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Wikipedia

Naturism

January 19, 2024

Naturism is a lifestyle of practicing non-sexual social nudity in private and in public; the word also refers to the cultural movement which advocates and defends that lifestyle. Both may alternatively be called nudism. Though the two terms are broadly interchangeable, nudism emphasizes the practice of nudity, whilst naturism highlights an attitude favoring harmony with nature and respect for the environment, into which that practice is integrated.[1] That said, naturists come from a range of philosophical and cultural backgrounds; there is no single naturist ideology.

Sunbathers at Müggelsee lake beach, East Berlin, 1989
For other uses, see Naturism (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Naturalism (disambiguation) or Nature worship.

Ethical or philosophical nudism has a long history, with many advocates of the benefits of enjoying nature without clothing. At the turn of the 20th century, organizations emerged to promote social nudity and to establish private campgrounds and resorts for that purpose. Since the 1960s, with the acceptance of public places for clothing-optional recreation, individuals who do not identify themselves as naturists or nudists have been able to casually participate in nude activities. Nude recreation opportunities vary widely around the world, from isolated places known mainly to locals through officially designated nude beaches and parks, and on to public spaces and buildings in some jurisdictions.

Definition and lexicology edit

The XIV Congress of the International Naturist Federation (INF) held at Agde, France in 1974 defined naturism as:[2]

...a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and for the environment.

Many contemporary naturists and naturist organisations advocate that the practice of social nudity should not be linked with sexual activity. Some recent studies show that naturism can help grow self-esteem,[3] and thus have a positive impact on having a well-balanced sexuality, too. For various sociocultural and historical reasons, the lay public, the media, and many contemporary naturists and their organisations have, or present, a simplified view of the relationship between naturism and sexuality. Current research has begun to explore this complex relationship.[4]

The International Naturist Federation explains:[1][a]

Each country has its own kind of naturism, and even each club has its own special character, for we too, human beings, have each our own character which is reflected in our surroundings.

The usage and definition of these terms varies geographically and historically.[b] Naturism and nudism have the same meaning in the United States,[6] but there is a clear distinction between the two terms in Great Britain.[c][further explanation needed]

In naturist parlance, the terms "textile" or "textilist" refer to non-naturist persons, behaviours or facilities (e.g. "the textile beach starts at the flag", "they are a mixed couple – he is naturist, she is textile"). "Textile" is the predominant term used in the UK ("textilist" is unknown in British naturist magazines, including H&E naturist), but some naturists avoid using this term due to perceived negative or derogatory connotations. "Textilist" is said to be used interchangeably with "textile", but no dictionary definition to this effect exists, nor are there any equivalent examples of use in mainstream literature such as those for "textile".[8]

Naturist places and events edit

See also: Nude recreation

Naturist facilities edit

See also: Naturist resort and Nude recreation

At naturist-organised events or venues, clothing is usually optional. At naturist swimming pools or sunbathing places, however, complete nudity is expected (weather permitting). This rule is sometimes a source of controversy among naturists. Staff at a naturist facility are usually required to be clothed due to health and safety regulations.[9]

Facilities for naturists are classified in various ways. A landed or members' naturist club is one that owns its own facilities. Non-landed (or travel) clubs meet at various locations, such as private residences, swimming pools, hot springs, landed clubs and resorts, or rented facilities. Landed clubs can be run by members on democratic lines or by one or more owners who make the rules. In either case, they can determine membership criteria and the obligations of members. This usually involves sharing work necessary to maintain or develop the site.[10]

 
Families bathing nude at a hot spring in Taiwan

The international naturist organizations were mainly composed of representatives of landed clubs.[1] "Nudist colony" is no longer a favored term, but can be used by naturists to address landed clubs that have rigid non-inclusive membership criteria.

A holiday centre is a facility that specializes in providing apartments, chalets and camping pitches for visiting holidaymakers. A center is run commercially, and visitors are not members and have no say in the management. Most holiday centers expect visitors to hold an INF card (that is, to belong to an INF-affiliated organization), but some have relaxed this requirement, relying on the carrying of a trade card. Holiday centers vary in size. Larger holiday centres may have swimming pools, sports pitches, an entertainment program, kids' clubs, restaurants and supermarkets. Some holiday centres allow regular visitors to purchase their own chalets, and generations of the same families may visit each year.[6] Holiday centres are more tolerant of clothing than members-only clubs; total nudity is usually compulsory in the swimming pools and may be expected on the beaches, while on the football pitches, or in the restaurants in the evening, it is rare.[6]

 
Nudist couple at Terra Cotta Inn, Palm Springs, California, US

A naturist resort is, to a European, a private property with accommodation and facilities where naturism is the norm. Centre Helio-Marin in Vendays Montalivet, France (the first naturist resort, established in 1950); the naturist village of Charco del Palo on Lanzarote, Canary Islands; Vera Playa in Spain;[11] and Vritomartis Resort[12] in Greece are examples.

In US usage, a naturist resort can mean a holiday centre.[13] Freikörperkultur (FKK)—literally translated as 'free body culture'—is the name for the general movement in Germany. The abbreviation is recognised outside of Germany and can be found on informal signs indicating the direction to a remote naturist beach.[14]

Nude beaches edit

 
People bathing naked after the World Naked Bike Ride in Brighton, 2017
 
A group of naturists at a nude beach in Crimea, 2008
Main article: Nude beach

In some European countries, such as Denmark,[15] all beaches are clothing optional, and in others like Germany (and experimentally in France)[16] there are naturist sunbathing areas in public parks (e.g., in Munich[17] and Berlin).[18] Beaches in some holiday destinations, such as Crete, are clothing optional except some central urban beaches.[19] There are two centrally located clothes-optional beaches in Barcelona.[20] Sweden allows nudity on all beaches.[21]

In a survey by The Daily Telegraph, Germans and Austrians were most likely to have visited a nude beach (28%), followed by Norwegians (18%), Spaniards (17%), Australians (17%), and New Zealanders (16%). Of the nationalities surveyed, the Japanese (2%) were the least likely to have visited a nude beach.[22] This result may indicate the lack of nude beaches in Japan; however, the Japanese are open with regard to family bathing nude at home and at onsens (hot springs).[23]

Festival naturism edit

From Woodstock to Edinburgh, and Nambassa in the southern hemisphere, communal nudity can be seen at music and counterculture festivals.[citation needed]

The Nambassa hippie festivals held in New Zealand in the late 1970s were examples of non-sexual naturism. Of the 75,000 patrons who attended the 1979 Nambassa three-day festival, an estimated 35% of attendees spontaneously chose to remove their clothing,[24] preferring complete or partial nudity.[25]

 
Naturist couple at the Nambassa festival, New Zealand, 1981

Some nudist festivals are held to celebrate particular days of the year, and activities may include nude bodypainting. One example is the Neptune Day Festival held in Koktebel, Crimea to depict mythological events.[26] Another is the Festival Nudista Zipolite organized by the Federación Nudista de México (Mexican Nudist Federation) held annually since 2016 on the first weekend of February.[27]

A few camps organize activities in the nude, such as oil wrestling[28] by camp Gymnasium.[29]

 
Naked participant at Burning Man 2016 posing[30] as Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man


Summer naturism edit

Naturism tends to be more common during the warmer summer months. Some regions host first-time naturists and people who have recently started to practice the naturist lifestyle.[31] One study noted that some of these people are seasonal naturists who wear clothes during other times of the year.[32]

History edit

Main article: Nudity in History
See also: Timeline of social nudity

Nudity in social contexts has been practised in various forms by many cultures and in all time periods.[33] In modern Western society, social nudity is most frequently encountered in the contexts of bathing, swimming and using saunas, whether in single-sex groups, within the family, or with mixed-sex friends, but throughout history and in many contemporary tropical cultures, nudity is a norm at many sports events and competitions.[34]

The first known use of the word naturisme occurred in 1778. A French-speaking Belgian, Jean Baptiste Luc Planchon (1734–1781), used the term to advocate nudism as a means of improving the hygiène de vie or healthy living.[35]

The earliest known naturist club in the western sense of the word was established in British India in 1891. The Fellowship of the Naked Trust was founded by Charles Edward Gordon Crawford, a widower who was a District and Sessions Judge for the Bombay Civil Service. The commune was based in Matheran and had just three members at the beginning: Crawford and two sons of an Anglican missionary, Andrew and Kellogg Calderwood.[36] The commune fell apart when Crawford was transferred to Ratnagiri; he died soon after in 1894.[37]

 
Max Koch's Freilicht, ca. 1894/1897

In 1902, a series of philosophical papers was published in Germany by Dr. Heinrich Pudor under the pseudonym Heinrich Scham, who coined the term Nacktkultur. In 1906 he wrote a three-volume treatise with this term as its title, which discussed the benefits of nudity in co-education and advocated participating in sports while being free of cumbersome clothing.[38] Richard Ungewitter (Nacktheit, 1906, Nackt, 1908, etc.) proposed that combining physical fitness, sunlight, and fresh-air bathing, and then adding the nudist philosophy, contributed to mental and psychological fitness, good health, and an improved moral-life view.[38] Major promoters of these ideas included Adolf Koch and Hans Suren. Germany published the first journal of nudism from 1902 to 1932.[39]

The wide publication of those papers, and others, contributed to an explosive worldwide growth of nudism in which nudists participated in various social, recreational, and physical fitness activities in the nude. The first organized club for nudists on a large scale, Freilichtpark (Free-Light Park), was opened near Hamburg in 1903 by Paul Zimmerman.[38] In 1919, German doctor Kurt Huldschinsky discovered that exposure to sunlight helped to cure rickets in many children, causing sunlight to be associated with improved health.[40]

 
Naturist family on Lake Senftenberg in 1983

In France in the early 20th century, the brothers Gaston and André Durville, both physicians, studied the effects of psychology, nutrition, and environment on health and healing. They became convinced of the importance of natural foods and the natural environment on human well-being and health. They named this concept naturisme. The profound effect of clean air and sunlight on human bodies became evident to them and so nudity became a part of their naturism.[41]

Naturism became a more widespread phenomenon in the 1920s in Germany, the United Kingdom, France and other European countries and spread to the United States, where it became established in the 1930s.[42]

By 1951, the various national federations united to form the International Naturist Federation.[9] Some naturists preferred not to join clubs, and after 1945, pressure arose to designate beaches for naturist use. From the middle of the 20th century, with changing leisure patterns, commercial organisations began opening holiday resorts to attract naturists who expected the same – or better – standards of comfort and amenity offered to non-naturists. More recently, naturist holiday options have expanded to include cruises.[38]

In the early 21st century, many organised clubs saw a decline in attendance by young people, which worried many naturists about the future of the movement. The clubs' aging memberships may have put younger people off. A rise in social conservatism, re-asserting a nudity taboo, also may have contributed to the decline. However, since tolerance for nudity in general is increasing over time,[43] and is higher among younger generations,[44] an alternative hypothesis is that younger naturists no longer feel they need to join a club or visit a resort in order to practise naturism.[45] Active recruitment of younger members is being pursued by some organisations.[46] The phenomenon varies by country, with, for example, naturism in France experiencing steady growth in a younger demographic during the 2010s.[47] A similar trend is seen in Germany, with young people eager to depart from social norms and beauty standards.[48]

Writers edit

Naturism was part of a literary movement [fr] in the late 19th century (see the writings of André Gide) that also influenced the art movements of the time, specifically Henri Matisse and other Fauve painters. This movement was based on the French concept of joie de vivre, the idea of reveling freely in physical sensations and direct experiences and a spontaneous approach to life.[49]

  • Heinrich Pudor wrote on methods to improve social hygiene in his book Nackende Menschen und Jauchzen der Zukunft ('Naked people and the future of Mankind') and then Nacktkultur ('Nude Culture'). It prescribes an austere lifestyle and nudity.[43]
  • Paul Zimmermann opened the Freilicht Park in Lübeck which was open to those who subscribed to Nacktkultur principles.[43]
  • Richard Ungewitter wrote Die Nacktheit ('Nakedness') which sold 90,000 copies, prescribed a similar Utopian lifestyle, where everyone would be nude, eat only vegetables and abstain from alcohol and tobacco. In his Utopia, everyone was to be Germanic with blue eyes and blonde hair.[43]
  • Adolf Koch, a left-wing primary-school teacher, sought to use social nudity to free the people from "authority fixated conditioning which held proletarians in deference of their masters: parental authority, paternalism of the church, the mass media and organs of law and order."[citation needed] He used Organic-Rhythmic exercises in Berlin schools in the 1920s. In 1932 there were about 100,000 Germans involved with naturism, of which 70,000 were in Koch's Körperschülen schools.[43]
  • Hans Surén [de] taught nude gymnastics to soldiers for five years, and on being forced to leave the army, he wrote (in 1924) Mensch und die Sonne ('Men and the Sun') which ran to 61 reprints.[43]
  • American writers Walt Whitman[50] and Henry David Thoreau[51] both wrote of nudity within the natural environment.

