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Wikipedia

Baguio

April 10, 2024

Not to be confused with Bagyo or Bakio.
For other uses, see Baguio (disambiguation).

Baguio (UK: /ˈbæɡioʊ/ BAG-ee-oh, US: /ˈbɑːɡiˈoʊ/ BAH-ghee-oh, -⁠OH, Tagalog: [ˈbagjɔ]), officially the City of Baguio (Ibaloi: Siudad ne Bagiw; Ilocano: Siudad ti Baguio; Filipino: Lungsod ng Baguio), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippines. It is known as the "Summer Capital of the Philippines", owing to its cool climate since the city is located approximately 4,810 feet (1,470 meters) above mean sea level, often cited as 1,540 meters (5,050 feet) in the Luzon tropical pine forests ecoregion, which also makes it conducive for the growth of mossy plants, orchids and pine trees, to which it attributes its other moniker as the "City of Pines".[8]

Baguio
Highly urbanized city
From top, left to right: City proper overlooking Burnham Park; Mines View Park, Baguio Cathedral, Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, Session Road, SM City Baguio
Flag
Seal
Nicknames: 
Summer Capital of the Philippines
City of Pines
Anthem: Baguio Hymn
Map of Benguet with Baguio highlighted
OpenStreetMap
Baguio
Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 16°24′43″N 120°35′36″E / 16.4119°N 120.5933°E / 16.4119; 120.5933
CountryPhilippines
RegionCordillera Administrative Region
ProvinceBenguet (geographically only)
District Lone district
Founded1900
IncorporatedSeptember 1, 1909 (city)
Highly urbanized cityDecember 22, 1979
Barangays129 (see Barangays)
Government
 • TypeSangguniang Panlungsod
 • MayorBenjamin B. Magalong (NPC)[1]
 • Vice MayorFaustino A. Olowan (PDP–Laban)
 • RepresentativeMarquez O. Go (NP)
 • City Council
Members
 • Electorate168,218 voters (2022)
Area
[3]
 • Highly urbanized city57.51 km2 (22.20 sq mi)
 • Metro
 (BLISTT)
1,094.79 km2 (422.70 sq mi)
Elevation
853 m (2,799 ft)
Highest elevation
2,253 m (7,392 ft)
Lowest elevation
26 m (85 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[4]
 • Highly urbanized city366,358
 • Density6,400/km2 (16,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
 (BLISTT)
644,589
 • Metro density3,100/km2 (8,000/sq mi)
 • Households
100,220
Economy
 • Gross domestic product₱139,174 million (2021)[5]
$2,762 million (2021)[6]
 • Income class1st city income class
 • Poverty incidence
2.28
% (2018)[7]
 • Revenue₱ 2,162 million (2020)
 • Assets₱ 11,278 million (2020)
 • Expenditure₱ 1,420 million (2020)
 • Liabilities₱ 4,811 million (2020)
Service provider
 • ElectricityBenguet Electric Cooperative (BENECO)
 • WaterBaguio Water District (BWD)
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code
2600
PSGC
1430300000
IDD : area code +63 (0)74
Native languagesKankanaey
Ibaloi
Ilocano
Tagalog
Websitewww.baguio.gov.ph

Baguio was established as a hill station by the United States in 1900 at the site of an Ibaloi village known as Kafagway. It was the United States' only hill station in Asia.[9]

Baguio is classified as a highly urbanized city (HUC). It is geographically located within Benguet, serving as the provincial capital from 1901 to 1916,[10] but has since been administered independently from the province following its conversion into a chartered city. The city is the center of business, commerce, and education in northern Luzon, as well as the seat of government of the Cordillera Administrative Region.[11] According to the 2020 census, Baguio has a population of 366,358.[4]

Etymology

Baguio was called Kafagway by indigenous peoples. The name Baguio originated in the American period and is derived from the Ibaloi word bagiw (moss), which was then Hispanicized as Baguio.[12] A demonym for natives of the city, Ibagiw, is also derived from it. It is also the name for the city's annual arts festival.[13][14]

History

Ibaloi town of Kafagway

Baguio used to be a vast mountain zone with lush highland forests, teeming with various wildlife such as the indigenous deer, cloud rats, Philippine eagles, Philippine warty pigs, and numerous species of flora. The area was a hunting ground of the indigenous peoples, notably the Ibalois and other Igorot ethnic groups. When the Spanish arrived in the Philippines, the area was never fully subjugated by Spain due to the intensive defense tactics of the indigenous Igorots of the Cordilleras.[15]

Igorot oral history states the Benguet upper class, baknang, was founded between 1565 and the early 1600s, by the marriage of a gold trader, Amkidit, and a Kankanay maiden gold panning in Acupan. Their son, Baruy, discovered a gold deposit in the area, which he developed with hired workers and slaves.[15]

In 1755, the Augustinian Fray Pedro de Vivar established a mission in Tonglo (Tongdo) outside Baguio. Before he was driven out the following year, this rancheria included 220 people, including several baknang families. The Spanish tried to regain the mission in 1759, but were ambushed. This prompted the Governor General Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban to send Don Manuel Arza de Urrutia on a punitive expedition, which resulted in the mission being burned to the ground.[15]: 477–478 

Spanish rule

During Spanish rule in 1846, the Spaniards established a command post or a comandancia in the nearby town of La Trinidad, and organized Benguet into 31 rancherías, one of which was Kafagway, a wide grassy area where the present Burnham Park is situated. Kafagway was then a minor rancheria consisting of only about 20 houses; most of the lands in Kafagway were owned by a prominent Ibaloi, Mateo Cariño, who served as its chieftain.[16] The Spanish presidencia, which was located at Bag-iw at the vicinity of Guisad Valley was later moved to Cariño's house where the current city hall stands. Bag-iw was the Ibaloi toponym of the town, an Ibaloi term for "moss" which was historically abundant in the area. This name was spelled by the Spaniards as Baguio.[10][17]

First Philippine Republic

During the Philippine Revolution in July 1899, Filipino revolutionary forces under Pedro Paterno liberated La Trinidad from the Spaniards and took over the government, proclaiming Benguet as a province of the new Philippine Republic. Baguio was converted into a "town", with Mateo Cariño being the presidente (mayor).[10][17]

American rule

 
Baguio city plan map made by Daniel Burnham, circa 1905
 
Summer offices of the Philippine Insular Government in Baguio in 1909
 
Aerial view of Baguio, 1937

When the United States occupied the Philippines after the Spanish–American War, Baguio was selected to become the summer capital of the then Philippine Islands. American zoologist Dean Conant Worcester headed an expedition in 1900 after convincing U.S. Secretary of State Elihu Root to order an expedition to a cool place in the northern mountains of the Philippines.[18] Governor-General William Taft, on his first visit in 1901, noted the "air as bracing as Adirondacks or Murray Bay..."[19]: 317–319  On November 11, 1901, the American colonial government expropriated lands in Baguio owned by the Ibaloi people, who were forced to sell their lands.[20]

In 1903, Filipinos, Japanese and Chinese workers were hired to build Kennon Road, the first road directly connecting Baguio with the lowlands of La Union and Pangasinan. Before this, the only road to Benguet was Naguilian Road, and it was largely a horse trail at higher elevations.[citation needed] Camp John Hay was established in October 1903, after President Theodore Roosevelt signed an executive order setting aside land in Benguet for a military reservation for the United States Army to rest and recuperate from the lowland heat.[21][22] It was named after Roosevelt's Secretary of State, John Milton Hay.

The Mansion, built in 1908, served as the official residence of the American Governor-General during the summer to escape Manila's heat. The Mansion was designed by architect William E. Parsons based on preliminary plans by architect Daniel Burnham.[23]

Burnham, one of the earliest successful modern city planners, designed the mountain retreat following the tenets of the City Beautiful movement. In 1904, the rest of the city was planned out by Burnham. On September 1, 1909, Baguio was declared as a chartered city and nicknamed the "Summer Capital of the Philippines".[24]

The succeeding period saw further developments of and in Baguio with the construction of Wright Park in honor of Governor-General Luke Edward Wright, Burnham Park in honor of Burnham, Governor Pack Road, and Session Road.[25]

World War II

Main article: Battle of Baguio (1945)
 
An office building along Session Road destroyed by artillery fire during the Battle of Baguio. The building had been demolished in 2021 to pave way for a new building.

Prior to World War II, Baguio was the summer capital of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, and the home of the Philippine Military Academy.[26] As such, it was very important in military and political terms. Philippine President Manuel Quezon was even in Baguio when the war began.

On December 8, 1941, 17 Japanese bombers attacked Camp John Hay,[27]: 291 as part of the first Japanese air raid on Luzon.[28] Baguio was declared an open city in December 27.[29]

Following the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army used Camp John Hay, an American installation in Baguio, as a military base.[30] The nearby Philippine Constabulary base, Camp Holmes, was used as an internment camp for about 500 civilian enemy aliens, mostly Americans, between April 1942 and December 1944.[31][32]

 
General Yamashita (center, on the near side of the table) at the surrender ceremony at Camp John Hay on September 3, 1945.

President José P. Laurel of the Second Philippine Republic, a puppet state established in 1943, departed the city on March 22 and reached Taiwan eight days later, on March 30.[33] The remainder of the Second Republic government, along with Japanese civilians, were ordered to evacuate Baguio on March 30. General Tomoyuki Yamashita and his staff then relocated to Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya.[34]

By late March 1945, Baguio was within range of the American and Filipino military artillery.[33] Between March 4 and 10, United States Fifth Air Force planes dropped 933 tons of bombs and 1,185 gallons of napalm on Baguio, reducing much of the city to rubble.[35] A major offensive to capture Baguio did not occur until April 1945, when the USAFIP-NL's 1st Battalion of the 66th Infantry, attached with the United States Army's 37th Infantry Division, the USAFIP-NL's 2nd Battalion of 66th Infantry, attached with the US 33rd Infantry Division, and the USAFIP-NL's 3rd Battalion of the 66th Infantry, converged on Baguio. By April 27, 1945, the city was liberated and the joint force proceeded to liberate the La Trinidad valley.[27]

In September 1945, the Japanese forces in the Philippines, headed by General Yamashita and Vice Admiral Okochi, formally surrendered at Camp John Hay's American Residence in the presence of lieutenant generals Arthur Percival and Jonathan Wainwright.[36]

Post-World War II recovery

With the end of World War II, Baguio recovered quickly, earning a significant reputation as a tourism venue and earning significantly fro tourism even though it ceased to be the official "Summer Capital of the Philippines" in 1976.[37]

During the 1986 People Power Revolution

Main article: People Power Revolution

In the wake of the Snap Presidential elections of 1986, antidictatorship organizers were based largely in the Azotea Building midway up Session Road, and in Cafe Amapola further up Session, on its intersection with Governor Pack Road. Because the United States' Armed Forces Radio and Television Network station at Camp John Hay was transmitting news from Manila, they learned early on that the People Power Revolution had begun in Manila. Deciding that their locations were too unsafe, they encamped in the courtyard of the Baguio Cathedral, which was located on higher ground.[38] They were later joined by Lt. Benjamin Magalong, of the Philippine Constabulary detachment in Buguias, Benguet,[39] who had defected from the government, gone to the nearby Central Police Station in Baguio, and disarmed its personnel to prevent any untoward incidents while Baguio residents continued to gather at the cathedral to protest the abuses of the Marcos administration.[39] The Baguio Cathedral, and Session Road adjacent to it, thus became the center of the People Power revolution in Baguio - paralleling similar protests in Cebu, Davao, Bacolod, Manila, and other major Philippine cities, eventually leading to the ouster of President Ferdinand Marcos on February 25, 1986.[38]

Creation of the Cordillera Administrative Region

On July 15, 1987, President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order 220 which created the Cordillera Administrative Region,[40][41] and made the highly urbanized city of Baguio its seat of government.[11] Various attempts at legally turning the Cordillera Administrative Region into an autonomous region have been pursued, but failed to gather enough public support in two separate autonomy plebiscites.[42]

1990 Luzon Earthquake and aftermath

The 1990 Luzon earthquake (Ms = 7.7) destroyed some parts of Baguio and the surrounding province of Benguet on the afternoon of July 16, 1990.[43] A significant number of buildings and infrastructure were damaged, including the Hyatt Terraces Plaza, Nevada Hotel, Baguio Park Hotel, FRB Hotel and Baguio Hilltop Hotel; major highways were temporarily blocked due to landslides and pavement breakup; and a number of houses were leveled or severely shaken with numerous casualties.[44] Some of the fallen buildings were built on or near fault lines; local architects later admitted structural building codes should have been followed more religiously, particularly regarding concrete and rebar standards, and "soft stories." Baguio has been rebuilt with aid from the national government and international donors such as Japan, Singapore and the United States.[citation needed]

Geography

 
Pine trees near UP Baguio

Baguio is located some 1,400 meters (4,600 feet) above sea level, nestled within the Cordillera Central mountain range in northern Luzon. Enclosed by the province of Benguet,[24] the city covers a small area of 57.5 square kilometres (22.2 sq mi). Most of the developed part of the city is built on uneven, hilly terrain of the northern section. When Daniel Burnham drew plans for the city, he made the City Hall a reference point where the city limits extend 8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi) from east to west and 7.2 kilometres (4.5 mi) from north to south.[24]

