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Libertarian socialism

March 05, 2023

"Socialist anarchism" redirects here. For the branch of anarchism emphasizing mutual aid and sometimes referred to in similar terms, see Social anarchism.
This article is about the anti-authoritarian, anti-statist, anti-elitist and libertarian political philosophy within the socialist movement. For the type of libertarianism stressing both individual freedom and social equality, see Left-libertarianism. For the political philosophy that incorporates liberal principles to socialism, see Liberal socialism. For the variety of liberalism that endorses a regulated market economy and the expansion of civil and political rights, see Social liberalism.

Libertarian socialism, also known by various other names, is a left-wing,[1] anti-authoritarian, anti-statist and libertarian[2] political philosophy within the socialist movement which rejects the state's control of the economy under state socialism.[3] Overlapping with anarchism and libertarianism,[4][5] libertarian socialists criticize wage slavery relationships within the workplace,[6] emphasizing workers' self-management[7] and decentralized structures of political organization.[8][9][10] As a broad socialist tradition and movement, libertarian socialism includes anarchist, Marxist, and anarchist- or Marxist-inspired thought and other left-libertarian tendencies.[11]

Libertarian socialism rejects the concept of a state.[7] It asserts that a society based on freedom and justice can only be achieved with the abolition of authoritarian institutions that control specific means of production and subordinate the majority to an owning class or political and economic elite.[12] Libertarian socialists advocate for decentralized structures based on direct democracy and federal or confederal associations[13] such as citizens'/popular assemblies, cooperatives, libertarian municipalism, trade unions and workers' councils.[14][15] This is done within a general call for liberty[16] and free association[17] through the identification, criticism and practical dismantling of illegitimate authority in all aspects of human life.[18] Libertarian socialism is distinguished from the authoritarian approach of Bolshevism and the reformism of Fabianism.[19]

Past and present currents and movements commonly described as libertarian socialist include anarchism, as well as communalism, some forms of democratic socialism, guild socialism,[20] Marxism[21] (autonomism, council communism,[22] left communism among others), participism and revolutionary syndicalism.

Overview

Name

Libertarian socialism is also referred to as socialist libertarianism[23] and often used interchangeably with the terms anarcho-socialism,[24][25] anarchist socialism,[26] free socialism,[27] stateless socialism,[28] and socialist anarchism.[29]

Definition

See also: Definition of anarchism and libertarianism

Libertarian socialists advocate the preservation of individual liberty, through the creation of a decentralized system of self-governance and the abolition of private property relations.[30] According to Peter Hain, the core tenets of libertarian socialism are decentralization, democracy, popular sovereignty and individual liberty.[31] Libertarian socialism, such as that advocated by Cornelius Castoriadis, generally upholds autonomy and direct democracy.[32]

In the context of the European socialist movement, the term libertarian has been conventionally used to describe socialists who opposed authoritarianism and state socialism, such as Mikhail Bakunin.[33][34] The association of socialism with libertarianism predates that of capitalism, and many anti-authoritarians still decry what they see as a mistaken association of capitalism with libertarianism in the United States.[35] As Noam Chomsky put it, a consistent libertarian "must oppose private ownership of the means of production and wage slavery, which is a component of this system, as incompatible with the principle that labor must be freely undertaken and under the control of the producer".[36]

Libertarian socialists seek the abolition of the state without going through a state capitalist transitionary stage.[37]

Anti-capitalism

Main article: Anti-capitalism

According to John O'Neil, "[i]t is forgotten that the early defenders of commercial society like [Adam] Smith were as much concerned with criticising the associational blocks to mobile labour represented by guilds as they were to the activities of the state. The history of socialist thought includes a long associational and anti-statist tradition prior to the political victory of the Bolshevism in the east and varieties of Fabianism in the west".[38]

Libertarian socialism upholds individual self-ownership, as well as the collective ownership of the means of production.[39]

Anti-authoritarianism and opposition to the state

Main articles: Anti-authoritarianism and Anti-statism

Libertarian philosophy generally regards concentrations of power as sources of oppression that must be continually challenged and justified. Most libertarian socialists believe that when power is exercised as exemplified by the economic, social, or physical dominance of one individual over another, the burden of proof is always on the authoritarian to justify their action as legitimate when taken against its effect of narrowing the scope of human freedom.[40] Libertarian socialists oppose rigid and stratified authority structures, whether political, economic, or social.[41]

Political roots

Within early modern socialist thought

For Roderick T. Long, libertarian socialists claim the 17th century English Levellers and the 18th-century French Encyclopédistes among their ideological forebears.[42]

Within modern socialist thought

In a chapter of his Economic Justice and Democracy (2005) recounting the history of libertarian socialism, economist Robin Hahnel relates that the period where libertarian socialism had its most significant impact was at the end of the 19th century through the first four decades of the 20th century. According to Hahnel, "libertarian socialism was as powerful a force as social democracy and communism" in the early 20th century. The Anarchist St. Imier International, referred by Hahnel as the Libertarian International, was founded at the 1872 Congress of St. Imier a few days after the split between Marxists and libertarians at The Hague Congress of the First International, referred to by Hahnel as the Socialist International. This Libertarian International "competed successfully against social democrats and communists alike for the loyalty of anticapitalist activists, revolutionaries, workers, unions and political parties for over fifty years". For Hahnel, libertarian socialists "played a major role in the Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917. Libertarian socialists played a dominant role in the Mexican Revolution of 1911. Twenty years after World War I was over, libertarian socialists were still strong enough to spearhead the social revolution that swept across Republican Spain in 1936 and 1937".[43]

Anarchism

Main article: Anarchism

Libertarian socialism has its roots in both classical liberalism and socialism, though it is often in conflict with liberalism (especially neoliberalism and right-libertarianism) and authoritarian state socialism simultaneously. While libertarian socialism has roots in socialism and liberalism, different forms have different levels of influence from the two traditions. For instance, mutualist anarchism is more influenced by liberalism, while communist and syndicalist anarchism are more influenced by socialism. However, mutualist anarchism originates in 18th- and 19th-century European socialism (such as Fourierian socialism),[44][45] while communist and syndicalist anarchism have their earliest origins in early 18th-century liberalism (such as the French Revolution).[46]

Anarchism posed an early challenge to the vanguardism and statism it detected in important sectors of the socialist movement. As such: "The consequences of the growth of parliamentary action, ministerialism, and party life, charged the anarchists, would be de-radicalism and embourgeoisiement. Further, state politics would subvert both true individuality and true community. In response, many anarchists refused Marxist-type organisation, seeking to dissolve or undermine power and hierarchy by loose political-cultural groupings or by championing organisation by a single, simultaneously economic and political administrative unit (Ruhle, syndicalism). The power of the intellectual and of science were also rejected by many anarchists: "In conquering the state, in exalting the role of parties, they [intellectuals] reinforce the hierarchical principle embodied in political and administrative institutions". Revolutions could only come through force of circumstances and/or the inherently rebellious instincts of the masses (the "instinct for freedom") (Bakunin, Chomsky), or in Bakunin's words: "All that individuals can do is to clarify, propagate, and work out ideas corresponding to the popular instinct".[47]

