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Puppet state

A puppet state, puppet régime, puppet government or dummy government[1] is a state that is de jure independent but de facto completely dependent upon an outside power and subject to its orders.[2] Puppet states have nominal sovereignty, except that a foreign power effectively exercises control through economic or military support.[3] By leaving a local government in existence the outside power evades all responsibility, while at the same time successfully paralyzing the local government they tolerate.[1][how?]

Puppet states differ from allies, who choose their actions of their own initiative or in accordance with treaties they have voluntarily entered. Puppet states are forced into legally endorsing actions already taken by a foreign power.

Characteristics

Puppet states are "endowed with the outward symbols of authority",[4] such as a name, flag, anthem, constitution, law codes, motto and government, but in reality are appendages of another state which creates,[5] sponsors or otherwise controls the puppet government. International law does not recognize occupied puppet states as legitimate.[6]

Puppet states can cease to be puppets through:

  • military defeat of the "master" state (as in Europe and Asia in 1945),
  • absorption into the master state (as in the early Soviet Union),
  • achievement of independence

Terminology

The term is a metaphor which compares a state or government to a puppet controlled by a puppeteer with strings.[7] The first recorded use of the term "puppet government" was in 1884, in reference to the Khedivate of Egypt.[8][unreliable source?]

In the Middle Ages vassal states existed based on delegation of the rule of a country by a king to noble men of lower rank. Since the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, the concept of a nation came into existence where sovereignty was connected more to the people who inhabited the land than to the nobility who owned the land.

An earlier similar concept is suzerainty, the control of the external affairs of one state by another.[citation needed]

Nineteenth-century examples

French revolutionary and Napoleonic clients

 
First French Empire and French satellite states in 1812

The Batavian Republic was established in the Netherlands under French revolutionary protection.

In Italy, the First French Republic encouraged a proliferation of small republics in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. (see also Sister republics).

In Eastern Europe, Napoleon's First French Empire established the Polish client state of the Duchy of Warsaw.[9]

British Empire

 
Map of the British Indian Empire. The princely states are in yellow.

In 1896 Britain established a state in Zanzibar.

Early twentieth-century examples

World War II examples

Imperial Japan

During Japan's imperial period, and particularly during the Pacific War (parts of which are considered the Pacific theatre of World War II), the Imperial Japanese regime established a number of dependent states.

Nominally sovereign states

 
Location of Manchukuo (red) within Imperial Japan's sphere of influence
 
Wang Jingwei receiving German diplomats while head of state in 1941

Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy

 
German-occupied Europe at the height of the Axis conquests in 1942

Several European governments under the domination of Germany and Italy during World War II have been described as "puppet régimes". The formal means of control in occupied Europe varied greatly. These states fall into several categories.

Existing states in alliance with Germany and Italy

  •   Hungarian Government of National Unity (1944–1945) – The pro-Nazi régime of Prime Minister Ferenc Szálasi supported by the Arrow Cross Party was a German puppet régime. Arrow Cross was a pro-German, anti-Semitic Fascist party. Szálasi was installed by the Germans after Hitler launched Operation Panzerfaust and had the Hungarian Regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy, removed and placed under house arrest. Horthy was forced to abdicate in favor of Szálasi. Szálasi fought on even after Budapest fell and Hungary was completely overrun.

Existing states under German or Italian rule

  •   Albania under Nazi Germany (1943–1944) – The Kingdom of Albania was an Italian protectorate and puppet régime. Italy invaded Albania in 1939 and ended the rule of King Zog I. King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy added King of Albania to his titles and Zog was exiled. King Victor Emmanuel and Shefqet Bej Verlaci, Albanian Prime Minister and Head of State, controlled the Italian protectorate. Shefqet Bej Verlaci was replaced as Prime Minister and Head of State by Mustafa Merlika Kruja on 3 December 1941. The Germans occupied Albania when Italy quit the war in 1943 and Ibrahim Bej Biçaku, Mehdi Bej Frashëri, and Rexhep Bej Mitrovica became successive Prime Minister under the Nazis.
  •   Vichy France (1940–1942/4) – The Vichy French régime of Philippe Pétain had limited autonomy from 1940 to 1942, and depended heavily on Germany. The Vichy government controlled many of France's colonies and the unoccupied part of France and enjoyed international recognition. In 1942, the Germans occupied the portion of France administered by the Vichy government in Case Anton and installed a new leadership under Pierre Laval, ending much of Vichy's international legitimacy.
  •   Monaco (1942–1944) – In 1943, the Italian army invaded and occupied Monaco, setting up a fascist administration. Shortly thereafter, following Mussolini's collapse in Italy, the German army occupied Monaco and began deporting the Jewish population. Among them was René Blum, founder of Monaco's Ballet de l'Opera, who died in a Nazi extermination camp.

New states formed to reflect national aspirations

States and governments under control of Germany and Italy

Italian Social Republic

  •   Italian Social Republic (1943–1945, known also as the Republic of Salò) – General Pietro Badoglio and King Victor Emmanuel III withdrew Italy from the Axis Powers and moved the government to Southern Italy, already conquered by the Allies. In response, the Germans occupied Northern Italy and founded the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI) with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini as its "Head of State" and "Minister of Foreign Affairs". While the RSI government had some trappings of an independent state, it was completely dependent both economically and politically on Germany.

British examples during and after World War II

The Axis demand for oil and the concern of the Allies that Germany would look to the oil-rich Middle East for a solution, caused the invasion of Iraq by the United Kingdom and the invasion of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union. Pro-Axis governments in both Iraq and Iran were removed and replaced with Allied-dominated governments.

  •   Kingdom of Iraq (1941–1947) – Iraq was important to the United Kingdom because of its position on the route to India. Iraq also could provide strategic oil reserves. But due to the UK's weakness early in the war Iraq backed away from the pre-war Anglo-Iraqi Alliance. On 1 April 1941, the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq was overthrown by a pro-German coup d'état under Rashid Ali. The Rashid Ali regime began negotiations with the Axis powers and military aid was quickly sent to Mosul via Vichy French-controlled Syria. The Germans provided a squadron of twin-engine fighters and a squadron of medium bombers. The Italians provided a squadron of biplane fighters. In mid-April 1941, a brigade of the 10th Indian Infantry Division landed at Basra (Operation Sabine). On 30 April, British forces at RAF Habbaniya were besieged by a numerically inferior Iraqi force. On 2 May, the British launched pre-emptive airstrikes against the Iraqis and the Anglo-Iraqi War began. By the end of May, the siege of RAF Habbaniya was lifted, Fallujah was taken, Baghdad was surrounded by British forces, and the pro-German government of Rashid Ali collapsed. Rashid Ali and his supporters fled the country. The Hashemite monarchy (King Faisal II and Prime Minister Nuri al-Said) was restored, and declared war on the Axis powers in January 1942. British and Commonwealth forces remained in Iraq until 26 October 1947.[20]
  •   Imperial State of Iran (1941–1943) – German workers in Iran caused the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union to question Iran's neutrality. In addition, Iran's geographical position was important to the Allies. So, in August 1941, the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (Operation Countenance) was launched. In September 1941, Reza Shah Pahlavi was forced to abdicate his throne and went into exile. He was replaced by his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was willing to declare war on the Axis powers. By January 1942, the UK and the Soviet Union agreed to end their occupation of Iran six months after the end of the war.