Barangays

Baguio is composed of 129 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

 
Barangay Map of Baguio
  • A. Bonifacio-Caguioa-Rimando (ABCR)
  • Abanao-Zandueta-Kayong-Chugum-Otek (AZKCO)
  • Alfonso Tabora
  • Ambiong
  • Andres Bonifacio (Lower Bokawkan)
  • Apugan-Loakan
  • Asin Road
  • Atok Trail
  • Aurora Hill Proper (Malvar-Sgt. Floresca)
  • Aurora Hill, North Central
  • Aurora Hill, South Central
  • Bagong Lipunan (Market Area)
  • Bakakeng Central
  • Bakakeng North
  • Bal-Marcoville (Marcoville)
  • Balsigan
  • Bayan Park East
  • Bayan Park Village
  • Bayan Park West (Bayan Park, Leonila Hill)
  • BGH Compound
  • Brookside
  • Brookspoint
  • Cabinet Hill-Teacher's Camp
  • Camdas Subdivision
  • Camp 7
  • Camp 8
  • Camp Allen
  • Campo Filipino
  • City Camp Central
  • City Camp Proper
  • Country Club Village
  • Cresencia Village
  • Dagsian, Lower
  • Dagsian, Upper
  • Dizon Subdivision
  • Dominican Hill-Mirador
  • Dontogan
  • DPS Compound
  • Engineers' Hill
  • Fairview Village
  • Ferdinand (Happy Homes-Campo Sioco)
  • Fort del Pilar
  • Gabriela Silang
  • General Emilio F. Aguinaldo (Quirino‑Magsaysay, Lower)
  • General Luna, Upper
  • General Luna, Lower
  • Gibraltar
  • Greenwater Village
  • Guisad Central
  • Guisad Sorong
  • Happy Hollow
  • Happy Homes (Happy Homes-Lucban)
  • Harrison-Claudio Carantes
  • Hillside
  • Holy Ghost Extension
  • Holy Ghost Proper
  • Honeymoon (Honeymoon-Holy Ghost)
  • Imelda R. Marcos (La Salle)
  • Imelda Village
  • Irisan
  • Kabayanihan
  • Kagitingan
  • Kayang Extension
  • Kayang-Hilltop
  • Kias
  • Legarda-Burnham-Kisad
  • Liwanag-Loakan
  • Loakan Proper
  • Lopez Jaena
  • Lourdes Subdivision Extension
  • Lourdes Subdivision, Lower
  • Lourdes Subdivision, Proper
  • Lualhati
  • Lucnab
  • Magsaysay Private Road
  • Magsaysay, Lower
  • Magsaysay, Upper
  • Malcolm Square-Perfecto (Jose Abad Santos)
  • Manuel A. Roxas
  • Market Subdivision, Upper
  • Middle Quezon Hill Subdivision (Quezon Hill Middle)
  • Military Cut-off
  • Mines View Park
  • Modern Site, East
  • Modern Site, West
  • MRR-Queen of Peace
  • New Lucban
  • Outlook Drive
  • Pacdal
  • Padre Burgos
  • Padre Zamora
  • Palma-Urbano (Cariño-Palma)
  • Phil-Am
  • Pinget
  • Pinsao Pilot Project
  • Pinsao Proper
  • Poliwes
  • Pucsusan
  • Quezon Hill Proper
  • Quezon Hill, Upper
  • Quirino Hill, East
  • Quirino Hill, Lower
  • Quirino Hill, Middle
  • Quirino Hill, West
  • Quirino-Magsaysay, Upper (Upper QM)
  • Rizal Monument Area
  • Rock Quarry, Lower
  • Rock Quarry, Middle
  • Rock Quarry, Upper
  • Saint Joseph Village
  • Salud Mitra
  • San Antonio Village
  • San Luis Village
  • San Roque Village
  • San Vicente
  • Sanitary Camp, North
  • Sanitary Camp, South
  • Santa Escolastica
  • Santo Rosario
  • Santo Tomas Proper
  • Santo Tomas School Area
  • Scout Barrio
  • Session Road Area
  • Slaughter House Area (Santo Niño Slaughter)
  • SLU-SVP Housing Village
  • South Drive
  • Teodora Alonzo
  • Trancoville
  • Victoria Village

Proposed merger of barangays

A proposed merging of the city's 129 barangays had not been implemented since its inception in 2000. Several local officials stressed that many of the city's barangays did not comply with the minimum requirements in the Local Government Code of the Philippines that a highly urbanized city must have a certified population of least 5,000 inhabitants. According to Mayor Mauricio Domogan, in the past, benefits granted to local governments were based on the number of existing barangays; this led former local officials to create as many barangays as possible in the city in order to acquire additional benefits from the national government. The proposed merger, which will reduce the barangays from 130 to about 40 to 50 by merging adjacent ones, is believed to solve several issues concerning barangay boundary disputes, seemingly biased allocation of funds for larger barangays in relation to barangays with lesser area and population, as well as the inadequate honorarium of barangay officials.[45][46][47]

Climate

Climate data for Baguio (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1909–2021)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.4
(83.1) 		28.7
(83.7) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.0
(86.0) 		29.4
(84.9) 		28.7
(83.7) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.7
(81.9) 		28.0
(82.4) 		27.7
(81.9) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.2
(82.8) 		30.4
(86.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.1
(73.6) 		23.7
(74.7) 		24.8
(76.6) 		25.5
(77.9) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		23.1
(73.6) 		22.3
(72.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.9
(75.0) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.8
(74.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.1
(64.6) 		18.5
(65.3) 		19.7
(67.5) 		20.7
(69.3) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.4
(68.7) 		19.6
(67.3) 		19.3
(66.7) 		19.6
(67.3) 		19.6
(67.3) 		19.5
(67.1) 		18.8
(65.8) 		19.5
(67.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.0
(55.4) 		13.4
(56.1) 		14.5
(58.1) 		15.9
(60.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		16.5
(61.7) 		16.2
(61.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		16.1
(61.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		15.1
(59.2) 		14.1
(57.4) 		15.2
(59.4)
Record low °C (°F) 6.3
(43.3) 		6.7
(44.1) 		7.4
(45.3) 		10.0
(50.0) 		12.0
(53.6) 		13.3
(55.9) 		12.5
(54.5) 		12.8
(55.0) 		12.6
(54.7) 		11.3
(52.3) 		9.2
(48.6) 		7.6
(45.7) 		6.3
(43.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 16.4
(0.65) 		23.7
(0.93) 		50.5
(1.99) 		99.5
(3.92) 		340.0
(13.39) 		406.1
(15.99) 		772.7
(30.42) 		963.2
(37.92) 		537.3
(21.15) 		477.3
(18.79) 		96.1
(3.78) 		41.6
(1.64) 		3,824.4
(150.57)
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) 3 3 5 8 18 19 24 25 22 13 7 5 152
Average relative humidity (%) 85 85 84 85 88 90 92 93 92 90 86 85 88
Mean monthly sunshine hours 226.5 228.0 242.6 254.9 224.9 206.3 168.0 145.5 178.9 232.2 223.2 210.9 2,541.8
Percent possible sunshine 66 71 66 69 57 53 42 37 49 65 66 62 58
Source 1: PAGASA[48][49]
Source 2: DWD (sunshine 1978-2022)[50][51]

Under the Köppen climate classification, Baguio features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification: Am). The city is known for its mild climate owing to its high elevation. The temperature in the city is usually about 7 to 8 °C (13 to 14 °F) cooler than the lowland temperature.[24][52] Average temperature ranges from 15 to 23 °C (59 to 73 °F), with the lowest temperatures between November and February. The lowest recorded temperature was 6.3 °C (43.3 °F) on January 18, 1961; in contrast, the all-time high of 30.4 °C (86.7 °F) was recorded on March 15, 1988,[53] during the 1988 El Niño season.[54] The temperature seldom exceeds 26 °C (78.8 °F) even during the warmest part of the year.

Precipitation

 
Fog in Baguio as viewed from Mount Cabuyao

Like many other cities with a subtropical highland climate, Baguio receives noticeably less precipitation during its dry season. However, the city has an extraordinary amount of precipitation during the rainy season from June to October.[24] The city averages over 3,914 mm (154 in) of rainfall annually, the highest in the country.[55]

Environment

Pollution

 
Smog from vehicles in Bonifacio Street in 2018

Baguio suffers from air pollution and is one of the cities with the dirtiest air in the Philippines, according to a 2014 WHO report;[56] a slight improvement in the city's air quality was cited in 2017 by the DENR's Environmental Management Bureau. In a 2018 WHO report, the city was listed as having the most polluted air among 8 other local cities (Cebu, Dagupan, Davao, Manila, San Carlos, Urdaneta and Zamboanga).[57] Eco-vehicles and Euro 4 compliant vehicles have been tested whether or not they are suited for the city's steep slopes in line with efforts to modernize its Public Utility Vehicles (PUVs).[58] PUVs, specifically jeepneys, have been pushed for its modernization, in line with President Duterte's PUV modernization initiative.[59]

Another problem that plagues Baguio is its garbage and waste disposal. The city has been dumping its garbage in a landfill in Urdaneta City, but rising costs are putting a strain on the city's budget.[60] In early 2018, the city government started using its garbage transfer station in the city outskirts near Marcos Highway, drawing protests from residents of the nearby town of Tuba, who cited the facility poses health hazards to their communities.[61] As of 2019, the Philippine National Oil Company has offered to test a waste-to-energy technology as a possible solution to its garbage woes.[62] Baguio's waste water treatment plant is also eyed for an expansion as it has been unable to fully cater to the city's needs; wastewater which the plant could not accommodate were dumped in the Balili River, leading to its high coliform levels—even higher than that of Manila Bay's.[63]

Landscape

Baguio is also a planned city. American Architect and Urban Planner Daniel Burnham was commissioned to design the new capital; his design for the city was based on the City Beautiful movement,[64] which features broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles.

During the Second World War, Baguio was razed to the ground during the Japanese forces' invasion and the subsequent shelling by American forces during the liberation.[65] After the liberation, rebuilding began and most of the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed. However, some of the historic buildings from the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated or otherwise left to deteriorate.[citation needed] The 1990 Luzon earthquake further devastated Baguio's old buildings, which include 28 collapsed buildings such as hotels, factories, government and university buildings, and many private homes and establishments.[66]

Baguio's current landscape is mostly of contemporary architecture.[citation needed]

Architecture

 
Porta Vaga Mall along Session Road

Baguio's contemporary architecture is largely of American build,[citation needed] owing to the fact that Americans were the ones to establish a station here. A few examples include those built at Teacher's Camp and Camp John Hay, previous American installations in the city as well as the current Baguio City Hall. Some buildings are also influenced by Spanish building concepts, such as Porta Vaga Mall and La Azotea.[citation needed] One of the more modern buildings in the city is SM City Baguio, established in 2003.[67]

Moves by various groups with the goal to preserve these buildings have been made.[68][69] As a historic building, the Baguio City Hall has faced opposition to renovation of its grounds, since that may be against laws on national cultural heritage sites;[70] the renovations, however, continued as there has been no documentation supporting the City Hall as a national heritage site.[71] The construction of the City Hall park was finished in May 2019 as was said to define the city's new moniker as a creative center for crafts and folk arts.[72]

Demographics

Population census of Baguio
YearPop.±% p.a.
1918 5,464—    
1939 24,117+7.33%
1948 29,262+2.17%
1960 50,436+4.64%
1970 84,538+5.29%
1975 97,449+2.89%
1980 119,009+4.08%
1990 183,142+4.41%
1995 226,883+4.09%
2000 252,386+2.31%
2007 301,926+2.50%
2010 318,676+1.98%
2015 345,366+1.54%
2020 366,358+1.17%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[73][74][75][76]

The original inhabitants of Baguio are the Ibaloi people (natively pronounced as "Ivadoi"). When the Americans established the city in the early 1900s, early settlers in the city included members of other Igorot tribes (Igudut in Ibaloi), the lowlander Ilocanos (Iduko), Americans (Merikano), and mestizos. A significant number of Chinese (both Cantonese and Hokkien) and Japanese laborers were also hired to build Kennon Road, many of whom later settled in the city.[14]

The city's population as of May 2000 was placed at 250,000 persons. The city has a very young age structure as 65.5 percent of its total population is below thirty years old. Females comprise 51.3 percent of the population as against 48.7 percent for males. The household population comprises 98 percent of the total population, or 245,000 persons. With an average of 4.6 members per household, a total of 53,261 households are gleaned. During the peak of the annual tourist influx, particularly during the Lenten period, transients triple the population.[24]

Crime

Crime in Baguio is concentrated in theft and vehicular accidents. Crime in the city is also directly related to its changing demographics and unique criminal justice system. The illegal drug trade is also a problem of the city as 24 of its 129 barangays are considered as drug affected as of December 2017.[77]

In 2018, Baguio was listed as one of the safest cities both in the ASEAN region, ranking sixth with a crime index of 40.57 and safety index of 59.43. The Baguio City Police Office also has the highest crime solution efficiency nationwide of 84%, compared to the national 77% and the region's 70%.[77] In May 2019 BCPO also reported a drop of 27% in crimes, from 1,150 in 2018 to 834 in 2019. The BCPO was awarded as the country's best city police station in 2018.[78]

Religion

 
The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Atonement, the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Baguio

Baguio is a predominantly Christian city, as of 2015; Roman Catholics at 74% (254,716), Evangelicals (Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches) at 7% (24,236), National Council of Churches in the Philippines at 5% (17,968), and Iglesia ni Cristo at 4% (12,897).[79]

As of 2015, Muslims comprise 1% (3,269) of the city's total population.[79] The largest mosque in the area is Masjid Al-Maarif, which is a centre of Islamic studies in the Philippines.[80] The city also has smaller numbers of Buddhists and atheists, along with members of other faiths.[79]

Economy

 
SM City Baguio seen from Burnham Park
Poverty Incidence of Baguio
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[81][82]
[83][84][85][86][87]


As a melting pot of different peoples and cultures in the Cordillera Administrative Region, numerous investments and business opportunities are lured to Baguio.[24] Baguio has a large retail industry, with shoppers coming to the city to take advantage of the diversity of competitively priced commercial products on sale.[88] The city is also popular with bargain hunters;[89] some of the most popular bargaining areas include Baguio Market and Maharlika Livelihood Center.[citation needed] The city is home to numerous shopping centers and malls catering to increasing commercial and tourist activity;[90] these include: SM City Baguio, Baguio Center Mall, Abanao Square, and Tiong San.[91]

Various food and retail businesses run by local residents proliferate, forming a key part of Baguio's cultural landscape. Several retail outlets and dining outlets are situated along Bonifacio Street, Session Road, Teacher's Camp, Mines View Park and Baguio Fastfood Center near the market.[citation needed]

 
Maharlika Livelihood Center

The areas of Session Road, Harrison Road, Magsaysay Avenue and Abanao Street, comprise the city's trade center, where commercial and business structures such as cinemas, hotels, restaurants, department stores, and shopping centers are concentrated. The City Market offers a wide array of locally sourced goods and products, usually from Benguet province,[92][93] which includes colorful woven fabrics and hand-strung beads to primitive wood carvings, cut flowers,[92] strawberries and "Baguio" vegetables. The term 'Baguio vegetables' often denotes vegetable types that thrive in the cooler growing climate. Strawberries and string beans—referred to as Baguio beans across the Philippines—are shipped to major urban markets across the archipelago.[citation needed]

Another key source of income for Baguio is its position as the economic hub of the Cordillera Administrative Region.[94] The economy of the city has benefited from the vibrant mining industry in several towns of Benguet.[95] Many agricultural goods produced in Benguet pass through Baguio for processing, sale or further distribution to the lowlands.[96]

Industrial

Baguio is one of the Philippines' most profitable and best investment areas.[97][98]

A Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA)-accredited business and industrial park called the Baguio City Economic Zone (BCEZ) is located in the southern part of the city between Camp John Hay Country Club and Philippine Military Academy in Barangay Loakan. Firms located in the BCEZ mostly produce and export knitted clothing, transistors, small components for vehicles, electronics and computer parts. Notable firms include Texas Instruments Philippines, which is the second largest exporter in the country.[99] Other companies headquartered within the economic zone include Baguio Ayalaland Technohub,[100] Moog Philippines, Inc.,[101] Linde Philippines, Inc., LTX Philippines Corporation, and Sitel Philippines, Baguio.[102]

Outsourcing

 
A building hosting a BPO in Baguio

Outsourcing contributes to the city's economy and employment. Sitel, whose main office is located in the Baguio City Economic Zone, is the largest BPO company in the city with four sites established within the BCEZ. There are also multiple BPOs present in the city with numerous PEZA-accredited private economic zones established to cater to this industry. The Ayala Technohub located in Camp John Hay hosts Cocentrix and InterContinental Hotels Group alongside other commercial establishments.[103] Teleperformance Baguio and Thoughtfocus is established at the SM Cyberzone Building (also known as SM Fiesta Strip) located in front of Sunshine Park,[104] while other call centers downtown are Optimum Transsource, Sterling Global and Global Translogic. Tech-Synergy operates a large transcription and back office operation near Wright park.

