 2019 Vatican rejects gender change to alarm of LGBT Catholics Boston Globe Archived from the original on July 21 2022 Retrieved March 16 2022 Norton John January 14 2003 Vatican says sex change operation does not change person s gender Catholic News Service Archived from the original on June 7 2011 Retrieved March 16 2022 Clyde Wilcox 2018 Onward Christian Soldiers The Religious Right in American Politics Taylor amp Francis p 96 ISBN 9780429974533 Glenn H Utter James L True 2004 Conservative Christians and Political Participation A Reference Handbook ABC CLIO pp 51 53 ISBN 9781851095131 Ciment James March 26 2015 Postwar America An Encyclopedia of Social Political Cultural and Economic History Routledge p 513 ISBN 9781317462354 Throughout the twentieth century many evangelicals accepted theistic evolution Some Christian right organizations supported the teaching of creationism along with evolution in public schools Scharrer Gary July 19 2008 Schools in Texas get OK for elective Bible course Houston Chronicle Retrieved October 14 2020 Local school districts got a green light Friday to offer high school students an elective Bible course The argument focused on legislative intent In the end the board s coalition of social conservatives prevailed 10 5 a b Wenz Peter S February 10 2012 Beyond Red and Blue How Twelve Political Philosophies Shape American Debates MIT Press pp 7 91 ISBN 978 0 262 26127 2 Social conservatives find happiness on drugs morally despicable Glenn Brian J Teles Steven M 2009 Conservatism and American Political Development Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 970601 3 Page Benjamin I Seawright Jason Lacombe Matthew J December 21 2018 Billionaires and Stealth Politics University of Chicago Press p 78 ISBN 978 0 226 58626 7 The Chick Fil A boycott was counterbalanced by a movement of social conservatives supporting the restaurant chain Grem Darren E 2016 The Blessings of Business How Corporations Shaped Conservative Christianity Oxford University Press p 122 ISBN 978 0 19 992797 5 By the 1980s Chick fil A was so unique among fast food restaurants that its Sunday closing policy was the equivalent of a totem for conservative evangelicals a symbol that represented the proper posture that conservative people of faith could and should hold toward corporate culture or American society in general Warren A Nord Does God Make a Difference Oxford University Press First Amendment Politics At the risk of oversimplifying a very complicated situation I suggest that conservative justices tend to favor a weak reading of both the Free Exercise and Establishment clause while liberals tend to favor strong readings That is conservative justices have been less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights particularly of religious minorities Liberals by contrast have been opposed to any possibility of a religious establishment and they have been relatively more concerned to protect the free exercise rights of minorities Robert Devigne Recasting Conservatism Oakeshott Strauss and the Response to Postmodernism Yale University Press Conservatives claim that liberals misinterpret the establishment and free exercise clauses of the First Amendment They point to the opinion written for the Supreme Court by Hugo Black in Everson v Board of Education The establishment of religion clause of the First Amendment means at least this neither a state nor a Federal government can set up a church Neither can pass laws which aid one religion aid all religions or prefer one religion over another The establishment clause conservatives insist precludes the national state from promoting any religious denomination but does not prohibit state governments and local communities from developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government s goals ABA Journal Sep 1962 September 1962 Much more recently in 1952 speaking through Mr Justice Douglas in Zorach v Clauson 343 U S 306 313 the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments saying We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being Mr Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case supra mentioned many of these evidences of religion and Mr Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to P rayers in our legislative halls the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday So help me God in our courtroom oaths these and other references to the Almighty run through our laws our public rituals our ceremonies