Marxism

See also: Anarchism and Marxism

Marxism started to develop a libertarian strand of thought after specific circumstances. Chamsy Ojeili said: "One does find early expressions of such perspectives in [William] Morris and the Socialist Party of Great Britain (the SPGB), then again around the events of 1905, with the growing concern at the bureaucratisation and de-radicalisation of international socialism".[48]

However, "the most important ruptures are to be traced to the insurgency during and after the First World War. Disillusioned with the capitulation of the social democrats, excited by the emergence of workers' councils, and slowly distanced from Leninism, many communists came to reject the claims of socialist parties and to put their faith instead in the masses". For these socialists, "[t]he intuition of the masses in action can have more genius in it than the work of the greatest individual genius". Rosa Luxemburg's workerism and spontaneism are exemplary of positions later taken up by the far-left of the period—Antonie Pannekoek, Roland Holst and Herman Gorter in the Netherlands, Sylvia Pankhurst in Britain, Antonio Gramsci in Italy and György Lukács in Hungary. In these formulations, the dictatorship of the proletariat was to be the dictatorship of a class, "not of a party or of a clique".[48] However, within this line of thought, "[t]he tension between anti-vanguardism and vanguardism has frequently resolved itself in two diametrically opposed ways: the first involved a drift towards the party; the second saw a move towards the idea of complete proletarian spontaneity. [...] The first course is exemplified most clearly in Gramsci and Lukacs. [...] The second course is illustrated in the tendency, developing from the Dutch and German far-lefts, which inclined towards the complete eradication of the party form".[49]

For many Marxian libertarian socialists, "the political bankruptcy of socialist orthodoxy necessitated a theoretical break. This break took a number of forms. The Bordigists and the SPGB championed a super-Marxian intransigence in theoretical matters. Other socialists made a return "behind Marx" to the anti-positivist programme of German idealism. Libertarian socialism has frequently linked its anti-authoritarian political aspirations with this theoretical differentiation from orthodoxy. [...] Karl Korsch [...] remained a libertarian socialist for a large part of his life and because of the persistent urge towards theoretical openness in his work. Korsch rejected the eternal and static, and he was obsessed by the essential role of practice in a theory's truth. For Korsch, no theory could escape history, not even Marxism. In this vein, Korsch even credited the stimulus for Marx's Capital to the movement of the oppressed classes".[50]

Several libertarian socialists, notably Noam Chomsky, believe that anarchism shares much in common with specific variants of Marxism, such as the council communism of Marxist Anton Pannekoek. In his Notes on Anarchism, Chomsky suggests the possibility "that some form of council communism is the natural form of revolutionary socialism in an industrial society. It reflects the belief that democracy is severely limited when the industrial system is controlled by any form of autocratic elite, whether of owners, managers, and technocrats, a 'vanguard' party, or a State bureaucracy".[36]

In the United Kingdom, the group Solidarity was founded in 1960 by a small group of expelled members of the Trotskyist Socialist Labour League. Almost from the start, it was strongly influenced by the French Socialisme ou Barbarie group, in particular by its intellectual leader Cornelius Castoriadis, whose essays were among the many pamphlets Solidarity produced. The group's intellectual leader was Chris Pallis, who wrote under the name Maurice Brinton.[51]

Autonomist Marxism, neo-Marxism and Situationist theory are also regarded as anti-authoritarian variants of Marxism that are firmly within the libertarian socialist tradition. As such, "[i]n New Zealand, no situationist group was formed, despite the attempts of Grant McDonagh. Instead, McDonagh operated as an individual on the periphery of the anarchist milieu, co-operating with anarchists to publish several magazines, such as Anarchy and KAT. The latter called itself 'an anti-authoritarian spasmodical' of the 'libertarian ultra-left (situationists, anarchists and libertarian socialists)'".[52]

Notable tendencies

Anarchist

Main article: Anarchism

Historically, anarchism and libertarian socialism have mainly been synonymous.[53] Principally this regards the currents of classical anarchism, developed in the 19th century, in their commitments to autonomy and freedom, decentralization, opposing hierarchy, and opposing the vanguardism of authoritarian socialism.

Anarcho-syndicalist Gaston Leval explained: "We therefore foresee a Society in which all activities will be coordinated, a structure that has, at the same time, sufficient flexibility to permit the greatest possible autonomy for social life, or for the life of each enterprise, and enough cohesiveness to prevent all disorder. [...] In a well-organised society, all of these things must be systematically accomplished by means of parallel federations, vertically united at the highest levels, constituting one vast organism in which all economic functions will be performed in solidarity with all others and that will permanently preserve the necessary cohesion".[54]

Marxist

A broad scope of economic and political philosophies that draw on the anti-authoritarian aspects of Marxism have been described as "Libertarian Marxism",[55] a tendency which emphasises autonomy, federalism and direct democracy.[56] Wayne Price identified it most closely with the tendency of autonomist Marxism and identified libertarian characteristics within council communism, the Johnson–Forest Tendency, the Socialisme ou Barbarie group and the Situationist International, contrasting them with tendencies of Orthodox Marxism such as social democracy and Marxism-Leninism.[57] Michael Löwy and Olivier Besancenot have identified Rosa Luxemburg, Walter Benjamin, André Breton and Daniel Guérin as prominent figures of libertarian Marxism.[58]

Other

Other libertarian socialist currents include post-classical anarchist tendencies and tendencies that cannot be easily classified within the anarchist/Marxist division.

Democratic socialism

Main article: Democratic socialism

Labour Party minister Peter Hain has written in support of libertarian socialism,[31] identifying an axis involving a "bottom-up vision of socialism, with anarchists at the revolutionary end and democratic socialists [such as himself] at its reformist end" as opposed to the axis of state socialism with Marxist–Leninists at the revolutionary end and social democrats at the reformist end.[59] Another recent mainstream Labour politician who has been described as a libertarian socialist is Robin Cook.[60] In the United States, there is a Libertarian Socialist Caucus within the Democratic Socialists of America.[61]

Within the New Left

Main article: New Left
 
Herbert Marcuse, associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory, was an influential libertarian socialist philosopher of the New Left[62]

The emergence of the New Left in the 1960s led to a revival of interest in libertarian socialism.[63] The New Left's critique of the Old Left's authoritarianism was associated with a strong interest in personal liberty and autonomy, which led to a rediscovery of older socialist traditions, such as left communism, council communism, and the Industrial Workers of the World.[citation needed]

Market anarchism

Main article: Free-market anarchism

Market anarchism is a left-libertarian and individualist anarchist[64] form of libertarian socialism[65][66] that stresses the value of radically free markets, termed freed markets to distinguish them from the common conception which these libertarians believe to be riddled with statist and capitalist privileges.[67]

See also

  • Freiwirtschaft ("free economy"), idea based on the "natural economic order"
  • Mao-Spontex, Western Europe political movement of the 1960s–70s combining Maoism and spontaneism
  • Sociocracy, governance system using consent, rather than majority voting
  • Libertarianism, a political philosophy that upholds liberty as a core principle
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References