In recent years, there has been a surge of ESL (English as a Second Language) Tutorial Schools throughout Baguio that caters to students from other countries and also provide online services. This industry however has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic with foreign students returning to their home countries.[105]

Culture

Arts and museums

 
Laperal White House

The city became a haven for many Filipino artists in the 1970s–1990s. Drawn by the cool climate and low cost of living, artists such as Ben Cabrera (now a National Artist) and filmmaker Butch Perez relocated to the city. At the same time, locals such as mixed-media artist Santiago Bose and filmmaker Kidlat Tahimik were also establishing work in the city. Even today, artists like painters and sculptors from all over the country are drawn to the Baguio Arts Festival which is held annually.[52] The city houses several museums, such as the Baguio Museum, Museo Kordilyera, Emilio F. Aguinaldo Museum, the Laperal White House and the SLU Museum of Arts and Cultures.

Baguio has been included in UNESCO's Creative Cities Network due to craft and folk art traditions of the city particularly ranging on expressions to wood carving, silver craft, traditional weaving and tattooing.[106] Baguio is the first city in the Philippines to be part of the inter-city network which aims to promote the creative industries as well as integrate culture in sustainable urban development.[107]

Languages

The languages commonly spoken in Baguio are Ibaloi, Kankana-ey, Ilocano, Tagalog, and Pangasinan. Kapampangan, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Maranao, Maguindanaon and Tausug are also spoken to varying degrees by their respective ethnic communities within the city.[108]

Festivals and holidays

 
Panagbenga Festival

The annual flower festival, called the Panagbenga Festival, is held every February; it was created to highlight the city's flowers and cool temperature and as a way to rise up from the devastation of the 1990 Luzon earthquake. The festival includes floats covered mostly with flowers;[109] it also includes street dancing, presented by dancers clad in flower-inspired costumes inspired by the Bendian, an Ibaloi dance of celebration. The indigenous people were initially wary with government-led tourism due to a perceived threat that the government would interfere with or change their communities' rituals.[110]

Baguio celebrates its city charter anniversary every September 1, which has been declared as a special non-working holiday in 1989 through Republic Act 6710.[111]

Tourism

See also: List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region
 
Burnham Park Lake

Tourism is one of Baguio's main industries due to its cool climate and history. The city is one of the country's top tourist destinations. During the year end holidays some people from the lowlands prefer spending their vacation in Baguio, to experience cold temperatures they rarely have in their home provinces. Also, during summer, especially during Holy Week, tourists from all over the country flock to the city. During this time, the total number of people in the city doubles.[112] To accommodate visitors, there are more than 80 hotels and inns available, as well as numerous transient houses set up by the locals.[113] Local festivities such as the Panagbenga Festival also attracts both local and foreign tourists.[114]

Baguio is the lone Philippine destination in the 2011 TripAdvisor Traveller's Choice Destinations Awards (Asia category) with the city being among the top 25 destinations in Asia.[115] Burnham Park, Mines View Park, Wright Park, The Mansion, and Botanical Garden are among the popular tourist sites in Baguio.[116]

Government

Local government

Further information: Sangguniang Panlungsod and Mayor of Baguio
 
Baguio City Hall

As a highly urbanized city with its own charter, it is not subject to the jurisdiction of Benguet province, of which it was formerly a part.

The City of Baguio is led by its own mayor and vice mayor. The vice mayor leads the city council, composed of 12 elected councilors and 3 ex-officio members (the ABC President, SK President, and IPMR of the city). The City Government holds office at the Baguio City Hall.[117]

The 129 barangays are led by their own captains assisted by a 7-man barangay council.[118]

These officials are term-limited by up to 3 consecutive terms, with each term lasting for 3 years.

Elected officials

The city's government's composition as of June 30, 2022[119][120][121][122]

City Government of Baguio
Position Name Year elected Term no.
Congressman Marquez O. Go 2016 3
Mayor Benjamin B. Magalong 2019 2
Vice Mayor Faustino A. Olowan 2019 2
Councilor Benny O. Bomogao 2016 3
Jose M. Molintas 2022 1
Arthur L. Allad-iw 2016 3
Betty Lourdes F. Tabanda 2019 2
Leandro B. Yañgot Jr. 2022 1
Isabelo B. Cosalan Jr. 2019 2
Maria Mylen Victoria G. Yaranon 2016 3
Elmer O. Datuin 2022 1
Peter C. Fianza 2022 1
Vladimir D. Cayabas 2019 2
Fred L. Bagbagen 2019 2
Lilia A. Fariñas 2016 3
Councilor
(ex-officio member)
ABC President 		Rocky M. Aliping 2024 1
Councilor
(ex-officio member)
SK President 		John Rhey L. Mananeng 2023 1
Councilor
(ex-officio member)
Indigenous People's Mandatory Representative (IPMR) 		Maximo H. Edwin Jr. 2023 1

Congress representation

It is represented in the House of Representatives by its own congressman, the city itself a lone district, separate from the province of Benguet. Currently, the city is represented by Marquez O. Go.

Summer residences

 
The Mansion serves as the summer residence of the President of the Philippines.

The city hosts the summer residences of the President, Vice President, Senate President and House Speaker at Barangay Lualhati, while the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals and the Cabinet Secretaries cottages are housed at Cabinet Hill.[123] The Supreme Court and Court of Appeals hold summer sessions in the city, usually during the month of April.[124]

Sports

 
Baguio Athletic Bowl

Baguio has hosted several sporting events, even those of international standing. The Baguio Athletic Bowl within the grounds of Burnham Park is one of Baguio's primary sporting venues. Baguio hosted the 1978 World Chess Championship match between Anatoly Karpov and Viktor Korchnoi, building the Baguio Convention Center for that purpose. The city is a participant in the CARAA games or the Cordillera Administrative Region Athletic Association, hosting it last in 2016 and 2017. The winners of the said event will eventually represent the region in the annual Palarong Pambansa games, which is also sponsored by the Department of Education.[125] As of 2019, the city is still the overall champion with 205 gold, 110 silver and 79 bronze medals.[126][127]

In recent years, Baguio has been racking up titles and medals in the field of Mixed Martial Arts led by Team Lakay.[128][129]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Air

 
Loakan Airport runway in the outskirts of the city

Loakan Airport is the lone airport serving the general area of Baguio. The airport is classified as a trunkline airport, or a major commercial domestic airport, by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines. Major commercial operations to Baguio however ceased after Philippine Airlines closed their Baguio route in 1998. There were attempts to reopen Baguio routes throughout the following two decades by different airline operators such as Asian Spirit and Sky Pasada but none were able to sustain continuous operation.[130] Commercial flights have once again resumed in 2022 with Philippine Airlines (operated by PAL Express) operating Baguio–Cebu flights and vice-versa.[131]

The airport is located south of the city center. Due to the limited length of the runway, being only 1,802 m (5,912 ft) long, it is restricted to commuter size aircraft. The airport is used primarily by helicopters, turbo-prop and piston engine aircraft, although on rare occasions light business jets (LBJ) have flown into the airport.

Land

 
Session Road, one of Baguio's primary roads
 
Jeepney terminal in downtown Baguio
 
Flyover in Baguio

Jeepneys and taxis are the main means of public transportation in the city. The government's push for jeepney modernization has led to an increase of modern EURO 4 compliant PUVs plying Baguio's center. The rollout however for full jeepney modernization had been hampered by the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several bus lines linking Baguio with Manila, Bontoc, Mariveles, Olongapo, Cabanatuan, and provinces such as Pangasinan, Pampanga, Bataan,[132] Nueva Ecija, Aurora, Cavite, La Union, Nueva Vizcaya and those in the Ilocos regions. Notable bus companies that operate the Baguio to Manila routes are Victory Liner, Genesis Transport and its premium bus line JoyBus, and Solid North.

From Metro Manila, Baguio is accessible via NLEX (from Bulacan to Pampanga), SCTEX (Pampanga to Tarlac) and TPLEX (from Tarlac to La Union). The three main access roads leading to Baguio from the lowlands are Kennon Road (formerly known as the Benguet Road),[133] Aspiras–Palispis Highway (previously known as Marcos Highway)[134] and Naguilian Road, also known as Quirino Highway. The newest road that connects the city to the lowlands is Asin Road (also known as Asin-San Pascual-Tubao, La Union Road).[135] All these roads traverse the municipality of Tuba, Benguet.

  • Kennon Road starts in Rosario, La Union and winds upwards through a narrow, steep valley. This is often the fastest route to Baguio but it is particularly perilous,[133] with landslides during the rainy season and sharp dropoffs, some without guardrails. The recently passed Republic Act No. 11604 pushes for the full rehabilitation of Kennon Road as an all-weather highway.
  • Aspiras-Palispis Highway starts in Agoo, La Union and connects to Palispis Highway, at the boundary of Benguet and La Union provinces.
  • Asin-Tubao Road starts in Tubao, La Union and serves as secondary alternative road if gridlock occurs at Aspiras-Palispis Highway[135][136]
  • Naguilian Road, which starts in Bauang, La Union, are both longer routes but are much safer than Kennon Road especially during rainy season, and are the preferred routes for coaches, buses and trucks.[137][138]

The Benguet-Nueva Vizcaya Road, which links Baguio to Aritao in Nueva Vizcaya province, traverses the towns of Itogon, Bokod, and Kayapa.[139]

Another road, Halsema Highway, (also known as the Baguio-Bontoc Road or the Mountain Trail) leads north through the mountainous portion of the provinces of Benguet and Mountain Province;[140] it starts at the northern border of Baguio with La Trinidad.[141]

HoHo Bus

In an effort to address traffic congestion and the lack of car parking at tourist spots in the city, Baguio operates a free bus shuttle service called the Hop On, Hop Off (HoHo) Tourist Bus. Through a park and ride scheme, the service encourages tourists with private vehicles to park their vehicles at the Baguio Convention Center (BCC) for a fee and ride the bus to various tourists sites free of charge.[142] Relaunched on July 15, 2022, the HoHo bus has scheduled departure and arrival times, operating a looped route between the BCC, the Baguio Botanical Garden, the Mansion House, Mines View Park, Wright Park, and Governor Pack Road. The bus service has an estimated waiting interval of 30 minutes and is operational from 8:30 AM to 6:20 PM daily.[143]

All times are in Philippine Standard Time (UTC+08:00).

List of stops[143]
Destination First trip Last trip Location
BCC 8:30 AM 4:30 PM Military Cut-off Baguio
Botanical Garden 9:05 AM 5:05 PM Saint Joseph Village
The Mansion 9:25 AM 5:25 PM Lualhati
Mines View Park 9:50 AM 5:50 PM Mines View Park
Wright Park 10:20 AM 6:20 PM Lualhati
Governor Pack Road — — Session Road Area
Stops, stations and transit systems in italics are either under construction or proposed.

Possible future modes

  • Cable Cars - As of July 8, 2019, Secretary Tugade of the Department of Transportation said that the feasibility study for the installation of the cable cars in Manila may be finished within the year, with Baguio soon to follow.[144] The Philippine government earlier secured a P27 million grant from France for this venture, with Manila and Baguio seen as possible initial sites.[145]
  • Monorail - A monorail project from Baguio to La Trinidad is being mulled over by the SSS as a possible investment in CAR. It is seen to further boost tourism and decongest traffic. The project is similar to the one installed by the Department of Science and Technology at the UP Campus in 2012.[146]

Water and electricity

Most of the water supply of the city is provided for by the Baguio Water District, founded in 1975 as the successor to the now-defunct Department of Public Services. It currently operates 60 deep wells to cater to its more than 300,000 consumers. It currently serves 122 out of the 129 barangays in the city and some parts of Tuba, Benguet.[147][148] In recent years, the BWD has expressed concern over the city's depleting water supply, due in part to the private wells dug by private individuals and companies.[148]

Electric services are provided by Benguet Electric Cooperative (BENECO), the sole electric power distributor in Benguet. In 2012, a bill was filled in the House of Representatives seeking the creation of the Baguio Electric Cooperative or BAELCO, an entity to provide for the city's own electricity needs, separate from BENECO. Its creation has been met with opposition by various groups citing the need of a feasibility study on the separation. The creation of a separate electric franchise for Baguio would also infringe on BENECO's existing franchise that mandated BENECO to provide electricity for both Baguio and Benguet which would create legal implications if it was to be amended.[149][150][151]

The city is also the only local government unit to own and operate its own renewable energy plant. Originally constructed in the 1920s, the Asin Mini Hydropower Plants 1, 2 and 3 located in Tuba, Benguet came under the city's possession after the lapse of the 25-year lease agreement with the Aboitiz-owned Hydroelectric Development Corporation (HEDCOR). The plant acted as both a power source and another income-generating asset of the city as BENECO was also its main client. The power plant however was forced to cease operation on 2015 when the Energy Regulatory Commission issued a cease and desist order to the city due to the lack of a certificate of compliance from the city. The city currently has plans to rehabilitate the power plants so that they could resume operations once again.[152][153]

Healthcare

See also: List of hospitals in the Philippines
 
BGHMC, Baguio's sole government hospital

Baguio's healthcare is mainly provided by various private corporations. Private hospitals operating in the city are the Baguio Medical Center, BCU-Santo Niño de Jesus Medical Center Foundation, Notre Dame de Chartres Hospital, Pines City Doctors' Hospital and Saint Louis University's Hospital of Sacred Heart. The BCU-Santo Niño de Jesus Medical Center Foundation ceased operations on 2009 due to financial reasons but was reopened during the COVID-19 pandemic with the local government refurbishing it as an isolation center for COVID-19 patients.[154][155][156] In early 2019, several groups were eyeing to establish a hospital in Barangay Scout Barrio, but was met with opposition; as of March 2019, the project has been shelved.[157][158][159]

The Baguio City Health Services Office is the office responsible for the health care programs provided by the city government, operating 16 health centers and 15 satellite clinics. Baguio hosts the Baguio General Hospital and Medical Center or BGHMC, a tertiary state-owned hospital administered and operated by the Department of Health. It is the sole government hospital in the city and the largest government tertiary hospital in the Cordillera Administrative Region.[160][161]

Education

 
Baguio Central School

Education is a major contributor to the economy of Baguio. Considered as the "Educational Center of the North", the city has a transient student population who migrate to the city to attend tertiary education.[162]