Health edit

Naturist activities can have positive psychological benefits including greater life satisfaction, more positive body image, and higher self-esteem.[3] Social nudity leads to acceptance in spite of differences in age, body shape, fitness, and health.[52]

Religion edit

Main article: Nudity in religion
See also: Gymnosophist, Gymnosophy, American Gymnosophical Association, and Christian naturism
 
A Naga Sadhu, or naked Hindu holy man

Christian naturism includes various members associated with most denominations. Although beliefs vary, a common theme is that much of Christianity has misinterpreted the events regarding the Garden of Eden, and that God was displeased with Adam and Eve for covering their bodies with fig leaves.[53]

Controversy edit

Naturism is usually promoted as not being sexual, but there are resorts where social nudity is practised alongside exhibitionism, voyeurism, and other alternative lifestyles like swinging. Mainstream discourse around naturism sometimes conflates sexual and non-sexual variations, though family-oriented naturism organisations try to resist this stigma. Some naturist clubs have shifted to catering to swingers, and as a result may be expelled from mainstream naturist organizations,[54] whilst some naturist villages, notably Cap d'Agde, have been successfully overtaken by swingers and "libertines".[55] Others struggle with wanting to maintain a family image while being lax in behavior enforcements for fear of losing revenue and no longer being financially viable.[56] Attempts have been made to legislate naturist activity, such as children's summer camps.[57]

Many films and published materials in the middle decades of the 20th century were presented as documentaries of the naturist lifestyle. In fact this was largely a pretext to exploit a loophole in censorship laws restricting the exhibition of nudity.[58] Additionally, child pornography has been distributed under the guise of naturist media.[59] Precisely defining the distinction has proved challenging for law enforcers, as it depends on the subjective question of whether the purpose of the production is sexual.[59] Court cases attempting to differentiate naturist publications from pornography reach back almost a century.[60][page needed]

Africa edit

South Africa edit

 
Signpost at Mpenjati Naturist Beach

Mpenjati beach in KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa is an unofficial nude beach where visitors prefer to be naked.[61]

Europe edit

Main article: List of social nudity places in Europe

In most European countries, nudity is not explicitly forbidden. Whether it is tolerated on beaches which are not marked as official nudist beaches varies greatly. The only country with substantially different laws is Denmark, where beach nudity is explicitly allowed on all beaches, except for two in the far west of the country.[62]

Belgium edit

Organized naturism in Belgium began in 1924 when engineer Joseph-Paul Swenne founded the Belgian League of Heliophilous Propaganda (usually abbreviated to Hélios) in Uccle. This was followed four years later by De Spar, founded by Jozef Geertz and hosted on the country estate of entrepreneur Oswald Johan de Schampelaere. Belgian naturism was influenced in equal part by French naturism and German Freikörperkultur.[63] Today Belgian naturists are represented by the Federatie van Belgische Naturisten (FBN).[64]

Croatia edit

 
A woman naked on the beach at Valalta, Croatia

Croatia is world-famous for naturism, which accounts for about 15% of its tourism industry. It was also the first European country to develop commercial naturist resorts.[65] During a 1936 Adriatic cruise, King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson stopped at a beach on the island of Rab where King Edward obtained special permission from the local government to swim naked, this event marked the beginning of nudist tourism in Croatia.[66]

Finland edit

 
Finnish Sauna (1802)

In Finnish culture, nudism is considered to be a relatively normal way to live. It is not uncommon to see entire families spending time together naked. Families may be naked while bathing in a sauna, swimming in a pool, or playing on a beach, and it is not unusual to see children playing naked in a family yard for example. Nudity as a whole is considered less taboo than in many other countries.[67]

France edit

Main article: Naturism in France
 
Randonue in Les Concluses, Gard, 2008

Marcel Kienné de Mongeot is credited with starting naturism in France in 1920. His family had suffered from tuberculosis, and he saw naturism as a cure and a continuation of the traditions of the ancient Greeks. In 1926, he started the magazine Vivre intégralement (later titled Vivre) and the first French naturist club, Sparta Club, at Garambouville, near Évreux. The court action that he initiated established that nudism was legal on private property that was fenced and screened.[9]

Drs. André and Gaston Durville bought 70 hectares (170 acres) on the Île du Levant where they established the village of Héliopolis, which was open to the public. In 1925, Dr. François Fougerat de David de Lastours wrote a thesis on heliotherapy, and in that year, he opened the Club gymnique de France. In 1936, the naturist movement was officially recognised.[9]

Albert and Christine Lecocq were active members of many of these clubs, but they left after disagreements, and in 1944, they founded the Club du Soleil with members in 84 cities. Four years later, they founded the Fédération Française de Naturisme [fr] (FFN); in 1949, they started the magazine Vie au Soleil, and in 1950, they opened the CHM Montalivet, the world's first naturist holiday centre, where the INF was formed.[9]

Germany edit

Main article: Naturism in Germany
See also: Freikörperkultur
 
Public naturist recreation area at Lake Unterbach; Strandbad Süd, Düsseldorf-Unterbach, Germany

German naturism (Freikörperkultur, FKK) was part of the Lebensreform movement and the Wandervogel youth movement of 1896, from Steglitz, Berlin, which promoted ideas of fitness and vigour. At the same time, doctors of the Natural Healing Movement [de] were using heliotherapy, treating diseases such as tuberculosis, rheumatism, and scrofula with exposure to sunlight.[43]

Nacktkultur, a term coined in 1903 by Heinrich Pudor, connected nudity, vegetarianism and social reform, and was practised in a network of 200 members clubs.[68] The movement gained prominence in the 1920s by offering a health-giving lifestyle with Utopian ideals. Germany published the first naturist journal from 1902 to 1932,[39] but it became politicised by radical socialists who believed it would lead to classlessness and a breakdown of society. It eventually became associated with pacificism.[69]

In 1926, Adolf Koch established a school of naturism in Berlin, encouraging a mixing of the sexes, open air exercises, and a programme of "sexual hygiene". In 1929 the Berlin school hosted the first International Congress on Nudity.[68]

After World War II, East Germans were free to practice naturism, chiefly at beaches rather than clubs (private organizations were regarded as potentially subversive). Naturism became a large element in DDR politics. The Proletarische Freikörperkulturbewegung subsection of the Workers Sports Organisation had 60,000 members.[43] Since reunification there are many clubs, parks and beaches open to naturists,[1] though nudity has become less common in the former eastern zone.[70] Germans are typically the most commonly seen visitors at nude beaches in France and around Europe.[71]

Greece edit

There are no official nude beaches, however there are unofficial nude beaches on the islands frequented by tourists,[72] like Crete,[73] Mykonos or Karpathos, and on smaller islands like Skopelos or Skiathos[74] where nudity is tolerated, usually at the more remote ends or secluded areas of beaches.[75]

Toplessness also is widely practiced by locals and tourists alike as there are no cultural taboos against it.[76]

In 2015, a court in Thessaloniki, Greece's second largest city, acquitted nudist activists who were charged for wandering naked in the city as part of their activist actions for promoting the urban nudism. In its ruling, the court deemed these acts to be "not lewd or lascivious", and vindicated the activists, thus recognizing their right to be naked publicly.[77]

Italy edit

Full nudity is admitted in Italy in the official naturist beaches and places of the country, and in many other places where there is an established tradition of naturist attendance, as confirmed by a recent absolution sentence.[78] In all other public places, full nudity is generally prohibited by civil law and could be punished with fines that have been recently reduced (minimum €51 to maximum €309).[79] In the last decades, six regions have created laws to promote naturist tourism,[80] and actually there are more than 20 official naturist beaches in Italy, where naturism is recognised and guaranteed by administrative acts, and more than 30 beaches with a long tradition of naturist attendance where nudity is accepted.[81] Naturist accommodations are located in most of the regions and it is estimated that the number of nudists and naturists in Italy is about 500,000 people.[82] Since the 1960s, there have been naturist associations in many regions, and a naturist federation on a national level.[83]

Female toplessness is allowed, in a nonsexual context, in all the beaches of the country. On March 20, 2000, the Supreme Court of Cassation through sentence No. 3557 has determined that the exposure of the nude female breast since some decades is considered a "commonly accepted behavior" and therefore has "entered into the social custom".[84] Since then, local government regulations forbidding toplessness are extremely rare.

Netherlands edit

The oldest Dutch naturist association is Zon en Leven ('Sun and Life'), founded in 1946 with the aim of promoting healthy physical and mental development and a natural way of life.[85] The national association is Naturisten Federatie Nederland (NFN), which in 2017 adopted the name Bloot Gewoon! ('Simply Naked') in an effort to become more accessible to casual naturists and strengthen the acceptance of nude recreation.[86]

In general, Dutch people are very tolerant of beach nudity, as long as it does not impact others, or involve inappropriate staring or sexual behaviour. Topless sunbathing is permitted on most beaches except where prohibited by signage.[87]

Portugal edit

Main article: Naturism in Portugal

The Federação Portuguesa de Naturismo (Portuguese Naturist Federation) or FPN was founded on 1 March 1977 in Lisbon.[88] In the 21st century, naturism is considered a tolerated practice, whereas there are many officially designated nudist beaches.[89]

Poland edit

 
Nude men at the Przystanek Woodstock festival, 2014

In modern-day Poland, naturism is practiced in number of the seaside and inland beaches. Most Polish beaches of this type are actually clothing-optional rather than naturist. One such beach is Międzyzdroje-Lubiewo.[90]

Spain edit

 
Couple walking naked in the streets of Barcelona, Spain

Public nudity in Spain is not illegal since there is no law banning its practice. Spanish legislation foresees felony for exhibitionism but restricts its scope to obscene exposure in front of children or mentally impaired individuals, i.e. with sexual connotation.[91][clarification needed] There are, however, some municipalities (like San Pedro del Pinatar) where public nudity has been banned by means of by-laws. Other municipalities (like Barcelona, Salou, Platja de Palma and Sant Antoni de Portmany) have used similar provisions to regulate partial nudity, requiring people to cover their torsos on the streets. Some naturist associations have appealed these by-laws on the grounds that a fundamental right (freedom of expression, as they understand nudism to be self-expression) cannot be regulated with such a mechanism. Some courts have ruled in favour of nudist associations.[92] Nudism in Spain is normally practised by the seaside, on beaches or small coves with a tradition of naturism. In Vera, Spain, there is a wide residential area formed by nudist urbanisations. Nudist organisations may organise some activities elsewhere in inner territory.

Research was done on the island of Menorca, where naturism is practiced at small, isolated beaches apart from the island's developed resorts. Not everyone on these beaches, even within a group, is nude, and both types of participants were interviewed. Most were white heterosexuals between the ages of 25 and 40 who live in cities such as Madrid or Barcelona. For them, being nude on a beach is about bodily sensations of sun, sea, and sand directly on the skin, not about cultural meanings or performance of bodily appearance. The behaviors that support the non-sexual definition of the situation work by downplaying the visual, most of all by not staring at others. It is also unacceptable for a person to actively seek the gaze of others. Naturists may see the decision not to be nude is holding on to the visual, and non-naturists may see beach nudity as a form of exhibitionism.[93]

Legal provisions regarding partial nudity (or toplessness) are analogous to those regarding full nudity, but social tolerance towards toplessness is higher. The law does not require women to cover their breasts in public swimming, or on any beach in Spain.[94] The governments of the municipalities of Galdakao and L'Ametlla del Vallès legalized female toplessness on their public pools in March 2016 and June 2018, respectively.[95]

United Kingdom edit

Main article: British Naturism
See also: List of social nudity places in Europe § United Kingdom
 
World Naked Bike Ride in London, 2016

In the United Kingdom, the first official nudist club was established in Wickford, Essex, in 1924. According to Michael Farrar, writing for British Naturism, the club adopted the name "Moonella Group" from the name of the owner of the ground and called its site The Camp. Moonella, who was still living in 1965 but whose identity remains to be discovered, had inherited a house with land in 1923 and made it available to certain members of the New Gymnosophy Society. This society was founded a few years before by H.C. Booth, M.H. Sorensen and Rex Wellbye under the name of the English Gymnosophical Society. It met for discussions at the Minerva Cafe at 144 High Holborn in London, the headquarters of the Women's Freedom League. Those who were permitted to join the Moonella Group were carefully selected, and the club was run by a leadership of the original members, all of whom had club names to preserve their anonymity. The club closed in 1926 because of construction on adjacent land.[96][97]

By 1943, there were a number of "sun clubs", and together they formed the British Sun Bathers Association, or BSBA. In 1954, a group of clubs unhappy with the way the BSBA was being run, split to form the Federation of British Sun Clubs, or FBSC. In 1961, the BSBA Annual Conference agreed that the term nudist was inappropriate and should be discarded in favour of naturist.[96] The two organisations rivalled each other before eventually coming together again in 1964 as the Central Council for British Naturism, or CCBN. This organisation structure has remained much the same but it is now called British Naturism, which is often abbreviated to BN.[96]

The first official nude beach was opened at Fairlight Glen in Covehurst Bay near Hastings in 1978 (not to be confused with Fairlight Cove, which is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the east), followed later by the beaches at Brighton and Fraisthorpe. Bridlington opened in April 1980.[96]

Oceania edit

See also: List of social nudity places in Oceania

Australia edit

 
Naturist swimmers in Australia

Australia's first naturist club was founded in Sydney in 1931 by the French-born anarchist and pacifist Kleber Claux.[98] In 1975, the southern half of Maslin Beach, south of Adelaide, was declared Australia's first official nude beach.[99] The beach is almost 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long, so the area reserved for nude bathing is away from other beach users.