  1. ^ Diemer, Ulli (1977). "What Is Libertarian Socialism?". The Red Menace. Vol. 2, no. 1. Toronto: Libertarian Socialist Collective. ISSN 0711-2270. OCLC 1080364729. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  2. ^ McKay, Iain, ed. (2012) [2008]. "What Is Anarchism? Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?". An Anarchist FAQ. Vol. II. Stirling: AK Press. ISBN 978-1-84935-122-5. It implies a classless and anti-authoritarian (i.e. libertarian) society in which people manage their own affairs.
  3. ^ Long, Roderick T. (1998). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class" (PDF). Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 303–349. doi:10.1017/S0265052500002028. S2CID 145150666. p. 305: "Yet, unlike other socialists, they tend (to various different degrees, depending on the thinker) to be skeptical of centralized state intervention as the solution to capitalist exploitation [...]."
  4. ^ Bookchin, Murray; Biehl, Janet (1997). The Murray Bookchin Reader. Cassell. p. 170. ISBN 0-304-33873-7.
  5. ^ Hicks, Steven V.; Shannon, Daniel E. (2003). The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Blackwell Publisher. p. 612.
  6. ^ "I1. Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?" 9 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine. In An Anarchist FAQ. "Therefore, rather than being an oxymoron, "libertarian socialism" indicates that true socialism must be libertarian and that a libertarian who is not a socialist is a phoney. As true socialists oppose wage labour, they must also oppose the state for the same reasons. Similarly, libertarians must oppose wage labour for the same reasons they must oppose the state."
  7. ^ a b "I1. Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?" 16 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine. In An Anarchist FAQ. "So, libertarian socialism rejects the idea of state ownership and control of the economy, along with the state as such. Through workers' self-management it proposes to bring an end to authority, exploitation, and hierarchy in production."
  8. ^ Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave, eds. (December 2012). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 13. Their analysis treats libertarian socialism as a form of anti-parliamentary, democratic, antibureaucratic grass roots socialist organisation, strongly linked to working class activism.
  9. ^ Long, Roderick T. (1998). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class" (PDF). Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 303–349. doi:10.1017/S0265052500002028. S2CID 145150666. p. 305: "[...] preferring a system of popular self-governance via networks of decentralized, local, voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations [...]"
  10. ^ Masquelier, Charles (2014). Critical Theory and Libertarian Socialism: Realizing the Political Potential of Critical Social Theory. New York and London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 189. What is of particular interest here, however, is the appeal to a form of emancipation grounded in decentralized, cooperative and democratic forms of political and economic governance which most libertarian socialist visions, including Cole's, tend to share.
  11. ^ Marshall, Peter (2009) [1991]. Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (POLS ed.). Oakland, California: PM Press. p. 641. ISBN 978-1604860641.
  12. ^ Mendes, Silva (1896). Socialismo Libertário ou Anarchismo. 1. "Society should be free through mankind's spontaneous federative affiliation to life, based on the community of land and tools of the trade; meaning: Anarchy will be equality by abolition of private property (while retaining respect for personal property) and liberty by abolition of authority."
  13. ^ Leval, Gaston (1959). Libertarian socialism: a practical outline. We therefore foresee a Society in which all activities will be coordinated, a structure that has, at the same time, sufficient flexibility to permit the greatest possible autonomy for social life, or for the life of each enterprise, and enough cohesiveness to prevent all disorder. [...] In a well-organized society, all of these things must be systematically accomplished by means of parallel federations, vertically united at the highest levels, constituting one vast organism in which all economic functions will be performed in solidarity with all others and that will permanently preserve the necessary cohesion.
  14. ^ Hart, David M.; Chartier, Gary; Kenyon, Ross Miller; Long, Roderick T., eds. (2017). Social Class and State Power: Exploring an Alternative Radical Tradition. Palgrave. p. 300. [...] preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized, local, voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations-sometimes as a complement to and check on state power [...].
  15. ^ Rocker, Rudolf (2004). Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice. AK Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-902593-92-0.
  16. ^ Long, Roderick T. (1998). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class" (PDF). Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 303–349. doi:10.1017/S0265052500002028. S2CID 145150666. p. 305: "LibSoc share with LibCap an aversion to any interference to freedom of thought, expression or choicce of lifestyle."
  17. ^ Diemer, Ulli (1977). "What Is Libertarian Socialism?". The Red Menace. Vol. 2, no. 1. Toronto: Libertarian Socialist Collective. ISSN 0711-2270. OCLC 1080364729. Retrieved 4 August 2019. What is implied by the term 'libertarian socialism'?: The idea that socialism is first and foremost about freedom and therefore about overcoming the domination, repression, and alienation that block the free flow of human creativity, thought, and action. [...] An approach to socialism that incorporates cultural revolution, women's and children's liberation, and the critique and transformation of daily life, as well as the more traditional concerns of socialist politics. A politics that is completely revolutionary because it seeks to transform all of reality. We do not think that capturing the economy and the state lead automatically to the transformation of the rest of social being, nor do we equate liberation with changing our life-styles and our heads. Capitalism is a total system that invades all areas of life: socialism must be the overcoming of capitalist reality in its entirety, or it is nothing.
  18. ^ Chomsky, Noam (1986). "The Soviet Union Versus Socialism". Chomsky.info. Retrieved 22 November 2015. Libertarian socialism, furthermore, does not limit its aims to democratic control by producers over production, but seeks to abolish all forms of domination and hierarchy in every aspect of social and personal life, an unending struggle, since progress in achieving a more just society will lead to new insight and understanding of forms of oppression that may be concealed in traditional practice and consciousness.
  19. ^ O'Neil, John (1998). The Market: Ethics, Knowledge and Politics. Routledge. p. 3. "It is forgotten that the early defenders of commercial society like [Adam] Smith were as much concerned with criticising the associational blocks to mobile labour represented by guilds as they were to the activities of the state. The history of socialist thought includes a long associational and anti-statist tradition prior to the political victory of the Bolshevism in the east and varieties of Fabianism in the west."
  20. ^ Masquelier, Charles (2014). Critical Theory and Libertarian Socialism: Realizing the Political Potential of Critical Social Theory. New York and London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 190. "It is by meeting such a twofold requirement that the libertarian socialism of G.D.H. Cole could be said to offer timely and sustainable avenues for the institutionalization of the liberal value of autonomy [...]."