Baguio is the center of education in the Northern Philippines due to high performances in various professional licensure exams as well as adherence to high educational quality standards, housing some of the prestigious and largest universities in Northern Luzon.[163]

Elementary and secondary

 
Baguio City High School

The city has 45 public elementary schools and 21 public secondary schools. Most of its secondary private schools are divisions of the private universities of the city. The Philippine Science High School - CAR campus was established in the city in 2009 and is located in Irisan. In 2016, the city government established in Irisan the Baguio City Science High School to create a unified science high school campus.[164]

Universities

 
Saint Louis University
 
Philippine Military Academy

The city houses eight major institutions of higher education. Baguio's first private school, Easter College, was set up in 1906 by the Rt. Rev. Charles Brent, who was a bishop of the Episcopalian Church.[165][166]

The University of the Philippines, the country's premier state university, was established as an extension campus in Vigan, Ilocos Sur before transferring to Baguio in 1938.[167] In 1961, it became a branch campus of UP Diliman, before finally becoming UP Baguio in 2002.[168]

Saint Louis University is the largest university in the city and in the north of Manila, catering to over 30,000 students;[169] it was founded by Belgian CICM missionaries in 1911[170] initially as a one-storey school for boys. It became a college in the 1950s before becoming a university in 1963. It currently has four campuses spread across the city.[citation needed]

Baguio Central University was founded in 1945 as the Centro Academy by the Fernandez family.[171] The following year, another educational institution, the University of the Cordilleras was established as the Baguio Colleges before becoming the Baguio Colleges Foundation; it became a full-fledged university in 2003.[172] The University of Baguio was established as the Baguio Technical and Commercial Institute in 1948 by the Bautista family; it was upgraded to university status in 1969.[173]

Mainly a nursing and medical school, Pines City Colleges was founded in 1969 as the Pines City Doctors Hospital School of Nursing, three years after the opening of Pines City Doctors' Hospital in 1966.[citation needed]

The Philippine Military Academy, the country's military school, was originally founded in the Walled City of Intramuros in 1907 before relocating to Baguio in 1908.[174]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Baguio

Twin towns and sister cities

Local

International

See also

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baguio.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Baguio.
  • Official website
  • Philippine Standard Geographic Code
  • Baguio at OpenStreetMap