New Zealand edit

Main article: Naturism in New Zealand

Nudist clubs (called sun clubs) were established in Dunedin and Auckland in early 1938; the Auckland Sun Group went into recess shortly afterwards due to the outbreak of World War II. In 1958 the allied nudist clubs of New Zealand established the New Zealand Sunbathing Association, later renamed the New Zealand Naturist Federation. The Federation includes 17 affiliated clubs with a total membership (in 2012) of 1,600 people. In 2016 the Federation, in conjunction with Tourism New Zealand, hosted the World Congress of the International Naturist Federation at the Wellington Naturist Club, marking the second time the Congress had ever been held in the Southern Hemisphere.[100]

Outside formal naturist organizations, social nudity is practised in a variety of contexts in New Zealand culture. It is a feature of many summer music festivals, including Convergence,[101] Kiwiburn, Luminate,[102] Rhythm & Vines, and Splore,[103] in a tradition going back to Nambassa in the late 1970s.[104] It is also associated with the culture of rugby, most prominently in the nude rugby match held in Dunedin each winter from 2002 to 2014 (and sporadically thereafter) as pre-match entertainment for the first professional rugby game of the season,[105] and in the mock public holiday "National Nude Day", an event in which viewers of the talk show SportsCafe were invited – chiefly by former rugby player Marc Ellis, the show's most irrepressibly comic presenter – to send in photos and video of themselves performing daily activities in the nude.[106]

While a large proportion of New Zealanders are tolerant of nudity, especially on beaches,[44] there remains a contingent who consider it obscene.[107] Naturists who engage in casual public nudity, even in places where this is lawful, risk being reported to police by disapproving people.[108] Legally, nudity is permissible on any beach where it is "known to occur",[109] in consequence of which New Zealand has no official nude beaches. The indecent exposure provision of the Summary Offences Act is, in practice, reserved for cases of public sexual gratification,[110] but public nudity may still be prosecuted under the "offensive behaviour" provision.[111]

North America edit

Canada edit

See also: List of social nudity places in North America § Canada
 
Nudist hiker in British Columbia

In Canada, individuals around the country became interested in nudism, skinny-dipping, and physical culture in the early part of the 20th century. Sunbathing & Health, a magazine targeted toward Canadian naturists and which occasionally carried local news, began publication after 1940. There were scattered groups of naturists in several cities during the 1930s and 1940s, and some of these groups attracted enough interest to form clubs on private land.[10] The most significant clubs were the Van Tan Club, formed in 1939, which is still operating in North Vancouver, BC,[10] and the Sun Air Club, in Ontario.

Canadians who served in the military during the Second World War met like-minded souls from across the country, and often visited clubs while in Europe. They were a ready pool of recruits for post-war organizers. A few years later, the wave of post-war immigration brought many Europeans with their own extensive experience, and they not only swelled the ranks of membership, but often formed their own clubs, helping to expand nudism from coast to coast.[10]

Most clubs eventually united in the Canadian Sunbathing Association, which affiliated with the American Sunbathing Association in 1954. Several disagreements between eastern and western members of the CSA resulted in its division into the Western Canadian Sunbathing Association (WCSA) and the Eastern Canadian Sunbathing Association (ECSA) in 1960. The ECSA endured much in-fighting over the next fifteen years, which led to its official demise in 1978. The WCSA changed its name to the American Association for Nude Recreation – Western Canadian Region, a region of the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR), which itself was formerly known as the ASA.[10]

In 1977 the Fédération québécoise de naturisme (FQN) was founded in Quebec by Michel Vaïs, who had experienced European naturism at Montalivet. In 1985 the Federation of Canadian Naturists (FCN) was formed with the support of the FQN. In 1988 the FQN and FCN formed the FQN-FCN Union as the official Canadian representative in the International Naturist Federation.[10]

Mexico edit

 
The far west end of Zipolite Beach, Oaxaca, Mexico

Federación Nudista de México[27] is a members organization with both individual and organization members. It promotes social nudity in Mexico, and it is recognized by the International Naturist Federation as the official national naturist organization in that country.

As of 2016, Playa Zipolite is Mexico's first and only legal public nude beach.[112] A free beach and unofficially nudist for more than 50 years,[113] this beach is reputed to be the best place for nudism in the country. The numerous nude sunbathers, and the long tradition, make it safe for nudism and naturism. Annually since 2016, on the first weekend of February, Zipolite has hosted Festival Nudista Zipolite[114] that in 2019 attracted 7,000–8,000 visitors.[115]

United States edit

Main article: Naturism in the United States
See also: American Association for Nude Recreation and List of social nudity places in the United States
 
Florida naturists

Kurt Barthel founded the American League for Physical Culture in 1929 and organized the first nudist event. In about 1930 they organized the American Gymnosophical Association. Barthel founded America's first official nudist camp, Sky Farm in New Jersey, in May, 1932.[116] Around 1932, the AGA established the Rock Lodge Club as a nudist facility in Stockholm, New Jersey and Ilsley Boone, a Dutch Reformed minister, formed the Christian naturism movement. Naturism began to expand nationwide.[117] Nudism venues were alcohol-free until 1970.[118]

The American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR) is the national naturist organization. Arnd Krüger compared nudists in Germany and the United States and came to the conclusion that in Germany the racial aspects (Zuchtwahl) were important for the breakthrough (e.g. the Commanding General of the Army served as patron for nudists events), while in the U.S. nudism was far more commercial and had thus more difficulties.[119]

In 2008, Florida Young Naturists held its first Naked Bash, which has been repeated multiple times per year and has grown into one of the larger young naturist gatherings in the world.[120]

In 2009, a campaign to promote nudism in the United States occurred with an effort by the AANR to record the largest simultaneous skinny dip at several U.S. clubs and beaches, which occurred on July 11 of that year.[121]

In 2010, an organization formed called Young Naturists America, which was mostly focused on the younger generation, as well as social issues, such as body image.[122] Young Naturists and Nudists America closed in 2017.[123]

Asia edit

 
Sunrise on the beach, Taitung County, Taiwan

Indonesia edit

In the 1970s, nudity on Bali's remote and deserted beaches was common, but with the massive growth of tourism this practice has disappeared. In 2002, nudity was declared illegal on Petitenget Beach, the last beach in Seminyak that tolerated discreet nudity. Individuals began to practice nudity in private villas and resorts. Laki Uma Villa, the first naturist facility to open, was for gay men only. Bali au Naturel, the first adult-only nudist resort for both genders, opened its doors in 2004. It subsequently expanded from 3 to 15 rooms and added two more swimming pools.

Indonesia has an underground naturist community who defy the laws against public nudity.[124]

Thailand edit

Nudism was successfully introduced in 2012 by The Thailand Naturist Association in Pattaya (Chan Resort), and five more nudist resorts have been created across Thailand: Barefeet Resort in Bangkok, Lemon Tree Resort in Phuket City, Oriental Village in Chiangmai, Phuan Naturist Village in Pattaya, and Peace Blue Naturist Resort in Phuket.

Since 2020 during the worldwide pandemic, Lemon Tree Resort in Phuket, Oriental Village in Chiangmai, and Phuan Naturist Village in Pattaya have closed.

Dragonfly Naturist Village in Pattaya (a member of American Association for Nude Recreation) has opened and currently expanding its property as the largest naturist resort in Thailand.

South America edit

See also: List of social nudity places in South America

Argentina edit

Main article: Naturism in Argentina

Naturism is allowed in the official nude beaches of Puerto Escondido,[125] located near Miramar, and Playa Querandí,[126] located in Villa Gesell. Total nudity is permitted in some private naturist resorts.

Brazil edit

In general, public nudity tends to be condemned by the Brazilian authorities, which commonly see it as indecent exposure. However, the country has the highest number of official nude beaches in Latin America, being eight in total, and this number partially is explained by the fact that the Brazilian territory has more than 8,000 kilometres (5,000 mi) of ocean coast. Moreover, there are a few private naturist clubs throughout the country where full nudity is accepted as well. Naturism in Brazil is regulated by the Brazilian Naturism Federation (in Portuguese: Federação Brasileira de Naturismo, abbreviated as FBrN).[127]

Chile edit

The first nude beach in the country, called Playa Luna, was legalized in 2000, and there are unofficial restricted areas that were created in Playa Luna Norte (Tarapacá), Playa Luna Sur (Coliumo), Playa Escondida (Antofagasta), Playa Blanca (Tongoy) and Pichilemu.[128]

Uruguay edit

Main article: Naturism in Uruguay

There are two official nude beaches where the practice of naturism is allowed: Chihuahua,[129][130] located in the resort of the same name, and La Sirena,[131][132] located in the resort of Aguas Dulces.

Naturist media edit

Magazines edit

Magazines published by, for or purportedly about naturists can be grouped into the following:

  • Magazines published by an "official" national organisation, such as BN (British Naturism), Going Natural/Au naturel (FCN/FQN), Nude & Natural Magazine (The Naturist Society), gonatural (New Zealand Naturist Federation).
  • Independent magazines published for naturists, such as Naturally, H&E naturist and TAN (acronym of The Australian Naturist).
  • Magazines that print photographs only or primarily of young female professional models. These types of publications are disapproved of by many naturists and non-naturists alike.

Magazines in the second and, occasionally, third groups feature naturist editorial and advertising. While some naturists argue over which magazines belong in which of these categories, these views may change as publishers and editors change. Many clubs and groups have benefited from magazines which, while not exclusively or even predominantly naturist in character, made naturist information available to many who would not otherwise have been aware of it.[10] The information and advertising provided online, along with the wide availability of free online pornography, has meant the disappearance of old-style "skin" magazines presenting significant glamour content masquerading as, or alongside, naturist content. Naturist magazines have to appeal strongly to naturists to succeed; they cannot sit on the fence between naturism and glamour. Some naturists feel that the worthwhile editorial content in some magazines is not a fair balance for the disapproved-of photographic content.[10]

Photography, films and videos edit

 
A publicity photo showing a mature naturist couple making tea. North America

Although photographing others when they are nude in a public place may not violate their rights to privacy, individuals retain the personality rights to their own image in many countries. If so, recognizable photographs of any person cannot be published without permission.

Some naturist clubs have been willing to allow filming by the media on their grounds, though content that proved not to be of genuine naturism can end up being parodied by the media.[133]

Some commercial 'naturist' DVDs are dominated by imagery of naked children. Such material can be marketed in ways that appear to appeal directly to pedophile inclinations, and ownership of these DVDs (and their earlier video cassette incarnations) has resulted in successful British prosecutions for possession of indecent images of children.[134] One case was appealed, unsuccessfully, to the European Court of Human Rights.[135]

Photo shoots, including major high-profile works by Spencer Tunick, are done in public places including beaches.[136]

See also edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ The Hannover based Bund für freies Lebensgestaltung wrote: "Naturism is a new lifestyle caring for the body, the soul and the spirit in society. We live the ideal of freedom, conscious of its limits, taking up our responsibility. The expression of our will is nudity, our admission of sincerity".
  2. ^ In his book, Cinema Au Naturel,[5] author Mark Storey states "two related terms that we will continually run across are nudist and naturist. Although, the meanings of the two terms are virtually identical, they often have different connotations for those who prefer one to the other. In America people who believe that it is physically, socially, emotionally, and perhaps spiritually healthy to go about fully nude individually and in groups of mixed sex whenever weather permits and others are not offended generally refer to themselves as "nudists". In Europe, such people more often than not refer to themselves as "naturists".
  3. ^ The English version of the Agde definition was translated differently in Guide Mondial de Naturisme 96 97.[7] Naturism (American "nudism") is a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and the environment.

