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Cordillera Administrative Region

March 24, 2023

This article is about region in the Philippines. For the mountain range in the Americas, see Cordillera.

The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR; Ilocano: Rehion/Deppaar Administratibo ti Kordiliera; Filipino: Rehiyong Pampangasiwaan ng Cordillera), also known as the Cordillera Region and Cordillera (IPA: [kɔrdiljɛra]), is an administrative region in the Philippines, situated within the island of Luzon. It is the only landlocked region in the insular country, bordered by the Ilocos Region to the west and southwest, and by the Cagayan Valley Region to the north, east, and southeast. It is the least populous region in the Philippines, with a population less than that of the city of Manila.

Cordillera Administrative Region
CAR
Region
Seal
Location in the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Coordinates: 17°10′N 121°10′E / 17.17°N 121.17°E / 17.17; 121.17Coordinates: 17°10′N 121°10′E / 17.17°N 121.17°E / 17.17; 121.17
Country Philippines
Island groupLuzon
Regional center
and largest city		Baguio
Area
 • Total19,422.03 km2 (7,498.89 sq mi)
Highest elevation
(Mount Pulag)
2,928 m (9,606 ft)
Population
 (2020 census) [2]
 • Total1,797,660
 • Estimate 
(2020)
1,807,758[1]
 • Density93/km2 (240/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ISO 3166 codePH-15
Provinces
6
Cities
2
Municipalities75
Barangays1,178
Cong. districts7
Languages
GDP (2021)₱323 billion
$6 billion[3]
Growth rate (7.5%)[3]
HDI 0.777 (High)
HDI rank3rd in Philippines (2019)

The region comprises six provinces: Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga and Mountain Province. The regional center is the highly urbanized city of Baguio.

The region was officially created on July 15, 1987,[4] and covers most of the Cordillera Mountain Range of Luzon and is home to numerous ethnic peoples. The Nueva Vizcaya province has a majority of Igorot population, but was placed by the American colonial government in the Cagayan Valley Region instead during the early 20th century, so do Quirino.

History

 
An old U.S. Army map showing Mountain province covering the present areas of Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga and Apayao

Background

Colonial era

During the Spanish occupation of the Philippines, Christianization and eventual subjugation of the mountain region proved difficult for the Spanish colonial government.[5] Several comandancias were established by the Spanish colonial government in strategic areas of the mountain region. Among them were Amburayan, Cabugaoan, Kayapa, Quiangan, Itaves, Apayaos, Lepanto, Benguet, Bontoc, Banaue, and Tiagan.[6][7][8]

On August 18, 1908, during the American regime, Mountain Province was established by the Philippine Commission with the enactment of Act No. 1876. Ifugao, which was part of Nueva Vizcaya province,[9] and the former Spanish comandancias of Amburayan, Apayao, Benguet, Bontoc, Kalinga and Lepanto, were annexed to the newly created province as sub-provinces.[10][11] Amburayan was later abolished in 1920 and its corresponding territories were transferred to the provinces of Ilocos Sur and La Union. Lepanto was also reduced in size and its towns were integrated into the sub-provinces of Bontoc and Benguet, and to the province of Ilocos Sur.[5][12][13]

After Philippine independence

On June 18, 1966, Republic Act No. 4695 was enacted to split Mountain Province and create four separate and independent provinces namely Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao, and Mountain Province.[14][15] Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao were placed under the jurisdiction of the Cagayan Valley region,[16] with Benguet and Mountain Province placed under the Ilocos Region.

Under martial law

 
Detail of the Wall of Remembrance at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani in Quezon City, showing names from the first batch of Bantayog Honorees, including that of Macli-ing Dulag.
Main articles: Chico River Dam Project and Macli-ing Dulag

After the declaration of martial law by Ferdinand Marcos in 1972, the region became the focus of militarization as a result of local objections to the government's push for the Chico River Dam Project near Sadanga, Mountain Province and Tinglayan, Kalinga.[17][18][19] Frustrated by the project delays caused by the opposition, Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree no. 848 in December 1975, constituting the municipalities of Lubuagan, Tinglayan, Tanudan, and Pasil into a "Kalinga Special Development Region" (KSDR),[20] in an effort to neutralize opposition to the Chico IV dam.[19]

Empowered by martial law to conduct warrantless arrests, the 60th PC Brigade had arrested at least 150 locals by April 1977, accusing them of supposed subversion and of obstructing government projects, and various other offenses such as boycotting the October 1976 Constitutional Referendum. Individuals arrested included tribal papangat (leaders/elders), young couples, and in at least one case, a 12-year-old child.[19]: 9  By December 1978, parts of the Chico IV area had been declared "free fire zones", no-man's-land areas where the army could freely shoot people without permits and animals.[19]

On April 24, 1980, Marcos-controlled military forces assassinated Macli-ing Dulag a pangat (leader) of the Butbut tribe of Kalinga.[21] The assassination became a watershed moment, marking the first time the mainstream Philippine press could be openly critical against Marcos and the military, and building up a sense of Igorot identity that eventually led to Cordillera autonomy.[22]

After the end of the Marcos administration due to the 1986 People Power Revolution, the succeeding government under President Corazon Aquino secured a ceasefire with the main indigenous armed group in the Cordilleras, the Cordillera People's Liberation Army led by Conrado Balweg. The Aquino government made a sipat or indigenous treaty, which would be known as the Mount Data Peace Accord, with the CPLA on September 13, 1986, ending hostilities.

Creation of the region

On July 15, 1987, President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order 220 which created the Cordillera Administrative Region. The provinces of Abra, Benguet and Mountain Province (of the Ilocos Region), and Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao (of the Cagayan Valley) were annexed as part of the newly created region. Nueva Vizcaya & Quirino were not included in the region despite having an Igorot majority at the time.[4][23]

Modern history

On February 14, 1995, Kalinga-Apayao, one of the five provinces of the region was split into two separate and independent provinces of Apayao and Kalinga with the enactment of Republic Act No. 7878.[24][25]

Several attempts at legalizing autonomy in the Cordillera region have failed in two separate plebiscites.[26][27] An affirmative vote for the law on regional autonomy is a precondition by the 1987 Philippine Constitution to give the region autonomy in self-governance much like the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (now the BARMM) in southern Philippines. The first law Republic Act No. 6766, took effect on October 23, 1989[28] but failed to muster a majority vote in the plebiscite on January 30, 1990.[26][27] The second law, Republic Act No. 8438 passed by Congress of the Philippines on December 22, 1997,[29] also failed to pass the approval of the Cordillera peoples in a region-wide plebiscite on March 7, 1998.[26][27]

At present, a third organic act of the Cordillera is in the offing supported by the Cordillera Regional Development Council.