  21. ^ Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave, eds. (December 2012). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 13. "Locating libertarian socialism in a grey area between anarchist and Marxist extremes, they argue that the multiple experiences of historical convergence remain inspirational and that, through these examples, the hope of socialist transformation survives."
  22. ^ Boraman, Toby (December 2012). "Carnival and Class: Anarchism and Councilism in Australasia during the 1970s". In Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave, eds. Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 268. "Councilism and anarchism loosely merged into 'libertarian socialism', offering a non-dogmatic path by which both council communism and anarchism could be updated for the changed conditions of the time, and for the new forms of proletarian resistance to these new conditions."
  23. ^ Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R. (ed.). The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. p. 1006. ISBN 978-1412988766. There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars. [...] [S]ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few (whether politically or economically) as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism.
  24. ^ Poland, Jefferson; Sloan, Sam, ed. (1968). Sex Marchers. p. 57.
  25. ^ McNally, David (1993). Against the Market: Political Economy, Market Socialism and the Marxist Critique. "'Proudhon did Enormous Mischief': Marx's Critique of the First Market Socialists". Verso Books.
  26. ^ Davidson, John Morrison (1896). Anarchist Socialism vs. State Socialism at the London International Labour Congress (1896). W. Reeves.
  27. ^ Bose, Atindranath (1967). A History of Anarchism. Calcutta: World Press.
  28. ^ Bakunin, Mikhail. Stateless Socialism: Anarchism. In Maximoff, G. P. (1953). The Political Philosophy of Bakunin. New York: The Free Press.
  29. ^ Gale, Cengage Learning (2015). A Study Guide for Political Theories for Students: Anarchism. "Socialist Anarchism". Farmigton Hill, Minnesota: Gale.
  30. ^ Long, Roderick T. (1998). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class" (PDF). Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 303–349. doi:10.1017/S0265052500002028. S2CID 145150666.
  31. ^ a b Hain, Peter (July 2000). . Chartist. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  32. ^ Marchart, Oliver (2006). "Castoriadis, Cornelius (1922–1997)". In Harrington, Austin; Marshall, Barbara L.; Muller, Hans-Peter (eds.). Encyclopedia of Social Theory. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 50. ISBN 0-415-29046-5.
  33. ^ Chomsky, Noam (2004). Language and Politics. In Otero, Carlos Peregrín. AK Press. p. 739.
  34. ^ Perlin, Terry M. (1979). Contemporary Anarchism. Transaction Publishers. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-87855-097-5.
  35. ^ Bookchin, Murray, The Modern Crisis, Black Rose Books (1987), pp. 154–55 ISBN 0-920057-61-6.
  36. ^ a b Chomsky, Noam (1970). . In Guérin, Daniel (ed.). Anarchism: From Theory to Practice. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 0-85345-128-1. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  37. ^ Kinna, Ruth (2012). "Introduction". In Kinna, Rith; Pinta, Saku; Prichard, Alex (eds.). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–16. ISBN 978-0-230-28037-3.
  38. ^ O'Neil, John (1998). The Market: Ethics, Knowledge and Politics. Routledge. p. 3.
  39. ^ Vrousalis 2011, p. 211.
  40. ^ Chomsky (2004) p. 775
  41. ^ Ed, Andrew. 'Closing the Iron Cage: The Scientific Management of Work and Leisure' Black Rose Books (1999) p. 116
  42. ^ Long, Roderick T. (1998). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class" (PDF). Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 303–349. doi:10.1017/S0265052500002028. S2CID 145150666. p. 310: "LibSocs and LibCaps can both claim the seventeenth-century English Levellers and the eighteenth-century French Encyclopedists among their ideological forebears [...]."
  43. ^ Hahnel 2005, p. 138.
  44. ^ Swartz, Clarence Lee. What is Mutualism?.
  45. ^ "Ricardian socialism". The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. 1987. p. 441
  46. ^ Graham, Robert. Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas – Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300 CE to 1939), Black Rose Books, 2005
  47. ^ Ojeili 2001, p. 401.
  48. ^ a b Ojeili 2001, p. 403.
  49. ^ Ojeili 2001, pp. 403–404.
  50. ^ Ojeili 2001, pp. 407–408.
  51. ^ Brinton, Maurice (Goodway, David ed). For Workers' Power: the selected writings of Maurice Brinton. AK Press. 2004. ISBN 1-904859-07-0
  52. ^ Toby Boraman. "Carnival and Class: Anarchism and Councilism in Australasia during the 1970s" in Alex Prichard, Ruth Kinna, Saku Pinta and Dave Berry (eds). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan, December 2012. p. 263.
  53. ^ Cohn, Jesse (2009). "Anarchism". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-4051-9807-3. from the 1890s on, the term 'libertarian socialism' has entered common use as a synonym for anarchism
  54. ^ Leval, Gaston (1959). "Libertarian Socialism: A Practical Outline". Retrieved 22 August 2020 – via The Anarchist Library.
  55. ^ Löwy, Michael; Besancenot, Olivier (2018). "Expanding the horizon: for a Libertarian Marxism". Global Discourse. 8 (2): 1–2. doi:10.1080/23269995.2018.1459332. S2CID 149816533.
  56. ^ Löwy, Michael; Besancenot, Olivier (2018). "Expanding the horizon: for a Libertarian Marxism". Global Discourse. 8 (2): 7–13. doi:10.1080/23269995.2018.1459332. S2CID 149816533.
  57. ^ Price, Wayne (2004). "Libertarian Marxism's Relation to Anarchism". The Utopian. 4: 75–76.
  58. ^ Löwy, Michael; Besancenot, Olivier (2018). "Expanding the horizon: for a Libertarian Marxism". Global Discourse. 8 (2): 3–7. doi:10.1080/23269995.2018.1459332. S2CID 149816533.
  59. ^ Hain, Peter (1995). Ayes to the Left: A Future for Socialism. Lawrence and Wishart. ISBN 978-0-85315-832-5.
  60. ^ Chris Smith said in 2005 that in recent years Cook had been setting out a vision of "libertarian, democratic socialism that was beginning to break the sometimes sterile boundaries of 'old' and 'New' Labour labels.".. London: Comment.independent.co.uk. 2005-08-08. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  61. ^ Weaver, Adam (5 August 2017). "A Turning Point on the Left? Libertarian Caucus Debuts at Democratic Socialist Conference". Truthout. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  62. ^ Kellner, Douglas. "Herbert Marcuse". Illuminations. University of Texas at Arlington. Retrieved 23 May 2014. During the 1960s, Marcuse achieved world renown as "the guru of the New Left," publishing many articles and giving lectures and advice to student radicals all over the world. He travelled widely and his work was often discussed in the mass media, becoming one of the few American intellectuals to gain such attention. Never surrendering his revolutionary vision and commitments, Marcuse continued to his death to defend the Marxian theory and libertarian socialism.
  63. ^ Hahnel 2005, pp. 148–149.
  64. ^ Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn, NY:Minor Compositions/Autonomedia
  65. ^ Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn, NY: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. p. back cover. "It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism."
  66. ^ Carson, Kevin. "Socialism: A Perfectly Good Word Rehabilitated". Center for a Stateless Society. "But there has always been a market-oriented strand of libertarian socialism that emphasizes voluntary cooperation between producers. And markets, properly understood, have always been about cooperation. As a commenter at Reason magazine's Hit&Run blog, remarking on Jesse Walker's link to the Kelly article, put it: "every trade is a cooperative act." In fact, it's a fairly common observation among market anarchists that genuinely free markets have the most legitimate claim to the label "socialism."
  67. ^ Gillis, William (2011). "The Freed Market." In Chartier, Gary and Johnson, Charles. Markets Not Capitalism. Brooklyn, NY:Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. pp. 19–20.