the supplication with which the Court opens each session God save the United States and this Honorable Court 312 313 To this list may be added tax exemption of churches chaplaincies in the armed forces the Pray for Peace postmark the widespread observance of Christmas holidays and in classrooms singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God and the words in God is our trust as found in the National Anthem and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag modified by an Act of Congress of June 14 1954 to include the words under God Drakeman Donald L 2010 Church State and Original Intent Cambridge University Press p 232 ISBN 978 0 521 11918 4 The more common version of the enhanced federalism argument relates to the possibility voiced by Justice Clarence Thomas that there is something about the establishment clause that resists incorporation This argument has been advance in a variety of ways but the basic point is that the First Amendment was specifically designed to protect the established churches in the states from federal interference That Congress should make no law respecting an establishment of religion is thus read as forbidding laws on the subject matter of religious establishments in the states Moore James Slater Wayne September 5 2006 The Architect Karl Rove and the End of the Democratic Party Crown p 82 ISBN 978 0 307 35264 4 a b Griffith Nancy Snell Raynal Charles E September 12 2016 Presbyterians in South Carolina 1925 1985 Mid Century Change in Historic Denominations Wipf and Stock Publishers p 66 ISBN 978 1 4982 3772 7 Boyer Paul 1992 Urban Masses and Moral Order in America 1820 1920 Harvard University Press p 38 ISBN 978 0 674 93110 7 Jackson Hardy October 29 2008 How Alabama regulates alcohol a history The Randolph Leader The bone dry churches and social conservatives railed against repeal One Methodist Bishop declared that only the rakes the roves the prostitutes and the brothel keepers were for it Mayer Russell K March 6 2014 Taking Action on Internet Gambling Federal Policymaking 1995 2011 Lexington Books p 56 ISBN 978 0 7391 8066 2 of conservative ideology whereby social conservatives oppose the morally questionable activity of Internet gambling combined with liberal ideological beliefs about freedom from government interference in the personal realm Schulte Grant October 5 2020 Big name conservatives rally against Nebraska casino measure Associated Press Retrieved October 14 2020 Einwechter Florence 2015 The Casino Industry What Harm Does It Do PDF Woman s Christian Temperance Union Archived PDF from the original on October 15 2020 Retrieved October 14 2020 Tyrrell Ian March 19 2014 Woman s World Woman s Empire The Woman s Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective 1880 1930 UNC Press Books p 178 ISBN 978 1 4696 2080 0 Valverde Mariana January 1 2008 The Age of Light Soap and Water Moral Reform in English Canada 1885 1925 University of Toronto Press p 58 ISBN 978 0 8020 9595 4 a b Wylie Richard Cameron 1901 Our System of Public Education Is it Christian Or Secular The Christian Statesman McGirr Lisa 2001 Suburban Warriors The Origins of the New American Right Princeton New Jersey Princeton 150 Jacobs Meg Zelizer Julian E 2008 Swinging Too Far to the Left PDF Journal of Contemporary History 43 4 683 93 doi 10 1177 0022009408095423 S2CID 155052711 Archived PDF from the original on March 7 2021 Retrieved July 20 2019 via Sage Schulman Bruce Zelizer Julian 2008 Rightward Bound Making America Conservative in the 1970s Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press p 3 ISBN 9780674027572 Robin Corey 2010 Conservatism and counterrevolution Raritan 30 1 1 17 via ProQuest Di Mauro Diane Joffe Carole 2007 The Religious Right and the Reshaping of Sexual Policy An Examination of Reproductive Rights and Sexuality Education Sexuality Research and Social Policy 4 1 67 92 doi 10 1525 srsp 2007 4 1 67 S2CID 19893992 McGirr p 216 McGirr p 214 Troy Gil 2013 Politics and Society in Modern America Morning in America How Ronald Reagan Invented the 1980s Princeton University Press ISBN 9781400849307 Weicher John 2001 Reforming welfare The next policy debates Society 38 2 16 20 doi 10 1007 s12115 001 1035 4 S2CID 144478190 Ashbee Edward 2007 The Bush Administration Sex and the Moral Agenda Manchester University Press Oxford University Press p 2 ISBN 9781847796424 Ashbee p 112 Ashbee p 212 huffingtonpost news story on NY23 Huffingtonpost com October 29 2009 Retrieved March 