Soviet examples after 1939

Puppet states later absorbed into the U.S.S.R.

 
Map of the Finnish Democratic Republic (1939–40), a short-lived puppet state of the Soviet Union. Green indicates the area that the Soviet Union planned to cede to the Finnish Democratic Republic, and red the areas ceded by Democratic Finland to the Soviet Union.

Soviet satellites in Europe

As Soviet forces prevailed over the German Army on the Eastern Front during the Second World War, the Soviet Union supported the creation of communist governments throughout Eastern Europe. Specifically, the People's Republics in Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Albania were dominated by the Soviet Union. While all of these People's Republics did not "officially" take power until after World War II ended, they all have roots in pro-Communist war-time governments.

Soviet puppet states in Central Asia

  •   Republic of Mahabad (22 January 1946 – 15 January 1947), officially known as the Republic of Kurdistan and established in several provinces of northwestern Iran, or what is known as Iranian Kurdistan, was a short-lived republic that sought Kurdish autonomy within the limits of the Iranian state. Iran re-took control in December and the leaders of the state were executed in March 1947 in Mahabad.
  •   Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1991)

Other states under Soviet influence

Yugoslavia was a communist state closely linked to the Soviet Union, but Yugoslavia retained autonomy within its own borders. After the Tito–Stalin split in 1948, the relationship between the two countries deteriorated significantly. Yugoslavia was expelled from the international organizations of the Eastern Bloc. After Stalin's death and a period of de-Stalinization by Khrushchev, peace was restored, but the relationship between the two countries was never completely mended. Yugoslavia continued to pursue independent policies and became the founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement.[citation needed]

The Soviet Union continued to exert some influence over the People's Republic of China before the Sino-Soviet split in 1961. Some other countries which once were Soviet puppet governments include Mongolia, North Korea, North Vietnam, the reunified Vietnam and Cuba, all of which had substantial dependence on Soviet economy, military, science and technology. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, most of its former satellites moved towards democratization. Only China, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam remain one-party communist states.

In 1992, all references to Marxism–Leninism in the constitution of North Korea were dropped by the Supreme People's Assembly and replaced with Juche.[27] In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended to not only remove all Marxist–Leninist references from the first draft, but also drop all references to communism.[28]

Examples before and during decolonization

In some cases, the process of decolonization has been managed by the decolonizing power to create a neo-colony, that is a nominally independent state whose economy and politics permits continued foreign domination. Neo-colonies are not normally considered puppet states.[citation needed]

Dutch East Indies

The Netherlands formed several puppet states in the former Dutch East Indies as part of its effort to quell the Indonesian National Revolution[citation needed]

Congo crisis

Following Belgian Congo's independence as Congo-Leopoldville in 1960, Belgian interests supported the short-lived breakaway state of Katanga (1960–1963).[29]

East Timor

Indonesia established a Provisional Government of East Timor following its invasion of East Timor in December 1975.[30][31][32]

South Africa's Bantustans

 
Map of bantustans in South West Africa (present-day Namibia) as of 1978

During the 1970s and 1980s, four ethnic bantustans - some of which were extremely fragmented - called "homelands" by the government of the time, were carved out of South Africa and given nominal sovereignty. Mostly Xhosa people resided in the Ciskei and Transkei, Tswana people in Bophuthatswana and Venda people in the Venda Republic.[33][unreliable source?]

The principal purpose of these states was to remove South African citizenship from the Xhosa, Tswana and Venda peoples, and so provide grounds for denying them their democratic rights. All four bantustans were reincorporated into a democratic South Africa on 27 April 1994, under a new constitution.[citation needed]

The South African authorities established ten bantustans in South West Africa (present-day Namibia), then illegally occupied by South Africa, in the late 1960s and early 1970s in accordance with the Odendaal Commission. Three of them were granted self-rule. These bantustans were replaced with separate ethnicity-based governments in 1980.[citation needed]

Examples after the Cold War

Republic of Kuwait

The Republic of Kuwait was a short-lived pro-Iraqi state in the Persian Gulf that only existed three weeks before it was annexed by Iraq in 1990.

Republic of Serbian Krajina

The Republic of Serbian Krajina was a self-proclaimed territory ethnic cleansed[clarification needed] by Serbian forces during the Croatian War (1991–95). That regime was completely dependent to the Serbian regime of Slobodan Milošević,[34] and was not recognized internationally.

Recent and current examples

United States of America

The Coalition Provisional Authority's economy was dominated by American influence. The Coalition Provisional Authority began to dismantle Iraq's Centrally Planned Economy. Paul Bremer, chief executive the Coalition Provisional Authority of Iraq, planned to restructure Iraq's state owned economy with free market thinking. Bremer dropped the corporate tax rate from around 45% to a flat tax rate of 15% and allowed foreign corporations to repatriate all profits earned in Iraq. Opposition from senior Iraqi officials, together with the poor security situation, meant that Bremer's privatization plan was not implemented during his tenure,[38] though his orders remained in place.

CPA Order 39 laid out the framework for full privatization in Iraq and permitted 100% foreign ownership of Iraqi assets and strengthened the positions of foreign businesses and investors. Critics like Naomi Klein argued that CPA Order 39 was designed to create as favorable an environment for foreign investors as possible, which would allow American corporations to dominate Iraq's economy.[39]

Also controversial was CPA Order 17 which granted all foreign contractors operating in Iraq immunity from "Iraqi legal process," effectively granting immunity from any kind of suit, civil or criminal, for actions the contractors engaged in within Iraq.[40] CPA Order 49 also provided significant tax cuts for corporations operating within Iraq by reducing the rate from a maximum of 40% to a maximum of just 15% on income. Furthermore, corporations who collaborated with the CPA were exempted from having to pay any tax.[41]

Armenia

  •   Artsakh - A former self-declared independent state heavily populated by Armenians, it was internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan. Russian peacekeepers controlled the Lachin corridor that allowed traffic to reach Armenia, on which it was heavily dependent.[42][43]

China

Russian Federation

 
Abkhazian President Alexander Ankvab with Transnistrian President Yevgeny Shevchuk in 2013. Both Abkhazia and Transnistria have been described as puppet states of Russia.
  •   Abkhazia is considered a puppet state that depends on Russia.[48][49] The economy of Abkhazia is heavily integrated with Russia and uses the Russian ruble as its currency. About half of Abkhazia's state budget is financed with aid money from Russia.[50] Most Abkhazians have Russian passports.[51] Russia maintains a 3,500-strong force in Abkhazia with its headquarters in Gudauta, a former Soviet military base on the Black Sea coast[52] and the borders of the Republic of Abkhazia are protected by Russian paratroopers.[53]
  •   South Ossetia has declared independence but its ability to maintain independence is solely based on Russian troops deployed on its territory. As South Ossetia is landlocked between Russia and Georgia, from which it seceded, it has to rely on Russia for economic and logistical support, as all of its exports and imports and air and road traffic is only with Russia. Former President of South Ossetia Eduard Kokoity claimed he would like South Ossetia eventually to become a part of the Russian Federation through reunification with North Ossetia.[54]
  • The   Donetsk People's Republic and the   Luhansk People's Republic were self-proclaimed republics in eastern Ukraine considered puppet states of Russia.[55][56] Russia annexed the DPR and the LPR on 30 September 2022, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
  •   Transnistria is considered a puppet state supported by Russia.[57][58][59][60]