Recent events

In September 2000, the municipal council of Itogon, Benguet, withdrew support for the San Roque Dam project. The project had met a lot of resistance, because of the reported failure of its proponents to update its Environmental Certificate of Compliance (ECC) and to submit a watershed management plan required for a project of that magnitude. The San Roque Dam was to become one of the biggest dams in the world and would threaten the living environment of the Igorot.

The Cordillera Peoples Alliance (CPA), an indigenous rights organization in the region, in co-operation with other organizations, had highly resisted this project and thus booked a little victory. In May 2001, however, President Arroyo stated that the San Roque Dam project would proceed regardless due to the fact that it had already been initiated and therefore was difficult to stop. At the same time, she promised not to sacrifice the environment, to rehabilitate the people who will lose their homes, to compensate those who will suffer, and to not initiate any more large-scale irrigation projects in the future.

In December 2000, the Supreme Court of the Philippines dismissed a petition that questioned the constitutional legality of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA), and act which came into existence in 1997 giving the peoples of the Cordillera decisive influence over the establishment of foreign mining companies. In this act, ownership over the lands was regarded as communal, rather than individual and thus coincided more with the view on ownership of the Igorot. The IPRA was totally different in tone than the 1995 Mining Code.

Without consultation from the people of the Cordilleras, the Mining Code gave companies the freedom to devastate tribal lands, allowed 100% foreign ownership, and gave companies the right to displace and resettle people within their concessionary areas. Some influential people filed a lawsuit with the Supreme Court against the IPRA, because it contradicted with the Mining Code and would therefore be unlawful. The petition was dismissed in a 7–7 vote by the Supreme Court.

A bill creating an autonomous Cordillera was filed in Congress in 2014, but it was not backed by strategic politicians in the region due to lack of support from the national government. However, in 2017, all provincial congressmen within the CAR jointly filed a new Bill creating an autonomous Cordillera, the first time in three decades where all provincial district representatives called in unison for autonomy. The move was made due to the election win of President Duterte, who publicly supported the creation of an autonomous Cordillera. However, questions lingered on the issue of Nueva Vizcaya's exclusion from the proposed region, despite being culturally and geographically part of the Cordilleras, leaving Nueva Vizcaya Igorots left out from the proposal.[30][31]

Geography

 
Topographical map
 
Political map

The region is the only landlocked region in the Philippines, bounded on the northeast and east by the Cagayan Valley, and on the southwest and west by the Ilocos Region.

The region is primarily mountainous, positioned in the Cordillera Central mountain range, which includes Mount Pulag, the highest mountain in Luzon.[32]

Further information: Cordillera Central, Luzon

Within the region are several streams and rivers including the Chico River, which is a tributary of the Cagayan River. Other major rivers include[33][34]

Administrative divisions

 
A view of Baguio as seen in November 2012

Cordillera Administrative Region is politically subdivided into 6 provinces. It has 2 cities; the highly urbanized city of Baguio, and the component city of Tabuk. There are 1,176 barangays in the region. Geographically, the western half of Nueva Vizcaya is part of the main Cordilleras, while its eastern half is part of the Caraballos, the meeting point of the Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre. There have been moves to reunify Nueva Vizcaya with the Cordilleras, however, no such legislation has yet been introduced in Congress.

Regional divisions

Province or HUC Capital Population (2020)[35] Area[36] Density Cities Muni. Barangay
km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
Abra Bangued 14.0% 250,985 4,199.72 1,621.52 60 160 0 27 303
Apayao Kabugao 6.9% 124,366 4,502.33 1,738.36 28 73 0 7 133
Benguet La Trinidad 25.6% 460,683 2,769.08 1,069.15 170 440 1 13 140
Ifugao Lagawe 11.5% 207,498 2,618.01 1,010.82 79 200 0 11 176
Kalinga Tabuk 12.8% 229,570 3,282.04 1,267.20 70 180 1 7 153
Mountain Province Bontoc 8.8% 158,200 2,389.43 922.56 66 170 0 10 144
Baguio † — 20.4% 366,358 57.51 22.20 6,400 17,000 — — 129
Total 1,797,660 19,818.12 7,651.82 91 240 2 75 1,178

 †  Baguio is a highly-urbanized city; figures are excluded from Benguet.

Governors and vice governors
Province Image Governor Political Party Vice Governor
 
Abra
   Dominic Valera NUP Maria Jocelyn Bernos
Apayao
   Elias Bulut Jr. NPC Remy N. Albano
Benguet
   Melchor Diclas PDP–Laban Ericson Lawagey Felipe
 
Ifugao
   Jerry U. Dalipog KBL Glenn D. Prudenciano
 
Kalinga
   James Edduba Lakas Jocel Baac
 
Mountain Province
   Bonifacio C. Lacwasan PDP–Laban Francis O. Tauli

Cities and municipalities

  •  †  Regional center

Demographics

Population census of
Cordillera Administrative Region
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 145,186—    
1918 267,041+4.15%
1939 384,654+1.75%
1948 364,720−0.59%
1960 551,032+3.50%
1970 730,906+2.86%
1975 811,103+2.11%
1980 914,432+2.43%
1990 1,146,191+2.29%
1995 1,254,838+1.71%
2000 1,365,220+1.82%
2007 1,520,847+1.50%
2010 1,616,867+2.25%
2015 1,722,006+1.21%
2020 1,797,660+0.85%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[39]

Ethnic groups

Further information: Igorot people
 
A man from Tinglayan vested in traditional garb holding a handcrafted weapon first produced during the Second World War; traditional Kalinga cloth is draped over Orthodox icons in the manner of Russian nabozhnyks.
 