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c d Choin 2002.
  2. ^ Deschênes 2016, p. 2.
  3. ^ a b West 2018.
  4. ^ Smith & King 2009.
  5. ^ Storey 2003, p. 13.
  6. ^ a b c Montananaturist.org.
  7. ^ Anon 1997.
  8. ^ SNS 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d e Descamps 1987.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Woycke 2003.
  11. ^ VeraPlaya 2006.
  12. ^ Schneider 2009, p. 41.
  13. ^ TerraCotta 2011.
  14. ^ "Germany's 'Free Body Culture'". German Language Blog | Language and Culture of the German-Speaking World. 9 October 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  15. ^ SNP 2012.
  16. ^ Guardian 2017a.
  17. ^ ganz-muenchen.
  18. ^ ActiveNaturists 2015a.
  19. ^ ActiveNaturists 2014.
  20. ^ ActiveNaturists 2012.
  21. ^ Mapes 2019.
  22. ^ Bridge 2014.
  23. ^ JapanToday 2012.
  24. ^ Nambassa 2011.
  25. ^ Jones & Broadley 1979.
  26. ^ Jenison 2016; Club 2015.
  27. ^ a b FNdM.
  28. ^ Eleftheriou-Smith 2016.
  29. ^ ActiveNaturists 2015b.
  30. ^ αNaturist 2016.
  31. ^ McLellan 2007.
  32. ^ Casler 1964.
  33. ^ ActiveNaturists 2015c.
  34. ^ ActiveNaturists 2015d.
  35. ^ Planchon 1778: "Le naturisme est la doctrine qui consiste à laisser agir la nature plutot que d'intervenir de manière artificielle".
  36. ^ Kulkarni 2010.
  37. ^ Farrar 2005.
  38. ^ a b c d Buchy 2005.
  39. ^ a b Kennedy 2013.
  40. ^ Evans 2014.
  41. ^ Baubérot 2004.
  42. ^ Barcan, Ruth (1 March 2004). ""Regaining what Mankind has Lost through Civilisation:" Early Nudism and Ambivalent Moderns". Fashion Theory. 8 (1): 63–82. doi:10.2752/136270404778051870. S2CID 194179019.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h Anderson 2000.
  44. ^ a b NZHerald 2008.
  45. ^ Haskell Smith 2015.
  46. ^ Glaister 2007; Briggs 2013; Connolly 2019.
  47. ^ Renou 2017; le dauphiné 2018.
  48. ^ FRANCE24 (6 August 2022). "En Allemagne, le naturisme séduit de plus en plus les nouvelles générations". France 24. FRANCE24. Retrieved 22 October 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link).
  49. ^ Harrison & Perry 1993.
  50. ^ Whitman 1883.
  51. ^ "Walt Whitman and the Earth: A Study in Ecopoetics (Criticism) - The Walt Whitman Archive". whitmanarchive.org. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  52. ^ Veltheim 1994.
  53. ^ Johnson 2000.
  54. ^ "Purists v partiers: the battle between two popular nudist resorts". The Guardian. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  55. ^ Lichfield, John (23 September 2010). "Nudists fight for bare essentials as swingers invade holiday colony". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  56. ^ Cinder, Cec (1998). The Nudist Idea. Riverside, California: The Ultraviolet Press. ISBN 0-9652085-0-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  57. ^ Lessig, Hugh (11 August 2004). "Virginia's Nudist Law Stands". Daily Press (Virginia). Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  58. ^ Sconce, Jeffrey (2007). Sleaze artists: cinema at the margins of taste, style, and politics. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3964-9.
  59. ^ a b Kolker, Robert (22 August 2021). "How police cracked Canada's largest child pornography ring". The Walrus. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  60. ^ Murphy, Kevin P.; Spear, Jennifer M., eds. (2011). Historicising Gender and Sexuality. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781444343939.
  61. ^ "Mpenjati Naturist Beach in Trafalgar, KwaZulu Natal". www.sa-venues.com. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  62. ^ NaturistNet 2012.
  63. ^ Peeters, Van Molle & Wils 2011.
  64. ^ FBN.
  65. ^ Euro-POI 2011.
  66. ^ Thomas 2017.
  67. ^ Mapes 2014; Terp 2012; Duner 1942; Woycke 2003; White 1991.
  68. ^ a b Toepfer 1997.
  69. ^ Hau 2003.
  70. ^ Guardian 2017b.
  71. ^ Krien 2007.
  72. ^ Postcards 2017; GTP 2013.
  73. ^ Greek Islands US.
  74. ^ Zikakou 2014.
  75. ^ Regula 2019.
  76. ^ Τσεμπερλιδου 2014; TheToc 2015.
  77. ^ "Νόμιμες οι γυμνές βόλτες στη Θεσσαλονίκη. Δικαίωση για δύο ακτιβιστές" [Naked walks are legal in Thessaloniki. Vindication for two activists]. News247. 7 February 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  78. ^ ANITA 2019.
  79. ^ Pronouncement of the Constitutional Court
  80. ^ Patti 2015.
  81. ^ "Luoghi naturisti • FENAIT - Federazione Naturista Italiana" (in Italian). 30 December 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  82. ^ "InfoNaturistica" (PDF). Jfc.it (in Italian). December 2017. pp. 4–7. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  83. ^ "Benvenuti • FENAIT - Federazione Naturista Italiana". Fenait.org. 27 December 2019.
  84. ^ Corte Suprema di Cassazione 2004.
  85. ^ NFN.
  86. ^ NFN 2017.
  87. ^ NLTourism 2014.
  88. ^ FPN 2017; FPN 2021.
  89. ^ TimeOut 2020.
  90. ^ Ciazela & Roszak 2018.
  91. ^ BOE 1995.
  92. ^ EuropaPress 2011; Digital 2014.
  93. ^ Obrador-Pons 2007.
  94. ^ PARÍS 2017.
  95. ^ Andueza 2016; Publico 2018.
  96. ^ a b c d BNTimeLine 2011.
  97. ^ Farrar, Michael (2008). . British Naturism. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  98. ^ Cockington 2005, pp. 74–78.
  99. ^ Steel 1975.
  100. ^ Cook 2013; NZNF 2018; NatLibNZ 2020.
  101. ^ Convergence 2021.
  102. ^ Todd 2019.
  103. ^ NZHerald 2018.
  104. ^ Nambassa 2015.
  105. ^ Goosselink 2016.
  106. ^ Stuff 2009; NZonScreen 2005; NZa2z 2020.
  107. ^ Andelane 2020.
  108. ^ Hudson 2019; Davison 2023.
  109. ^ Ceramalus v Police, AP No 76/91 (High Court of New Zealand 5 July 1991).
  110. ^ FreeBeaches 1995.
  111. ^ Ceramalus v Police, AP No 131/95 (High Court of New Zealand 27 October 1995).
  112. ^ FNdM 2016; Ditzian 2017; Storey 2010.
  113. ^ TomZap 2021.
  114. ^ Clarín 2018.
  115. ^ Imparcial 2019.
  116. ^ Ellensberg 1932.
  117. ^ M. 2020; FCN 2013; Lupin 2012; NEF 1966.
  118. ^ AANR 2010.
  119. ^ Krüger 1992, p. 343.
  120. ^ Freyman 2013.
  121. ^ Wreck Beach 2020.
  122. ^ Fallon 2015.
  123. ^ NatCorn 2017.
  124. ^ BBC 2017.
  125. ^ "Playa Escondida". Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  126. ^ "Lugares y Servicios". Apanna. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  127. ^ Federação Brasileira de Naturismo (FBrN) - Official website (in Portuguese)
  128. ^ "Chile a calzón quitado: Dónde se ubican las playas nudistas en nuestro país" [Chile with Panties removed: Where are the Nudist Beaches in our Country?]. El Observatodo (in Spanish). 10 January 2015.
  129. ^ Lewin, Miriam (20 February 2018). "Chihuahua, Uruguay: un día en el paraíso nudista". Todo Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  130. ^ Nöllmann, María (3 January 2022). "Chihuahua cumple 60 años: cómo es la playa nudista de Punta del Este que no pasa de moda". La Nación (Argentina) (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  131. ^ "La Sirena: segunda playa nudista en Uruguay". Montevideo Portal (in Spanish). Montevideo. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  132. ^ Cano, Eshter (18 November 2021). "Así es la nueva playa de Uruguay en donde se puede practicar la desnudez total". MDZ Online (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  133. ^ Edwards 2006.
  134. ^ Independent 2007; 4IE 2007; BBC 2007.
  135. ^ O'Carroll v the United Kingdom, ECHR CaseLaw (European Court of Human Rights 2005-03-15) ("the Court unanimously Declares the application inadmissible.").
  136. ^ NJ 2011.

References edit

Books edit

  • Anon (1997). Guide Mondial de Naturisme 96 97. Moorland Publishing Company, Limited. ISBN 978-90-6716-833-5.
  • Baubérot, Arnaud (2004). Histoire du naturisme: Le mythe du retour à la nature (in French). Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes. pp. Chapter XII. Naturism, between regeneration and leisure p. 281–307. doi:10.4000/books.pur.22872. ISBN 978-2-7535-0020-4.
  • Choin, Mireille (2002). World Handbook Naturisme 2002 - 2003. International Naturist Federation. ISBN 978-90-5583-833-2.
  • Cockington, James (2005). Banned: Tales from the Bizarre History of Australian Obscenity. ABC Books. ISBN 978-0-7333-1502-2.
  • Descamps, Marc-Alain (1987). Vivre nu: psychosociologie du naturisme. Trismégiste. ISBN 978-2-86509-026-6.
  • Duner, Paul (1942). A Year and a Day. L. Drummond. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  • Harrison, Charles; Perry, Gillian (1993). Primitivism, Cubism, Abstraction: The Early Twentieth Century. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05516-0.
  • Hau, Michael (2003). The Cult of Health and Beauty in Germany: A Social History, 1890-1930. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31974-2.
  • Jones, Judith; Broadley, Colin (1979). Nambassa: A New Direction. A. H. & A. W. Reed. ISBN 978-0-589-01216-8.
  • Kennedy, Hubert (13 September 2013). Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany: the youth movement, the gay movement, and male bonding before Hitler's rise. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-99203-5.
  • Krüger, Arnd (1992). "Zwischen Sex und Zuchtwahl. Nudismus und Naturismus in Deutschland und Amerika". In Norbert Finzsch & Hermann Wellenreuther (ed.). Liberalitas: Festschrift für Erich Angermann zum 65. Geburtstag. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-05656-4.
  • Peeters, Evert; Van Molle, Leen; Wils, Kaat, eds. (2011). "Ch. 1: The Performance of Redemption: Asceticism and Liberation in Belgian Lebensreform". Beyond Pleasure: Cultures of Modern Asceticism (NED - New edition, 1 ed.). Berghahn Books. pp. 21–41. ISBN 978-1-84545-773-0. JSTOR j.ctt9qd2zc.
  • Planchon, Jean Baptiste Luc (1778). La naturisme, ou La nature considérée dans les maladies & leur traitement conforme à la doctrine & à la pratique d'Hippocrate et de ses sectateurs. Tournay: Varlé.
  • Schneider, Andreas (2009). Kreta (in German). DuMont Reiseverlag. ISBN 978-3-7701-7231-3.
  • Storey, Mark (1 January 2003). Cinema Au Naturel: A History of Nudist Film. Naturist Education Foundation, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-9740844-0-4.
  • Toepfer, Karl Eric (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91827-6.
  • White, Linda (1991). "Ch. 9: Specialty Vacations: Meeting People Who Share Your Interests" (Paperback). The independent woman's guide to Europe. Golden, Colo.: Fulcrum Pub. p. 95. ISBN 9781555910877. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  • Whitman, Walt (1883). "A Sun-Bath-Nakedness". Specimen Days and Collect. Glasgow: Wilson & McCormick. pp. 103–104. p. 104: Somehow I seem'd to get identity with each and every thing around me, in its condition. Nature was naked, and I was also. It was too lazy, soothing, and joyous-equable to speculate about.
  • Woycke, James Edward (2003). Au Naturel: The History of Nudism in Canada (Paperback). Federation of Canadian Naturists. ISBN 9780968233238. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  • Cook, Hera (5 September 2013). "Story: Naturism". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 March 2021.