Disputed examples

In Yemen

 
Map of territorial control in Yemen
  Southern Transitional Council supported by the UAE
  Internationally-recognized Government of Yemen based in Saudi Arabia
  Houthi-led Supreme Political Council supported by Iran

Iran

Saudi Arabia

United Arab Emirates

Turkish Republic of North Cyprus

 
Northern Cyprus in 2009

Belarus

See also

References

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  2. ^ Compare: Marek, Krystyna (1954). Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law. Library Droz. p. 178. ISBN 9782600040440. [...] an allegedly independent, but 'actually' dependent, i.e. puppet State [...].
  3. ^ McNeely, Connie L. (1995). Constructing the Nation-state: International Organization and Prescriptive Action. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-313-29398-6. Retrieved 13 September 2017. The term 'puppet state' is used to describe nominal sovereigns under effective foreign control...
  4. ^ Puppet government, Merriam-Webster
  5. ^ Raič, David (2002). Statehood and the Law of Self-Determination. Kluwer Law International. p. 81. ISBN 90-411-1890-X. Retrieved 13 September 2017. In most cases, puppet States are created by the occupant during occupation of a State, for the purpose of circumventing the former's international responsibility regarding the violation of the rights of the occupied State.
  6. ^ Lemkin, Raphaël (2008) [1944]. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-58477-901-8. Retrieved 30 June 2019. The creation of puppet states or of puppet governments does not give them any special status under international law in the occupied territory. Therefore the puppet governments and puppet states have no greater rights in the occupied territory than the occupant himself. Their actions should be considered as actions of the occupant and hence subject to the limitations of the Hague Regulations.
  7. ^ Shapiro, Stephen (2003). Ultra Hush-hush. Annick Press. p. 38. ISBN 1-55037-778-7. Puppet state: a country whose government is being controlled by the government of another country, much as a puppeteer controls the strings on a marionette
  8. ^ Harper, Douglas. "puppet (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
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Further reading

  • James Crawford. The creation of states in international law (1979)