A Bontoc woman with a snake skeleton in her hair. Skeletons serve as a charm against lightning.

Cordillera is home to many ethnic tribes living on the Cordillera mountain range. They are commonly referred to as the Igorot.

Ethnic people of Abra

The Tingguians are composed of sub-groups known as the Itneg tribes which includes Adasen, Balatok, Banaw, Belwang, Binungan, Gubang, Inlaud, Mabaka, Maeng, Masadiit, and Muyadan or Ammutan.:[40] Their places in Abra are as follows:

  1. Adasen — Lagayan, Lagangilang, San Juan and Tineg
  2. Banaw — Daguioman, Malibcong, also found in Balbalan, Kalinga
  3. Binungan — Baay-Licuan and Lacub
  4. Balatok — in the villages of Amti, Kilong-olaw, & Danak, all in Boliney
  5. Belwang — in the village of Dao-angan in Boliney
  6. Gubang — Malibcong
  7. Inlaud — Lagangilang and Peñarrubia, in Lumaba village of Villaviciosa, in the villages of Abang and Patoc in Bucay, in Langiden, San Isidro, San Quintin, Danglas (also found in some parts of Nueva Era)
  8. Mabaka — Lacub and Malibcong
  9. Maeng — Luba, Tubo and Villaviciosa, (also found in San Emilio, Ilocos Sur, Banayoyo and other towns in Ilocos Sur)
  10. Masadiit — Sallapadan, Bucloc and in the village of Sapdaan in Manabo, and in barangays Poblacion, Bawiyan, and Dumagas in Boliney
  11. Ammutan a.k.a. Muyadan tribe — in Manabo

Ethnic people of Apayao

  1. Isnag tribe — also known as Isneg comprising the sub-groups known as the Ymandaya and Imallod (Isnag refers to the people, while Isneg refers to the dialect). Isnags are found not only in Apayao but also in the eastern section of Ilocos Norte and northwestern portion of Cagayan. Their places of abode in Apayao are as follows:
  2. Ymandaya (Isnag) — Calanasan (Bayag)
  3. Imallod (Isnag) — Kabugao, Conner, Pudtol, and some parts of Luna (Macatel)
  4. Malaweg — Conner

Ethnic people of Benguet

  1. Ibaloi
  2. Kankanaey
  3. Kalanguya[41]
  4. Karao Tribe

Ethnic People of Ifugao

  1. Tuwali
  2. Ayangan
  3. Kalanguya
  4. Ifannawer - Banaue

Ethnic people of Kalinga

  1. Tubog
  2. Banao
  3. Tanudan
  4. Tanudan
  5. Tongrayan
  6. Ifutfut: Fugnay, Ngifat, Lacnog, Tabuk
  7. Iterkaw: Nambaran, Tabuk
  8. Ifasao: Isla, Appas Tabuk
  9. Ichananaw: Lacnog, Tabuk
  10. Itongrayan: Luprupa, Ifunug, Amfato, Damsite, Tabuk
  11. Isumacher: Sumacher, Filong, Man-ufer, Mallango, Fangad, Madopdop, Lacnog, Ipil, Bayabat, Tannubong, Bulo. Tabuk
  12. Ylubuagen: Lubuagan
  13. Ipinukpuk
  14. Kankana-ey
  15. Bagbag-o
  16. Ifontok
  17. Ilocano

Ethnic people of Mountain Province

  1. Bontoc — Bontoc
  2. Balangao — Natonin
  3. Baliwon — Paracelis
  4. Applai: Bauko, Besao, Sabangan and Sagada

Languages

The region has been called "the most diversified ethno-linguistic region in the Philippines"[32] with the many "sub-dialect variations" of its major languages.[32] This diversity has been attributed to the mountainous topology of the region.[32] However, this did not lead to variations in "cultural development", and the majority of the people share a "similar cultural identity".[32]

Religion

Like most other regions of the Philippines, Roman Catholicism is the single largest denomination in this region, however, a slightly lower (around 60–70% of the population) adhere to the faith, while Protestants, mostly Anglicans and Evangelicals forming a large minority at about 20–30% of the population.[42][43] The traditional animist religions maintain a significant presence in the region and are still practiced by the tribal people.

Economy

Poverty Incidence of Cordillera Administrative Region
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[44][45]
[46][47][48][49][50]


Infrastructure

Roads and bridges

  • Apayao – Ilocos Norte Road – As a lateral road, the highway is a significant element of the Cordillera Roads Improvement Project (CRIP), connecting Northern Cordillera to the Ilocos Region. It traverses Apayao's Kabugao and Calanasan municipalities and turns west to Ilocos Norte's Solsona. This road project was started on January 7, 2013, and will be completed around December 2020.[51]

Culture

 
The Bontoc Museum, run by the Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, hosts many of the materials used by the different tribes of the Mountain Province.

The Cordillera region is known for its unique musical instruments including the gangsa kalinga, nose flute, bamboo flute, buzzer, bangibang, tongatong, diwdiw-as, saggeypo, and bamboo zither. The region is also known for their dance, arts, and crafts like wood-carving, ibaloi basket, loom weaving, tinalik, loinclothes called ikat, amulets, tattoo, akob, bobo, suklang and ikat weaving.[citation needed]

The symbol of the tattoo of the Bontocs is about being brave (because of the pain while inking), a talisman or a good luck charm against evil forces, or a symbol of a status or position (ex. Chief captain, Leader, Mayor). They also use tattoos as a decoration and clothes to their body using arts by drawing or placing inks with a pattern or abstract on their skin.[citation needed]

It has been observed that the people in Cordillera make arts based on their emotions and belief. They use their talents in making arts and crafts as a source of income like wood-carving, basket-weaving, weaving clothes, amulets and ikat weaving. They have different patterns in weaving and they also have their own God that is called "Bulul", it is the God of the rice that is made and worshipped by the Ifugaos. Aside from their tattoo art, the Bontocs are also known for their excellence in making different baskets for storage and rice.[citation needed]

Tourism

 
Maligcong rice terraces in Bontoc, Mountain Province

See also

References

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  3. ^ a b "Gross Regional Domestic Product". openstat.psa.gov.ph. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
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  51. ^ . Department of Public Works and Highways. Archived from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2019.