Bibliography

External links

  •   Media related to Libertarian socialism at Wikimedia Commons

March 05, 2023
libertarian, socialism, socialist, anarchism, redirects, here, branch, anarchism, emphasizing, mutual, sometimes, referred, similar, terms, social, anarchism, this, article, about, anti, authoritarian, anti, statist, anti, elitist, libertarian, political, phil. Socialist anarchism redirects here For the branch of anarchism emphasizing mutual aid and sometimes referred to in similar terms see Social anarchism This article is about the anti authoritarian anti statist anti elitist and libertarian political philosophy within the socialist movement For the type of libertarianism stressing both individual freedom and social equality see Left libertarianism For the political philosophy that incorporates liberal principles to socialism see Liberal socialism For the variety of liberalism that endorses a regulated market economy and the expansion of civil and political rights see Social liberalism This article possibly contains original research Relevant discussion may be found on Talk Libertarian socialism Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed November 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Libertarian socialism also known by various other names is a left wing 1 anti authoritarian anti statist and libertarian 2 political philosophy within the socialist movement which rejects the state s control of the economy under state socialism 3 Overlapping with anarchism and libertarianism 4 5 libertarian socialists criticize wage slavery relationships within the workplace 6 emphasizing workers self management 7 and decentralized structures of political organization 8 9 10 As a broad socialist tradition and movement libertarian socialism includes anarchist Marxist and anarchist or Marxist inspired thought and other left libertarian tendencies 11 Libertarian socialism rejects the concept of a state 7 It asserts that a society based on freedom and justice can only be achieved with the abolition of authoritarian institutions that control specific means of production and subordinate the majority to an owning class or political and economic elite 12 Libertarian socialists advocate for decentralized structures based on direct democracy and federal or confederal associations 13 such as citizens popular assemblies cooperatives libertarian municipalism trade unions and workers councils 14 15 This is done within a general call for liberty 16 and free association 17 through the identification criticism and practical dismantling of illegitimate authority in all aspects of human life 18 Libertarian socialism is distinguished from the authoritarian approach of Bolshevism and the reformism of Fabianism 19 Past and present currents and movements commonly described as libertarian socialist include anarchism as well as communalism some forms of democratic socialism guild socialism 20 Marxism 21 autonomism council communism 22 left communism among others participism and revolutionary syndicalism Contents 1 Overview 1 1 Name 1 2 Definition 1 3 Anti capitalism 1 4 Anti authoritarianism and opposition to the state 2 Political roots 2 1 Within early modern socialist thought 2 2 Within modern socialist thought 2 2 1 Anarchism 2 2 2 Marxism 3 Notable tendencies 3 1 Anarchist 3 2 Marxist 3 3 Other 3 3 1 Democratic socialism 3 3 2 Within the New Left 3 3 3 Market anarchism 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksOverview EditName Edit Libertarian socialism is also referred to as socialist libertarianism 23 and often used interchangeably with the terms anarcho socialism 24 25 anarchist socialism 26 free socialism 27 stateless socialism 28 and socialist anarchism 29 Definition Edit See also Definition of anarchism and libertarianism Libertarian socialists advocate the preservation of individual liberty through the creation of a decentralized system of self governance and the abolition of private property relations 30 According to Peter Hain the core tenets of libertarian socialism are decentralization democracy popular sovereignty and individual liberty 31 Libertarian socialism such as that advocated by Cornelius Castoriadis generally upholds autonomy and direct democracy 32 In the context of the European socialist movement the term libertarian has been conventionally used to describe socialists who opposed authoritarianism and state socialism such as Mikhail Bakunin 33 34 The association of socialism with libertarianism predates that of capitalism and many anti authoritarians still decry what they see as a mistaken association of capitalism with libertarianism in the United States 35 As Noam Chomsky put it a consistent libertarian must oppose private ownership of the means of production and wage slavery which is a component of this system as incompatible with the principle that labor must be freely undertaken and under the control of the producer 36 Libertarian socialists seek the abolition of the state without going through a state capitalist transitionary stage 37 Anti capitalism Edit Main article Anti capitalism According to John O Neil i t is forgotten that the early defenders of commercial society like Adam Smith were as much concerned with criticising the associational blocks to mobile labour represented by guilds as they were to the activities of the state The history of socialist thought includes a long associational and anti statist tradition prior to the political victory of the Bolshevism in the east and varieties of Fabianism in the west 38 Libertarian socialism upholds individual self ownership as well as the collective ownership of the means of production 39 Anti authoritarianism and opposition to the state Edit Main articles Anti authoritarianism and Anti statism Libertarian philosophy generally regards concentrations of power as sources of oppression that must be continually challenged and justified Most libertarian socialists believe that when power is exercised as exemplified by the economic social or physical dominance of one individual over another the burden of proof is always on the authoritarian to justify their action as legitimate when taken against its effect of narrowing the scope of human freedom 40 Libertarian socialists oppose rigid and stratified authority structures whether political economic or social 41 Political roots EditThis section contains too many or overly lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry Please help improve the article by presenting facts as a neutrally worded summary with appropriate citations Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote or for entire works to Wikisource January 2023 Within early modern socialist thought Edit For Roderick T Long libertarian socialists claim the 17th century English Levellers and the 18th century French Encyclopedistes among their ideological forebears 42 Within modern socialist thought Edit In a chapter of his Economic Justice and Democracy 2005 recounting the history of libertarian socialism economist Robin Hahnel relates that the period where libertarian socialism had its most significant impact was at the end of the 19th century through the first four decades of the 20th century According to Hahnel libertarian socialism was as powerful a force as social democracy and communism in the early 20th century The Anarchist St Imier International referred by Hahnel as the Libertarian International was founded at the 1872 Congress of St Imier a few days after the split between Marxists and libertarians at The Hague Congress of the First International referred to by Hahnel as the Socialist International This Libertarian International competed successfully against social democrats and communists alike for the loyalty of anticapitalist activists revolutionaries workers unions and political parties for over fifty years For Hahnel libertarian socialists played a major role in the Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917 Libertarian socialists played a dominant role in the Mexican Revolution of 1911 Twenty years after World War I was over libertarian socialists were still strong enough to spearhead the social revolution that swept across Republican Spain in 1936 and 1937 43 Anarchism Edit Main article Anarchism Libertarian socialism has its roots in both classical liberalism and socialism though it is often in conflict with liberalism especially neoliberalism and right libertarianism and authoritarian state socialism simultaneously While libertarian socialism has roots in socialism and liberalism different forms have different levels of influence from the two traditions For instance mutualist anarchism is more influenced by liberalism while communist and syndicalist anarchism are more influenced by socialism However mutualist anarchism originates in 18th and 19th century European socialism such as Fourierian socialism 44 45 while communist and