Journal articles edit

  • B., J. B. (1935). "Criminal Law and Procedure: Indecent Exposure: Nudism" (PDF). Michigan Law Review. 33 (6): 936–942. doi:10.2307/1281779. ISSN 0026-2234. JSTOR 1281779.
  • Barcan, Ruth (2001). "'The Moral Bath of Bodily Unconsciousness': Female nudism, bodily exposure and the gaze". Continuum. 15 (3): 303–317. doi:10.1080/10304310120086795. ISSN 1030-4312. S2CID 145127932.
  • Barcan, Ruth (2004). ""Regaining what Mankind has Lost through Civilisation:" Early Nudism and Ambivalent Moderns". Fashion Theory. 8 (1): 63–82. doi:10.2752/136270404778051870. ISSN 1362-704X. S2CID 194179019.
  • Bell, D.; Holliday, R. (2000). "Naked as Nature Intended". Body & Society. 6 (3–4): 127–140. doi:10.1177/1357034X00006003007. ISSN 1357-034X. S2CID 144220703.
  • Buchy, Philip Edward (2005), A Nudist Resort, thesis for MA, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, Department of Architecture, retrieved 29 November 2007
  • Bullough, Vern L. (1997). "In memory of William Hartman". Journal of Sex Research. 34 (4): 427–428. doi:10.1080/00224499709551910. ISSN 0022-4499.
  • Casler, Lawrence (1964). "Some Sociopsychological Observations in a Nudist Camp: A Preliminary Study". The Journal of Social Psychology. 64 (2): 307–323. doi:10.1080/00224545.1964.9919569. PMID 14239003 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  • Cleminson, Richard (2004). "Making sense of the body: anarchism, nudism and subjective experience". Bulletin of Spanish Studies. 81 (6): 697–716. doi:10.1080/1475382042000272256. ISSN 1475-3820. S2CID 143076783.
  • Crosby, Donald A. (2003). "Naturism as a Form of Religious Naturalism". Zygon. 38 (1): 117–120. doi:10.1111/1467-9744.00484. ISSN 0591-2385.
  • Daley, Caroline (2005). "From bush to beach: nudism in Australasia". Journal of Historical Geography. 31 (1): 149–167. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2004.03.020. ISSN 0305-7488.
  • de Vries, Bouke (2018). "The Right to be Publicly Naked: A Defence of Nudism". Res Publica. 25 (3): 407–424. doi:10.1007/s11158-018-09406-z. hdl:21.11116/0000-0005-9EC4-C. ISSN 1356-4765. S2CID 149854925.
  • Downs, J. F. (1966). "Social Nudism in America. Fred Ilfeld, Jr., Roger Lauer". American Anthropologist. 68 (1): 260–262. doi:10.1525/aa.1966.68.1.02a00600. ISSN 0002-7294.
  • Kerin, Rani (2006). "'Natives Allowed to Remain Naked': An Unorthodox Approach to Medical Work at Ernabella Mission". Health and History. 8 (1): 80–99. doi:10.2307/40111530. ISSN 1442-1771. JSTOR 40111530. S2CID 75775709.
  • Lempa, Heikki (2012). "Turning to Nature in Germany: Hiking, Nudism, and Conservation, 1900–1940 (review)". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 21 (2): 350–352. doi:10.1353/sex.2012.0032. ISSN 1535-3605. S2CID 142870375.
  • Makarova, Veronika (2013). "Doukhobor 'freedom seeker' nudism: Exploring the sociocultural roots". Culture and Religion. 14 (2): 131–145. doi:10.1080/14755610.2012.706228. ISSN 1475-5610. S2CID 145269278.
  • Martin, Richard (1991). "The Deceit of Dress: Utopian Visions and the Arguments against Clothing". Utopian Studies (4): 79–84. JSTOR 20718951.
  • McLellan, Josie (2007). "State socialist bodies: East German nudism from ban to boom". The Journal of Modern History. 79 (1): 48–79. doi:10.1086/517544. ISSN 0022-2801. S2CID 144281349 – via University of Chicago Press Journals.
  • Morris, N. J. (2009). "Naked in nature: naturism, nature and the senses in early 20th century Britain". Cultural Geographies. 16 (3): 283–308. Bibcode:2009CuGeo..16..283M. doi:10.1177/1474474009105049. ISSN 1474-4740. S2CID 145366617.
  • Obrador-Pons, Pau (2007). "A Haptic Geography of the Beach: Naked Bodies, Vision and Touch". Social and Cultural Geography. 8 (1): 123–141. doi:10.1080/14649360701251866. ISSN 1464-9365. S2CID 219692942. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  • Schrank, S. (2012). "Naked Houses: The Architecture of Nudism and the Rethinking of the American Suburbs". Journal of Urban History. 38 (4): 635–661. doi:10.1177/0096144211434988. ISSN 0096-1442. S2CID 145688769.
  • Shaffer, M. S. (2008). "Marguerite S. Shaffer on the Environmental Nude". Environmental History. 13 (1): 126–139. doi:10.1093/envhis/13.1.126-a. ISSN 1084-5453. JSTOR 25473196.
  • Smith, Glenn; King, Michael (2009). "Naturism and sexuality: Broadening our approach to sexual wellbeing". Health & Place. 15 (2): 439–446. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.08.002. ISSN 1353-8292. PMID 18926761.
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Further reading edit

  • Carr-Gomm, Philip (2013). A brief history of nakedness. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-022-1. OCLC 906832943.
  • Clinard, Marshall B (2019). "Ch. 1: The Example of Nudism.". Sociology of deviant behavior. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage. ISBN 978-1-337-88564-5. OCLC 1019751074.
  • Crick, Malcolm (2016). Resplendent sites, discordant voices: sri lankans and international tourism. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-138-99728-8. OCLC 953428622.
  • Harp, Stephen L. Au naturel: Naturism, nudism, and tourism in twentieth-century France (LSU Press, 2014).
  • Harp, Stephen L. (2011). "Demanding Vacation au naturel : European Nudism and Postwar Municipal Development on the French Riviera". The Journal of Modern History. 83 (3): 513–543. doi:10.1086/660365. ISSN 0022-2801. JSTOR 10.1086/660365. S2CID 144401533. Retrieved 20 March 2021 – via University of Chicago Press Journals.
  • Hartman, William E. (1991). Nudist society : the controversial study of the clothes-free naturist movement in America (Rev. and updated ed.). Los Angeles: Elysium Growth Press. ISBN 1-55599-041-X. OCLC 23940079.
  • Hoffman, Brian S (2015). Naked: a cultural history of American nudism. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-4465-9. OCLC 951103647.
  • Monterrubio, Juan Carlos; Jaurand, Emmanuel (5 May 2014). "Les sociétés locales face au tourisme nudiste: Résultats d'une enquête qualitative sur la côte pacifique du Mexique". Téoros (in French) (published 2009). 28 (2): 83–92. doi:10.7202/1024811ar. ISSN 1923-2705.
  • Parmelee, Maurice (2012). Nudism in modern life. Muller Press. ISBN 978-1-4474-5626-1. OCLC 935087781.
  • Theobald, William F (2005). "Ch. 7: Alternative tourism: a comparative analysis of meaning and impact". Global tourism (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-4175-4459-2. OCLC 56731935.

External links edit

 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Naturism.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Naturism (category)
 
Look up naturism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Nudity.
  • International Naturist Federation
  • Federatie van het Belgisch Naturisme (FBN)
  • Federación Nudista de México (FNM)
  • Naturist Living Show
  • Naturism at Curlie
  • UK Crown Prosecution Service - Nudity in Public
  • Federazione Naturista Italiana