External links

  •   Media related to Cordillera Administrative Region at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Cordillera Administrative Region travel guide from Wikivoyage

March 24, 2023
cordillera, administrative, region, this, article, about, region, philippines, mountain, range, americas, cordillera, ilocano, rehion, deppaar, administratibo, kordiliera, filipino, rehiyong, pampangasiwaan, cordillera, also, known, cordillera, region, cordill. This article is about region in the Philippines For the mountain range in the Americas see Cordillera The Cordillera Administrative Region CAR Ilocano Rehion Deppaar Administratibo ti Kordiliera Filipino Rehiyong Pampangasiwaan ng Cordillera also known as the Cordillera Region and Cordillera IPA kɔrdiljɛra is an administrative region in the Philippines situated within the island of Luzon It is the only landlocked region in the insular country bordered by the Ilocos Region to the west and southwest and by the Cagayan Valley Region to the north east and southeast It is the least populous region in the Philippines with a population less than that of the city of Manila Cordillera Administrative Region CARRegionFrom top left to right Batad Rice Terraces Tayum Church Lubuagan Kalinga Colors of StoBoSa Hanging coffins of SagadaSealLocation in the PhilippinesOpenStreetMapCoordinates 17 10 N 121 10 E 17 17 N 121 17 E 17 17 121 17 Coordinates 17 10 N 121 10 E 17 17 N 121 17 E 17 17 121 17Country PhilippinesIsland groupLuzonRegional centerand largest cityBaguioArea Total19 422 03 km2 7 498 89 sq mi Highest elevation Mount Pulag 2 928 m 9 606 ft Population 2020 census 2 Total1 797 660 Estimate 2020 1 807 758 1 Density93 km2 240 sq mi Time zoneUTC 8 PST ISO 3166 codePH 15Provinces6 AbraApayaoBenguetIfugaoKalingaMountain ProvinceCities2 BaguioTabukMunicipalities75Barangays1 178Cong districts7LanguagesIlocanoIbaloiKankanaeyKalanguyaKalingaIfugaoItnegIsnegPangasinanFilipinoEnglishothersGDP 2021 323 billion 6 billion 3 Growth rate 7 5 3 HDI0 777 High HDI rank3rd in Philippines 2019 The region comprises six provinces Abra Apayao Benguet Ifugao Kalinga and Mountain Province The regional center is the highly urbanized city of Baguio The region was officially created on July 15 1987 4 and covers most of the Cordillera Mountain Range of Luzon and is home to numerous ethnic peoples The Nueva Vizcaya province has a majority of Igorot population but was placed by the American colonial government in the Cagayan Valley Region instead during the early 20th century so do Quirino Contents 1 History 1 1 Background 1 1 1 Colonial era 1 1 2 After Philippine independence 1 1 3 Under martial law 1 2 Creation of the region 1 3 Modern history 1 3 1 Recent events 2 Geography 2 1 Administrative divisions 2 1 1 Regional divisions 2 1 1 1 Governors and vice governors 2 1 2 Cities and municipalities 3 Demographics 3 1 Ethnic groups 3 1 1 Ethnic people of Abra 3 1 2 Ethnic people of Apayao 3 1 3 Ethnic people of Benguet 3 1 4 Ethnic People of Ifugao 3 1 5 Ethnic people of Kalinga 3 1 6 Ethnic people of Mountain Province 3 2 Languages 3 3 Religion 4 Economy 5 Infrastructure 5 1 Roads and bridges 6 Culture 7 Tourism 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksHistory Edit An old U S Army map showing Mountain province covering the present areas of Benguet Ifugao Kalinga and Apayao Background Edit Colonial era Edit During the Spanish occupation of the Philippines Christianization and eventual subjugation of the mountain region proved difficult for the Spanish colonial government 5 Several comandancias were established by the Spanish colonial government in strategic areas of the mountain region Among them were Amburayan Cabugaoan Kayapa Quiangan Itaves Apayaos Lepanto Benguet Bontoc Banaue and Tiagan 6 7 8 On August 18 1908 during the American regime Mountain Province was established by the Philippine Commission with the enactment of Act No 1876 Ifugao which was part of Nueva Vizcaya province 9 and the former Spanish comandancias of Amburayan Apayao Benguet Bontoc Kalinga and Lepanto were annexed to the newly created province as sub provinces 10 11 Amburayan was later abolished in 1920 and its corresponding territories were transferred to the provinces of Ilocos Sur and La Union Lepanto was also reduced in size and its towns were integrated into the sub provinces of Bontoc and Benguet and to the province of Ilocos Sur 5 12 13 After Philippine independence Edit On June 18 1966 Republic Act No 4695 was enacted to split Mountain Province and create four separate and independent provinces namely Benguet Ifugao Kalinga Apayao and Mountain Province 14 15 Ifugao and Kalinga Apayao were placed under the jurisdiction of the Cagayan Valley region 16 with Benguet and Mountain Province placed under the Ilocos Region Under martial law Edit Detail of the Wall of Remembrance at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani in Quezon City showing names from the first batch of Bantayog Honorees including that of Macli ing Dulag Main articles Chico River Dam Project and Macli ing Dulag After the declaration of martial law by Ferdinand Marcos in 1972 the region became the focus of militarization as a result of local objections to the government s push for the Chico River Dam Project near Sadanga Mountain Province and Tinglayan Kalinga 17 18 19 Frustrated by the project delays caused by the opposition Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree no 848 in December 1975 constituting the municipalities of Lubuagan Tinglayan Tanudan and Pasil into a Kalinga Special Development Region KSDR 20 in an effort to neutralize opposition to the Chico IV dam 19 Empowered by martial law to conduct warrantless arrests the 60th PC Brigade had arrested at least 150 locals by April 1977 accusing them of supposed subversion and of obstructing government projects and various other offenses such as boycotting the October 1976 Constitutional Referendum Individuals arrested included tribal papangat leaders elders young