30 2011 Drake Bruce Romney tells Tea Party not to split vote Politicsdaily com Retrieved March 30 2011 Third Party Alternative to McCain CBS News February 14 2008 Retrieved June 28 2020 Ben Smith Tea parties stir evangelicals fears Politico Com Retrieved March 30 2011 Zernike Kate March 12 2010 Tea Party Avoids Divisive Social Issues The New York Times Mission Statement and Core Values Tea Party Patriots Archived from the original on March 28 2011 Retrieved March 30 2011 Tea Party Leaders Release Letter Urging House and Senate GOP to Avoid Social Issues Goproud org November 23 2010 Archived from the original on August 3 2011 Retrieved March 30 2011 Tea Party and Religion Pewforum org Pew Forum on Religion amp Public Life February 23 2011 Archived from the original on June 17 2013 Retrieved March 30 2011 Siegel Elyse June 2 2010 More Than Half Of Tea Party Supporters Say Gays And Lesbians Have Too Much Political Power POLL The Huffington Post Retrieved July 1 2010 New poll looks at tea party views toward minorities The Seattle Times June 1 2010 Tea party groups plan Arizona rally against illegal immigration Archived February 8 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post August 11 2010 Survey Religion and the Tea Party in the 2010 Elections Public Religion Research Institute Retrieved January 31 2016 Przybyla Heidi March 26 2010 Tea Party Advocates Who Scorn Socialism Want a Government Job Bloomberg News Archived from the original on November 9 2020 Retrieved March 28 2010 Barry A Kosmin and Ariela Keysar 2009 American Religious Identification Survey ARIS 2008 Archived April 7 2009 at the Wayback Machine Trinity College Hartford Connecticut US Retrieved April 1 2009 PDF Ben Smith Tea parties stir evangelicals fears Politico Com Archived from the original on May 11 2011 Retrieved March 30 2011 Tea Party Supporters Overlap Republican Base Gallup com July 2 2010 Archived from the original on July 1 2017 Retrieved March 30 2011 Transgender Black Marxists seek to overthrow U S Trump backer Michele Bachmann says NBC News Archived from the original on February 16 2022 Retrieved February 16 2022 Buchanan Patrick Pat Joseph August 17 1992 Republican National Convention Speech Patrick Pat Joseph Buchanan Archived from the original on October 12 2006 Payne Sebastian Costa Robert April 16 2023 Ted Cruz finds a core of support among social conservatives frustrated with GOP Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved October 26 2023 Zernike Kate January 30 2005 Buzzwords Hello Synergy Begone Crisis The New York Times Archived from the original on November 9 2012 Israel Josh August 10 2020 6 things Jerry Falwell Jr got away with before his unzipped pants took him down The American Independent Archived from the original on August 25 2020 Henderson Kay June 25 2011 Gingrich defends campaign strategy criticizes gay marriage Reuters Archived from the original on February 16 2022 Retrieved February 16 2022 Denton Robert E June 14 2010 Studies of Identity in the 2008 Presidential Campaign Lexington Books p 130 ISBN 978 0 7391 4104 5 and much of his support base then switched to the other social conservative Mike Huckabee Mchugh Calder October 25 2023 Mike Johnson is a social conservative s social conservative POLITICO Retrieved October 27 2023 Harnden Toby 2010 The most influential US conservatives 20 1 Daily Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on March 22 2020 Retrieved August 14 2018 Sarah Palin making rounds among socially conservative groups Los Angeles Times February 17 2011 Archived from the original on December 27 2019 Retrieved December 27 2019 Lee Tony May 16 2010 A Conservative s Case for Sarah Palin s Genius The Atlantic Who Wants to Make Sarah Palin the Leader of the Republican Party Cato Institute December 9 2009 Brownback Social Conservatives Pumped By Palin NPR org Smith David May 21 2017 President Mike Pence Dems should be careful what they wish for experts say the Guardian Archived from the original on August 27 2018 Retrieved August 14 2018 Pat Robertson conservative evangelist and Christian Coalition founder dies at 93 NBC News June 8 2023 Retrieved September 27 2023 Perry L August 7 2014 Mitt Romney Mormonism and the 2012 Election Springer ISBN 978 1 137 36082 3 Santorum like Bachman had a consistent record on social conservative issues which was viewed as an asset Religion and Politics in America Archived November 22 2020 at the Wayback Machine Morning Edition NPR October 22 