April 10, 2024
baguio, confused, with, bagyo, bakio, other, uses, disambiguation, ɑː, ghee, tagalog, ˈbagjɔ, officially, city, ibaloi, siudad, bagiw, ilocano, siudad, filipino, lungsod, class, highly, urbanized, city, cordillera, administrative, region, philippines, known, s. Not to be confused with Bagyo or Bakio For other uses see Baguio disambiguation Baguio UK ˈ b ae ɡ i oʊ BAG ee oh US ˈ b ɑː ɡ i ˈ oʊ BAH ghee oh OH Tagalog ˈbagjɔ officially the City of Baguio Ibaloi Siudad ne Bagiw Ilocano Siudad ti Baguio Filipino Lungsod ng Baguio is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Cordillera Administrative Region Philippines It is known as the Summer Capital of the Philippines owing to its cool climate since the city is located approximately 4 810 feet 1 470 meters above mean sea level often cited as 1 540 meters 5 050 feet in the Luzon tropical pine forests ecoregion which also makes it conducive for the growth of mossy plants orchids and pine trees to which it attributes its other moniker as the City of Pines 8 BaguioHighly urbanized cityFrom top left to right City proper overlooking Burnham Park Mines View Park Baguio Cathedral Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes Session Road SM City BaguioFlagSealNicknames Summer Capital of the PhilippinesCity of PinesAnthem Baguio HymnMap of Benguet with Baguio highlightedOpenStreetMapBaguioLocation within the PhilippinesCoordinates 16 24 43 N 120 35 36 E 16 4119 N 120 5933 E 16 4119 120 5933CountryPhilippinesRegionCordillera Administrative RegionProvinceBenguet geographically only DistrictLone districtFounded1900IncorporatedSeptember 1 1909 city Highly urbanized cityDecember 22 1979Barangays129 see Barangays Government TypeSangguniang Panlungsod MayorBenjamin B Magalong NPC 1 Vice MayorFaustino A Olowan PDP Laban RepresentativeMarquez O Go NP City CouncilMembers 2 Joel A AlangsabBenny O BomogaoBetty Lourdes F TabandaElaine D SembranoMaria Mylen Victoria G YaranonIsabelo B Cosalan Jr Francisco Roberto A Ortega VIArthur L Allad iwVladimir D CayabasFred L BagbagenLilia A FarinasPhilian Louise W Allan Electorate168 218 voters 2022 Area 3 Highly urbanized city57 51 km2 22 20 sq mi Metro BLISTT 1 094 79 km2 422 70 sq mi Elevation853 m 2 799 ft Highest elevation2 253 m 7 392 ft Lowest elevation26 m 85 ft Population 2020 census 4 Highly urbanized city366 358 Density6 400 km2 16 000 sq mi Metro BLISTT 644 589 Metro density3 100 km2 8 000 sq mi Households100 220Economy Gross domestic product 139 174 million 2021 5 2 762 million 2021 6 Income class1st city income class Poverty incidence2 28 2018 7 Revenue 2 162 million 2020 Assets 11 278 million 2020 Expenditure 1 420 million 2020 Liabilities 4 811 million 2020 Service provider ElectricityBenguet Electric Cooperative BENECO WaterBaguio Water District BWD Time zoneUTC 8 PST ZIP code2600PSGC1430300000IDD area code 63 0 74Native languagesKankanaey Ibaloi Ilocano TagalogWebsitewww wbr baguio wbr gov wbr phBaguio was established as a hill station by the United States in 1900 at the site of an Ibaloi village known as Kafagway It was the United States only hill station in Asia 9 Baguio is classified as a highly urbanized city HUC It is geographically located within Benguet serving as the provincial capital from 1901 to 1916 10 but has since been administered independently from the province following its conversion into a chartered city The city is the center of business commerce and education in northern Luzon as well as the seat of government of the Cordillera Administrative Region 11 According to the 2020 census Baguio has a population of 366 358 4 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Ibaloi town of Kafagway 2 2 Spanish rule 2 3 First Philippine Republic 2 4 American rule 2 5 World War II 2 6 Post World War II recovery 2 7 During the 1986 People Power Revolution 2 8 Creation of the Cordillera Administrative Region 2 9 1990 Luzon Earthquake and aftermath 3 Geography 3 1 Barangays 3 1 1 Proposed merger of barangays 3 2 Climate 3 2 1 Precipitation 4 Environment 4 1 Pollution 5 Landscape 5 1 Architecture 6 Demographics 6 1 Crime 6 2 Religion 7 Economy 7 1 Industrial 7 2 Outsourcing 8 Culture 8 1 Arts and museums 8 2 Languages 8 3 Festivals and holidays 9 Tourism 10 Government 10 1 Local government 10 2 Elected officials 10 3 Congress representation 10 4 Summer residences 11 Sports 12 Infrastructure 12 1 Transportation 12 1 1 Air 12 1 2 Land 12 1 2 1 HoHo Bus 12 1 3 Possible future modes 12 2 Water and electricity 13 Healthcare 14 Education 14 1 Elementary and secondary 14 2 Universities 15 Notable people 16 Twin towns and sister cities 16 1 Local 16 2 International 17 See also 18 References 19 External linksEtymologyBaguio was called Kafagway by indigenous peoples The name Baguio originated in the American period and is derived from the Ibaloi word bagiw moss which was then Hispanicized as Baguio 12 A demonym for natives of the city Ibagiw is also derived from it It is also the name for the city s annual arts festival 13 14 HistoryIbaloi town of Kafagway Baguio used to be a vast mountain zone with lush highland forests teeming with various wildlife such as the indigenous deer cloud rats Philippine eagles Philippine warty pigs and numerous species of flora The area was a hunting ground of the indigenous peoples notably the Ibalois and other Igorot ethnic groups When the Spanish arrived in the Philippines the area was never fully subjugated by Spain due to the intensive defense tactics of the indigenous Igorots of the Cordilleras 15 Igorot oral history states the Benguet upper class baknang was founded between 1565 and the early 1600s by the marriage of a gold trader Amkidit and a Kankanay maiden gold panning in Acupan Their son Baruy discovered a gold deposit in the area which he developed with hired workers and slaves 15 In 1755 the Augustinian Fray Pedro de Vivar established a mission in Tonglo Tongdo outside Baguio Before he was driven out the following year this rancheria included 220 people including several baknang families The Spanish tried to regain the mission in 1759 but were ambushed This prompted the Governor General Pedro Manuel de Arandia Santisteban to send Don Manuel Arza de Urrutia on a punitive expedition which resulted in the mission being burned to the ground 15 477 478 Spanish rule During Spanish rule in 1846 the Spaniards established a command post or a comandancia in the nearby town of La Trinidad and organized Benguet into 31 rancherias one of which was Kafagway a wide grassy area where the present Burnham Park is situated Kafagway was then a minor rancheria consisting of only about 20 houses most of the lands in Kafagway were owned by a prominent Ibaloi Mateo Carino who served as its chieftain 16 The Spanish presidencia which was located at Bag iw at the vicinity of Guisad Valley was later moved to Carino s house where the current city hall stands Bag iw was the Ibaloi toponym of the town an Ibaloi term for moss which was historically abundant in the area This name was spelled by the Spaniards as Baguio 10 17 First Philippine Republic During the Philippine Revolution in July 1899 Filipino revolutionary forces under Pedro Paterno liberated La Trinidad from the Spaniards and took over the government proclaiming Benguet as a province of the new Philippine Republic Baguio was converted into a town with Mateo Carino being the presidente mayor 10 17 American rule nbsp Baguio city plan map made by Daniel Burnham circa 1905 nbsp Summer offices of the Philippine Insular Government in Baguio in 1909 nbsp Aerial view of Baguio 1937 When the United States occupied the Philippines after the Spanish American War Baguio was selected to become the summer capital of the then Philippine Islands American zoologist Dean Conant Worcester headed an expedition in 1900 after convincing U S Secretary of State Elihu Root to order an expedition to a cool place in the northern mountains of the Philippines 18 Governor General William Taft on his first visit in 1901 noted the air as bracing as Adirondacks or Murray Bay 19 317 319 On November 11 1901 the American colonial government expropriated lands in Baguio owned by the Ibaloi people who were forced to sell their lands 20 In 1903 Filipinos Japanese and Chinese workers were hired to build Kennon Road the first road directly connecting Baguio with the lowlands of La Union and Pangasinan Before this the only road to Benguet was Naguilian Road and it was largely a horse trail at higher elevations citation needed Camp John Hay was established in October 1903 after President Theodore Roosevelt signed an executive order setting aside land in Benguet for a military reservation for the United States Army to rest and recuperate from the lowland heat 21 22 It was named after Roosevelt s Secretary of State John Milton Hay The Mansion built in 1908 served as the official residence of the American Governor General during the summer to escape Manila s heat The Mansion was designed by architect William E Parsons based on preliminary plans by architect Daniel Burnham 23 Burnham one of the earliest successful modern city planners designed the mountain retreat following the tenets of the City Beautiful movement In 1904 the rest of the city was planned out by Burnham On September 1 1909 Baguio was declared as a chartered city and nicknamed the Summer Capital of the Philippines 24 The succeeding period saw further developments of and in Baguio with the construction of Wright Park in honor of Governor General Luke Edward Wright Burnham Park in honor of Burnham Governor Pack Road and Session Road 25 World War II Main article Battle of Baguio 1945 nbsp An office building along Session Road destroyed by artillery fire during the Battle of Baguio The building had been demolished in 2021 to pave way for a new building Prior to World War II Baguio was the summer capital of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and the home of the Philippine Military Academy 26 As such it was very important in military and political terms Philippine President Manuel Quezon was even in Baguio when the war began On December 8 1941 17 Japanese bombers attacked Camp John Hay 27 291 as part of the first Japanese air raid on Luzon 28 Baguio was declared an open city in December 27 29 Following the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941 the Imperial Japanese Army used Camp John Hay an American installation in Baguio as a military base 30 The nearby Philippine Constabulary base Camp Holmes was used as an internment camp for about 500 civilian enemy aliens mostly Americans between April 1942 and December 1944 31 32 nbsp General Yamashita center on the near side of the table at the surrender ceremony at Camp John Hay on September 3 1945 President Jose P Laurel of the Second Philippine Republic a puppet state established in 1943 departed the city on March 22 and reached Taiwan eight days later on March 30 33 The remainder of the Second Republic government along with Japanese civilians were ordered to evacuate Baguio on March 30 General Tomoyuki Yamashita and his staff then relocated to Bambang Nueva Vizcaya 34 By late March 1945 Baguio was within range of the American and Filipino military artillery 33 Between March 4 and 10 United States Fifth Air Force planes dropped 933 tons of bombs and 1 185 gallons of napalm on Baguio reducing much of the city to rubble 35 A major offensive to capture Baguio did not occur until April 1945 when the USAFIP NL s 1st Battalion of the 66th Infantry attached with the United States Army s 37th Infantry Division the USAFIP NL s 2nd Battalion of 66th Infantry attached with the US 33rd Infantry Division and the USAFIP NL s 3rd Battalion of the 66th Infantry converged on Baguio By April 27 1945 the city was liberated and the joint force proceeded to liberate the La Trinidad valley 27 In September 1945 the Japanese forces in the Philippines headed by General Yamashita and Vice Admiral Okochi formally surrendered at Camp John Hay s American Residence in the presence of lieutenant generals Arthur Percival and Jonathan Wainwright 36 Post World War II recovery With the end of World War II Baguio recovered quickly earning a significant reputation as a tourism venue and earning significantly fro tourism even though it ceased to be the official Summer Capital of the Philippines in 1976 37 During the 1986 People Power Revolution Main article People Power Revolution In the wake of the Snap Presidential elections of 1986 antidictatorship organizers were based largely in the Azotea Building midway up Session Road and in Cafe Amapola further up Session on its intersection with Governor Pack Road Because the United States Armed Forces Radio and Television Network station at Camp John Hay was transmitting news from Manila they learned early on that the People Power Revolution had begun in Manila Deciding that their locations were too unsafe they encamped in the courtyard of the Baguio Cathedral which was located on higher ground 38 They were later joined by Lt Benjamin Magalong of the Philippine Constabulary detachment in Buguias Benguet 39 who had defected from the government gone to the nearby Central Police Station in Baguio and disarmed its personnel to prevent any untoward incidents while Baguio residents continued to gather at the cathedral to protest the abuses of the Marcos administration 39 The Baguio Cathedral and Session Road adjacent to it thus became the center of the People Power revolution in Baguio paralleling similar protests in Cebu Davao Bacolod Manila and other major Philippine cities eventually leading to the ouster of President Ferdinand Marcos on February 25 1986 38 Creation of the Cordillera Administrative Region On July 15 1987 President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order 220 which created the Cordillera Administrative Region 40 41 and made the highly urbanized city of Baguio its seat of government 11 Various attempts at legally turning the Cordillera Administrative Region into an autonomous region have been pursued but failed to gather enough public support in two separate autonomy plebiscites 42 1990 Luzon Earthquake and aftermath The 1990 Luzon earthquake Ms 7 7 destroyed some parts of Baguio and the surrounding province of Benguet on the afternoon of July 16 1990 43 A significant number of buildings and infrastructure were damaged including the Hyatt Terraces Plaza Nevada Hotel Baguio Park Hotel FRB Hotel and Baguio Hilltop Hotel major highways were temporarily blocked due to landslides and pavement breakup and a number of houses were leveled or severely shaken with numerous casualties 44 Some of the fallen buildings were built on or near fault lines local architects later admitted structural building codes should have been followed more religiously particularly regarding concrete and rebar standards and soft stories Baguio has been rebuilt with aid from the national government and international donors such as Japan Singapore and the United States citation needed Geography nbsp Pine trees near UP BaguioBaguio is located some 1 400 meters 4 600 feet above sea level nestled within the Cordillera Central mountain range in northern Luzon Enclosed by the province of Benguet 24 the city covers a small area of 57 5 square kilometres 22 2 sq mi Most of the developed part of the city is built on uneven hilly terrain of the northern section When Daniel Burnham drew plans for the city he made the City Hall a reference point where the city limits extend 8 2 kilometres 5 1 mi from east to west and 7 2 kilometres 4 5 mi from north to south 24 Barangays Baguio is composed of 129 barangays Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios nbsp Barangay Map of BaguioA Bonifacio Caguioa Rimando ABCR Abanao Zandueta Kayong Chugum Otek AZKCO Alfonso Tabora Ambiong Andres Bonifacio Lower Bokawkan Apugan Loakan Asin Road Atok Trail Aurora Hill Proper Malvar Sgt Floresca Aurora Hill North Central Aurora Hill South Central Bagong Lipunan Market Area Bakakeng Central Bakakeng North Bal Marcoville Marcoville Balsigan Bayan Park East Bayan Park Village Bayan Park West Bayan Park Leonila Hill BGH Compound Brookside Brookspoint Cabinet Hill Teacher s Camp Camdas Subdivision Camp 7 Camp 8 Camp Allen Campo Filipino City Camp Central City Camp Proper Country Club Village Cresencia Village Dagsian Lower Dagsian Upper Dizon Subdivision Dominican Hill Mirador Dontogan DPS Compound Engineers Hill Fairview Village Ferdinand Happy Homes Campo Sioco Fort del Pilar Gabriela Silang General Emilio F Aguinaldo Quirino Magsaysay Lower General Luna Upper General Luna Lower Gibraltar Greenwater Village Guisad Central Guisad Sorong Happy Hollow Happy Homes Happy Homes Lucban Harrison Claudio Carantes Hillside Holy Ghost Extension Holy Ghost Proper Honeymoon Honeymoon Holy Ghost Imelda R Marcos La Salle Imelda Village Irisan Kabayanihan Kagitingan Kayang Extension Kayang Hilltop Kias Legarda Burnham Kisad Liwanag Loakan Loakan Proper Lopez Jaena Lourdes Subdivision Extension Lourdes Subdivision Lower Lourdes Subdivision Proper Lualhati Lucnab Magsaysay Private Road Magsaysay Lower Magsaysay Upper Malcolm Square Perfecto Jose Abad Santos Manuel A Roxas Market Subdivision Upper Middle Quezon Hill Subdivision Quezon Hill Middle Military Cut off Mines View Park Modern Site East Modern Site West MRR Queen of Peace New Lucban Outlook Drive Pacdal Padre Burgos Padre Zamora Palma Urbano Carino Palma Phil Am Pinget Pinsao Pilot Project Pinsao Proper Poliwes Pucsusan Quezon Hill Proper Quezon Hill Upper Quirino Hill East Quirino Hill Lower Quirino Hill Middle Quirino Hill West Quirino Magsaysay Upper Upper QM Rizal Monument Area Rock Quarry Lower Rock Quarry Middle Rock Quarry Upper Saint Joseph Village Salud Mitra San Antonio Village San Luis Village San Roque Village San Vicente Sanitary Camp North Sanitary Camp South Santa Escolastica Santo Rosario Santo Tomas Proper Santo Tomas School Area Scout Barrio Session Road Area Slaughter House Area Santo Nino Slaughter SLU SVP Housing Village South Drive Teodora Alonzo Trancoville Victoria Village Proposed merger of barangays A proposed merging of the city s 129 barangays had not been implemented since its inception in 2000 Several local officials stressed that many of the city s barangays did not comply with the minimum requirements in the Local Government Code of the Philippines that a highly urbanized city must have a certified population of least 5 000 inhabitants According to Mayor Mauricio Domogan in the past benefits granted to local governments were based on the number of existing barangays this led former local officials to create as many barangays as possible in the city in order to acquire additional benefits from the national government The proposed merger which will reduce the barangays from 130 to about 40 to 50 by merging adjacent ones is believed to solve several issues concerning barangay boundary disputes seemingly biased allocation of funds for larger barangays in relation to barangays with lesser area and population as well as the inadequate honorarium of barangay officials 45 46 47 Climate Climate data for Baguio 1991 2020 normals extremes 1909 2021 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 28 4 83 1 28 7 83 7 30 4 86 7 30 0 86 0 29 4 84 9 28 7 83 7 27 9 82 2 27 7 81 9 28 0 82 4 27 7 81 9 28 2 82 8 28 2 82 8 30 4 86 7 Mean daily maximum C F 23 1 73 6 23 7 74 7 24 8 76 6 25 5 77 9 24 7 76 5 24 3 75 7 23 1 73 6 22 3 72 1 23 0 73 4 23 6 74 5 23 9 75 0 23 5 74 3 23 8 74 8 Daily mean C F 18 1 64 6 18 5 65 3 19 7 67 5 20 7 69 3 20 6 69 1 20 4 68 7 19 6 67 3 19 3 66 7 19 6 67 3 19 6 67 3 19 5 67 1 18 8 65 8 19 5 67 1 Mean daily minimum C F 13 0 55 4 13 4 56 1 14 5 58 1 15 9 60 6 16 4 61 5 16 5 61 7 16 2 61 2 16 2 61 2 16 1 61 0 15 6 60 1 15 1 59 2 14 1 57 4 15 2 59 4 Record low C F 6 3 43 3 6 7 44 1 7 4 45 3 10 0 50 0 12 0 53 6 13 3 55 9 12 5 54 5 12 8 55 0 12 6 54 7 11 3 52 3 9 2 48 6 7 6 45 7 6 