couples and in at least one case a 12 year old child 19 9 By December 1978 parts of the Chico IV area had been declared free fire zones no man s land areas where the army could freely shoot people without permits and animals 19 On April 24 1980 Marcos controlled military forces assassinated Macli ing Dulag a pangat leader of the Butbut tribe of Kalinga 21 The assassination became a watershed moment marking the first time the mainstream Philippine press could be openly critical against Marcos and the military and building up a sense of Igorot identity that eventually led to Cordillera autonomy 22 After the end of the Marcos administration due to the 1986 People Power Revolution the succeeding government under President Corazon Aquino secured a ceasefire with the main indigenous armed group in the Cordilleras the Cordillera People s Liberation Army led by Conrado Balweg The Aquino government made a sipat or indigenous treaty which would be known as the Mount Data Peace Accord with the CPLA on September 13 1986 ending hostilities Creation of the region Edit On July 15 1987 President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order 220 which created the Cordillera Administrative Region The provinces of Abra Benguet and Mountain Province of the Ilocos Region and Ifugao and Kalinga Apayao of the Cagayan Valley were annexed as part of the newly created region Nueva Vizcaya amp Quirino were not included in the region despite having an Igorot majority at the time 4 23 Modern history Edit On February 14 1995 Kalinga Apayao one of the five provinces of the region was split into two separate and independent provinces of Apayao and Kalinga with the enactment of Republic Act No 7878 24 25 Several attempts at legalizing autonomy in the Cordillera region have failed in two separate plebiscites 26 27 An affirmative vote for the law on regional autonomy is a precondition by the 1987 Philippine Constitution to give the region autonomy in self governance much like the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao now the BARMM in southern Philippines The first law Republic Act No 6766 took effect on October 23 1989 28 but failed to muster a majority vote in the plebiscite on January 30 1990 26 27 The second law Republic Act No 8438 passed by Congress of the Philippines on December 22 1997 29 also failed to pass the approval of the Cordillera peoples in a region wide plebiscite on March 7 1998 26 27 At present a third organic act of the Cordillera is in the offing supported by the Cordillera Regional Development Council Recent events Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Cordillera Administrative Region news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message In September 2000 the municipal council of Itogon Benguet withdrew support for the San Roque Dam project The project had met a lot of resistance because of the reported failure of its proponents to update its Environmental Certificate of Compliance ECC and to submit a watershed management plan required for a project of that magnitude The San Roque Dam was to become one of the biggest dams in the world and would threaten the living environment of the Igorot The Cordillera Peoples Alliance CPA an indigenous rights organization in the region in co operation with other organizations had highly resisted this project and thus booked a little victory In May 2001 however President Arroyo stated that the San Roque Dam project would proceed regardless due to the fact that it had already been initiated and therefore was difficult to stop At the same time she promised not to sacrifice the environment to rehabilitate the people who will lose their homes to compensate those who will suffer and to not initiate any more large scale irrigation projects in the future In December 2000 the Supreme Court of the Philippines dismissed a petition that questioned the constitutional legality of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act IPRA and act which came into existence in 1997 giving the peoples of the Cordillera decisive influence over the establishment of foreign mining companies In this act ownership over the lands was regarded as communal rather than individual and thus coincided more with the view on ownership of the Igorot The IPRA was totally different in tone than the 1995 Mining Code Without consultation from the people of the Cordilleras the Mining Code gave companies the freedom to devastate tribal lands allowed 100 foreign ownership and gave companies the right to displace and resettle people within their concessionary areas Some influential people filed a lawsuit with the Supreme Court against the IPRA because it contradicted with the Mining Code and would therefore be unlawful The petition was dismissed in a 7 7 vote by the Supreme Court A bill creating an autonomous Cordillera was filed in Congress in 2014 but it was not backed by strategic politicians in the region due to lack of support from the national government However in 2017 all provincial congressmen within the CAR jointly filed a new Bill creating an autonomous Cordillera the first time in three decades where all provincial district representatives called in unison for autonomy The move was made due to the election win of President Duterte who publicly supported the creation of an autonomous Cordillera However questions lingered on the issue of Nueva Vizcaya s exclusion from the proposed region despite being culturally and geographically part of the Cordilleras leaving Nueva Vizcaya Igorots left out from the proposal 30 31 Geography Edit Topographical map Political map The region is the only landlocked region in the Philippines bounded on the northeast and east by the Cagayan Valley and on the southwest and west by the Ilocos Region The region is primarily mountainous positioned in the Cordillera Central mountain range which includes Mount Pulag the highest mountain in Luzon 32 Further information Cordillera Central Luzon Within the region are several streams and rivers