puppet, state, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, july, 2022, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, puppe. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations July 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message A puppet state puppet regime puppet government or dummy government 1 is a state that is de jure independent but de facto completely dependent upon an outside power and subject to its orders 2 Puppet states have nominal sovereignty except that a foreign power effectively exercises control through economic or military support 3 By leaving a local government in existence the outside power evades all responsibility while at the same time successfully paralyzing the local government they tolerate 1 how Puppet states differ from allies who choose their actions of their own initiative or in accordance with treaties they have voluntarily entered Puppet states are forced into legally endorsing actions already taken by a foreign power Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Terminology 3 Nineteenth century examples 3 1 French revolutionary and Napoleonic clients 3 2 British Empire 4 Early twentieth century examples 5 World War II examples 5 1 Imperial Japan 5 1 1 Nominally sovereign states 5 2 Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy 5 2 1 Existing states in alliance with Germany and Italy 5 2 2 Existing states under German or Italian rule 5 2 3 New states formed to reflect national aspirations 5 2 4 States and governments under control of Germany and Italy 5 2 5 Italian Social Republic 6 British examples during and after World War II 7 Soviet examples after 1939 7 1 Puppet states later absorbed into the U S S R 7 2 Soviet satellites in Europe 7 3 Soviet puppet states in Central Asia 7 4 Other states under Soviet influence 8 Examples before and during decolonization 8 1 Dutch East Indies 8 2 Congo crisis 8 3 East Timor 8 4 South Africa s Bantustans 9 Examples after the Cold War 9 1 Republic of Kuwait 9 2 Republic of Serbian Krajina 10 Recent and current examples 10 1 United States of America 10 2 Armenia 10 3 China 10 4 Russian Federation 11 Disputed examples 11 1 In Yemen 11 1 1 Iran 11 1 2 Saudi Arabia 11 1 3 United Arab Emirates 11 2 Turkish Republic of North Cyprus 11 3 Belarus 12 See also 13 References 14 Further readingCharacteristicsPuppet states are endowed with the outward symbols of authority 4 such as a name flag anthem constitution law codes motto and government but in reality are appendages of another state which creates 5 sponsors or otherwise controls the puppet government International law does not recognize occupied puppet states as legitimate 6 Puppet states can cease to be puppets through military defeat of the master state as in Europe and Asia in 1945 absorption into the master state as in the early Soviet Union achievement of independenceTerminologyThe term is a metaphor which compares a state or government to a puppet controlled by a puppeteer with strings 7 The first recorded use of the term puppet government was in 1884 in reference to the Khedivate of Egypt 8 unreliable source In the Middle Ages vassal states existed based on delegation of the rule of a country by a king to noble men of lower rank Since the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 the concept of a nation came into existence where sovereignty was connected more to the people who inhabited the land than to the nobility who owned the land An earlier similar concept is suzerainty the control of the external affairs of one state by another citation needed Nineteenth century examplesFrench revolutionary and Napoleonic clients nbsp First French Empire and French satellite states in 1812The Batavian Republic was established in the Netherlands under French revolutionary protection In Italy the First French Republic encouraged a proliferation of small republics in the late 18th and early 19th centuries see also Sister republics In Eastern Europe Napoleon s First French Empire established the Polish client state of the Duchy of Warsaw 9 British Empire nbsp Map of the British Indian Empire The princely states are in yellow In 1896 Britain established a state in Zanzibar Early twentieth century examplesMain article List of World War I puppet states nbsp Kingdom of Poland 1916 1918 The Central Powers forces occupied Russian Congress Poland in 1915 and in 1916 the German Empire and Austria Hungary created a Polish monarchy to exploit the occupied territories in an easier way and mobilize the Poles against the Russians see Polish Legions In 1918 the state became independent and formed the backbone of the new internationally recognized Second Polish Republic nbsp Kingdom of Lithuania 1918 after Russia s defeat and the territorial cessions of the 1918 Treaty of Brest Litovsk the Germans established a Lithuanian kingdom However it became an independent republic with Germany s defeat nbsp Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 1918 in 1915 the Imperial German forces occupied the Russian Courland Governorate and the Treaty of Brest Litovsk ended the war in the east so the local ethnic Baltic Germans established a Duchy under the German crown in that part of Ober Ost with a common return of civil administration in favor of military clarification needed This state was very swiftly merged with the Baltic State Duchy and the German occupied territories of the Russian Empire in Livonia and Estonia into a multi ethnic United Baltic Duchy nbsp Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus and nbsp Provisional Government of Western Thrace were provisional republics established by the Turkish minorities of Thrace and Caucasia after the Ottoman Empire lost its lands in these regions Both were the products of the Ottoman Intelligence agency Teskilat i Mahsusa in terms of organisational structure and organisers and they had remarkably common clarification needed features 10 nbsp Donetsk Krivoy Rog Republic The state remotely controlled by the Russian Soviet Republic 11 was founded by Stalin s close friend Fyodor Sergeyev 12 But the DKRR was disliked by Lenin The capital of the republic was soon overthrown by the Germans again and after the Soviet Red Army regained control of the territory the country was dissolved at Lenin s request nbsp Republic of Central Lithuania 1920 1922 dependent and fully incorporated by Second Polish Republic by 1922World War II examplesImperial Japan Further information Axis powers of World War II Collaboration with Imperial Japan and List of WWII puppet states During Japan s imperial period and particularly during the Pacific War parts of which are considered the Pacific theatre of World War II the Imperial Japanese regime established a number of dependent states Nominally sovereign states nbsp Location of Manchukuo red within Imperial Japan s sphere of influence nbsp Wang Jingwei receiving German diplomats while head of state in 1941 nbsp Manchukuo 1932 1945 set up in Manchuria under the leadership of the last Chinese Emperor Puyi 13 nbsp North Shanxi Autonomous Government 1937 1939 was formed in northern Shanxi with its capital at Datong on October 15 1937 The state was then merged into Menjiang along with South Chahar Autonomous Government and the Mongol United Autonomous Government nbsp South Chahar Autonomous Government 1937 1939 was formed in South Chahar with its capital at Kalgan modern day Zhangjiakou on September 4 1937 The state was merged with the North Shanxi Autonomous Government as well as the Mongol United Autonomous Government to create Mengjiang nbsp Mongol Military Government 1936 1937 as well as Mongol United Autonomous Government 1937 1939 were established in Inner Mongolia as puppet states with local collaborators This state formed the large basis of what was to become Mengjiang nbsp Mengjiang set up in Inner Mongolia on May 12 1936 as the Mongol Military Government 蒙古軍政府 was renamed in October 1937 as the Mongol United Autonomous Government 蒙古聯盟自治政府 On September 1 1939 the predominantly Han Chinese governments of South Chahar Autonomous Government and North Shanxi Autonomous Government were merged with the Mongol Autonomous Government creating the new Mengjiang United Autonomous Government 蒙疆聯合自治政府 All of these were headed by De Wang 14 nbsp East Hebei Autonomous Council a state in northeast China between 1935 and 1938 nbsp Great Way Dadao government Shanghai 1937 1940 A short lived regime based in Shanghai This provisional government was established as a preliminary collaboration state as the Japanese took control of all of Shanghai and advanced towards Nanking This was then merged with the Reformed Government of China as well as the Provisional Government of China into the Reorganised Nationalist Government of the Republic of China under the leadership of Chairman Wang Jingwei nbsp Reformed Government of the Republic of China First regime established in Nanjing after the Battle of Nanjing Later fused into the Provisional Government of China nbsp Provisional Government of China December 14 1937 March 30 1940 Incorporated into the Nanjing Nationalist Government on March 30 1940 15 nbsp Reorganised Nationalist Government of the Republic of China March 30 1940 1945 Established in Nanjing under the leadership of Wang Jingwei 16 nbsp State of Burma Burma 