3 43 3 Average rainfall mm inches 16 4 0 65 23 7 0 93 50 5 1 99 99 5 3 92 340 0 13 39 406 1 15 99 772 7 30 42 963 2 37 92 537 3 21 15 477 3 18 79 96 1 3 78 41 6 1 64 3 824 4 150 57 Average rainy days 1 mm 3 3 5 8 18 19 24 25 22 13 7 5 152Average relative humidity 85 85 84 85 88 90 92 93 92 90 86 85 88Mean monthly sunshine hours 226 5 228 0 242 6 254 9 224 9 206 3 168 0 145 5 178 9 232 2 223 2 210 9 2 541 8Percent possible sunshine 66 71 66 69 57 53 42 37 49 65 66 62 58Source 1 PAGASA 48 49 Source 2 DWD sunshine 1978 2022 50 51 Under the Koppen climate classification Baguio features a tropical monsoon climate Koppen climate classification Am The city is known for its mild climate owing to its high elevation The temperature in the city is usually about 7 to 8 C 13 to 14 F cooler than the lowland temperature 24 52 Average temperature ranges from 15 to 23 C 59 to 73 F with the lowest temperatures between November and February The lowest recorded temperature was 6 3 C 43 3 F on January 18 1961 in contrast the all time high of 30 4 C 86 7 F was recorded on March 15 1988 53 during the 1988 El Nino season 54 The temperature seldom exceeds 26 C 78 8 F even during the warmest part of the year Precipitation nbsp Fog in Baguio as viewed from Mount CabuyaoLike many other cities with a subtropical highland climate Baguio receives noticeably less precipitation during its dry season However the city has an extraordinary amount of precipitation during the rainy season from June to October 24 The city averages over 3 914 mm 154 in of rainfall annually the highest in the country 55 EnvironmentPollution nbsp Smog from vehicles in Bonifacio Street in 2018Baguio suffers from air pollution and is one of the cities with the dirtiest air in the Philippines according to a 2014 WHO report 56 a slight improvement in the city s air quality was cited in 2017 by the DENR s Environmental Management Bureau In a 2018 WHO report the city was listed as having the most polluted air among 8 other local cities Cebu Dagupan Davao Manila San Carlos Urdaneta and Zamboanga 57 Eco vehicles and Euro 4 compliant vehicles have been tested whether or not they are suited for the city s steep slopes in line with efforts to modernize its Public Utility Vehicles PUVs 58 PUVs specifically jeepneys have been pushed for its modernization in line with President Duterte s PUV modernization initiative 59 Another problem that plagues Baguio is its garbage and waste disposal The city has been dumping its garbage in a landfill in Urdaneta City but rising costs are putting a strain on the city s budget 60 In early 2018 the city government started using its garbage transfer station in the city outskirts near Marcos Highway drawing protests from residents of the nearby town of Tuba who cited the facility poses health hazards to their communities 61 As of 2019 the Philippine National Oil Company has offered to test a waste to energy technology as a possible solution to its garbage woes 62 Baguio s waste water treatment plant is also eyed for an expansion as it has been unable to fully cater to the city s needs wastewater which the plant could not accommodate were dumped in the Balili River leading to its high coliform levels even higher than that of Manila Bay s 63 LandscapeBaguio is also a planned city American Architect and Urban Planner Daniel Burnham was commissioned to design the new capital his design for the city was based on the City Beautiful movement 64 which features broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles During the Second World War Baguio was razed to the ground during the Japanese forces invasion and the subsequent shelling by American forces during the liberation 65 After the liberation rebuilding began and most of the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed However some of the historic buildings from the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated or otherwise left to deteriorate citation needed The 1990 Luzon earthquake further devastated Baguio s old buildings which include 28 collapsed buildings such as hotels factories government and university buildings and many private homes and establishments 66 Baguio s current landscape is mostly of contemporary architecture citation needed Architecture nbsp Porta Vaga Mall along Session RoadBaguio s contemporary architecture is largely of American build citation needed owing to the fact that Americans were the ones to establish a station here A few examples include those built at Teacher s Camp and Camp John Hay previous American installations in the city as well as the current Baguio City Hall Some buildings are also influenced by Spanish building concepts such as Porta Vaga Mall and La Azotea citation needed One of the more modern buildings in the city is SM City Baguio established in 2003 67 Moves by various groups with the goal to preserve these buildings have been made 68 69 As a historic building the Baguio City Hall has faced opposition to renovation of its grounds since that may be against laws on national cultural heritage sites 70 the renovations however continued as there has been no documentation supporting the City Hall as a national heritage site 71 The construction of the City Hall park was finished in May 2019 as was said to define the city s new moniker as a creative center for crafts and folk arts 72 DemographicsPopulation census of BaguioYearPop p a 19185 464 193924 117 7 33 194829 262 2 17 196050 436 4 64 197084 538 5 29 197597 449 2 89 1980119 009 4 08 1990183 142 4 41 1995226 883 4 09 2000252 386 2 31 2007301 926 2 50 2010318 676 1 98 2015345 366 1 54 2020366 358 1 17 Source Philippine Statistics Authority 73 74 75 76 The original inhabitants of Baguio are the Ibaloi people natively pronounced as Ivadoi When the Americans established the city in the early 1900s early settlers in the city included members of other Igorot tribes Igudut in Ibaloi the lowlander Ilocanos Iduko Americans Merikano and mestizos A significant number of Chinese both Cantonese and Hokkien and Japanese laborers were also hired to build Kennon Road many of whom later settled in the city 14 The city s population as of May 2000 was placed at 250 000 persons The city has a very young age structure as 65 5 percent of its total population is below thirty years old Females comprise 51 3 percent of the population as against 48 7 percent for males The household population comprises 98 percent of the total population or 245 000 persons With an average of 4 6 members per household a total of 53 261 households are gleaned During the peak of the annual tourist influx particularly during the Lenten period transients triple the population 24 Crime Crime in Baguio is concentrated in theft and vehicular accidents Crime in the city is also directly related to its changing demographics and unique criminal justice system The illegal drug trade is also a problem of the city as 24 of its 129 barangays are considered as drug affected as of December 2017 77 In 2018 Baguio was listed as one of the safest cities both in the ASEAN region ranking sixth with a crime index of 40 57 and safety index of 59 43 The Baguio City Police Office also has the highest crime solution efficiency nationwide of 84 compared to the national 77 and the region s 70 77 In May 2019 BCPO also reported a drop of 27 in crimes from 1 150 in 2018 to 834 in 2019 The BCPO was awarded as the country s best city police station in 2018 78 Religion nbsp The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Atonement the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of BaguioBaguio is a predominantly Christian city as of 2015 Roman Catholics at 74 254 716 Evangelicals Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches at 7 24 236 National Council of Churches in the Philippines at 5 17 968 and Iglesia ni Cristo at 4 12 897 79 As of 2015 Muslims comprise 1 3 269 of the city s total population 79 The largest mosque in the area is Masjid Al Maarif which is a centre of Islamic studies in the Philippines 80 The city also has smaller numbers of Buddhists and atheists along with members of other faiths 79 Economy nbsp SM City Baguio seen from Burnham ParkPoverty Incidence of Baguio Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org Source Philippine Statistics Authority 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 As a melting pot of different peoples and cultures in the Cordillera Administrative Region numerous investments and business opportunities are lured to Baguio 24 Baguio has a large retail industry with shoppers coming to the city to take advantage of the diversity of competitively priced commercial products on sale 88 The city is also popular with bargain hunters 89 some of the most popular bargaining areas include Baguio Market and Maharlika Livelihood Center citation needed The city is home to numerous shopping centers and malls catering to increasing commercial and tourist activity 90 these include SM City Baguio Baguio Center Mall Abanao Square and Tiong San 91 Various food and retail businesses run by local residents proliferate forming a key part of Baguio s cultural landscape Several retail outlets and dining outlets are situated along Bonifacio Street Session Road Teacher s Camp Mines View Park and Baguio Fastfood Center near the market citation needed nbsp Maharlika Livelihood CenterThe areas of Session Road Harrison Road Magsaysay Avenue and Abanao Street comprise the city s trade center where commercial and business structures such as cinemas hotels restaurants department stores and shopping centers are concentrated The City Market offers a wide array of locally sourced goods and products usually from Benguet province 92 93 which includes colorful woven fabrics and hand strung beads to primitive wood carvings cut flowers 92 strawberries and Baguio vegetables The term Baguio vegetables often denotes vegetable types that thrive in the cooler growing climate Strawberries and string beans referred to as Baguio beans across the Philippines are shipped to major urban markets across the archipelago citation needed Another key source of income for Baguio is its position as the economic hub of the Cordillera Administrative Region 94 The economy of the city has benefited from the vibrant mining industry in several towns of Benguet 95 Many agricultural goods produced in Benguet pass through Baguio for processing sale or further distribution to the lowlands 96 Industrial Baguio is one of the Philippines most profitable and best investment areas 97 98 A Philippine Economic Zone Authority PEZA accredited business and industrial park called the Baguio City Economic Zone BCEZ is located in the southern part of the city between Camp John Hay Country Club and Philippine Military Academy in Barangay Loakan Firms located in the BCEZ mostly produce and export knitted clothing transistors small components for vehicles electronics and computer parts Notable firms include Texas Instruments Philippines which is the second largest exporter in the country 99 Other companies headquartered within the economic zone include Baguio Ayalaland Technohub 100 Moog Philippines Inc 101 Linde Philippines Inc LTX Philippines Corporation and Sitel Philippines Baguio 102 Outsourcing nbsp A building hosting a BPO in BaguioOutsourcing contributes to the city s economy and employment Sitel whose main office is located in the Baguio City Economic Zone is the largest BPO company in the city with four sites established within the BCEZ There are also multiple BPOs present in the city with numerous PEZA accredited private economic zones established to cater to this industry The Ayala Technohub located in Camp John Hay hosts Cocentrix and InterContinental Hotels Group alongside other commercial establishments 103 Teleperformance Baguio and Thoughtfocus is established at the SM Cyberzone Building also known as SM Fiesta Strip located in front of Sunshine Park 104 while other call centers downtown are Optimum Transsource Sterling Global and Global Translogic Tech Synergy operates a large transcription and back office operation near Wright park In recent years there has been a surge of ESL English as a Second Language Tutorial Schools throughout Baguio that caters to students from other countries and also provide online services This industry however has been hit hard by the COVID 19 pandemic with foreign students returning to their home countries 105 CultureArts and museums nbsp Laperal White HouseThe city became a haven for many Filipino artists in the 1970s 1990s Drawn by the cool climate and low cost of living artists such as Ben Cabrera now a National Artist and filmmaker Butch Perez relocated to the city At the same time locals such as mixed media artist Santiago Bose and filmmaker Kidlat Tahimik were also establishing work in the city Even today artists like painters and sculptors from all over the country are drawn to the Baguio Arts Festival which is held annually 52 The city houses several museums such as the Baguio Museum Museo Kordilyera Emilio F Aguinaldo Museum the Laperal White House and the SLU Museum of Arts and Cultures Baguio has been included in UNESCO s Creative Cities Network due to craft and folk art traditions of the city particularly ranging on expressions to wood carving silver craft traditional weaving and tattooing 106 Baguio is the first city in the Philippines to be part of the inter city network which aims to promote the creative industries as well as integrate culture in sustainable urban development 107 Languages The languages commonly spoken in Baguio are Ibaloi Kankana ey Ilocano Tagalog and Pangasinan Kapampangan Cebuano Hiligaynon Maranao Maguindanaon and Tausug are also spoken to varying degrees by their respective ethnic communities within the city 108 Festivals and holidays nbsp Panagbenga FestivalThe annual flower festival called the Panagbenga Festival is held every February it was created to highlight the city s flowers and cool temperature and as a way to rise up from the devastation of the 1990 Luzon earthquake The festival includes floats covered mostly with flowers 109 it also includes street dancing presented by dancers clad in flower inspired costumes inspired by the Bendian an Ibaloi dance of celebration The indigenous people were initially wary with government led tourism due to a perceived threat that the government would interfere with or change their communities rituals 110 Baguio celebrates its city charter anniversary every September 1 which has been declared as a special non working holiday in 1989 through Republic Act 6710 111 TourismSee also List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region nbsp Burnham Park LakeTourism is one of Baguio s main industries due to its cool climate and history The city is one of the country s top tourist destinations During the year end holidays some people from the lowlands prefer spending their vacation in Baguio to experience cold temperatures they rarely have in their home provinces Also during summer especially during Holy Week tourists from all over the country flock to the city During this time the total number of people in the city doubles 112 To accommodate visitors there are more than 80 hotels and inns available as well as numerous transient houses set up by the locals 113 Local festivities such as the Panagbenga Festival also attracts both local and foreign tourists 114 Baguio is the lone Philippine destination in the 2011 TripAdvisor Traveller s Choice Destinations Awards Asia category with the city being among the top 25 destinations in Asia 115 Burnham Park Mines View Park Wright Park The Mansion and Botanical Garden are among the popular tourist sites in Baguio 116 GovernmentLocal government Further information Sangguniang Panlungsod and Mayor of Baguio nbsp Baguio City HallAs a highly urbanized city with its own charter it is not subject to the jurisdiction of Benguet province of which it was formerly a part The City of Baguio is led by its own mayor and vice mayor The vice mayor leads the city council composed of 12 elected councilors and 3 ex officio members the ABC President SK President and IPMR of the city The City Government holds office at the Baguio City Hall 117 The 129 barangays are led by their own captains assisted by a 7 man barangay council 118 These officials are term limited by up to 3 consecutive terms with each term lasting for 3 years Elected officials The city s government s composition as of June 30 2022 119 120 121 122 City Government of Baguio Position Name Year elected Term no Congressman Marquez O Go 2016 3Mayor Benjamin B Magalong 2019 2Vice Mayor Faustino A Olowan 2019 2Councilor Benny O Bomogao 2016 3Jose M Molintas 2022 1Arthur L Allad iw 2016 3Betty Lourdes F Tabanda 2019 2Leandro B Yangot Jr 2022 1Isabelo B Cosalan Jr 2019 2Maria Mylen Victoria G Yaranon 2016 3Elmer O Datuin 2022 1Peter C Fianza 2022 1Vladimir D Cayabas 2019 2Fred L Bagbagen 2019 2Lilia A Farinas 2016 3Councilor ex officio member ABC President Rocky M Aliping 2024 1Councilor ex officio member SK President John Rhey L Mananeng 2023 1Councilor ex officio member Indigenous People s Mandatory Representative IPMR Maximo H Edwin Jr 2023 1Congress representation It is represented in the House of Representatives by its own congressman the city itself a lone district separate from the province of Benguet Currently the city is represented by Marquez O Go Summer residences nbsp The Mansion serves as the summer residence of the President of the Philippines The city hosts the summer residences of the President Vice President Senate President and House Speaker at Barangay Lualhati while the Supreme Court Court of Appeals and the Cabinet Secretaries cottages are housed at Cabinet Hill 123 The Supreme Court and Court of Appeals hold summer sessions in the city usually during the month of April 124 Sports nbsp Baguio Athletic BowlBaguio has hosted several sporting events even those of international standing The Baguio Athletic Bowl within the grounds of Burnham Park is one of Baguio s primary sporting venues Baguio hosted the 1978 World Chess Championship match between Anatoly Karpov and Viktor Korchnoi building the Baguio Convention Center for that purpose The city is a participant in the CARAA games or the Cordillera Administrative Region Athletic Association hosting it last in 2016 and 2017 The winners of the said event will eventually represent the region in the annual Palarong Pambansa games which is also sponsored by the Department of Education 125 As of 2019 the city is still the overall champion with 205 gold 110 silver and 79 bronze medals 126 127 In recent years Baguio has been racking up titles and medals in the field of Mixed Martial Arts led by Team Lakay 128 129 InfrastructureTransportation Air nbsp Loakan Airport runway in the outskirts of the cityLoakan Airport is the lone airport serving the general area of Baguio The airport is classified as a trunkline airport or a major commercial domestic airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines Major commercial operations to Baguio however ceased after Philippine Airlines closed their Baguio route in 1998 There were attempts to reopen Baguio routes throughout the following two decades by different airline operators such as Asian Spirit and Sky Pasada but none were able to sustain continuous operation 130 Commercial flights have once again resumed in 2022 with Philippine Airlines operated by PAL Express operating Baguio Cebu flights and vice versa 131 The airport is located south of the city center Due to the limited length of the runway being only 1 802 m 5 912 ft long it is restricted to commuter size aircraft The airport is used primarily by helicopters turbo prop and piston engine aircraft although on rare occasions light business jets LBJ have flown into the airport Land nbsp Session Road one of Baguio s primary roads nbsp Jeepney terminal in downtown Baguio nbsp Flyover in Baguio