January 19, 2024
naturism, lifestyle, practicing, sexual, social, nudity, private, public, word, also, refers, cultural, movement, which, advocates, defends, that, lifestyle, both, alternatively, called, nudism, though, terms, broadly, interchangeable, nudism, emphasizes, prac. Naturism is a lifestyle of practicing non sexual social nudity in private and in public the word also refers to the cultural movement which advocates and defends that lifestyle Both may alternatively be called nudism Though the two terms are broadly interchangeable nudism emphasizes the practice of nudity whilst naturism highlights an attitude favoring harmony with nature and respect for the environment into which that practice is integrated 1 That said naturists come from a range of philosophical and cultural backgrounds there is no single naturist ideology Sunbathers at Muggelsee lake beach East Berlin 1989 For other uses see Naturism disambiguation Not to be confused with Naturalism disambiguation or Nature worship Ethical or philosophical nudism has a long history with many advocates of the benefits of enjoying nature without clothing At the turn of the 20th century organizations emerged to promote social nudity and to establish private campgrounds and resorts for that purpose Since the 1960s with the acceptance of public places for clothing optional recreation individuals who do not identify themselves as naturists or nudists have been able to casually participate in nude activities Nude recreation opportunities vary widely around the world from isolated places known mainly to locals through officially designated nude beaches and parks and on to public spaces and buildings in some jurisdictions Contents 1 Definition and lexicology 2 Naturist places and events 2 1 Naturist facilities 2 2 Nude beaches 2 3 Festival naturism 2 4 Summer naturism 3 History 4 Writers 5 Health 6 Religion 7 Controversy 8 Africa 8 1 South Africa 9 Europe 9 1 Belgium 9 2 Croatia 9 3 Finland 9 4 France 9 5 Germany 9 6 Greece 9 7 Italy 9 8 Netherlands 9 9 Portugal 9 10 Poland 9 11 Spain 9 12 United Kingdom 10 Oceania 10 1 Australia 10 2 New Zealand 11 North America 11 1 Canada 11 2 Mexico 11 3 United States 12 Asia 12 1 Indonesia 12 2 Thailand 13 South America 13 1 Argentina 13 2 Brazil 13 3 Chile 13 4 Uruguay 14 Naturist media 14 1 Magazines 14 2 Photography films and videos 15 See also 16 Footnotes 17 Notes 18 References 18 1 Books 18 2 Journal articles 18 3 Newspaper articles 18 4 Websites 19 Further reading 20 External linksDefinition and lexicology editThe XIV Congress of the International Naturist Federation INF held at Agde France in 1974 defined naturism as 2 a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self respect respect for others and for the environment Many contemporary naturists and naturist organisations advocate that the practice of social nudity should not be linked with sexual activity Some recent studies show that naturism can help grow self esteem 3 and thus have a positive impact on having a well balanced sexuality too For various sociocultural and historical reasons the lay public the media and many contemporary naturists and their organisations have or present a simplified view of the relationship between naturism and sexuality Current research has begun to explore this complex relationship 4 The International Naturist Federation explains 1 a Each country has its own kind of naturism and even each club has its own special character for we too human beings have each our own character which is reflected in our surroundings The usage and definition of these terms varies geographically and historically b Naturism and nudism have the same meaning in the United States 6 but there is a clear distinction between the two terms in Great Britain c further explanation needed In naturist parlance the terms textile or textilist refer to non naturist persons behaviours or facilities e g the textile beach starts at the flag they are a mixed couple he is naturist she is textile Textile is the predominant term used in the UK textilist is unknown in British naturist magazines including H amp E naturist but some naturists avoid using this term due to perceived negative or derogatory connotations Textilist is said to be used interchangeably with textile but no dictionary definition to this effect exists nor are there any equivalent examples of use in mainstream literature such as those for textile 8 Naturist places and events editSee also Nude recreation Naturist facilities edit See also Naturist resort and Nude recreation At naturist organised events or venues clothing is usually optional At naturist swimming pools or sunbathing places however complete nudity is expected weather permitting This rule is sometimes a source of controversy among naturists Staff at a naturist facility are usually required to be clothed due to health and safety regulations 9 Facilities for naturists are classified in various ways A landed or members naturist club is one that owns its own facilities Non landed or travel clubs meet at various locations such as private residences swimming pools hot springs landed clubs and resorts or rented facilities Landed clubs can be run by members on democratic lines or by one or more owners who make the rules In either case they can determine membership criteria and the obligations of members This usually involves sharing work necessary to maintain or develop the site 10 nbsp Families bathing nude at a hot spring in TaiwanThe international naturist organizations were mainly composed of representatives of landed clubs 1 Nudist colony is no longer a favored term but can be used by naturists to address landed clubs that have rigid non inclusive membership criteria A holiday centre is a facility that specializes in providing apartments chalets and camping pitches for visiting holidaymakers A center is run commercially and visitors are not members and have no say in the management Most holiday centers expect visitors to hold an INF card that is to belong to an INF affiliated organization but some have relaxed this requirement relying on the carrying of a trade card Holiday centers vary in size Larger holiday centres may have swimming pools sports pitches an entertainment program kids clubs restaurants and supermarkets Some holiday centres allow regular visitors to purchase their own chalets and generations of the same families may visit each year 6 Holiday centres are more tolerant of clothing than members only clubs total nudity is usually compulsory in the swimming pools and may be expected on the beaches while on the football pitches or in the restaurants in the evening it is rare 6 nbsp Nudist couple at Terra Cotta Inn Palm Springs California USA naturist resort is to a European a private property with accommodation and facilities where naturism is the norm Centre Helio Marin in Vendays Montalivet France the first naturist resort established in 1950 the naturist village of Charco del Palo on Lanzarote Canary Islands Vera Playa in Spain 11 and Vritomartis Resort 12 in Greece are examples In US usage a naturist resort can mean a holiday centre 13 Freikorperkultur FKK literally translated as free body culture is the name for the general movement in Germany The abbreviation is recognised outside of Germany and can be found on informal signs indicating the direction to a remote naturist beach 14 Nude beaches edit nbsp People bathing naked after the World Naked Bike Ride in Brighton 2017 nbsp A group of naturists at a nude beach in Crimea 2008Main article Nude beach In some European countries such as Denmark 15 all beaches are clothing optional and in others like Germany and experimentally in France 16 there are naturist sunbathing areas in public parks e g in Munich 17 and Berlin 18 Beaches in some holiday destinations such as Crete are clothing optional except some central urban beaches 19 There are two centrally located clothes optional beaches in Barcelona 20 Sweden allows nudity on all beaches 21 In a survey by The Daily Telegraph Germans and Austrians were most likely to have visited a nude beach 28 followed by Norwegians 18 Spaniards 17 Australians 17 and New Zealanders 16 Of the nationalities surveyed the Japanese 2 were the least likely to have visited a nude beach 22 This result may indicate the lack of nude beaches in Japan however the Japanese are open with regard to family bathing nude at home and at onsens hot springs 23 Festival naturism edit From Woodstock to Edinburgh and Nambassa in the southern hemisphere communal nudity can be seen at music and counterculture festivals citation needed The Nambassa hippie festivals held in New Zealand in the late 1970s were examples of non sexual naturism Of the 75 000 patrons who attended the 1979 Nambassa three day festival an estimated 35 of attendees spontaneously chose to remove their clothing 24 preferring complete or partial nudity 25 nbsp Naturist couple at the Nambassa festival New Zealand 1981Some nudist festivals are held to celebrate particular days of the year and activities may include nude bodypainting One example is the Neptune Day Festival held in Koktebel Crimea to depict mythological events 26 Another is the Festival Nudista Zipolite organized by the Federacion Nudista de Mexico Mexican Nudist Federation held annually since 2016 on the first weekend of February 27 A few camps organize activities in the nude such as oil wrestling 28 by camp Gymnasium 29 nbsp Naked participant at Burning Man 2016 posing 30 as Leonardo da Vinci s Vitruvian Man Summer naturism edit Naturism tends to be more common during the warmer summer months Some regions host first time naturists and people who have recently started to practice the naturist lifestyle 31 One study noted that some of these people are seasonal naturists who wear clothes during other times of the year 32 History editMain article Nudity in History See also Timeline of social nudity Nudity in social contexts has been practised in various forms by many cultures and in all time periods 33 In modern Western society social nudity is most frequently encountered in the contexts of bathing swimming and using saunas whether in single sex groups within the family or with mixed sex friends but throughout history and in many contemporary tropical cultures nudity is a norm at many sports events and competitions 34 The first known use of the word naturisme occurred in 1778 A French speaking Belgian Jean Baptiste Luc Planchon 1734 1781 used the term to advocate nudism as a means of improving the hygiene de vie or healthy living 35 The earliest known naturist club in the western sense of the word was established in British India in 1891 The Fellowship of the Naked Trust was founded by Charles Edward Gordon Crawford a widower who was a District and Sessions Judge for the Bombay Civil Service The commune was based in Matheran and had just three members at the beginning Crawford and two sons of an Anglican missionary Andrew and Kellogg Calderwood 36 The commune fell apart when Crawford was transferred to Ratnagiri he died soon after in 1894 37 nbsp Max Koch s Freilicht ca 1894 1897In 1902 a series of philosophical papers was published in Germany by Dr Heinrich Pudor under the pseudonym Heinrich Scham who coined the term Nacktkultur In 1906 he wrote a three volume treatise with this term as its title which discussed the benefits of nudity in co education and advocated participating in sports while being free of cumbersome clothing 38 Richard Ungewitter Nacktheit 1906 Nackt 1908 etc proposed that combining physical fitness sunlight and fresh air bathing and then adding the nudist philosophy contributed to mental and psychological fitness good health and an improved moral life view 38 Major promoters of these ideas included Adolf Koch and Hans Suren Germany published the first journal of nudism from 1902 to 1932 39 The wide publication of those papers and others contributed to an explosive worldwide growth of nudism in which nudists participated in various social recreational and physical fitness activities in the nude The first organized club for nudists on a large scale Freilichtpark Free Light Park was opened near Hamburg in 1903 by Paul Zimmerman 38 In 1919 German doctor Kurt Huldschinsky discovered that exposure to sunlight helped to cure rickets in many children causing sunlight to be associated with improved health 40 nbsp Naturist family on Lake Senftenberg in 1983In France in the early 20th century the brothers Gaston and Andre Durville both physicians studied the effects of psychology nutrition and environment on health and healing They became convinced of the importance of natural foods and the natural environment on human well being and health They named this concept naturisme The profound effect of clean air and sunlight on human bodies became evident to them and so nudity became a part of their naturism 41 Naturism became a more widespread phenomenon in the 1920s in Germany the United Kingdom France and other European countries and spread to the United States where it became established in the 1930s 42 By 1951 the various national federations united to form the International Naturist Federation 9 Some naturists preferred not to join clubs and after 1945 pressure arose to designate beaches for naturist use From the middle of the 20th century with changing leisure patterns commercial organisations began opening holiday resorts to attract naturists who expected the same or better standards of comfort and amenity offered to non naturists More recently naturist holiday options have expanded to include cruises 38 In the early 21st century many organised clubs saw a decline in attendance by young people which worried many naturists about the future of the movement The clubs aging memberships may have put younger people off A rise in social conservatism re asserting a nudity taboo also may have contributed to the decline However since tolerance for nudity in general is increasing over time 43 and is higher among younger generations 44 an alternative hypothesis is that younger naturists no longer feel they need to join a club or visit a resort in order to practise naturism 45 Active recruitment of younger members is being pursued by some organisations 46 The phenomenon varies by country with for example naturism in France experiencing steady growth in a younger demographic during the 2010s 47 A similar trend is seen in Germany with young people eager to depart from social norms and beauty standards 48 Writers editNaturism was part of a literary movement fr in the late 19th century see the writings of Andre Gide that also influenced the art movements of the time specifically Henri Matisse and other Fauve painters This movement was based on the French concept of joie de vivre the idea of reveling freely in physical sensations and direct experiences and a spontaneous approach to life 49 Heinrich Pudor wrote on methods to improve social hygiene in his book Nackende Menschen und Jauchzen der Zukunft Naked people and the future of Mankind and then Nacktkultur Nude Culture It prescribes an austere lifestyle and nudity 43 Paul Zimmermann opened the Freilicht Park in Lubeck which was open to those who subscribed to Nacktkultur principles 43 Richard Ungewitter wrote Die Nacktheit Nakedness which sold 90 000 copies prescribed a similar Utopian lifestyle where everyone would be nude eat only vegetables and abstain from alcohol and tobacco In his Utopia everyone was to be Germanic with blue eyes and blonde hair 43 Adolf Koch a left wing primary school teacher sought to use social nudity to free the people from authority fixated conditioning which held proletarians in deference of their masters parental authority paternalism of the church the mass media and organs of law and order citation needed He used Organic Rhythmic exercises in Berlin schools in the 1920s In 1932 there were about 100 000 Germans involved with naturism of which 70 000 were in Koch s Korperschulen schools 43 Hans Suren de taught nude gymnastics to soldiers for five years and on being forced to leave the army he wrote in 1924 Mensch und die Sonne Men and the Sun which ran to 61 reprints 43 American writers Walt Whitman 50 and Henry David Thoreau 51 both wrote of nudity within the natural environment Health editNaturist activities can have positive psychological benefits including greater life satisfaction more positive body image and higher self esteem 3 Social nudity leads to acceptance in spite of differences in age body shape fitness and health 52 Religion editMain article Nudity in religion See also Gymnosophist Gymnosophy American Gymnosophical Association and Christian naturism nbsp A Naga Sadhu or naked Hindu holy manChristian naturism includes various members associated with most denominations Although beliefs vary a common theme is that much of Christianity has misinterpreted the events regarding the Garden of Eden and that God was displeased with Adam and Eve for covering their bodies with fig leaves 53 Controversy editNaturism is usually promoted as not being sexual but there are resorts where social nudity is practised alongside exhibitionism voyeurism and other alternative lifestyles like swinging Mainstream discourse around naturism sometimes conflates sexual and non sexual variations though family oriented naturism