1942 1945 Head of State Ba Maw nbsp Second Philippine Republic 1943 1945 government headed by Jose P Laurel as President nbsp Provisional Government of Free India 1943 1945 set up in Singapore in October 1943 by Subhas Chandra Bose and was in charge of Indian expatriates and military personnel in Japanese Southeast Asia The government was established with prospective control of Indian territory to fall to the offensive to India clarification needed Of the territory of post independence India the government took charge of Kohima after it fell to the Japanese INA offensive parts of Manipur that fell to both the Japanese 15th Army and the INA and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands nbsp Empire of Vietnam Vietnamese Đế quốc Việt Nam Han tự 帝國越南 March August 1945 Emperor Bảo Đại s regime with Trần Trọng Kim as prime minister after proclaiming independence from France nbsp Kingdom of Cambodia Cambodia March August 1945 King Norodom Sihanouk s regime with Son Ngoc Thanh as Prime Minister after proclaiming independence from France nbsp Kingdom of Laos King Sisavang Vong s regime 1904 1959 after proclaiming independence from France Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy Further information Axis powers of World War II and Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy nbsp German occupied Europe at the height of the Axis conquests in 1942Several European governments under the domination of Germany and Italy during World War II have been described as puppet regimes The formal means of control in occupied Europe varied greatly These states fall into several categories Existing states in alliance with Germany and Italy nbsp Hungarian Government of National Unity 1944 1945 The pro Nazi regime of Prime Minister Ferenc Szalasi supported by the Arrow Cross Party was a German puppet regime Arrow Cross was a pro German anti Semitic Fascist party Szalasi was installed by the Germans after Hitler launched Operation Panzerfaust and had the Hungarian Regent Admiral Miklos Horthy removed and placed under house arrest Horthy was forced to abdicate in favor of Szalasi Szalasi fought on even after Budapest fell and Hungary was completely overrun Existing states under German or Italian rule nbsp Albania under Nazi Germany 1943 1944 The Kingdom of Albania was an Italian protectorate and puppet regime Italy invaded Albania in 1939 and ended the rule of King Zog I King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy added King of Albania to his titles and Zog was exiled King Victor Emmanuel and Shefqet Bej Verlaci Albanian Prime Minister and Head of State controlled the Italian protectorate Shefqet Bej Verlaci was replaced as Prime Minister and Head of State by Mustafa Merlika Kruja on 3 December 1941 The Germans occupied Albania when Italy quit the war in 1943 and Ibrahim Bej Bicaku Mehdi Bej Frasheri and Rexhep Bej Mitrovica became successive Prime Minister under the Nazis nbsp Vichy France 1940 1942 4 The Vichy French regime of Philippe Petain had limited autonomy from 1940 to 1942 and depended heavily on Germany The Vichy government controlled many of France s colonies and the unoccupied part of France and enjoyed international recognition In 1942 the Germans occupied the portion of France administered by the Vichy government in Case Anton and installed a new leadership under Pierre Laval ending much of Vichy s international legitimacy nbsp Monaco 1942 1944 In 1943 the Italian army invaded and occupied Monaco setting up a fascist administration Shortly thereafter following Mussolini s collapse in Italy the German army occupied Monaco and began deporting the Jewish population Among them was Rene Blum founder of Monaco s Ballet de l Opera who died in a Nazi extermination camp New states formed to reflect national aspirations nbsp Slovak Republic under the Slovak People s Party 1939 1945 The Slovak Republic was a German client state citation needed The Slovak People s Party was a clerofascist nationalist movement associated with the Roman Catholic Church Monsignor Jozef Tiso became the president in a nominally independent Slovakia nbsp Independent State of Croatia 1941 1945 The Independent State of Croatia Nezavisna Drzava Hrvatska or NDH was a German and Italian puppet regime On paper the NDH was a kingdom under King Tomislav II Aimone Duke of Spoleto of the House of Savoy 17 but Tomislav II was only a figurehead in Croatia who never exercised any real power with Ante Pavelic a somewhat independent leader Poglavnik though staying obedient to Rome and Berlin Provisional Government in Lithuania formed in hope that the change of occupier would allow an autonomous state on the model of the Slovak RepublicStates and governments under control of Germany and Italy nbsp Hellenic State 1941 1944 The Hellenic State administration of Georgios Tsolakoglou Konstantinos Logothetopoulos and Ioannis Rallis was a collaborationist puppet government 18 during the Axis occupation of Greece Germany Italy and Bulgaria occupied different portions of Greece at different times during these regimes nbsp Government of National Salvation 1941 1944 The government of General Milan Nedic and sometimes known as Nedic s Serbia was a German puppet regime operating in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia 19 during the Axis occupation of Serbia nbsp Lokot Republic Russia 1941 1943 The Lokot Republic under Konstantin Voskoboinik fr ru and Bronislaw Kaminski was a semi autonomous region in Nazi occupied Russia under a collaborationist administration The republic covered the area of several raions of Oryol and Kursk Oblasts It was directly associated with the Russian Liberation People s Army Russkaya Osvoboditelnaya Narodnaya Armiya or RONA known as the Kaminski Brigade nbsp Quisling s Norwegian National government 1942 1945 The occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany started with all authority held by German Reich Commissioner Reichskommissar Josef Terboven who exercised this through the Reichskommissariat Norwegen The Norwegian pro German fascist Vidkun Quisling attempted a coup d etat against the Norwegian government during the German invasion on 9 April 1940 but was not appointed by the Germans to head another native government until 1 February 1942 nbsp Independent State of Croatia 1941 1945 Formed after the invasion of Yugoslavia the Independent State of Croatia was led by the Croatian fascist leader Ante Pavelic It controlled all or most of Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina parts of Serbia and parts of Slovenia The government relied on German support for much of its existence Zuyev Republic 1941 1944 was an autonomous region in Nazi occupied Belarus Italian Social Republic nbsp Italian Social Republic 1943 1945 known also as the Republic of Salo General Pietro Badoglio and King Victor Emmanuel III withdrew Italy from the Axis Powers and moved the government to Southern Italy already conquered by the Allies In response the Germans occupied Northern Italy and founded the Italian Social Republic Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini as its Head of State and Minister of Foreign Affairs While the RSI government had some trappings of an independent state it was completely dependent both economically and politically on Germany British examples during and after World War IIFurther information Allies of World War II and List of World War II puppet states The Axis demand for oil and the concern of the Allies that Germany would look to the oil rich Middle East for a solution caused the invasion of Iraq by the United Kingdom and the invasion of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union Pro Axis governments in both Iraq and Iran were removed and replaced with Allied dominated governments nbsp Kingdom of Iraq 1941 1947 Iraq was important to the United Kingdom because of its position on the route to India Iraq also could provide strategic oil reserves But due to the UK s weakness early in the war Iraq backed away from the pre war Anglo Iraqi Alliance On 1 April 1941 the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq was overthrown by a pro German coup d etat under Rashid Ali The Rashid Ali regime began negotiations with the Axis powers and military aid was quickly sent to Mosul via Vichy French controlled Syria The Germans provided a squadron of twin engine fighters and a squadron of medium bombers The Italians provided a squadron of biplane fighters In mid April 1941 a brigade of the 10th Indian Infantry Division landed at Basra Operation Sabine On 30 April British forces at RAF Habbaniya were besieged by a numerically inferior Iraqi force On 2 May the British launched pre emptive airstrikes against the Iraqis and the Anglo Iraqi War began By the end of May the siege of RAF Habbaniya was lifted Fallujah was taken Baghdad was surrounded by British forces and the pro German government of Rashid Ali collapsed Rashid Ali and his supporters fled the country The Hashemite monarchy King Faisal II and Prime Minister Nuri al Said was restored and declared war on the Axis powers in January 1942 British and Commonwealth forces remained in Iraq until 26 October 1947 20 nbsp Imperial State of Iran 1941 1943 German workers in Iran caused the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union to question Iran