including the Chico River which is a tributary of the Cagayan River Other major rivers include 33 34 Abra Abulog Agno Ahin Amburayan Apayao Bued Siffu Administrative divisions Edit A view of Baguio as seen in November 2012 Cordillera Administrative Region is politically subdivided into 6 provinces It has 2 cities the highly urbanized city of Baguio and the component city of Tabuk There are 1 176 barangays in the region Geographically the western half of Nueva Vizcaya is part of the main Cordilleras while its eastern half is part of the Caraballos the meeting point of the Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre There have been moves to reunify Nueva Vizcaya with the Cordilleras however no such legislation has yet been introduced in Congress Regional divisions Edit Province or HUC Capital Population 2020 35 Area 36 Density Cities Muni Barangaykm2 sq mi km2 sq miAbra Bangued 14 0 250 985 4 199 72 1 621 52 60 160 0 27 303Apayao Kabugao 6 9 124 366 4 502 33 1 738 36 28 73 0 7 133Benguet La Trinidad 25 6 460 683 2 769 08 1 069 15 170 440 1 13 140Ifugao Lagawe 11 5 207 498 2 618 01 1 010 82 79 200 0 11 176Kalinga Tabuk 12 8 229 570 3 282 04 1 267 20 70 180 1 7 153Mountain Province Bontoc 8 8 158 200 2 389 43 922 56 66 170 0 10 144Baguio 20 4 366 358 57 51 22 20 6 400 17 000 129Total 1 797 660 19 818 12 7 651 82 91 240 2 75 1 178 Baguio is a highly urbanized city figures are excluded from Benguet Governors and vice governors Edit Province Image Governor Political Party Vice Governor Abra Dominic Valera NUP Maria Jocelyn BernosApayao Elias Bulut Jr NPC Remy N AlbanoBenguet Melchor Diclas PDP Laban Ericson Lawagey Felipe Ifugao Jerry U Dalipog KBL Glenn D Prudenciano Kalinga James Edduba Lakas Jocel Baac Mountain Province Bonifacio C Lacwasan PDP Laban Francis O TauliCities and municipalities Edit Regional center City Municipality Population 2020 37 Area 38 Density Class Income class Provincekm2 sq mi km2 sq miAguinaldo 21 128 538 05 207 74 39 100 Municipality 2nd IfugaoAlfonso Lista 34 061 347 46 134 16 98 250 Municipality 3rd IfugaoAsipulo 15 963 182 87 70 61 87 230 Municipality 5th IfugaoAtok 19 218 214 99 83 01 89 230 Municipality 4th Benguet Baguio 366 358 57 51 22 20 6 400 17 000 Highly Urbanized City 1st BenguetBakun 14 535 286 91 110 78 51 130 Municipality 3rd BenguetBalbalan 12 914 542 69 209 53 24 62 Municipality 3rd KalingaBanaue 20 652 191 20 73 82 110 280 Municipality 4th IfugaoBangued 50 382 105 70 40 81 480 1 200 Municipality 1st AbraBarlig 4 796 228 64 88 28 21 54 Municipality 5th Mountain ProvinceBauko 32 021 153 00 59 07 210 540 Municipality 4th Mountain ProvinceBesao 6 873 173 62 67 04 40 100 Municipality 5th Mountain ProvinceBokod 14 435 274 96 106 16 52 130 Municipality 4th BenguetBoliney 4 551 216 92 83 75 21 54 Municipality 5th AbraBontoc 24 104 396 10 152 94 61 160 Municipality 2nd Mountain ProvinceBucay 17 953 102 16 39 44 180 470 Municipality 5th AbraBucloc 2 395 63 77 24 62 38 98 Municipality 6th AbraBuguias 44 877 175 88 67 91 260 670 Municipality 3rd BenguetCalanasan 12 550 1 256 15 485 00 10 0 26 Municipality 1st ApayaoConner 27 552 694 30 268 07 40 100 Municipality 2nd ApayaoDaguioman 2 19 114 37 44 16 18 47 Municipality 5th AbraDanglas 4 074 156 02 60 24 26 67 Municipality 5th AbraDolores 11 512 47 45 18 32 240 620 Municipality 5th AbraFlora 17 944 324 40 125 25 55 140 Municipality 3rd ApayaoHingyon 9 930 62 02 23 95 160 410 Municipality 5th IfugaoHungduan 8 866 260 30 100 50 34 88 Municipality 4th IfugaoItogon 61 498 449 73 173 64 140 360 Municipality 1st BenguetKabayan 15 806 242 69 93 70 65 170 Municipality 4th BenguetKabugao 16 215 935 12 361 05 17 44 Municipality 1st ApayaoKapangan 19 297 164 39 63 47 120 310 Municipality 4th BenguetKiangan 17 691 200 00 77 22 88 230 Municipality 4th IfugaoKibungan 17 051 254 86 98 40 67 170 Municipality 4th BenguetLa Paz 16 493 51 41 19 85 320 830 Municipality 5th AbraLa Trinidad 137 404 70 04 27 04 2 000 5 200 Municipality 1st BenguetLacub 3 612 295 30 114 02 12 31 Municipality 5th AbraLagangilang 14 914 101 44 39 17 150 390 Municipality 5th AbraLagawe 18 876 208 91 80 66 90 230 Municipality 4th IfugaoLagayan 4 488 215 97 83 39 21 54 Municipality 5th AbraLamut 26 235 149 45 57 70 180 470 Municipality 4th IfugaoLangiden 3 576 116 29 44 90 31 80 Municipality 5th AbraLicuan Baay 4 566 256 42 99 00 18 47 Municipality 5th AbraLuba 6 518 148 27 57 25 44 110 Municipality 5th AbraLubuagan 9 323 234 20 90 43 40 100 Municipality 4th KalingaLuna 21 297 606 04 233 99 35 91 Municipality 2nd ApayaoMalibcong 4 027 283 17 109 33 14 36 Municipality 5th AbraManabo 11 611 110 95 42 84 100 260 Municipality 5th AbraMankayan 37 233 130 48 50 38 290 750 Municipality 1st BenguetMayoyao 15 621 238 05 91 91 66 170 Municipality 4th IfugaoNatonin 10 339 252 00 97 30 41 110 Municipality 4th Mountain ProvinceParacelis 31 168 570 16 220 14 55 140 Municipality 2nd Mountain ProvincePasil 10 577 189 00 72 97 56 150 Municipality 5th KalingaPenarrubia 6 951 38 29 14 78 180 470 Municipality 6th AbraPidigan 12 475 49 15 18 98 250 650 Municipality 5th AbraPilar 10 146 66 10 25 52 150 390 Municipality 5th AbraPinukpuk 34 275 743 56 287 09 46 120 Municipality 1st KalingaPudtol 15 491 401 02 154 83 39 100 Municipality 4th ApayaoRizal 19 554 231 00 89 19 85 220 Municipality 4th KalingaSabangan 9 621 72 04 27 81 130 340 Municipality 5th Mountain ProvinceSablan 11 588 105 63 40 78 110 280 Municipality 5th BenguetSadanga 8 427 259 79 100 31 32 83 Municipality 5th Mountain ProvinceSagada 11 510 109 71 42 36 100 260 Municipality 5th Mountain ProvinceSallapadan 6 389 128 62 49 66 50 130 Municipality 5th AbraSan Isidro 4 745 48 07 18 56 99 260 Municipality 5th AbraSan Juan 10 688 64 08 24 74 170 440 Municipality 5th AbraSan Quintin 5 705 66 59 25 71 86 220 Municipality 5th AbraSanta Marcela 13 317 196 32 75 80 68 180 Municipality 4th ApayaoTabuk City 121 033 700 25 270 37 190 490 Component City 5th KalingaTadian 19 341 145 20 56 06 130 340 Municipality 4th Mountain ProvinceTanudan 8 746 307 55 