Jeepneys and taxis are the main means of public transportation in the city The government s push for jeepney modernization has led to an increase of modern EURO 4 compliant PUVs plying Baguio s center The rollout however for full jeepney modernization had been hampered by the COVID 19 pandemic There are several bus lines linking Baguio with Manila Bontoc Mariveles Olongapo Cabanatuan and provinces such as Pangasinan Pampanga Bataan 132 Nueva Ecija Aurora Cavite La Union Nueva Vizcaya and those in the Ilocos regions Notable bus companies that operate the Baguio to Manila routes are Victory Liner Genesis Transport and its premium bus line JoyBus and Solid North From Metro Manila Baguio is accessible via NLEX from Bulacan to Pampanga SCTEX Pampanga to Tarlac and TPLEX from Tarlac to La Union The three main access roads leading to Baguio from the lowlands are Kennon Road formerly known as the Benguet Road 133 Aspiras Palispis Highway previously known as Marcos Highway 134 and Naguilian Road also known as Quirino Highway The newest road that connects the city to the lowlands is Asin Road also known as Asin San Pascual Tubao La Union Road 135 All these roads traverse the municipality of Tuba Benguet Kennon Road starts in Rosario La Union and winds upwards through a narrow steep valley This is often the fastest route to Baguio but it is particularly perilous 133 with landslides during the rainy season and sharp dropoffs some without guardrails The recently passed Republic Act No 11604 pushes for the full rehabilitation of Kennon Road as an all weather highway Aspiras Palispis Highway starts in Agoo La Union and connects to Palispis Highway at the boundary of Benguet and La Union provinces Asin Tubao Road starts in Tubao La Union and serves as secondary alternative road if gridlock occurs at Aspiras Palispis Highway 135 136 Naguilian Road which starts in Bauang La Union are both longer routes but are much safer than Kennon Road especially during rainy season and are the preferred routes for coaches buses and trucks 137 138 The Benguet Nueva Vizcaya Road which links Baguio to Aritao in Nueva Vizcaya province traverses the towns of Itogon Bokod and Kayapa 139 Another road Halsema Highway also known as the Baguio Bontoc Road or the Mountain Trail leads north through the mountainous portion of the provinces of Benguet and Mountain Province 140 it starts at the northern border of Baguio with La Trinidad 141 HoHo Bus In an effort to address traffic congestion and the lack of car parking at tourist spots in the city Baguio operates a free bus shuttle service called the Hop On Hop Off HoHo Tourist Bus Through a park and ride scheme the service encourages tourists with private vehicles to park their vehicles at the Baguio Convention Center BCC for a fee and ride the bus to various tourists sites free of charge 142 Relaunched on July 15 2022 the HoHo bus has scheduled departure and arrival times operating a looped route between the BCC the Baguio Botanical Garden the Mansion House Mines View Park Wright Park and Governor Pack Road The bus service has an estimated waiting interval of 30 minutes and is operational from 8 30 AM to 6 20 PM daily 143 All times are in Philippine Standard Time UTC 08 00 List of stops 143 Destination First trip Last trip LocationBCC 8 30 AM 4 30 PM Military Cut off BaguioBotanical Garden 9 05 AM 5 05 PM Saint Joseph VillageThe Mansion 9 25 AM 5 25 PM LualhatiMines View Park 9 50 AM 5 50 PM Mines View ParkWright Park 10 20 AM 6 20 PM LualhatiGovernor Pack Road Session Road AreaStops stations and transit systems in italics are either under construction or proposed Possible future modes Cable Cars As of July 8 2019 Secretary Tugade of the Department of Transportation said that the feasibility study for the installation of the cable cars in Manila may be finished within the year with Baguio soon to follow 144 The Philippine government earlier secured a P27 million grant from France for this venture with Manila and Baguio seen as possible initial sites 145 Monorail A monorail project from Baguio to La Trinidad is being mulled over by the SSS as a possible investment in CAR It is seen to further boost tourism and decongest traffic The project is similar to the one installed by the Department of Science and Technology at the UP Campus in 2012 146 Water and electricity Most of the water supply of the city is provided for by the Baguio Water District founded in 1975 as the successor to the now defunct Department of Public Services It currently operates 60 deep wells to cater to its more than 300 000 consumers It currently serves 122 out of the 129 barangays in the city and some parts of Tuba Benguet 147 148 In recent years the BWD has expressed concern over the city s depleting water supply due in part to the private wells dug by private individuals and companies 148 Electric services are provided by Benguet Electric Cooperative BENECO the sole electric power distributor in Benguet In 2012 a bill was filled in the House of Representatives seeking the creation of the Baguio Electric Cooperative or BAELCO an entity to provide for the city s own electricity needs separate from BENECO Its creation has been met with opposition by various groups citing the need of a feasibility study on the separation The creation of a separate electric franchise for Baguio would also infringe on BENECO s existing franchise that mandated BENECO to provide electricity for both Baguio and Benguet which would create legal implications if it was to be amended 149 150 151 The city is also the only local government unit to own and operate its own renewable energy plant Originally constructed in the 1920s the Asin Mini Hydropower Plants 1 2 and 3 located in Tuba Benguet came under the city s possession after the lapse of the 25 year lease agreement with the Aboitiz owned Hydroelectric Development Corporation HEDCOR The plant acted as both a power source and another income generating asset of the city as BENECO was also its main client The power plant however was forced to cease operation on 2015 when the Energy Regulatory Commission issued a cease and desist order to the city due to the lack of a certificate of compliance from the city The city currently has plans to rehabilitate the power plants so that they could resume operations once again 152 153 HealthcareSee also List of hospitals in the Philippines nbsp BGHMC Baguio s sole government hospitalBaguio s healthcare is mainly provided by various private corporations Private hospitals operating in the city are the Baguio Medical Center BCU Santo Nino de Jesus Medical Center Foundation Notre Dame de Chartres Hospital Pines City Doctors Hospital and Saint Louis University s Hospital of Sacred Heart The BCU Santo Nino de Jesus Medical Center Foundation ceased operations on 2009 due to financial reasons but was reopened during the COVID 19 pandemic with the local government refurbishing it as an isolation center for COVID 19 patients 154 155 156 In early 2019 several groups were eyeing to establish a hospital in Barangay Scout Barrio but was met with opposition as of March 2019 the project has been shelved 157 158 159 The Baguio City Health Services Office is the office responsible for the health care programs provided by the city government operating 16 health centers and 15 satellite clinics Baguio hosts the Baguio General Hospital and Medical Center or BGHMC a tertiary state owned hospital administered and operated by the Department of Health It is the sole government hospital in the city and the largest government tertiary hospital in the Cordillera Administrative Region 160 161 Education nbsp Baguio Central SchoolEducation is a major contributor to the economy of Baguio Considered as the Educational Center of the North the city has a transient student population who migrate to the city to attend tertiary education 162 Baguio is the center of education in the Northern Philippines due to high performances in various professional licensure exams as well as adherence to high educational quality standards housing some of the prestigious and largest universities in Northern Luzon 163 Elementary and secondary nbsp Baguio City High SchoolThe city has 45 public elementary schools and 21 public secondary schools Most of its secondary private schools are divisions of the private universities of the city The Philippine Science High School CAR campus was established in the city in 2009 and is located in Irisan In 2016 the city government established in Irisan the Baguio City Science High School to create a unified science high school campus 164 Universities nbsp Saint Louis University nbsp Philippine Military AcademyThe city houses eight major institutions of higher education Baguio s first private school Easter College was set up in 1906 by the Rt Rev Charles Brent who was a bishop of the Episcopalian Church 165 166 The University of the Philippines the country s premier state university was established as an extension campus in Vigan Ilocos Sur before transferring to Baguio in 1938 167 In 1961 it became a branch campus of UP Diliman before finally becoming UP Baguio in 2002 168 Saint Louis University is the largest university in the city and in the north of Manila catering to over 30 000 students 169 it was founded by Belgian CICM missionaries in 1911 170 initially as a one storey school for boys It became a college in the 1950s before becoming a university in 1963 It currently has four campuses spread across the city citation needed Baguio Central University was founded in 1945 as the Centro Academy by the Fernandez family 171 The following year another educational institution the University of the Cordilleras was established as the Baguio Colleges before becoming the Baguio Colleges Foundation it became a full fledged university in 2003 172 The University of Baguio was established as the Baguio Technical and Commercial Institute in 1948 by the Bautista family it was upgraded to university status in 1969 173 Mainly a nursing and medical school Pines City Colleges was founded in 1969 as the Pines City Doctors Hospital School of Nursing three years after the opening of Pines City Doctors Hospital in 1966 citation needed The Philippine Military Academy the country s military school was originally founded in the Walled City of Intramuros in 1907 before relocating to Baguio in 1908 174 Notable peopleMain article List of people from BaguioTwin towns and sister citiesLocal Angeles City 175 Alaminos Pangasinan 175 Bacolod 175 Calbayog Samar 175 Candon 176 Daet Camarines Norte 175 Davao City 175 Dipaculao Aurora 175 Lopez Quezon 175 Lucena 175 Makati 175 Mandaue 175 Marawi Lanao del Sur 175 Munoz Nueva Ecija 175 Ormoc Leyte 175 Pavia Iloilo 175 San Carlos Negros Occidental 175 Zamboanga City 175 International nbsp Cusco Peru 175 nbsp Gongju South Korea 175 nbsp Hangzhou China 175 nbsp Hanyu Saitama Japan 175 nbsp Honolulu Hawaii United States 177 nbsp Karuizawa Nagano Japan 175 nbsp Nazareth Israel 178 nbsp Vaughan Canada 175 nbsp Seoul South Korea 175 nbsp San Antonio United States 179 nbsp Shepparton Australia 175 nbsp Taebaek South Korea 175 nbsp nbsp Tamuning Guam United States 175 nbsp Taxco Mexico 175 nbsp Vallejo California United States 180 nbsp Wakkanai Hokkaido Japan 175 See also nbsp Philippines portalCapital of the Philippines Daniel Burnham Hill station Kennon Road La Trinidad Sagada Banaue Session RoadReferences Halalan 2019 Philippine Election Results ABS CBN News Archived from the original on June 30 2019 Retrieved June 30 2019 2019 Election Results Baguio City GMA News Retrieved October 7 2021 Province Benguet PSGC Interactive Makati Philippines National Statistical Coordination Board Archived from the original on November 14 2012 Retrieved August 12 2013 a b Census of Population 2020 Cordillera Administrative Region CAR Total Population by Province City Municipality and Barangay Philippine Statistics Authority Retrieved July 8 2021 City of Baguio Leads the Economy of the Cordillera Administrative Region CAR in 2021 Philippine Statistics Authority Retrieved January 18 2023 PH 50 384 per dollar per International Monetary Fund on Representative Exchange Rates for Selected Currencies for December 2021 IMF Retrieved January 18 2023 PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates Philippine Statistics Authority December 15 2021 Retrieved January 22 2022 Southeastern Asia Island of Luzon in the Philippines WWF Retrieved August 16 2014 Estoque Ronald C Yuji Murayama February 2013 City Profile Baguio Cities 30 240 51 doi 10 1016 j cities 2011 05 002 a b c Sanidad Pablito Which Baguio Centennial No 99th Baguio Charter Day Anniversary Issue Baguio Midland Courier Archived from the original on March 10 2016 Retrieved February 21 2016 a b Business Profile City Government of Baguio Archived from the original on November 6 2014 Retrieved May 17 2021 Jay April 18 2017 Brief History about Baguio City Baguio City Retrieved July 20 2019 Baguio braces for ibagiw 2019 City Government of Baguio Retrieved March 3 2020 a b Pungayan Morr Bagiw and the Ibagiws Baguio Midland Courier Archived from the original on July 19 2020 Retrieved March 3 2020 a b c Habana Olivia M 2000 Gold Mining in Benguet to 1898 PDF Philippine Studies 48 475 476 Retrieved October 13 2018 Boquiren Rowena Reyes August 23 2015 Baguio s history and cultural heritage Northern Dispatch Weekly Retrieved October 13 2018 a b Baguio City History and Government Department of the Interior and Local Government Cordillera Administrative Region Retrieved February 21 2016 Fong Jimmy Balud 2017 Ibaloys Reclaiming Baguio The Role of Intellectuals PDF Plaridel 14 2 UP College of Mass Communication 57 61 doi 10 52518 2017 14 2 03fong ISSN 1656 2534 OCLC 9376665232 S2CID 245578979 Retrieved August 20 2023 Kane S E 1933 Life and Death in Luzon or Thirty Years with the Philippine Head Hunters New York Grosset amp Dunlap Cabreza Vincent January 14 2014 How the Ibaloi lost their land Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on January 16 2014 Retrieved August 20 2023 History Camp John Hay Archived from the original on February 1 2014 Retrieved September 16 2022 Agoot Liza September 27 2018 Camp John Hay stays on eco tourism path Philippine News Agency Archived from the original on September 27 2018 Retrieved September 16 2022 Cody Jeffrey W 2003 Exporting American Architecture 1870 2000 Oxford Alexandrine Press p 23 ISBN 0 203 98658 X a b c d e f g About Baguio City City Government of Baguio Archived from the original on September 3 2018 Retrieved March 29 2019 The Americans in Baguio Go Baguio Your Complete Guide to Baguio City Philippines Retrieved June 17 2018 Sakakida Richard Kiyosaki Wayne S July 3 1995 A Spy in Their Midst The World War II Struggle of a Japanese American Hero Madison Books p 165 ISBN 978 1 4616 6286 0 a b Bagamaspad Anavic Hamada Pawid Zenaida 1985 A People s History of Benguet Baguio Printing amp Publishing Company Inc pp 290 302 Bolido Linda B May 25 2015 Baguio where WWII began and ended Philippine Daily Inquirer Uayan Jean Uy June 30 2017 A Study of the Emergence and Early Development of Selected Protestant Chinese Churches in the Philippines Langham Publishing ISBN 9781783682829 Retrieved September 14 2022 Flowers new song for 72nd year of Baguio war bombings Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved August 28 2016 Morton Gillian 2018 Surviving and Striving for Normalcy The Endurance of the Americans of Baguio Interned by the Japanese in the Philippines During World War II Florida State University Libraries pp 22 23 Archived from the original on September 16 2022 Retrieved September 16 2022 Forbidden Diary A Record of Wartime Internment 1941 1945 by Natalie Crouter Burt Franlin amp Co 1980 a b Jose Ricardo T Government in Exile PDF Scalabrini Migration Center Archived from the original PDF on October 10 2014 Retrieved September 24 2014 Zeiler Thomas W 2004 Unconditional Defeat Japan America and the End of World War II Rowman amp Littlefield p 134 ISBN 978 0 8420 2991 9 Shaw Angel Velasco Francia Luis H December 2002 Vestiges of War The Philippine American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899 1999 NYU Press p 219 ISBN 978 0 8147 9791 4 General Staff of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur 1966 Chapter XIV Japan s Surrender Reports of General MacArthur The Campaign of MacArthur in the Pacific Volume I United States Army p 464 ISBN 978 1 78266 035 4 Archived from the original on February 12 2009 Retrieved September 25 2014 The American Residence in Baguio Embassy of the United States Manila Philippines United States Department of State Archived from the original on September 3 2014 Retrieved September 25 2014 Farrell Brian Hunter Sandy December 15 2009 A Great Betrayal The Fall of Singapore Revisited Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd p 163 ISBN 9789814435468 Tucker Spencer November 21 2012 Almanac of American Military History Volume 1 ABC CLIO p 1727 ISBN 978 1 59884 530 3 Baguio City Ecological Profile History PDF City Government of Baguio 2018 p 4 Archived from the original PDF on June 5 2020 Retrieved September 14 2022 a b EDSA 86 up north The day Baguio turned yellow Rappler Retrieved March 17 2021 a b Remembering the People s Power Revolution in Baguio Baguio Herald Express Retrieved March 17 2021 Regional Profile Cordillera Administrative Region CAR CountrySTAT Philippines Archived from the original on October 22 2014 Retrieved September 18 2014 The Cordillera Administrative Region CAR Department of Agriculture Archived from the original on April 2 2015 Retrieved September 18 2014 Ferrer Miriam Coronel September 4 2010 Cordillera autonomy Miriam Coronel Ferrer ABS CBN News Retrieved January 4 2015 Punongbayan Raymundo S Rimando Rolly E Daligdig Jessie A Besana Glenda M Daag Arturo S Nakata Takashi Tsutsumi Hiroyuki The July 16 Earthquake A Technical Monograph Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology Hiroshima University Archived from the original on October 7 2011 Retrieved October 13 2018 Gwen de la Cruz July 16 2014 Remembering the 1990 Luzon Earthquake Rappler Retrieved August 12 2016 See Dexter A Merger of city s 130 barangays pressed Official website of the City Government of Baguio Retrieved September 28 2018 Special body formed for barangay merger SunStar March 8 2017 Retrieved September 28 2018 Cruz Maria Aprila W More dialogues on merger of barangay pressed Baguio Midland Courier Archived from the original on September 28 2018 Retrieved September 28 2018 Baguio City Benguet Climatological Normal Values 1991 2020 PDF Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration Archived from the original PDF on March 8 2022 Retrieved May 5 2022 Baguio City Benguet Climatological Extremes PDF Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration Retrieved January 28 2023 98328 197802 201912 Deutscher Wetterdienst Retrieved January 28 2023 98328 Deutscher Wetterdienst Retrieved January 28 2023 a b Baguio City Travel Information Philippines Asia Travel Archived from the original on November 22 1997 Retrieved February 26 2013 STATION BAGUIO CITY BENGUET PDF Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration Archived from the original PDF on September 16 2022 Retrieved September 16 2022 Basilan Jacquelyn Khristine Love Vicente December 17 2008 Baguio wakes up to coldest morn in 2008 Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on December 19 2008 Retrieved January 12 2009 Baguio weakest vs climate change SunStar February 8 2015 Archived from the original on August 23 2022 Retrieved August 23 2022 Baguio air is among the dirtiest in the country GMA News Retrieved July 18 2019 Pena Rox May 10 2018 Pena The latest WHO air pollution report SunStar Retrieved July 18 2019 Llanes Jonathan August 27 2018 Euro 4 jeep tested in Baguio SunStar Retrieved July 18 2019 PUV Modernized Jeep Suitable in Baguio Cordilleras Baguio