syndicalist anarchism have their earliest origins in early 18th century liberalism such as the French Revolution 46 Anarchism posed an early challenge to the vanguardism and statism it detected in important sectors of the socialist movement As such The consequences of the growth of parliamentary action ministerialism and party life charged the anarchists would be de radicalism and embourgeoisiement Further state politics would subvert both true individuality and true community In response many anarchists refused Marxist type organisation seeking to dissolve or undermine power and hierarchy by loose political cultural groupings or by championing organisation by a single simultaneously economic and political administrative unit Ruhle syndicalism The power of the intellectual and of science were also rejected by many anarchists In conquering the state in exalting the role of parties they intellectuals reinforce the hierarchical principle embodied in political and administrative institutions Revolutions could only come through force of circumstances and or the inherently rebellious instincts of the masses the instinct for freedom Bakunin Chomsky or in Bakunin s words All that individuals can do is to clarify propagate and work out ideas corresponding to the popular instinct 47 Marxism Edit See also Anarchism and Marxism William Morris early English libertarian Marxist Marxism started to develop a libertarian strand of thought after specific circumstances Chamsy Ojeili said One does find early expressions of such perspectives in William Morris and the Socialist Party of Great Britain the SPGB then again around the events of 1905 with the growing concern at the bureaucratisation and de radicalisation of international socialism 48 Clara Zetkin and Rosa Luxemburg However the most important ruptures are to be traced to the insurgency during and after the First World War Disillusioned with the capitulation of the social democrats excited by the emergence of workers councils and slowly distanced from Leninism many communists came to reject the claims of socialist parties and to put their faith instead in the masses For these socialists t he intuition of the masses in action can have more genius in it than the work of the greatest individual genius Rosa Luxemburg s workerism and spontaneism are exemplary of positions later taken up by the far left of the period Antonie Pannekoek Roland Holst and Herman Gorter in the Netherlands Sylvia Pankhurst in Britain Antonio Gramsci in Italy and Gyorgy Lukacs in Hungary In these formulations the dictatorship of the proletariat was to be the dictatorship of a class not of a party or of a clique 48 However within this line of thought t he tension between anti vanguardism and vanguardism has frequently resolved itself in two diametrically opposed ways the first involved a drift towards the party the second saw a move towards the idea of complete proletarian spontaneity The first course is exemplified most clearly in Gramsci and Lukacs The second course is illustrated in the tendency developing from the Dutch and German far lefts which inclined towards the complete eradication of the party form 49 For many Marxian libertarian socialists the political bankruptcy of socialist orthodoxy necessitated a theoretical break This break took a number of forms The Bordigists and the SPGB championed a super Marxian intransigence in theoretical matters Other socialists made a return behind Marx to the anti positivist programme of German idealism Libertarian socialism has frequently linked its anti authoritarian political aspirations with this theoretical differentiation from orthodoxy Karl Korsch remained a libertarian socialist for a large part of his life and because of the persistent urge towards theoretical openness in his work Korsch rejected the eternal and static and he was obsessed by the essential role of practice in a theory s truth For Korsch no theory could escape history not even Marxism In this vein Korsch even credited the stimulus for Marx s Capital to the movement of the oppressed classes 50 Several libertarian socialists notably Noam Chomsky believe that anarchism shares much in common with specific variants of Marxism such as the council communism of Marxist Anton Pannekoek In his Notes on Anarchism Chomsky suggests the possibility that some form of council communism is the natural form of revolutionary socialism in an industrial society It reflects the belief that democracy is severely limited when the industrial system is controlled by any form of autocratic elite whether of owners managers and technocrats a vanguard party or a State bureaucracy 36 In the United Kingdom the group Solidarity was founded in 1960 by a small group of expelled members of the Trotskyist Socialist Labour League Almost from the start it was strongly influenced by the French Socialisme ou Barbarie group in particular by its intellectual leader Cornelius Castoriadis whose essays were among the many pamphlets Solidarity produced The group s intellectual leader was Chris Pallis who wrote under the name Maurice Brinton 51 Autonomist Marxism neo Marxism and Situationist theory are also regarded as anti authoritarian variants of Marxism that are firmly within the libertarian socialist tradition As such i n New Zealand no situationist group was formed despite the attempts of Grant McDonagh Instead McDonagh operated as an individual on the periphery of the anarchist milieu co operating with anarchists to publish several magazines such as Anarchy and KAT The latter called itself an anti authoritarian spasmodical of the libertarian ultra left situationists anarchists and libertarian socialists 52 Notable tendencies EditAnarchist Edit Main article Anarchism Historically anarchism and libertarian socialism have mainly been synonymous 53 Principally this regards the currents of classical anarchism developed in the 19th century in their commitments to autonomy and freedom decentralization opposing hierarchy and opposing the vanguardism of authoritarian socialism Anarcho syndicalist Gaston Leval explained We therefore foresee a Society in which all activities will be coordinated a structure that has at the same time sufficient flexibility to permit the greatest possible autonomy for social life or for the life of each enterprise and enough cohesiveness to prevent all disorder In a well organised society all of these things must be systematically accomplished by means of parallel federations vertically united at the highest levels constituting one vast organism in which all economic functions will be performed in solidarity with all others and that will permanently preserve the necessary cohesion 54 Marxist Edit A broad scope of economic and political philosophies that draw on the anti authoritarian aspects of Marxism have been described as Libertarian Marxism 55 a tendency which emphasises autonomy federalism and direct democracy 56 Wayne Price identified it most closely with the tendency of autonomist Marxism and identified libertarian characteristics within council communism the Johnson Forest Tendency the Socialisme ou Barbarie group and the Situationist International contrasting them with tendencies of Orthodox Marxism such as social democracy and Marxism Leninism 57 Michael Lowy and Olivier Besancenot have identified Rosa Luxemburg Walter Benjamin Andre Breton and Daniel Guerin as prominent figures of libertarian Marxism 58 Other Edit Other libertarian socialist currents include post classical anarchist tendencies and tendencies that cannot be easily classified within the anarchist Marxist division Democratic socialism Edit Main article Democratic socialism Labour Party minister Peter Hain has written in support of libertarian socialism 31 identifying an axis involving a bottom up vision of socialism with anarchists at the revolutionary end and democratic socialists such as himself at its reformist end as opposed to the axis of state socialism with Marxist Leninists at the revolutionary end and social democrats at the reformist end 59 Another recent mainstream Labour politician who has been described as a libertarian socialist is Robin Cook 60 In the United States there is a Libertarian Socialist Caucus within the Democratic Socialists of America 61 Within the New Left Edit Main article New Left Herbert Marcuse associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory was an influential libertarian socialist philosopher of the New Left 62 The emergence of the New Left in the 1960s led to a revival of interest in libertarian socialism 63 The New Left s critique of the Old Left s authoritarianism was associated with a strong interest in personal liberty and autonomy which led to a rediscovery of older socialist traditions such as left communism council communism and the Industrial Workers of the World citation needed Market anarchism Edit Main article Free market anarchism