1996 John Burnett URL accessed 05 09 2006 Critchlow Donald T June 5 2018 Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism A Woman s Crusade Princeton University Press p 33 ISBN 978 0 691 18797 6 Padusniak Chase Winter 2015 Why You Should Vote Third Party Intercollegiate Review Intercollegiate Studies Institute archived from the original on August 21 2016 retrieved July 21 2016 For the socially conservative American who thinks government intervention has some place in the economy the American Solidarity Party might fit a b McKeen Leah A D Canadian Christian Nationalism The Religiosity and Politics of the Christian Heritage Party of Canada 2015 Theses and Dissertations Comprehensive 1740 Jones Mark P February 24 2020 Voting and Political Representation in America Issues and Trends 2 volumes ABC CLIO p 497 ISBN 978 1 4408 6085 0 Micklethwait John Wooldridge Adrian April 2 2009 God Is Back How the Global Revival of Faith Is Changing the World Penguin Publishing Group p 95 ISBN 9781101032411 He also to litigate on behalf of socially conservative issues helped in 1994 to foundthe Alliance Defense Fund which has notched up more than twenty five victories before the U S Supreme Court and hundreds more before the lower court a b Hunter James Davison 2010 To Change the World The Irony Tragedy and Possibility of Christianity in the Late Modern World Oxford University Press p 122 ISBN 978 0 19 974539 5 a b c Marcus Ruth December 3 2019 Supreme Ambition Brett Kavanaugh and the Conservative Takeover Simon and Schuster p 81 ISBN 978 1 9821 2386 4 The leaders of three socially conservative groups the American Family Association the American Principles Project and Liberty Counsel joined with Jauregui to send a letter to the president pushing for Barrett Engdahl Sylvia 2007 Religious Liberty Greenhaven Press ISBN 9780737738551 supposed the federal law as did the socially conservative Becket Fund for Religious Liberty Vaughan Joel D June 15 2009 The Rise and Fall of the Christian Coalition The Inside Story Wipf and Stock Publishers p 200 ISBN 978 1 62189 212 0 Catholic University s Mark Rozell told The Virginian Pilot in late 2001 when Pat Robertson resigned as the Coalition s chairman Christian Coalition without a doubt has been the most successful social conservative organization in this country Deckman Melissa May 24 2016 Tea Party Women Mama Grizzlies Grassroots Leaders and the Changing Face of the American Right NYU Press p 26 ISBN 978 1 4798 6642 7 Rimmerman Craig A Wilcox Clyde October 1 2007 The Politics of Same Sex Marriage University of Chicago Press p 245 ISBN 9780226720005 In 2003 Ken Connor president of the Family Research Council questioned the Republican commitment to fighting for the socially conservative policies that defined the group Bennett Daniel June 10 2015 The Rise of Christian Conservative Legal Organizations Religion amp Politics Archived from the original on May 6 2017 Retrieved April 27 2017 Gottlieb Samantha D January 2 2018 Not Quite a Cancer Vaccine Selling HPV and Cervical Cancer Rutgers University Press p 71 ISBN 978 0 8135 8780 6 Dumenil Lynn 2012 The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History Men s YMCA Oxford University Press p 45 ISBN 978 0 19 974336 0 He launched the Moral Majority a voter mobilization and lobbying organization in June 1979 and he also formed the Moral Majority political action committee to raise money for socially conservative congressional candidates a b Gearon Liam Prud homme Joseph April 4 2018 State Religious Education and the State of Religious Life Wipf and Stock Publishers p 2 ISBN 978 1 62564 726 9 Farmer Brian December 18 2008 American Conservatism History Theory and Practice Cambridge Scholars Publishing p 174 ISBN 978 1 4438 0276 5 Josephson Burack September 1 2004 Fundamental Differences Feminists Talk Back to Social Conservatives Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 178 ISBN 978 0 585 46378 0 PJI along with several other California based social conservative organizations initiated what they termed a Parental Opt Out Program so that parents who wished to could ensure that their children are not exposed to such controversial and potentially harmful social instruction Portals nbsp Conservatism nbsp United States Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Social conservatism in the United States amp oldid 1207659915, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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