Herald Express March 2 2019 Retrieved July 18 2019 Garbage problem plagues Baguio City COA Manila Bulletin Retrieved July 18 2019 Agatep Primo February 2 2018 Tuba residents oppose nearby Baguio waste transfer station Philippine News Agency Archived from the original on February 14 2018 Retrieved September 14 2022 Quitasol Aldwin July 6 2019 Waste to energy Daily Tribune Archived from the original on July 18 2020 Retrieved July 18 2019 Sewage plant in Baguio needs P250 M rehab funds Philippine News Agency Retrieved July 18 2019 McKenna Rebecca Tinio January 20 2017 American Imperial Pastoral The Architecture of US Colonialism in the Philippines University of Chicago Press p 96 ISBN 978 0 226 41793 6 Retrieved August 27 2022 Locsin Ma Rina February 1 2013 A Brief History of the Baguio Sine PDF Plaridel 10 1 UP College of Mass Communication 67 68 doi 10 52518 2013 10 1 04lcsn ISSN 1656 2534 OCLC 9816707476 S2CID 257791789 Retrieved August 20 2023 Manila Assesses Damage and High Cost of Quake The New York Times July 20 1990 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved July 20 2019 SM to push through with Baguio project Philippine Daily Inquirer July 25 2001 Retrieved July 20 2019 via Google News Conservation bid in Baguio draws support of architects Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved July 20 2019 Architect says time to rethink Baguio s master dev t plan Baguio Midland Courier September 20 2015 Archived from the original on September 28 2015 Retrieved July 20 2019 Agency Philippines News Baguio City Hall construction violates law on national cultural heritage sites BusinessMirror Retrieved July 20 2019 Fontanilla Giovani Joy April 16 2015 Baguio City Hall gets facelift SunStar Retrieved July 20 2019 Renovated Baguio City Hall park to reflect UNESCO creative status Philippine News Agency Retrieved July 20 2019 Census of Population 2015 Cordillera Administrative Region CAR Total Population by Province City Municipality and Barangay Philippine Statistics Authority Retrieved June 20 2016 Census of Population and Housing 2010 Cordillera Administrative Region CAR PDF Total Population by Province City Municipality and Barangay National Statistics Office Retrieved June 29 2016 Censuses of Population 1903 2007 Cordillera Administrative Region CAR Table 1 Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province Highly Urbanized City 1903 to 2007 National Statistics Office a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Province of Municipality Population Data Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division Retrieved December 17 2016 a b Llanes Jonathan May 30 2018 Baguio s crime solution ranks highest nationwide SunStar Retrieved July 19 2019 Llanes Jonathan July 30 2018 Baguio awarded best city police station in PH SunStar Retrieved July 19 2019 a b c Baguio City Statistical Tables Philippine Statistics Authority TABLE 8 Total Population by Religious Affiliation and Sex 2015 Archived from the original XLS on July 14 2019 Retrieved September 16 2022 Morales Yusuf Roque Morales Sheryl 2020 Understanding the diversity of cultural and religious learning institutions for Muslim Filipinos PDF UP CIDS Discussion Paper 2020 05 University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies 12 ISSN 2619 7456 Archived from the original PDF on September 16 2022 Retrieved September 16 2022 Poverty incidence PI Philippine Statistics Authority Retrieved December 28 2020 Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines PDF Philippine Statistics Authority November 29 2005 2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates PDF Philippine Statistics Authority March 23 2009 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates 2006 and 2009 PDF Philippine Statistics Authority August 3 2012 2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates PDF Philippine Statistics Authority May 31 2016 Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates 2009 2012 and 2015 Philippine Statistics Authority July 10 2019 PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates Philippine Statistics Authority December 15 2021 Retrieved January 22 2022 How small malls compete with big malls Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved August 28 2016 Sibayan Ada April 19 2012 Used bikinis with kuto in ukay ukay ABS CBN News Archived from the original on September 14 2022 Retrieved September 14 2022 Padawangi Rita October 11 2018 Routledge Handbook of Urbanization in Southeast Asia Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 79977 0 Retrieved September 14 2022 Roque Anselmo Martinez Clemente Jo Orejas Tonette Cabreza Vincent Sotelo Yolanda December 22 2012 How small malls compete with big malls Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on December 22 2012 Retrieved September 14 2022 a b Sinumlag Alma B November 28 2010 LT folk clarifies Baguio cut flowers origin Northern Dispatch Weekly Retrieved February 29 2016 The spokesperson of this town s Municipal Agricultural and Fishery Council MAPC and chairperson of the Barangay Agricultural and Fishery Council BAPC in Lubas La Trinidad clarified that cut flowers do not really originate in Baguio Christina Tiongan in an interview on 24 November lamented that tourists always associate Baguio with cut flowers and other products like temperate vegetables that do not really originate in the city We are the ones producing those products but there had been no efforts from the city to correct tourists perception she said Lapniten Karl February 24 2016 Strawberries hit bottom prices in Baguio CNN Philippines Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Retrieved February 29 2016 The capital town of Benguet La Trinidad supplies most of the strawberries sold at the Baguio Public Market Much of the produce also comes from small strawberry farms in the outskirts of Baguio and in nearby municipalities of Benguet Cabreza Vincent October 28 2019 Avoid urban decay Baguio neighbors told Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on October 29 2019 Retrieved September 14 2022 See Dexter A Baguio benefitting from robust mining operations in Benguet City Government of Baguio Archived from the original on September 14 2022 Retrieved September 14 2022 Quitasol Kimberlie Cabreza Vincent January 6 2022 Holidays good for vegetable strawberry farmers in Benguet Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on January 5 2022 Retrieved September 14 2022 Baguio offers investors new profit opportunities Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved August 28 2016 Business booms in Baguio City as 18th Ad Congress draws near The Philippine Star Retrieved August 28 2016 Cahiles Magkilat Bernie February 13 2007 Baguio export zone to get P6 7 B in new investments Manila Bulletin Archived from the original on July 28 2012 Retrieved February 27 2013 Baguio Ayala Land Technohub Ayala Land Offices Archived from the original on August 14 2020 Retrieved September 16 2022 Moog Controls Corporation Industry gov ph Department of Trade and Industry February 10 2015 Archived from the original on December 19 2016 Retrieved September 14 2022 List of Enterprises With Approved Investments As of 30 Nov 2019 Electronic Freedom of Information Philippine Economic Zone Authority Archived from the original XLSX on September 16 2022 Retrieved September 16 2022 Baguio Ayala Land Technohub AyalaLand Offices 5 286 employed by John Hay economic zone locators City Government of Baguio Tabios Hanah Puyat bullish on recovery of English schools Manila Bulletin Retrieved December 25 2021 Baguio is Philippines first UNESCO creative city CNN Philippines Archived from the original on October 4 2018 Retrieved October 3 2018 Baguio hailed as a UNESCO creative city ABS CBN News November 1 2017 Retrieved November 15 2017 2000 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING Report No 2 Volume I Demographic and Housing Characteristics PDF Philippine Statistics Authority National Statistics Office 2003 p 75 Archived from the original PDF on September 14 2022 Retrieved September 14 2022 Cabreza Vincent February 29 2020 25 years of Panagbenga help Baguio retain its summer capital fame Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on September 6 2020 Retrieved August 27 2022 Cabreza Vincent January 26 2008 Cordillera tribes realize why they should not fear tourism Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on October 2 2008 Retrieved February 2 2008 Republic Act No 6710 Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines February 10 1989 Archived from the original on February 13 2019 Retrieved March 22 2023 Statistics Tourism Special Tables National Statistical Coordination Board Complete list of Baguio Hotels philippines travel guide com Archived from the original on March 3 2016 Retrieved May 10 2009 Agatep Primo February 25 2018 DOT chief underscores Panagbenga s role in sustainable development Philippine News Agency Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 Best Destinations in Asia Travelers Choice Awards TripAdvisor Rodriguez Fritzie December 22 2014 Baguio City Your complete weekend itinerary Rappler Archived from the original on March 24 2022 Retrieved August 27 2022 City Councilors City Government of Baguio Retrieved July 18 2019 Baguio City Department of the Interior and Local Government Cordillera Administrative Region Retrieved June 17 2018 Halalan 2022 Philippine Election Results ABS CBN News Retrieved September 1 2022 IPMR of Baguio faces dads clarifying name Baguio Midland Courier February 12 2023 Retrieved January 6 2024 JR Baguio Midland Courier December 3 2023 Retrieved January 6 2024 Rocky Aliping wins Baguio City ABC President Amianan Balita Ngayon December 16 2023 Retrieved January 6 2024 Balweg s old house to become executive secretary s Baguio cottage Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved July 19 2019 Buan Lian Why Supreme Court justices go to Baguio every April Rappler Retrieved July 19 2019 DepEd Baguio gears up for 2016 CARAA meet Department of Education Retrieved July 18 2019 CARAA Meet 2019 Games of the Cordillerans www caraa ph Archived from the original on July 18 2019 Retrieved July 18 2019 Osis Roderick February 26 2019 Baguio starts retention bid in Caraa SunStar Retrieved July 18 2019 Jacinto Christian March 27 2020 The Untold Story Of Team Lakay ONE Championship Archived from the original on March 27 2020 Retrieved September 14 2022 Baguio lauds Team Lakay archers victories SunStar April 28 2017 Archived from the original on September 14 2022 Retrieved September 14 2022 Cabreza Vincent Ibaloy folk brace for change as Baguio flights resume Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved December 16 2022 Cabreza Vincent December 16 2022 Maiden flight of Baguio Cebu route lands at Summer Capital s only airport Inquirer Retrieved December 16 2022 Cabreza Vincent December 16 2020 Bus firms resuming Baguio trips Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on December 16 2020 Retrieved September 14 2022 a b Cabreza Vincent May 16 2012 Fighting for century old Kennon Road Philippine Daily Inquirer Inquirer Northern Luzon Retrieved February 29 2016 The colonial government decided then that constructing the Benguet Road Kennon Road s original name would provide the Americans a short route up the Benguet mountains When Baguio was devastated by the July 16 1990 earthquake then Public Works Secretary Gregorio Vigilar decided to permanently close the damaged Kennon Road said Cosalan The government discovered 471 disaster spots along the route which the Mines and Geosciences Bureau attributed to the fragility of the rock base the abandoned mining operations near the road and the natural ground fractures that were undetectable in the 1900s Republic Act No 8971 An Act Naming the Agoo Tubao Pugo Section of the Agoo Baguio Road the Jose D Aspiras Highway and the Benguet Baguio City Section of the Same Road the Ben Palispis Highway Chan Robles Virtual Law Library October 31 2000 Retrieved February 29 2016 a b Jimenez RC July 8 2018 Asin Tubao Road opens to ease Marcos Highway traffic Baguio Midland Courier Archived from the original on October 30 2018 Retrieved November 2 2018 Dilim Joanne Namnama P December 31 2017 DPWH 1 makes travel faster from La Union to CAR Philippine Information Agency Archived from the original on February 20 2020 Retrieved November 2 2018 Dennis Dionisio Jr August 16 2018 Buses also diverted to Naguilian Road in Cordillera Philippine News Agency Philippine News Agency Retrieved November 2 2018 Lalu Gabriel Pabico September 15 2018 Villar Two roads to Baguio closed Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved November 2 2018 Motorists going to Baguio can only use Naguilian Road as both Marcos Highway and Kennon Road are closed due to landslides Lagasca Charlie March 14 2006 Vizcaya Benguet road completed this year The Philippine Star Retrieved February 29 2016 BAYOMBONG Nueva Vizcaya Novo Vizcayanos can now look forward to reaching the country s summer capital in a few hours as the shortest route linking this landlocked province to the mountain city is expected to be completed by the end of this year The new route will traverse the mountain highway from Aritao Nueva Vizcaya to Baguio via the vegetable rich upland town of Kayapa and the majestic Ambuklao Dam in Bokod Benguet Caluza Desiree May 26 2014 Mountain Trail leads to culture nature hubs Philippine Daily Inquirer Inquirer Northern Luzon Retrieved February 29 2016 BAGUIO CITY Philippines Travelers who often frequent the 165 kilometer Mountain Trail may have gotten so used to the view along the scenic route that they often doze off all throughout the trip along this highway linking the provinces of Benguet Mountain Province and Ifugao in the Cordillera While the road length stretches to only a little more than 100 kilometres 62 miles from La Trinidad town in Benguet to the Mountain Province capital of Bontoc those raring for adventure and new sights should be prepared to spend six hours on the road Galacgac Aure February 6 2014 Halsema Highway to be made tourist friendly SunStar Archived from the original on September 14 2022 Retrieved September 14 2022 Aquino Leira July 14 2022 Baguio to revive Hop on Hop off bus Here s how it works Interaksyon Retrieved January 3 2023 a b Manto Ina Louise December 13 2022 PSA You Can Get Free Rides Around Baguio via the Hop On Hop Off Tourist Bus Retrieved January 3 2023 Government finalizing cable car plan Manila Standard Retrieved July 18 2019 French government gives P25 million for metro cable car study Manila Standard Archived from the original on September 28 2020 Retrieved July 18 2019 Dumlao Abadilla Doris Baguio monorail also on SSS shopping list Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved July 18 2019 Catajan Maria Elena March 27 2019 P80 M Baguio Water District building opens SunStar Retrieved July 19 2019 a b Agoot Liza August 29 2018 Water district worried on depletion of city s water supply Philippine News Agency Retrieved July 19 2019 Palangchao Harley December 25 2011 Bill that seeks to split Beneco into two filed in Lower House Baguio Midland Courier Archived from the original on July 18 2020 Retrieved July 19 2019 Agoot Liza January 15 2012 Baelco firm on managing city s EC but legal existence vague Baguio Midland Courier Archived from the original on July 19 2020 Retrieved July 19 2019 Sinumlag Alma B January 29 2012 Beneco says splitting franchise need further study Northern Dispatch Retrieved December 15 2021 Cimatu Frank September 20 2019 Magalong prioritizes preservation of Baguio heirlooms Rappler Retrieved December 15 2021 Titling of Asin hydro plant properties to be pursued City Government of Baguio Retrieved December 15 2021 Sto Nino hospital to stop operation effective July 31 Baguio Midland Courier July 5 2009 Archived from the original on October 21 2021 Retrieved January 11 2022 Cimatu Frank March 25 2020 Unused private hospital becomes medical facility for Baguio City s coronavirus patients Rappler Sto Nino Hospital named Baguio Critical Care Center SunStar April 3 2020 3 groups eying Scout Barrio hospital SunStar February 19 2019 Retrieved July 20 2019 Catajan Maria Elena January 21 2019 Opposition mounts against proposed hospital SunStar Retrieved July 20 2019 Catajan Maria Elena March 12 2019 Scout Barrio hospital project shelved SunStar Retrieved July 20 2019 The Electives Network Baguio General Hospital and Medical Centre The Electives Network Archived from the original on July 20 2019 Retrieved July 20 2019 City Health Services Office City Government of Baguio Retrieved July 20 2019 Daly Patrick Feener R Michael April 6 2016 Rebuilding Asia Following Natural Disasters Approaches to Reconstruction in the Asia Pacific Region Cambridge University Press p 65 ISBN 978 1 107 07357 9 Retrieved August 23 2022 Melanie Saro Baguio City A fun learning educational hub Baguio Midland Courier Archived from the original on February 14 2019 Retrieved February 14 2019 Baguio science HS opens in June Baguio Midland Courier November 27 2016 Archived from the original on December 1 2016 Retrieved December 15 2021 Ma Julie C April 1 2010 When the Spirit Meets the Spirits Pentecostal Ministry Among the Kankana ey Tribe in the Philippines Wipf and Stock Publishers p 52 ISBN 978 1 60899 464 9 Retrieved August 22 2022 About Us Easter College Archived from the original on April 11 2021 Retrieved August 22 2022 History amp Overview University of the Philippines Baguio Archived from the original on June 23 2021 Retrieved August 22 2022 Castro Leia A collation of other centenarians in Baguio Baguio Midland Courier Archived from the original on June 19 2009 Retrieved August 22 2022 Saint Louis University SLU Federation internationale des Universites Catholiques Archived from the original on June 19 2019 Retrieved August 22 2022 Meneses Nito January 12 2007 SLU celebrates its 95th founding anniversary Philippine Information Agency Archived from the original on August 22 2022 Retrieved August 22 2022 Baguio Central University Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Archived from the original on October 22 2020 Retrieved August 23 2022 University of the Cordilleras Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Archived from the original on October 22 2020 Retrieved August 23 2022 University of Baguio Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Archived from the original on October 29 2020 Retrieved August 23 2022 History Traditions and General Information Philippine Military Academy Archived from the original on May 20 2021 Retrieved August 23 2022 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Dacuag Pearl A September 6 2009 20 sister cities pledge to fortify ties with Baguio Baguio Midland Courier Archived from the original on January 24 2018 Retrieved October 13 2018 Marvil Baguio and Candon City Sign Sisterhood MOU SunStar Archived from the original on August 16 2016 Retrieved July 1 2016 Honolulu Data Sister Cities official website Honolulu City and County of Honolulu 2013 Retrieved August 28 2016 See Dexter A October 24 2014 Twinning ties for Baguio and Nazareth The Standard Archived from the original on March 8 2016 Retrieved March 4 2016 San Antonio to formalize Friendship agreement with Baguio Philippines City of San Antionio October 19 2022 Retrieved March 24 2023 Vallejo s Sister Cities Vallejo Sister Cities Association Archived from the original on December 27 2017 Retrieved August 28 2016 External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baguio nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Baguio Official website Philippine Standard Geographic Code Baguio at OpenStreetMap Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Baguio amp oldid 1216890498 Barangays, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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