s neutrality In addition Iran s geographical position was important to the Allies So in August 1941 the Anglo Soviet invasion of Iran Operation Countenance was launched In September 1941 Reza Shah Pahlavi was forced to abdicate his throne and went into exile He was replaced by his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was willing to declare war on the Axis powers By January 1942 the UK and the Soviet Union agreed to end their occupation of Iran six months after the end of the war Soviet examples after 1939Main article Soviet satellite states Puppet states later absorbed into the U S S R nbsp Map of the Finnish Democratic Republic 1939 40 a short lived puppet state of the Soviet Union Green indicates the area that the Soviet Union planned to cede to the Finnish Democratic Republic and red the areas ceded by Democratic Finland to the Soviet Union nbsp Tuvan People s Republic disputed discuss also Tannu Tuva 1921 1944 achieved independence from China by means of local nationalist revolutions only to come under the domination of the Soviet Union in the 1920s In 1944 Tannu Tuva was absorbed into the Soviet Union nbsp Finnish Democratic Republic 1939 1940 The Finnish Democratic Republic Suomen Kansanvaltainen Tasavalta was a short lived republic in the parts of Finland that were occupied by the Soviet Union during the Winter War The Finnish Democratic Republic was also known as the Terijoki Government Terijoen hallitus because Terijoki was the first town captured by the Soviets The Finnish Democratic Republic was intended to govern Finland after Soviet conquest 21 22 nbsp Azerbaijan People s Government 1940 1946 A short lived state in Iranian Azerbaijan after WWII 23 nbsp Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 1940 In June 1940 the Republic of Latvia was occupied by the USSR and in July a government proclaimed Soviet power 24 In August 1940 Latvia was illegally annexed by the USSR 25 nbsp Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic 1940 In June 1940 the Republic of Lithuania was occupied by the USSR and in July a government proclaimed Soviet power 24 In August 1940 Lithuania was illegally annexed by the USSR 25 nbsp Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic 1940 In June 1940 the Republic of Estonia was occupied by the USSR and in July a government proclaimed Soviet power 24 26 In August 1940 Estonia was illegally annexed by the USSR 25 Soviet satellites in Europe As Soviet forces prevailed over the German Army on the Eastern Front during the Second World War the Soviet Union supported the creation of communist governments throughout Eastern Europe Specifically the People s Republics in Poland Romania Czechoslovakia Bulgaria Hungary and Albania were dominated by the Soviet Union While all of these People s Republics did not officially take power until after World War II ended they all have roots in pro Communist war time governments nbsp Polish People s Republic 1947 1989 The wartime governments under the Polish Committee of National Liberation the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland and the Provisional Government of National Unity nbsp National communist state of Romania 1947 1968 The war time National Front FND government under Prime Minister Petru Groza The FND was led by the Romanian Communist Party PCR Romania refused to participate in the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia and since then has traded and had a warmer relationship with the Western World resulting in the Soviet Union losing control of Romania as a puppet state This has been called the de satellization of Communist Romania nbsp Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 1948 1990 The wartime pro Communist government National Front nbsp People s Republic of Bulgaria 1946 1990 The wartime pro Communist Fatherland Front government headed by Kimon Georgiev Zveno nbsp Hungarian People s Republic 1949 1989 The wartime government of Prime Minister Bela Miklos Soviet puppet states in Central Asia nbsp Republic of Mahabad 22 January 1946 15 January 1947 officially known as the Republic of Kurdistan and established in several provinces of northwestern Iran or what is known as Iranian Kurdistan was a short lived republic that sought Kurdish autonomy within the limits of the Iranian state Iran re took control in December and the leaders of the state were executed in March 1947 in Mahabad nbsp Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 1978 1991 Other states under Soviet influence Yugoslavia was a communist state closely linked to the Soviet Union but Yugoslavia retained autonomy within its own borders After the Tito Stalin split in 1948 the relationship between the two countries deteriorated significantly Yugoslavia was expelled from the international organizations of the Eastern Bloc After Stalin s death and a period of de Stalinization by Khrushchev peace was restored but the relationship between the two countries was never completely mended Yugoslavia continued to pursue independent policies and became the founding member of the Non Aligned Movement citation needed The Soviet Union continued to exert some influence over the People s Republic of China before the Sino Soviet split in 1961 Some other countries which once were Soviet puppet governments include Mongolia North Korea North Vietnam the reunified Vietnam and Cuba all of which had substantial dependence on Soviet economy military science and technology After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 most of its former satellites moved towards democratization Only China Cuba Laos and Vietnam remain one party communist states In 1992 all references to Marxism Leninism in the constitution of North Korea were dropped by the Supreme People s Assembly and replaced with Juche 27 In 2009 the constitution was quietly amended to not only remove all Marxist Leninist references from the first draft but also drop all references to communism 28 Examples before and during decolonizationSee also Francafrique In some cases the process of decolonization has been managed by the decolonizing power to create a neo colony that is a nominally independent state whose economy and politics permits continued foreign domination Neo colonies are not normally considered puppet states citation needed Dutch East Indies The Netherlands formed several puppet states in the former Dutch East Indies as part of its effort to quell the Indonesian National Revolution citation needed nbsp East Indonesia nbsp East Java nbsp East Sumatra nbsp Madura nbsp Pasundan nbsp South Sumatra nbsp Bandjar Bangka Island Biliton Central Java East Kalimantan nbsp Great Dayak Southeast Borneo Federation nbsp West KalimantanCongo crisis See also King Leopold II Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Blood diamond Following Belgian Congo s independence as Congo Leopoldville in 1960 Belgian interests supported the short lived breakaway state of Katanga 1960 1963 29 East Timor Indonesia established a Provisional Government of East Timor following its invasion of East Timor in December 1975 30 31 32 South Africa s Bantustans nbsp Map of bantustans in South West Africa present day Namibia as of 1978During the 1970s and 1980s four ethnic bantustans some of which were extremely fragmented called homelands by the government of the time were carved out of South Africa and given nominal sovereignty Mostly Xhosa people resided in the Ciskei and Transkei Tswana people in Bophuthatswana and Venda people in the Venda Republic 33 unreliable source The principal purpose of these states was to remove South African citizenship from the Xhosa Tswana and Venda peoples and so provide grounds for denying them their democratic rights All four bantustans were reincorporated into a democratic South Africa on 27 April 1994 under a new constitution citation needed The South African authorities established ten bantustans in South West Africa present day Namibia then illegally occupied by South Africa in the late 1960s and early 1970s in accordance with the Odendaal Commission Three of them were granted self rule These bantustans were replaced with separate ethnicity based governments in 1980 citation needed Examples after the Cold WarRepublic of Kuwait The Republic of Kuwait was a short lived pro Iraqi state in the Persian Gulf that only existed three weeks before it was annexed by Iraq in 1990 Republic of Serbian Krajina The Republic of Serbian Krajina was a self proclaimed territory ethnic cleansed clarification needed by Serbian forces during the Croatian War 1991 95 That regime was completely dependent to the Serbian regime of Slobodan Milosevic 34 and was not recognized internationally Recent and current examplesUnited States of America nbsp Iraq Interim government and Coalition Provisional Authority Critics of the Iraqi Interim Government argue that it existed only at the pleasure of the United States and other coalition countries and consider it a US puppet government 35 This criticism has also been extended to politicians active within the Interim Government with the media suggesting that Ayad Allawi was Washington s puppet 36 37 The Coalition Provisional Authority s economy was dominated by American influence The Coalition Provisional Authority began to dismantle Iraq s Centrally Planned Economy Paul