organisations try to resist this stigma Some naturist clubs have shifted to catering to swingers and as a result may be expelled from mainstream naturist organizations 54 whilst some naturist villages notably Cap d Agde have been successfully overtaken by swingers and libertines 55 Others struggle with wanting to maintain a family image while being lax in behavior enforcements for fear of losing revenue and no longer being financially viable 56 Attempts have been made to legislate naturist activity such as children s summer camps 57 Many films and published materials in the middle decades of the 20th century were presented as documentaries of the naturist lifestyle In fact this was largely a pretext to exploit a loophole in censorship laws restricting the exhibition of nudity 58 Additionally child pornography has been distributed under the guise of naturist media 59 Precisely defining the distinction has proved challenging for law enforcers as it depends on the subjective question of whether the purpose of the production is sexual 59 Court cases attempting to differentiate naturist publications from pornography reach back almost a century 60 page needed Africa editSouth Africa edit nbsp Signpost at Mpenjati Naturist BeachMpenjati beach in KwaZulu Natal province of South Africa is an unofficial nude beach where visitors prefer to be naked 61 Europe editMain article List of social nudity places in Europe In most European countries nudity is not explicitly forbidden Whether it is tolerated on beaches which are not marked as official nudist beaches varies greatly The only country with substantially different laws is Denmark where beach nudity is explicitly allowed on all beaches except for two in the far west of the country 62 Belgium edit Organized naturism in Belgium began in 1924 when engineer Joseph Paul Swenne founded the Belgian League of Heliophilous Propaganda usually abbreviated to Helios in Uccle This was followed four years later by De Spar founded by Jozef Geertz and hosted on the country estate of entrepreneur Oswald Johan de Schampelaere Belgian naturism was influenced in equal part by French naturism and German Freikorperkultur 63 Today Belgian naturists are represented by the Federatie van Belgische Naturisten FBN 64 Croatia edit nbsp A woman naked on the beach at Valalta CroatiaCroatia is world famous for naturism which accounts for about 15 of its tourism industry It was also the first European country to develop commercial naturist resorts 65 During a 1936 Adriatic cruise King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson stopped at a beach on the island of Rab where King Edward obtained special permission from the local government to swim naked this event marked the beginning of nudist tourism in Croatia 66 Finland edit nbsp Finnish Sauna 1802 In Finnish culture nudism is considered to be a relatively normal way to live It is not uncommon to see entire families spending time together naked Families may be naked while bathing in a sauna swimming in a pool or playing on a beach and it is not unusual to see children playing naked in a family yard for example Nudity as a whole is considered less taboo than in many other countries 67 France edit Main article Naturism in France nbsp Randonue in Les Concluses Gard 2008Marcel Kienne de Mongeot is credited with starting naturism in France in 1920 His family had suffered from tuberculosis and he saw naturism as a cure and a continuation of the traditions of the ancient Greeks In 1926 he started the magazine Vivre integralement later titled Vivre and the first French naturist club Sparta Club at Garambouville near Evreux The court action that he initiated established that nudism was legal on private property that was fenced and screened 9 Drs Andre and Gaston Durville bought 70 hectares 170 acres on the Ile du Levant where they established the village of Heliopolis which was open to the public In 1925 Dr Francois Fougerat de David de Lastours wrote a thesis on heliotherapy and in that year he opened the Club gymnique de France In 1936 the naturist movement was officially recognised 9 Albert and Christine Lecocq were active members of many of these clubs but they left after disagreements and in 1944 they founded the Club du Soleil with members in 84 cities Four years later they founded the Federation Francaise de Naturisme fr FFN in 1949 they started the magazine Vie au Soleil and in 1950 they opened the CHM Montalivet the world s first naturist holiday centre where the INF was formed 9 Germany edit Main article Naturism in Germany See also Freikorperkultur nbsp Public naturist recreation area at Lake Unterbach Strandbad Sud Dusseldorf Unterbach GermanyGerman naturism Freikorperkultur FKK was part of the Lebensreform movement and the Wandervogel youth movement of 1896 from Steglitz Berlin which promoted ideas of fitness and vigour At the same time doctors of the Natural Healing Movement de were using heliotherapy treating diseases such as tuberculosis rheumatism and scrofula with exposure to sunlight 43 Nacktkultur a term coined in 1903 by Heinrich Pudor connected nudity vegetarianism and social reform and was practised in a network of 200 members clubs 68 The movement gained prominence in the 1920s by offering a health giving lifestyle with Utopian ideals Germany published the first naturist journal from 1902 to 1932 39 but it became politicised by radical socialists who believed it would lead to classlessness and a breakdown of society It eventually became associated with pacificism 69 In 1926 Adolf Koch established a school of naturism in Berlin encouraging a mixing of the sexes open air exercises and a programme of sexual hygiene In 1929 the Berlin school hosted the first International Congress on Nudity 68 After World War II East Germans were free to practice naturism chiefly at beaches rather than clubs private organizations were regarded as potentially subversive Naturism became a large element in DDR politics The Proletarische Freikorperkulturbewegung subsection of the Workers Sports Organisation had 60 000 members 43 Since reunification there are many clubs parks and beaches open to naturists 1 though nudity has become less common in the former eastern zone 70 Germans are typically the most commonly seen visitors at nude beaches in France and around Europe 71 Greece edit There are no official nude beaches however there are unofficial nude beaches on the islands frequented by tourists 72 like Crete 73 Mykonos or Karpathos and on smaller islands like Skopelos or Skiathos 74 where nudity is tolerated usually at the more remote ends or secluded areas of beaches 75 Toplessness also is widely practiced by locals and tourists alike as there are no cultural taboos against it 76 In 2015 a court in Thessaloniki Greece s second largest city acquitted nudist activists who were charged for wandering naked in the city as part of their activist actions for promoting the urban nudism In its ruling the court deemed these acts to be not lewd or lascivious and vindicated the activists thus recognizing their right to be naked publicly 77 Italy edit Full nudity is admitted in Italy in the official naturist beaches and places of the country and in many other places where there is an established tradition of naturist attendance as confirmed by a recent absolution sentence 78 In all other public places full nudity is generally prohibited by civil law and could be punished with fines that have been recently reduced minimum 51 to maximum 309 79 In the last decades six regions have created laws to promote naturist tourism 80 and actually there are more than 20 official naturist beaches in Italy where naturism is recognised and guaranteed by administrative acts and more than 30 beaches with a long tradition of naturist attendance where nudity is accepted 81 Naturist accommodations are located in most of the regions and it is estimated that the number of nudists and naturists in Italy is about 500 000 people 82 Since the 1960s there have been naturist associations in many regions and a naturist federation on a national level 83 Female toplessness is allowed in a nonsexual context in all the beaches of the country On March 20 2000 the Supreme Court of Cassation through sentence No 3557 has determined that the exposure of the nude female breast since some decades is considered a commonly accepted behavior and therefore has entered into the social custom 84 Since then local government regulations forbidding toplessness are extremely rare Netherlands edit The oldest Dutch naturist association is Zon en Leven Sun and Life founded in 1946 with the aim of promoting healthy physical and mental development and a natural way of life 85 The national association is Naturisten Federatie Nederland NFN which in 2017 adopted the name Bloot Gewoon Simply Naked in an effort to become more accessible to casual naturists and strengthen the acceptance of nude recreation 86 In general Dutch people are very tolerant of beach nudity as long as it does not impact others or involve inappropriate staring or sexual behaviour Topless sunbathing is permitted on most beaches except where prohibited by signage 87 Portugal edit Main article Naturism in Portugal The Federacao Portuguesa de Naturismo Portuguese Naturist Federation or FPN was founded on 1 March 1977 in Lisbon 88 In the 21st century naturism is considered a tolerated practice whereas there are many officially designated nudist beaches 89 Poland edit nbsp Nude men at the Przystanek Woodstock festival 2014In modern day Poland naturism is practiced in number of the seaside and inland beaches Most Polish beaches of this type are actually clothing optional rather than naturist One such beach is Miedzyzdroje Lubiewo 90 Spain edit nbsp Couple walking naked in the streets of Barcelona SpainPublic nudity in Spain is not illegal since there is no law banning its practice Spanish legislation foresees felony for exhibitionism but restricts its scope to obscene exposure in front of children or mentally impaired individuals i e with sexual connotation 91 clarification needed There are however some municipalities like San Pedro del Pinatar where public nudity has been banned by means of by laws Other municipalities like Barcelona Salou Platja de Palma and Sant Antoni de Portmany have used similar provisions to regulate partial nudity requiring people to cover their torsos on the streets Some naturist associations have appealed these by laws on the grounds that a fundamental right freedom of expression as they understand nudism to be self expression cannot be regulated with such a mechanism Some courts have ruled in favour of nudist associations 92 Nudism in Spain is normally practised by the seaside on beaches or small coves with a tradition of naturism In Vera Spain there is a wide residential area formed by nudist urbanisations Nudist organisations may organise some activities elsewhere in inner territory Research was done on the island of Menorca where naturism is practiced at small isolated beaches apart from the island s developed resorts Not everyone on these beaches even within a group is nude and both types of participants were interviewed Most were white heterosexuals between the ages of 25 and 40 who live in cities such as Madrid or Barcelona For them being nude on a beach is about bodily sensations of sun sea and sand directly on the skin not about cultural meanings or performance of bodily appearance The behaviors that support the non sexual definition of the situation work by downplaying the visual most of all by not staring at others It is also unacceptable for a person to actively seek the gaze of others Naturists may see the decision not to be nude is holding on to the visual and non naturists may see beach nudity as a form of exhibitionism 93 Legal provisions regarding partial nudity or toplessness are analogous to those regarding full nudity but social tolerance towards toplessness is higher The law does not require women to cover their breasts in public swimming or on any beach in Spain 94 The governments of the municipalities of Galdakao and L Ametlla del Valles legalized female toplessness on their public pools in March 2016 and June 2018 respectively 95 United Kingdom edit Main article British Naturism See also List of social nudity places in Europe United Kingdom nbsp World Naked Bike Ride in London 2016In the United Kingdom the first official nudist club was established in Wickford Essex in 1924 According to Michael Farrar writing for British Naturism the club adopted the name Moonella Group from the name of the owner of the ground and called its site The Camp Moonella who was still living in 1965 but whose identity remains to be discovered had inherited a house with land in 1923 and made it available to certain members of the New Gymnosophy Society This society was founded a few years before by H C Booth M H Sorensen and Rex Wellbye under the name of the English Gymnosophical Society It met for discussions at the Minerva Cafe at 144 High Holborn in London the headquarters of the Women s Freedom League Those who were permitted to join the Moonella Group were carefully selected and the club was run by a leadership of the original members all of whom had club names to preserve their anonymity The club closed in 1926 because of construction on adjacent land 96 97 By 1943 there were a number of sun clubs and together they formed the British Sun Bathers Association or BSBA In 1954 a group of clubs unhappy with the way the BSBA was being run split to form the Federation of British Sun Clubs or FBSC In 1961 the BSBA Annual Conference agreed that the term nudist was inappropriate and should be discarded in favour of naturist 96 The two organisations rivalled each other before eventually coming together again in 1964 as the Central Council for British Naturism or CCBN This organisation structure has remained much the same but it is now called British Naturism which is often abbreviated to BN 96 The first official nude beach was opened at Fairlight Glen in Covehurst Bay near Hastings in 1978 not to be confused with Fairlight Cove which is 2 kilometres 1 2 mi to the east followed later by the beaches at Brighton and Fraisthorpe Bridlington opened in April 1980 96 Oceania editSee also List of social nudity places in Oceania Australia edit nbsp Naturist swimmers in AustraliaAustralia s first naturist club was founded in Sydney in 1931 by the French born anarchist and pacifist Kleber Claux 98 In 1975 the southern half of Maslin Beach south of Adelaide was declared Australia s first official nude beach 99 The beach is almost 3 kilometres 1 9 mi long so the area reserved for nude bathing is away from other beach users New Zealand edit Main article Naturism in New Zealand Nudist clubs called sun clubs were established in Dunedin and Auckland in early 1938 the Auckland Sun Group went into recess shortly afterwards due to the outbreak of World War II In 1958 the allied nudist clubs of New Zealand established the New Zealand Sunbathing Association later renamed the New Zealand Naturist Federation The Federation includes 17 affiliated clubs with a total membership in 2012 of 1 600 people In 2016 the Federation in conjunction with Tourism New Zealand hosted the World Congress of the International Naturist Federation at the Wellington Naturist Club marking the second time the Congress had ever been held in the Southern Hemisphere 100 Outside formal naturist organizations social nudity is practised in a variety of contexts in New Zealand culture It is a feature of many summer music festivals including Convergence 101 Kiwiburn Luminate 102 Rhythm amp Vines and Splore 103 in a tradition going back to Nambassa in the late 1970s 104 It is also associated with the culture of rugby most prominently in the nude rugby match held in Dunedin each winter from 2002 to 2014 and sporadically thereafter as pre match entertainment for the first professional rugby game of the season 105 and in the mock public holiday National Nude Day an event in which viewers of the talk show SportsCafe were invited chiefly by former rugby player Marc Ellis the show s most irrepressibly comic presenter to send in photos and video of themselves performing daily activities in the nude 106 While a large proportion of New Zealanders are tolerant of nudity especially on beaches 44 there remains a contingent who consider it obscene 107 Naturists who engage in casual public nudity even in places where this is lawful risk being reported to police by disapproving people 108 Legally nudity is permissible on any beach where it is known to occur 109 in consequence of which New Zealand has no official nude beaches The indecent exposure provision of the Summary Offences Act is in practice reserved for cases of public sexual gratification 110 but public nudity may still be prosecuted under the offensive behaviour provision 111 North America editCanada edit See also List of social nudity places in North America Canada nbsp Nudist hiker in British ColumbiaIn Canada individuals around the country became interested in nudism skinny dipping and physical culture in the early part of the 20th century Sunbathing amp Health a magazine targeted toward Canadian naturists and which occasionally carried local news began publication after 1940 There were