Market anarchism is a left libertarian and individualist anarchist 64 form of libertarian socialism 65 66 that stresses the value of radically free markets termed freed markets to distinguish them from the common conception which these libertarians believe to be riddled with statist and capitalist privileges 67 See also EditFreiwirtschaft free economy idea based on the natural economic order Mao Spontex Western Europe political movement of the 1960s 70s combining Maoism and spontaneism Sociocracy governance system using consent rather than majority voting Libertarianism a political philosophy that upholds liberty as a core principle Write your essay about Libertarian socialism on WikiversityReferences Edit Diemer Ulli 1977 What Is Libertarian Socialism The Red Menace Vol 2 no 1 Toronto Libertarian Socialist Collective ISSN 0711 2270 OCLC 1080364729 Retrieved 4 August 2019 McKay Iain ed 2012 2008 What Is Anarchism Isn t libertarian socialism an oxymoron An Anarchist FAQ Vol II Stirling AK Press ISBN 978 1 84935 122 5 It implies a classless and anti authoritarian i e libertarian society in which people manage their own affairs Long Roderick T 1998 Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class PDF Social Philosophy and Policy 15 2 303 349 doi 10 1017 S0265052500002028 S2CID 145150666 p 305 Yet unlike other socialists they tend to various different degrees depending on the thinker to be skeptical of centralized state intervention as the solution to capitalist exploitation Bookchin Murray Biehl Janet 1997 The Murray Bookchin Reader Cassell p 170 ISBN 0 304 33873 7 Hicks Steven V Shannon Daniel E 2003 The American Journal of Economics and Sociology Blackwell Publisher p 612 I1 Isn t libertarian socialism an oxymoron Archived 9 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine In An Anarchist FAQ Therefore rather than being an oxymoron libertarian socialism indicates that true socialism must be libertarian and that a libertarian who is not a socialist is a phoney As true socialists oppose wage labour they must also oppose the state for the same reasons Similarly libertarians must oppose wage labour for the same reasons they must oppose the state a b I1 Isn t libertarian socialism an oxymoron Archived 16 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine In An Anarchist FAQ So libertarian socialism rejects the idea of state ownership and control of the economy along with the state as such Through workers self management it proposes to bring an end to authority exploitation and hierarchy in production Prichard Alex Kinna Ruth Pinta Saku Berry Dave eds December 2012 Libertarian Socialism Politics in Black and Red Palgrave Macmillan p 13 Their analysis treats libertarian socialism as a form of anti parliamentary democratic antibureaucratic grass roots socialist organisation strongly linked to working class activism Long Roderick T 1998 Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class PDF Social Philosophy and Policy 15 2 303 349 doi 10 1017 S0265052500002028 S2CID 145150666 p 305 preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized local voluntary participatory cooperative associations Masquelier Charles 2014 Critical Theory and Libertarian Socialism Realizing the Political Potential of Critical Social Theory New York and London Bloomsbury Publishing p 189 What is of particular interest here however is the appeal to a form of emancipation grounded in decentralized cooperative and democratic forms of political and economic governance which most libertarian socialist visions including Cole s tend to share Marshall Peter 2009 1991 Demanding the Impossible A History of Anarchism POLS ed Oakland California PM Press p 641 ISBN 978 1604860641 Mendes Silva 1896 Socialismo Libertario ou Anarchismo 1 Society should be free through mankind s spontaneous federative affiliation to life based on the community of land and tools of the trade meaning Anarchy will be equality by abolition of private property while retaining respect for personal property and liberty by abolition of authority Leval Gaston 1959 Libertarian socialism a practical outline We therefore foresee a Society in which all activities will be coordinated a structure that has at the same time sufficient flexibility to permit the greatest possible autonomy for social life or for the life of each enterprise and enough cohesiveness to prevent all disorder In a well organized society all of these things must be systematically accomplished by means of parallel federations vertically united at the highest levels constituting one vast organism in which all economic functions will be performed in solidarity with all others and that will permanently preserve the necessary cohesion Hart David M Chartier Gary Kenyon Ross Miller Long Roderick T eds 2017 Social Class and State Power Exploring an Alternative Radical Tradition Palgrave p 300 preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized local voluntary participatory cooperative associations sometimes as a complement to and check on state power Rocker Rudolf 2004 Anarcho Syndicalism Theory and Practice AK Press p 65 ISBN 978 1 902593 92 0 Long Roderick T 1998 Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class PDF Social Philosophy and Policy 15 2 303 349 doi 10 1017 S0265052500002028 S2CID 145150666 p 305 LibSoc share with LibCap an aversion to any interference to freedom of thought expression or choicce of lifestyle Diemer Ulli 1977 What Is Libertarian Socialism The Red Menace Vol 2 no 1 Toronto Libertarian Socialist Collective ISSN 0711 2270 OCLC 1080364729 Retrieved 4 August 2019 What is implied by the term libertarian socialism The idea that socialism is first and foremost about freedom and therefore about overcoming the domination repression and alienation that block the free flow of human creativity thought and action An approach to socialism that incorporates cultural revolution women s and children s liberation and the critique and transformation of daily life as well as the more traditional concerns of socialist politics A politics that is completely revolutionary because it seeks to transform all of reality We do not think that capturing the economy and the state lead automatically to the transformation of the rest of social being nor do we equate liberation with changing our life styles and our heads Capitalism is a total system that invades all areas of life socialism must be the overcoming of capitalist reality in its entirety or it is nothing Chomsky Noam 1986 The Soviet Union Versus Socialism Chomsky info Retrieved 22 November 2015 Libertarian socialism furthermore does not limit its aims to democratic control by producers over production but seeks to abolish all forms of domination and hierarchy in every aspect of social and personal life an unending struggle since progress in achieving a more just society will lead to new insight and understanding of forms of oppression that may be concealed in traditional practice and consciousness O Neil John 1998 The Market Ethics Knowledge and Politics Routledge p 3 It is forgotten that the early defenders of commercial society like Adam Smith were as much concerned with criticising the associational blocks to mobile labour represented by guilds as they were to the activities of the state The history of socialist thought includes a long associational and anti statist tradition prior to the political victory of the Bolshevism in the east and varieties of Fabianism in the west Masquelier Charles 2014 Critical Theory and Libertarian Socialism Realizing the Political Potential of Critical Social Theory New York and London Bloomsbury Publishing p 190 It is by meeting such a twofold requirement that the libertarian socialism of G D H Cole could be said to offer timely and sustainable avenues for the institutionalization of the liberal value of autonomy Prichard Alex Kinna Ruth Pinta Saku Berry Dave eds December 2012 Libertarian Socialism Politics in Black and Red Palgrave Macmillan p 13 Locating libertarian socialism in a grey area between anarchist and Marxist extremes they argue that the multiple experiences of historical convergence remain inspirational and that through these examples the hope of socialist transformation survives Boraman Toby December 2012 Carnival and Class Anarchism and Councilism in Australasia during the 1970s In Prichard Alex Kinna Ruth Pinta Saku Berry Dave eds Libertarian Socialism Politics in Black and Red Palgrave Macmillan p 268 Councilism and anarchism loosely merged into libertarian socialism offering a non dogmatic path by which both council communism and anarchism could be updated for the changed conditions of the time and for the new forms of proletarian resistance to these new conditions Carlson Jennifer D 2012 Libertarianism In Miller Wilburn R ed The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America London Sage Publications p 