Bremer chief executive the Coalition Provisional Authority of Iraq planned to restructure Iraq s state owned economy with free market thinking Bremer dropped the corporate tax rate from around 45 to a flat tax rate of 15 and allowed foreign corporations to repatriate all profits earned in Iraq Opposition from senior Iraqi officials together with the poor security situation meant that Bremer s privatization plan was not implemented during his tenure 38 though his orders remained in place CPA Order 39 laid out the framework for full privatization in Iraq and permitted 100 foreign ownership of Iraqi assets and strengthened the positions of foreign businesses and investors Critics like Naomi Klein argued that CPA Order 39 was designed to create as favorable an environment for foreign investors as possible which would allow American corporations to dominate Iraq s economy 39 Also controversial was CPA Order 17 which granted all foreign contractors operating in Iraq immunity from Iraqi legal process effectively granting immunity from any kind of suit civil or criminal for actions the contractors engaged in within Iraq 40 CPA Order 49 also provided significant tax cuts for corporations operating within Iraq by reducing the rate from a maximum of 40 to a maximum of just 15 on income Furthermore corporations who collaborated with the CPA were exempted from having to pay any tax 41 Armenia nbsp Artsakh A former self declared independent state heavily populated by Armenians it was internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan Russian peacekeepers controlled the Lachin corridor that allowed traffic to reach Armenia on which it was heavily dependent 42 43 China nbsp Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong is a Special administrative region in China with executive legislative and judicial powers devolved from the national government However the recent enactment of the Hong Kong National Security Law and changes in the Hong Kong electoral system shows that the Hong Kong government no longer enjoys a high degree of autonomy and can be considered a puppet state of the People s Republic of China 44 45 nbsp Wa State The de facto independent Wa State in Myanmar is considered a puppet state linked to China 46 47 Russian Federation nbsp Abkhazian President Alexander Ankvab with Transnistrian President Yevgeny Shevchuk in 2013 Both Abkhazia and Transnistria have been described as puppet states of Russia nbsp Abkhazia is considered a puppet state that depends on Russia 48 49 The economy of Abkhazia is heavily integrated with Russia and uses the Russian ruble as its currency About half of Abkhazia s state budget is financed with aid money from Russia 50 Most Abkhazians have Russian passports 51 Russia maintains a 3 500 strong force in Abkhazia with its headquarters in Gudauta a former Soviet military base on the Black Sea coast 52 and the borders of the Republic of Abkhazia are protected by Russian paratroopers 53 nbsp South Ossetia has declared independence but its ability to maintain independence is solely based on Russian troops deployed on its territory As South Ossetia is landlocked between Russia and Georgia from which it seceded it has to rely on Russia for economic and logistical support as all of its exports and imports and air and road traffic is only with Russia Former President of South Ossetia Eduard Kokoity claimed he would like South Ossetia eventually to become a part of the Russian Federation through reunification with North Ossetia 54 The nbsp Donetsk People s Republic and the nbsp Luhansk People s Republic were self proclaimed republics in eastern Ukraine considered puppet states of Russia 55 56 Russia annexed the DPR and the LPR on 30 September 2022 following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine nbsp Transnistria is considered a puppet state supported by Russia 57 58 59 60 Disputed examplesIn Yemen nbsp Map of territorial control in Yemen Southern Transitional Council supported by the UAE Internationally recognized Government of Yemen based in Saudi Arabia Houthi led Supreme Political Council supported by Iran Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and AQ affiliated Ansar al Sharia Iran nbsp Yemen The Houthi government are considered by some to be a puppet state which is supported by Iran 61 This classification is disputed however 62 Saudi Arabia nbsp Yemen The Alimi government is sometimes considered a puppet state which is supported by Saudi Arabia 63 United Arab Emirates nbsp Yemen Southern Transitional Council is sometimes considered a puppet state which is supported by the United Arab Emirates 64 65 Turkish Republic of North Cyprus nbsp Northern Cyprus in 2009 nbsp Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus According to the European Court of Human Rights the Republic of Cyprus remains the sole legitimate government in Cyprus and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus should be considered as a puppet state under Turkish effective control 66 67 Its isolation the Turkish military presence and the heavy dependence on Turkish support mean that Turkey has a high level of control over the country s decision making processes That has led to some experts stating that it runs as an effective puppet state of Turkey 68 69 70 Other experts however have pointed out the independent nature of elections and appointments in Northern Cyprus and disputes between the Turkish Cypriot and Turkish governments and concluded that puppet state is not an accurate description for Northern Cyprus 71 72 Belarus nbsp Belarus forms a Union State with Russia It has been described as a Russian puppet state or de facto Russian since 2022 following the crushing of the 2020 2021 Belarusian protests with Russian assistance and Russian invasion of Ukraine staged from Belarus 73 74 75 76 This description has been disputed by the Belarusian opposition and the Verkhovna Rada parliament of Ukraine which have instead characterised Belarus as being under Russian military occupation 77 78 See also nbsp Politics portalList of World War II puppet states Banana republic Buffer state Failed state Client state Co belligerence Protectorate Satellite state Satrapy Princely state Sphere of influence Suzerainty Tributary state Vassal stateReferences a b Morgan Shuster The Strangling of Persia A Story of European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue p 221 via No Ruz in Near East Journal 21 March 1912 Compare Marek Krystyna 1954 Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law Library Droz p 178 ISBN 9782600040440 an allegedly independent but actually dependent i e puppet State McNeely Connie L 1995 Constructing the Nation state International Organization and Prescriptive Action Greenwood Publishing Group p 61 ISBN 978 0 313 29398 6 Retrieved 13 September 2017 The term puppet state is used to describe nominal sovereigns under effective foreign control Puppet government Merriam Webster Raic David 2002 Statehood and the Law of Self Determination Kluwer Law International p 81 ISBN 90 411 1890 X Retrieved 13 September 2017 In most cases puppet States are created by the occupant during occupation of a State for the purpose of circumventing the former s international responsibility regarding the violation of the rights of the occupied State Lemkin Raphael 2008 1944 Axis Rule in Occupied Europe Laws of Occupation Analysis of Government Proposals for Redress The Lawbook Exchange Ltd p 11 ISBN 978 1 58477 901 8 Retrieved 30 June 2019 The creation of puppet states or of puppet governments does not give them any special status under international law in the occupied territory Therefore the puppet governments and puppet states have no greater rights in the occupied territory than the occupant himself Their actions should be considered as actions of the occupant and hence subject to the limitations of the Hague Regulations Shapiro Stephen 2003 Ultra Hush hush Annick Press p 38 ISBN 1 55037 778 7 Puppet state a country whose government is being controlled by the government of another country much as a puppeteer controls the strings on a marionette Harper Douglas puppet n Online Etymology Dictionary Retrieved 1 June 2014 Stanley John 1989 The Adaptation of the Napoleonic Political Structure in the Duchy of Warsaw 1807 1813 Canadian Slavonic Papers Revue Canadienne des Slavistes 31 2 128 145 doi 10 1080 00085006 1989 11091911 JSTOR 40869047 Sirin Ibrahim February 2014 Iki Hukumet Bir Teskilat Garbi Trakya Hukumet i Muvakkatesi nden Cenub i Garbi Kafkas Hukumeti Muvakkate i Milliyesi ne Two Governments One Organisation From the Provisional Government of Western Thrace to the Provisional Government of South Western Caucasia PDF History Studies in Turkish historystudies net 6 2 125 142 doi 10 9737 historys1130 ISSN 1309 4688 See translated abstract on page 125 Serhii Plokhii 27 February 2022 Casus Belli Did Lenin Create Modern Ukraine Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute Retrieved 8 July 2022 Yekaterina Sinelschikova 3 August 2021 USSR s first AEROWAGON and the dark story behind it PHOTOS VIDEO RBTH Retrieved 7 July 2022 Jowett Phillip S Rays of The Rising Sun Armed Forces of Japan s Asian Allies 1931 45 Volume I China amp Manchuria 2004 Helion amp Co Ltd 26 Willow Rd Solihull West Midlands England pg 7 36 Jowett