scattered groups of naturists in several cities during the 1930s and 1940s and some of these groups attracted enough interest to form clubs on private land 10 The most significant clubs were the Van Tan Club formed in 1939 which is still operating in North Vancouver BC 10 and the Sun Air Club in Ontario Canadians who served in the military during the Second World War met like minded souls from across the country and often visited clubs while in Europe They were a ready pool of recruits for post war organizers A few years later the wave of post war immigration brought many Europeans with their own extensive experience and they not only swelled the ranks of membership but often formed their own clubs helping to expand nudism from coast to coast 10 Most clubs eventually united in the Canadian Sunbathing Association which affiliated with the American Sunbathing Association in 1954 Several disagreements between eastern and western members of the CSA resulted in its division into the Western Canadian Sunbathing Association WCSA and the Eastern Canadian Sunbathing Association ECSA in 1960 The ECSA endured much in fighting over the next fifteen years which led to its official demise in 1978 The WCSA changed its name to the American Association for Nude Recreation Western Canadian Region a region of the American Association for Nude Recreation AANR which itself was formerly known as the ASA 10 In 1977 the Federation quebecoise de naturisme FQN was founded in Quebec by Michel Vais who had experienced European naturism at Montalivet In 1985 the Federation of Canadian Naturists FCN was formed with the support of the FQN In 1988 the FQN and FCN formed the FQN FCN Union as the official Canadian representative in the International Naturist Federation 10 Mexico edit nbsp The far west end of Zipolite Beach Oaxaca MexicoFederacion Nudista de Mexico 27 is a members organization with both individual and organization members It promotes social nudity in Mexico and it is recognized by the International Naturist Federation as the official national naturist organization in that country As of 2016 update Playa Zipolite is Mexico s first and only legal public nude beach 112 A free beach and unofficially nudist for more than 50 years 113 this beach is reputed to be the best place for nudism in the country The numerous nude sunbathers and the long tradition make it safe for nudism and naturism Annually since 2016 on the first weekend of February Zipolite has hosted Festival Nudista Zipolite 114 that in 2019 attracted 7 000 8 000 visitors 115 United States edit Main article Naturism in the United States See also American Association for Nude Recreation and List of social nudity places in the United States nbsp Florida naturistsKurt Barthel founded the American League for Physical Culture in 1929 and organized the first nudist event In about 1930 they organized the American Gymnosophical Association Barthel founded America s first official nudist camp Sky Farm in New Jersey in May 1932 116 Around 1932 the AGA established the Rock Lodge Club as a nudist facility in Stockholm New Jersey and Ilsley Boone a Dutch Reformed minister formed the Christian naturism movement Naturism began to expand nationwide 117 Nudism venues were alcohol free until 1970 118 The American Association for Nude Recreation AANR is the national naturist organization Arnd Kruger compared nudists in Germany and the United States and came to the conclusion that in Germany the racial aspects Zuchtwahl were important for the breakthrough e g the Commanding General of the Army served as patron for nudists events while in the U S nudism was far more commercial and had thus more difficulties 119 In 2008 Florida Young Naturists held its first Naked Bash which has been repeated multiple times per year and has grown into one of the larger young naturist gatherings in the world 120 In 2009 a campaign to promote nudism in the United States occurred with an effort by the AANR to record the largest simultaneous skinny dip at several U S clubs and beaches which occurred on July 11 of that year 121 In 2010 an organization formed called Young Naturists America which was mostly focused on the younger generation as well as social issues such as body image 122 Young Naturists and Nudists America closed in 2017 123 Asia editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Sunrise on the beach Taitung County TaiwanIndonesia edit In the 1970s nudity on Bali s remote and deserted beaches was common but with the massive growth of tourism this practice has disappeared In 2002 nudity was declared illegal on Petitenget Beach the last beach in Seminyak that tolerated discreet nudity Individuals began to practice nudity in private villas and resorts Laki Uma Villa the first naturist facility to open was for gay men only Bali au Naturel the first adult only nudist resort for both genders opened its doors in 2004 It subsequently expanded from 3 to 15 rooms and added two more swimming pools Indonesia has an underground naturist community who defy the laws against public nudity 124 Thailand edit Nudism was successfully introduced in 2012 by The Thailand Naturist Association in Pattaya Chan Resort and five more nudist resorts have been created across Thailand Barefeet Resort in Bangkok Lemon Tree Resort in Phuket City Oriental Village in Chiangmai Phuan Naturist Village in Pattaya and Peace Blue Naturist Resort in Phuket Since 2020 during the worldwide pandemic Lemon Tree Resort in Phuket Oriental Village in Chiangmai and Phuan Naturist Village in Pattaya have closed Dragonfly Naturist Village in Pattaya a member of American Association for Nude Recreation has opened and currently expanding its property as the largest naturist resort in Thailand South America editSee also List of social nudity places in South America Argentina edit Main article Naturism in Argentina Naturism is allowed in the official nude beaches of Puerto Escondido 125 located near Miramar and Playa Querandi 126 located in Villa Gesell Total nudity is permitted in some private naturist resorts Brazil edit In general public nudity tends to be condemned by the Brazilian authorities which commonly see it as indecent exposure However the country has the highest number of official nude beaches in Latin America being eight in total and this number partially is explained by the fact that the Brazilian territory has more than 8 000 kilometres 5 000 mi of ocean coast Moreover there are a few private naturist clubs throughout the country where full nudity is accepted as well Naturism in Brazil is regulated by the Brazilian Naturism Federation in Portuguese Federacao Brasileira de Naturismo abbreviated as FBrN 127 Chile edit The first nude beach in the country called Playa Luna was legalized in 2000 and there are unofficial restricted areas that were created in Playa Luna Norte Tarapaca Playa Luna Sur Coliumo Playa Escondida Antofagasta Playa Blanca Tongoy and Pichilemu 128 Uruguay edit Main article Naturism in Uruguay There are two official nude beaches where the practice of naturism is allowed Chihuahua 129 130 located in the resort of the same name and La Sirena 131 132 located in the resort of Aguas Dulces Naturist media editMagazines edit This section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed July 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Magazines published by for or purportedly about naturists can be grouped into the following Magazines published by an official national organisation such as BN British Naturism Going Natural Au naturel FCN FQN Nude amp Natural Magazine The Naturist Society gonatural New Zealand Naturist Federation Independent magazines published for naturists such as Naturally H amp E naturist and TAN acronym of The Australian Naturist Magazines that print photographs only or primarily of young female professional models These types of publications are disapproved of by many naturists and non naturists alike Magazines in the second and occasionally third groups feature naturist editorial and advertising While some naturists argue over which magazines belong in which of these categories these views may change as publishers and editors change Many clubs and groups have benefited from magazines which while not exclusively or even predominantly naturist in character made naturist information available to many who would not otherwise have been aware of it 10 The information and advertising provided online along with the wide availability of free online pornography has meant the disappearance of old style skin magazines presenting significant glamour content masquerading as or alongside naturist content Naturist magazines have to appeal strongly to naturists to succeed they cannot sit on the fence between naturism and glamour Some naturists feel that the worthwhile editorial content in some magazines is not a fair balance for the disapproved of photographic content 10 Photography films and videos edit nbsp A publicity photo showing a mature naturist couple making tea North AmericaAlthough photographing others when they are nude in a public place may not violate their rights to privacy individuals retain the personality rights to their own image in many countries If so recognizable photographs of any person cannot be published without permission Some naturist clubs have been willing to allow filming by the media on their grounds though content that proved not to be of genuine naturism can end up being parodied by the media 133 Some commercial naturist DVDs are dominated by imagery of naked children Such material can be marketed in ways that appear to appeal directly to pedophile inclinations and ownership of these DVDs and their earlier video cassette incarnations has resulted in successful British prosecutions for possession of indecent images of children 134 One case was appealed unsuccessfully to the European Court of Human Rights 135 Photo shoots including major high profile works by Spencer Tunick are done in public places including beaches 136 See also edit nbsp Nudity portalBreastfeeding in public List of social nudity organizations List of places where social nudity is practised Naked party Timeline of non sexual social nudity Streaking TopfreedomFootnotes edit The Hannover based Bund fur freies Lebensgestaltung wrote Naturism is a new lifestyle caring for the body the soul and the spirit in society We live the ideal of freedom conscious of its limits taking up our responsibility The expression of our will is nudity our admission of sincerity In his book Cinema Au Naturel 5 author Mark Storey states two related terms that we will continually run across are nudist and naturist Although the meanings of the two terms are virtually identical they often have different connotations for those who prefer one to the other In America people who believe that it is physically socially emotionally and perhaps spiritually healthy to go about fully nude individually and in groups of mixed sex whenever weather permits and others are not offended generally refer to themselves as nudists In Europe such people more often than not refer to themselves as naturists The English version of the Agde definition was translated differently in Guide Mondial de Naturisme 96 97 7 Naturism American nudism is a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self respect respect for others and the environment Notes edit a b c d Choin 2002 Deschenes 2016 p 2 a b West 2018 Smith amp King 2009 Storey 2003 p 13 a b c Montananaturist org Anon 1997 SNS 2018 a b c d e Descamps 1987 a b c d e f g h Woycke 2003 VeraPlaya 2006 Schneider 2009 p 41 TerraCotta 2011 Germany s Free Body Culture German Language Blog Language and Culture of the German Speaking World 9 October 2019 Retrieved 4 May 2022 SNP 2012 Guardian 2017a ganz muenchen ActiveNaturists 2015a ActiveNaturists 2014 ActiveNaturists 2012 Mapes 2019 Bridge 2014 JapanToday 2012 Nambassa 2011 Jones amp Broadley 1979 Jenison 2016 Club 2015 a b FNdM Eleftheriou Smith 2016 ActiveNaturists 2015b aNaturist 2016 McLellan 2007 Casler 1964 ActiveNaturists 2015c ActiveNaturists 2015d Planchon 1778 Le naturisme est la doctrine qui consiste a laisser agir la nature plutot que d intervenir de maniere artificielle Kulkarni 2010 Farrar 2005 a b c d Buchy 2005 a b Kennedy 2013 Evans 2014 Bauberot 2004 Barcan Ruth 1 March 2004 Regaining what Mankind has Lost through Civilisation Early Nudism and Ambivalent Moderns Fashion Theory 8 1 63 82 doi 10 2752 136270404778051870 S2CID 194179019 a b c d e f g h Anderson 2000 a b NZHerald 2008 Haskell Smith 2015 Glaister 2007 Briggs 2013 Connolly 2019 Renou 2017 le dauphine 2018 FRANCE24 6 August 2022 En Allemagne le naturisme seduit de plus en plus les nouvelles generations France 24 FRANCE24 Retrieved 22 October 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list 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Wreck Beach Archived PDF from the original on 4 August 2020 Retrieved 6 March 2021 Oi 10 wraioteres paralies gia gymnismo sthn Ellada The 10 most beautiful beaches for nudism in Greece The Toc in Greek 21 July 2015 Archived from the original on 28 February 2021 Retrieved 28 February 2021 Terra Cotta Inn Frequently Asked Questions Terra Cotta Inn 2011 Archived from the original on 23 November 2015 Retrieved 23 February 2021 Editorial 11 August 2017 The Guardian view on nudity grin and bare it The Guardian Archived from the original on 11 November 2020 Retrieved 28 February 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint date and year link The Nambassa Experience Nambassa Archived from the original on 7 October 2015 Retrieved 4 March 2021 Naturism and free beaches in Denmark 29 April 2012 Archived from the original on 29 April 2012 Retrieved 9 March 2021 With a few exceptions you may take a nude swim or be in the sun without any clothes anywhere in Denmark TOURISME Plus nombreux les naturistes sont de plus en plus jeunes More numerous naturists are getting younger and younger le dauphine in French 1 April 2018 Archived from the original on 3 November 2018 Retrieved 23 February 2021 Una playa sin tabu Zipolite A Beach Without Taboo Zipolite El Imparcial in Spanish 8 February 2019 Retrieved 6 March 2021 In four years the participation exceeded expectations from 2 thousand to between 7 thousand and 8 thousand what if nudity were a norm 2 Active Naturists 6 May 2015 Archived from the original on 28 October 2020 Retrieved 23 February 2021 Why Japanese people are comfortable with nakedness Japan Today 12 November 2012 Archived from the original on 12 November 2020 Retrieved 23 February 2021 Young Naturists America is closing in 2017 The End of Young Naturists America Inc Naturism in Cornwall 26 October 2017 Archived from the original on 21 September 2020 Retrieved 6 March 2021 Zon en Leven Sun and Life Naturisten Federatie Nederland in Dutch Archived from the original on 20 October 2020 Retrieved 1 March 2021 Further reading editCarr Gomm Philip 2013 A brief history of nakedness London Reaktion Books ISBN 978 1 78023 022 1 OCLC 906832943 Clinard Marshall B 2019 Ch 1 The Example of Nudism Sociology of deviant behavior Boston MA USA Cengage ISBN 978 1 337 88564 5 OCLC 1019751074 Crick Malcolm 2016 Resplendent sites discordant voices sri lankans and international tourism Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 138 99728 8 OCLC 953428622 Harp Stephen L Au naturel Naturism nudism and tourism in twentieth century France LSU Press 2014 Harp Stephen L 2011 Demanding Vacation au naturel European Nudism and Postwar Municipal Development on the French Riviera The Journal of Modern History 83 3 513 543 doi 10 1086 660365 ISSN 0022 2801 JSTOR 10 1086 660365 S2CID 144401533 Retrieved 20 March 2021 via University of Chicago Press Journals Hartman William E 1991 Nudist society the controversial study of the clothes free naturist movement in America Rev and updated ed Los Angeles Elysium Growth Press ISBN 1 55599 041 X OCLC 23940079 Hoffman Brian S 2015 Naked a cultural history of American nudism New York NYU Press ISBN 978 0 8147 4465 9 OCLC 951103647 Monterrubio Juan Carlos Jaurand Emmanuel 5 May 2014 Les societes locales face au tourisme nudiste Resultats d une enquete qualitative sur la cote pacifique du Mexique Teoros in French published 2009 28 2 83 92 doi 10 7202 1024811ar ISSN 1923 2705 Parmelee Maurice 2012 Nudism in modern life Muller Press ISBN 978 1 4474 5626 1 OCLC 935087781 Theobald William F 2005 Ch 7 Alternative tourism a comparative analysis of meaning and impact Global tourism 3rd ed Burlington MA Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann p 123 ISBN 978 1 4175 4459 2 OCLC 56731935 External links edit nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Naturism nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naturism category nbsp Look up naturism in Wiktionary the free dictionary nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Nudity International Naturist Federation Federatie van het Belgisch Naturisme FBN Federacion Nudista de Mexico FNM Naturist Living Show Naturism at Curlie UK Crown Prosecution Service Nudity in Public Federazione Naturista Italiana Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Naturism amp oldid 1196813121, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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