1006 ISBN 978 1412988766 There exist three major camps in libertarian thought right libertarianism socialist libertarianism and left libertarianism the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars S ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few whether politically or economically as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism Poland Jefferson Sloan Sam ed 1968 Sex Marchers p 57 McNally David 1993 Against the Market Political Economy Market Socialism and the Marxist Critique Proudhon did Enormous Mischief Marx s Critique of the First Market Socialists Verso Books Davidson John Morrison 1896 Anarchist Socialism vs State Socialism at the London International Labour Congress 1896 W Reeves Bose Atindranath 1967 A History of Anarchism Calcutta World Press Bakunin Mikhail Stateless Socialism Anarchism In Maximoff G P 1953 The Political Philosophy of Bakunin New York The Free Press Gale Cengage Learning 2015 A Study Guide for Political Theories for Students Anarchism Socialist Anarchism Farmigton Hill Minnesota Gale Long Roderick T 1998 Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class PDF Social Philosophy and Policy 15 2 303 349 doi 10 1017 S0265052500002028 S2CID 145150666 a b Hain Peter July 2000 Rediscovering our Libertarian Roots Chartist Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 Retrieved 29 December 2022 Marchart Oliver 2006 Castoriadis Cornelius 1922 1997 In Harrington Austin Marshall Barbara L Muller Hans Peter eds Encyclopedia of Social Theory Vol 1 Routledge p 50 ISBN 0 415 29046 5 Chomsky Noam 2004 Language and Politics In Otero Carlos Peregrin AK Press p 739 Perlin Terry M 1979 Contemporary Anarchism Transaction Publishers p 40 ISBN 978 0 87855 097 5 Bookchin Murray The Modern Crisis Black Rose Books 1987 pp 154 55 ISBN 0 920057 61 6 a b Chomsky Noam 1970 Notes on Anarchism In Guerin Daniel ed Anarchism From Theory to Practice New York Monthly Review Press ISBN 0 85345 128 1 Archived from the original on 28 August 2014 Retrieved 22 May 2014 Kinna Ruth 2012 Introduction In Kinna Rith Pinta Saku Prichard Alex eds Libertarian Socialism Politics in Black and Red Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan pp 1 16 ISBN 978 0 230 28037 3 O Neil John 1998 The Market Ethics Knowledge and Politics Routledge p 3 Vrousalis 2011 p 211 Chomsky 2004 p 775 Ed Andrew Closing the Iron Cage The Scientific Management of Work and Leisure Black Rose Books 1999 p 116 Long Roderick T 1998 Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class PDF Social Philosophy and Policy 15 2 303 349 doi 10 1017 S0265052500002028 S2CID 145150666 p 310 LibSocs and LibCaps can both claim the seventeenth century English Levellers and the eighteenth century French Encyclopedists among their ideological forebears Hahnel 2005 p 138 Swartz Clarence Lee What is Mutualism Ricardian socialism The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought 1987 p 441 Graham Robert Anarchism A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas Volume One From Anarchy to Anarchism 300 CE to 1939 Black Rose Books 2005 Ojeili 2001 p 401 a b Ojeili 2001 p 403 Ojeili 2001 pp 403 404 Ojeili 2001 pp 407 408 Brinton Maurice Goodway David ed For Workers Power the selected writings of Maurice Brinton AK Press 2004 ISBN 1 904859 07 0 Toby Boraman Carnival and Class Anarchism and Councilism in Australasia during the 1970s in Alex Prichard Ruth Kinna Saku Pinta and Dave Berry eds Libertarian Socialism Politics in Black and Red Palgrave Macmillan December 2012 p 263 Cohn Jesse 2009 Anarchism In Ness Immanuel ed The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest Oxford UK John Wiley amp Sons Ltd p 4 ISBN 978 1 4051 9807 3 from the 1890s on the term libertarian socialism has entered common use as a synonym for anarchism Leval Gaston 1959 Libertarian Socialism A Practical Outline Retrieved 22 August 2020 via The Anarchist Library Lowy Michael Besancenot Olivier 2018 Expanding the horizon for a Libertarian Marxism Global Discourse 8 2 1 2 doi 10 1080 23269995 2018 1459332 S2CID 149816533 Lowy Michael Besancenot Olivier 2018 Expanding the horizon for a Libertarian Marxism Global Discourse 8 2 7 13 doi 10 1080 23269995 2018 1459332 S2CID 149816533 Price Wayne 2004 Libertarian Marxism s Relation to Anarchism The Utopian 4 75 76 Lowy Michael Besancenot Olivier 2018 Expanding the horizon for a Libertarian Marxism Global Discourse 8 2 3 7 doi 10 1080 23269995 2018 1459332 S2CID 149816533 Hain Peter 1995 Ayes to the Left A Future for Socialism Lawrence and Wishart ISBN 978 0 85315 832 5 Chris Smith said in 2005 that in recent years Cook had been setting out a vision of libertarian democratic socialism that was beginning to break the sometimes sterile boundaries of old and New Labour labels Chris Smith The House of Commons was Robin Cook s true home Commentators Opinion Independent co uk London Comment independent co uk 2005 08 08 Archived from the original on 2007 09 30 Retrieved 2009 06 24 Weaver Adam 5 August 2017 A Turning Point on the Left Libertarian Caucus Debuts at Democratic Socialist Conference Truthout Retrieved 8 August 2017 Kellner Douglas Herbert Marcuse Illuminations University of Texas at Arlington Retrieved 23 May 2014 During the 1960s Marcuse achieved world renown as the guru of the New Left publishing many articles and giving lectures and advice to student radicals all over the world He travelled widely and his work was often discussed in the mass media becoming one of the few American intellectuals to gain such attention Never surrendering his revolutionary vision and commitments Marcuse continued to his death to defend the Marxian theory and libertarian socialism Hahnel 2005 pp 148 149 Chartier Gary Johnson Charles W 2011 Markets Not Capitalism Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses Inequality Corporate Power and Structural Poverty Brooklyn NY Minor Compositions Autonomedia Chartier Gary Johnson Charles W 2011 Markets Not Capitalism Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses Inequality Corporate Power and Structural Poverty Brooklyn NY Minor Compositions Autonomedia p back cover It introduces an eye opening approach to radical social thought rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism Carson Kevin Socialism A Perfectly Good Word Rehabilitated Center for a Stateless Society But there has always been a market oriented strand of libertarian socialism that emphasizes voluntary cooperation between producers And markets properly understood have always been about cooperation As a commenter at Reason magazine s Hit amp Run blog remarking on Jesse Walker s link to the Kelly article put it every trade is a cooperative act In fact it s a fairly common observation among market anarchists that genuinely free markets have the most legitimate claim to the label socialism Gillis William 2011 The Freed Market In Chartier Gary and Johnson Charles Markets Not Capitalism Brooklyn NY Minor Compositions Autonomedia pp 19 20 Bibliography EditDawson Matt 2013 Late modernity individualization and socialism An Associational Critique of Neoliberalism Palgrave MacMillan doi 10 1057 9781137003423 ISBN 9781137003423 Goodway David 2006 Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow Liverpool University Press ISBN 1 84631 025 3 Guerin Daniel 1970 Anarchism From Theory to Practice Monthly Review Press ISBN 0 85345 175 3 Hahnel Robin 2005 Libertarian Socialism What Went Wrong Economic Justice and Democracy From Competition to Cooperation New York Routledge ISBN 0 415 93344 7 Marshall Peter H 1993 Demanding the Impossible London Fontana Press ISBN 978 0 00 686245 1 OCLC 1042028128 McKay Iain ed 2008 A 1 3 Why is anarchism also called libertarian socialism An Anarchist FAQ Vol 1 Masquelier Charles 2014 Critical Theory and Libertarian Socialism Realizing the Political Potential of Critical Social Theory Bloomsbury Academic ISBN 978 1 4411 1928 5 Ojeili Chamsy November 2001 The Advance Without Authority Post modernism Libertarian Socialism and Intellectuals Democracy amp Nature Taylor amp Francis 7 3 391 413 doi 10 1080 10855660120092294 ISSN 1469 3720 Retrieved 22 May 2014 Prichard Alex Kinna Ruth Pinta Saku Berry Dave eds December 2012 Libertarian Socialism Politics in Black and Red Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 230 28037 3 Vrousalis Nicholas April 2011 Libertarian Socialism A Better Reconciliation between Equality and Self Ownership Social Theory amp Practice Florida State University 37 2 211 226 ISSN 2154 123X JSTOR 23558541 External links Edit Media related to Libertarian socialism at Wikimedia Commons Portals Anarchism Libertarianism Socialism Society Politics EconomicsLibertarian socialism at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Libertarian socialism amp oldid 1142340343, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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