Phillip S Rays of The Rising Sun Armed Forces of Japan s Asian Allies 1931 45 Volume I China amp Manchuria 2004 Helion amp Co Ltd 26 Willow Rd Solihull West Midlands England pg 49 57 88 89 Jowett Phillip S Rays of The Rising Sun Armed Forces of Japan s Asian Allies 1931 45 Volume I China amp Manchuria 2004 Helion amp Co Ltd 26 Willow Rd Solihull West Midlands England pg 44 47 85 87 Jowett Phillip S Rays of The Rising Sun Armed Forces of Japan s Asian Allies 1931 45 Volume I China amp Manchuria 2004 Helion amp Co Ltd 26 Willow Rd Solihull West Midlands England pg 63 89 Friedman Francine 22 January 2004 Bosnia and Herzegovina a polity on the brink Routledge p 130 ISBN 0415274354 nominally Croatia was ruled by the Italian Duke of Spoleto styled as King managed to see the puppet Greek Prime Minister Ioannis Rallis through Sephardi Jewry A History of the Judeo Spanish Community 14th 20th Centuries Page 168 Serbia also had a Nazi puppet regime headed by Milan Nedic The Balkanization of the West The Confluence of Postmodernism and Postcommunism Page 198 Taqoosh Muhammad Sahil 2015 تاريخ العراق الحديث والمعاصر Modern and contemporary history of Iraq in Arabic Dar Al Nafaes pp 190 191 Tanner Vaino 1956 The Winter War Finland Against Russia 1939 1940 Volume 312 Palo Alto Stanford University Press p 114 Trotter William 2013 A Frozen Hell The Russo Finnish Winter War of 1939 1940 Algonquin Books p 58 61 Arfa Hassan Reza Shah Pahlavi Shah of Iran Policies as Shah Encyclopaedia Britannica online Britannica com Retrieved 25 November 2017 a b c The Baltic States Estonia Latvia and Lithuania Postcommunist States and Nations David J Smith from Front Matter ISBN 0 415 28580 1 a b c Malksoo Lauri 2003 Illegal Annexation and State Continuity The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR Leiden Boston Brill ISBN 90 411 2177 3 Estonia Identity and Independence Translated into English On the Boundary of Two Worlds Identity Freedom and Moral Imagination in the Baltics Jean Jacques Subrenat David Cousins Alexander Harding Richard C Waterhouse on Page 246 ISBN 90 420 0890 3 Dae Kyu Yoon 2003 The Constitution of North Korea Its Changes and Implications Fordham International Law Journal 27 4 1289 1305 Retrieved 10 August 2020 Park Seong Woo 23 September 2009 북 개정 헌법 선군사상 첫 명기 Bug gaejeong heonbeob seongunsasang cheos myeong gi First stipulation of the Seongun Thought of the North Korean Constitution in Korean Radio Free Asia Retrieved 10 August 2020 Mockler Antony 1987 The New Mercenaries The History of the Hired Soldier from the Congo to the Seychelles New York Paragon House Publishers pp 37 55 ISBN 0 913729 72 8 Declaration of Independence Timor Leste gov Retrieved 17 December 2021 Rourke Alison 29 August 2019 East Timor Indonesia s invasion and the long road to independence The Guardian Retrieved 17 December 2021 Febrian Ramdan 28 November 2019 Indrawan Aditya Fajar ed A Piece Of The Story Of East Timor s Independence From Portugal Then Indonesia Was annexed VOI Retrieved 17 December 2021 Trump s Plan for Palestine Looks a Lot Like Apartheid Foreign Policy 27 February 2020 Shattuck John 30 June 2009 Freedom on Fire Harvard University Press ISBN 9780674043480 Retrieved 3 January 2020 Iraqis rise up against 16 years of made in the USA corruption openDemocracy Retrieved 16 January 2024 Iraq s New S O B Newsweek July 2004 Dowd Maureen 26 September 2004 Dance of the Marionettes The New York Times Retrieved 16 January 2024 Weisman Steven R 5 January 2004 THE STRUGGLE FOR IRAQ NORTHERN REGION Kurdish Region in Northern Iraq Will Get to Keep Special Status The New York Times The Shock Doctrine Naomi Klein iraqcoalition org Status of Coalition Rev with Annex A pdf PDF Archived from the original PDF on 1 July 2004 Retrieved 16 January 2024 iraqcoalition org Tax Strategy of 2004 with Annex and Ex Note pdf PDF Archived from the original PDF on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 16 January 2024 The Nagorno Karabakh Conflict and the Exercise of Self Defense to Recover Occupied Land Just Security 10 November 2020 Sassounian Harut 2 November 2020 Putin Finally Reveals His Solution to the Artsakh Conflict The Armenian Weekly Chau Candice 8 May 2022 Democracy with Hong Kong characteristics Reactions pour in after John Lee selected as city s next leader Hong Kong Free Press Retrieved 27 December 2023 China moves to overhaul Hong Kong politics squeezing democratic opposition Reuters 11 March 2021 Retrieved 27 December 2023 Slodkowski Antoni Lee Yimou 28 December 2016 Through reclusive Wa a China s reach extends into Suu Kyi s Myanmar Reuters Retrieved 20 February 2021 Linter Bertil 18 September 2019 Why Myanmar s Wa always get what they want Retrieved 20 February 2021 Coffey Luke 1 June 2012 Georgia and Russia The occupation too many have forgotten thecommentator com Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 Retrieved 13 September 2017 Francis Celine 2011 Conflict Resolution and Status The Case of Georgia and Abkhazia 1989 2008 VUBPRESS Brussels University Press pp 92 97 ISBN 978 90 5487 899 5 Retrieved 13 September 2017 Nikolaus von Twickel 26 August 2011 No Clear Frontrunner as Abkhazia Goes to Poll The Moscow Times BBC News Regions and territories Abkhazia BBC News London BBC 22 November 2011 Retrieved 19 January 2012 Russian Troops in Abkhazia to Get Air Conditioned APCs RIA Novosti 19 April 2013 Stephen Dowling 31 May 2018 Abkhazia The country living in a Soviet time warp BBC McLaughlin Daniel 12 September 2008 Russia insists it has no imperial ambitions for ex Soviet neighbours The Irish Times Retrieved 26 June 2021 Nikolaus von Twickel Gwendolyn Sasse Mario Baumann Russian Analytical Digest No 214 The Armed Conflict in Eastern Ukraine ETH Zurich Tymur Korotkyi Nataliia Hendel 2018 The Legal Status of the Donetsk and Luhansk Peoples Republics pp 145 170 doi 10 1007 978 94 6265 222 4 7 ISBN 978 94 6265 221 7 Robertson Dylan C 5 March 2014 Is Transnistria the ghost of Crimea s future The Christian Science Monitor Retrieved 25 October 2015 Ivanel Bogdan 2016 Puppet States A Growing Trend of Covert Occupation Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law Volume 18 2015 Vol 18 pp 43 65 doi 10 1007 978 94 6265 141 8 2 ISBN 978 94 6265 140 1 Neopatrimonialism and Regime Endurance in Transnistria PDF Beaucillon Charlotte 17 August 2021 The European Unions position and practice with regard to unilateral and extraterritorial sanctions Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions 110 129 doi 10 4337 9781839107856 00014 ISBN 9781839107856 S2CID 238717787 via www elgaronline com Yemen president calls Houthis Iran s puppet Reuters 28 March 2015 Retrieved 16 January 2021 Juneau Thomas 16 May 2016 No Yemen s Houthis actually aren t Iranian puppets Washington Post Retrieved 31 January 2021 ANALYSIS Saudi Arabia plays puppet master as Yemen slowly breaks apart Middle East Eye 2 February 2018 Browning Noah 11 May 2018 UAE extends military reach in Yemen and Somalia reuters com Yemen on the brink how the UAE is profiting from the chaos of civil war The Guardian 21 December 2018 Retrieved 31 December 2018 Milano Enrico 2006 Unlawful Territorial Situations in International Law Reconciling Effectiveness Legality And Legitimacy Martinus Nijhoff Publishers p 146 ISBN 9004149392 Terry D Gill 2016 Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2015 Springer p 58 ISBN 9789462651418 James A Sovereign statehood The basis of international society p 142 1 Taylor and Francis 1986 288 pages ISBN 0 04 320191 1 Kurtulus E State sovereignty concept phenomenon and ramifications p 136 2 Macmillan 2005 232 pages ISBN 1 4039 6988 4 Kaczorowska A Public International Law p 190 3 Taylor and Francis 2010 944 pages ISBN 0 415 56685 1 Bartmann Barry 2004 Bahcheli Tozun Bartmann Barry Srebrnik Henry eds De Facto States The Quest for Sovereignty Routledge p 24 ISBN 9781135771218 Dodd Clement Henry 1993 The political social and economic development of Northern Cyprus Eothen Press p 377 ISBN 9780906719183 In short the electorate of Northern Cyprus votes freely for its political leaders and gives them substantial support Nor is Northern Cyprus a Turkish puppet state Mr Denktas and the Turkish Cypriot case have a powerful following in Turkey Kuzio Taras 6 December 2022 Russia must stop being an empire if it is wishes to prosper as a nation Atlantic Council Retrieved 27 January 2023 Dempsey Judy 24 February 2022 Judy Asks Is Belarus s Sovereignty Over Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Retrieved 27 January 2023 Haltiwanger Josh 14 December 2022 Ukrainian forces are bracing for the possibility of another Russian invasion via Belarus We have to be ready Business Insider Retrieved 27 January 2023 What Does Putin Really Want Politico 25 February 2022 Retrieved 27 January 2023 Yeryoma Maria 4 January 2023 With the world looking away Russia quietly took control over Belarus The Kyiv Independent Retrieved 15 May 2023 Camut Nicolas 15 May 2023 Russia is occupying Belarus opposition leader says Politico Retrieved 15 May 2023 Further readingJames Crawford The creation of states in international law 1979 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Puppet state amp oldid 1201619539, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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