118 75 28 73 Municipality 4th KalingaTayum 14 869 61 14 23 61 240 620 Municipality 5th AbraTineg 4 977 744 80 287 57 6 7 17 Municipality 2nd AbraTinglayan 13 148 283 00 109 27 46 120 Municipality 4th KalingaTinoc 18 475 239 70 92 55 77 200 Municipality 4th IfugaoTuba 48 312 295 97 114 27 160 410 Municipality 1st BenguetTublay 19 429 102 55 39 59 190 490 Municipality 5th BenguetTubo 5 674 409 87 158 25 14 36 Municipality 4th AbraVillaviciosa 5 675 102 93 39 74 55 140 Municipality 5th AbraDemographics EditPopulation census of Cordillera Administrative RegionYearPop p a 1903145 186 1918267 041 4 15 1939384 654 1 75 1948364 720 0 59 1960551 032 3 50 1970730 906 2 86 1975811 103 2 11 1980914 432 2 43 19901 146 191 2 29 19951 254 838 1 71 20001 365 220 1 82 20071 520 847 1 50 20101 616 867 2 25 20151 722 006 1 21 20201 797 660 0 85 Source Philippine Statistics Authority 39 Ethnic groups Edit Further information Igorot people A man from Tinglayan vested in traditional garb holding a handcrafted weapon first produced during the Second World War traditional Kalinga cloth is draped over Orthodox icons in the manner of Russian nabozhnyks A Bontoc woman with a snake skeleton in her hair Skeletons serve as a charm against lightning Cordillera is home to many ethnic tribes living on the Cordillera mountain range They are commonly referred to as the Igorot Ethnic people of Abra Edit The Tingguians are composed of sub groups known as the Itneg tribes which includes Adasen Balatok Banaw Belwang Binungan Gubang Inlaud Mabaka Maeng Masadiit and Muyadan or Ammutan 40 Their places in Abra are as follows Adasen Lagayan Lagangilang San Juan and Tineg Banaw Daguioman Malibcong also found in Balbalan Kalinga Binungan Baay Licuan and Lacub Balatok in the villages of Amti Kilong olaw amp Danak all in Boliney Belwang in the village of Dao angan in Boliney Gubang Malibcong Inlaud Lagangilang and Penarrubia in Lumaba village of Villaviciosa in the villages of Abang and Patoc in Bucay in Langiden San Isidro San Quintin Danglas also found in some parts of Nueva Era Mabaka Lacub and Malibcong Maeng Luba Tubo and Villaviciosa also found in San Emilio Ilocos Sur Banayoyo and other towns in Ilocos Sur Masadiit Sallapadan Bucloc and in the village of Sapdaan in Manabo and in barangays Poblacion Bawiyan and Dumagas in Boliney Ammutan a k a Muyadan tribe in Manabo Ethnic people of Apayao Edit Isnag tribe also known as Isneg comprising the sub groups known as the Ymandaya and Imallod Isnag refers to the people while Isneg refers to the dialect Isnags are found not only in Apayao but also in the eastern section of Ilocos Norte and northwestern portion of Cagayan Their places of abode in Apayao are as follows Ymandaya Isnag Calanasan Bayag Imallod Isnag Kabugao Conner Pudtol and some parts of Luna Macatel Malaweg Conner Ethnic people of Benguet Edit Ibaloi Kankanaey Kalanguya 41 Karao Tribe Ethnic People of Ifugao Edit Tuwali Ayangan Kalanguya Ifannawer Banaue Ethnic people of Kalinga Edit Tubog Banao Tanudan Tanudan Tongrayan Ifutfut Fugnay Ngifat Lacnog Tabuk Iterkaw Nambaran Tabuk Ifasao Isla Appas Tabuk Ichananaw Lacnog Tabuk Itongrayan Luprupa Ifunug Amfato Damsite Tabuk Isumacher Sumacher Filong Man ufer Mallango Fangad Madopdop Lacnog Ipil Bayabat Tannubong Bulo Tabuk Ylubuagen Lubuagan Ipinukpuk Kankana ey Bagbag o Ifontok Ilocano Ethnic people of Mountain Province Edit Bontoc Bontoc Balangao Natonin Baliwon Paracelis Applai Bauko Besao Sabangan and Sagada Languages Edit The region has been called the most diversified ethno linguistic region in the Philippines 32 with the many sub dialect variations of its major languages 32 This diversity has been attributed to the mountainous topology of the region 32 However this did not lead to variations in cultural development and the majority of the people share a similar cultural identity 32 Balangao spoken in Natonin Mountain Province Bontoc spoken in Bontoc Mountain Province Ibaloi spoken in Benguet Ifugao spoken in Ifugao Ilocano spoken in Apayao Abra Kalinga Mountain Province Benguet and Ifugao It is the regional lingua franca Isnag spoken in Apayao Itneg spoken in Abra Kalinga spoken in Kalinga Kalanguya spoken in some parts of Benguet Kankanaey spoken in western Mountain Province and some parts of Benguet Religion Edit Like most other regions of the Philippines Roman Catholicism is the single largest denomination in this region however a slightly lower around 60 70 of the population adhere to the faith while Protestants mostly Anglicans and Evangelicals forming a large minority at about 20 30 of the population 42 43 The traditional animist religions maintain a significant presence in the region and are still practiced by the tribal people Economy EditPoverty Incidence of Cordillera Administrative Region Source Philippine Statistics Authority 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Infrastructure EditRoads and bridges Edit Apayao Ilocos Norte Road As a lateral road the highway is a significant element of the Cordillera Roads Improvement Project CRIP connecting Northern Cordillera to the Ilocos Region It traverses Apayao s Kabugao and Calanasan municipalities and turns west to Ilocos Norte s Solsona This road project was started on January 7 2013 and will be completed around December 2020 51 Culture EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2015 The Bontoc Museum run by the Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary hosts many of the materials used by the different tribes of the Mountain Province The Cordillera region is known for its unique musical instruments including the gangsa kalinga nose flute bamboo flute buzzer bangibang tongatong diwdiw as saggeypo and bamboo zither The region is also known for their dance arts and crafts like wood carving ibaloi basket loom weaving tinalik loinclothes called ikat amulets tattoo akob bobo suklang and ikat weaving citation needed The symbol of the tattoo of the Bontocs is about being brave because of the pain while inking a talisman or a good luck charm against evil forces or a symbol of a status or position ex Chief captain Leader Mayor They also use tattoos as a decoration and clothes to their body using arts by drawing or placing inks with a pattern or abstract on their skin citation needed It has been observed that the people in Cordillera make arts based on their emotions and belief They use their talents in making arts and crafts as a source of income like wood carving basket weaving weaving clothes amulets and ikat weaving They have different patterns in weaving and they also have their own God that is called Bulul it is the God of the rice that is made and worshipped by the Ifugaos Aside from their tattoo art the Bontocs are also known for their excellence in making different baskets for storage and rice citation needed Tourism Edit Maligcong rice terraces in Bontoc Mountain Province Banaue Rice Terraces which is part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras World Heritage Site Cassamata Hill National Park Kabayan Mummies Mount Data Balbalasang Balbalan National Park Mount Pulag the highest mountain in Luzon at 2 922 metres 9 587 ft above sea level Baguio Sites which includes Burnham Park Minesview Park The Mansion Lion s Head Camp John Hay Philippine Military Academy Bell Church Wright Park Baguio Garden and CentermallSee also EditCordillera Central Luzon Luzon tropical pine forests Cordillera autonomy movementReferences Edit POPULATION PROJECTIONS BY REGION PROVINCE CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES 2020 2025 www doh gov ph Department of Health August 27 2020 Retrieved October 16 2020 Census of Population 2015 Cordillera Administrative Region CAR Total Population by Province City Municipality and Barangay PSA Retrieved June 20 2016 a b Gross Regional Domestic Product openstat psa gov ph Philippine Statistics Authority Retrieved May 20 2021 a b Regional Profile Cordillera Administrative Region CAR CountrySTAT Philippines Archived from the original on October 22 2014 Retrieved September 18 2014 a b Mt Province VisitMyPhilippines com The Ultimate Travel Guide for Tourists Department of Tourism Retrieved December 23 2013 Keesing Felix Keesing Marie 1934 Taming Philippine Headhunters A Study of Government and of Cultural Change in Northern Luzon Stanford University Press pp 67 69 ISBN 9780804721103 via Hathi Trust Benguet History Province of Benguet official website Archived from the original on October 19 2014 Retrieved October 22 2014 Benguet was once part of Mountain Province Historical Background Provincial Government of Apayao Archived from the original on January 4 2015 Retrieved January 3 2015 Kasaysayan Vol 3 no 1 4 National Historical Institute 1978 p 16 https books google com books id 9MbjAAAAMAAJ Retrieved January 2 2015 a href Template Cite magazine html title Template Cite magazine cite magazine a Missing or empty title help clarification needed Ingles Raul Rafael 2008 1908 The Way it Really was Historical Journal for the UP Centennial 1908 2008 Diliman Quezon City University of the Philippines Press pp 330 339 ISBN 978 9715425803 Retrieved January 2 2015 Worcester Dean C Philippine Commission 1908 Seventh Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior to the Philippine Commission for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30 1908 Digitized by Google on November 23 2005 Original file from the University of Michigan Manila U S Government Printing Office pp 17 19 Retrieved January 2 2015 Google Books link Philippines Census Office Buencamino Felipe Villamor Ignacio 1920 Census of the Philippine Islands Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Legislature in the Year 1918 Volume 1 Bureau of printing p 68 Cordillera Administrative Region History Cordillera Connection Blogspot August 14 2009 Retrieved October 22 2014 Republic Act No 4695 An Act Creating the Provinces of Benguet Mountain Province Ifugao and Kalinga Apayao Chan Robles Virtual Law Library Retrieved September 18 2014 Facts amp Figures Ifugao Province Philippine Statistics Authority National Statistical Coordination Board Department of the Interior and Local Government Cordillera Administrative Region Retrieved January 2 2015 Historical Background Provincial Government of Apayao April 15 2013 Archived from the original on January 4 2015 Retrieved January 3 2015 DULAG Macli ing Bantayog ng mga Bayani Bantayog ng mga Bayani Bantayog Memorial Center October 15 2015 Retrieved September 23 2017 Doyo Ma Ceres P 2015 Macli ing Dulag Kalinga Chief Defender of the Cordillera Diliman Quezon City University of the Philippines Press ISBN 978 971 542 772 2 a b c d Carino Joanna K April 22 27 1980 The Chico River Basin Development Project A Case Study of National Development Policy Paper Presented at the Third Annual Conference of the Anthropological Association of the Philippines Manila Archived from the original on April 14 2018 Marcos Ferdinand E December 12 1975 Presidential Decree No 848 ONSTITUTING CERTAIN MUNICIPALITIES WITHIN THE PROVINCE OF KALINGA APAYAO INTO A SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT REGION TO BE KNOWN AS KALINGA SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT REGION CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY Retrieved April 14 2018 Catajan Maria Elena April 22 2017 Chico hydro project opposed SunStar Archived from the original on April 22 2017 Retrieved April 14 2018 Aureus Leonor J ed 1985 The Philippine Press Under Siege II The Cordillera Administrative Region CAR Department of Agriculture Retrieved September 18 2014 R A No 7878 An Act Converting the Sub Provinces of Kalinga and Apayao into Regular Provinces to be Known as the Province of Kalinga and the Province of Apayao Amending for the Purpose Republic Act No 4695 Chan Robles Virtual Law Library February 14 1995 Retrieved January 4 2015 Facts amp Figures Apayao Province Philippine Statistics Authority National Statistical Coordination Board April 19 2012 Retrieved January 4 2015 a b c Ferrer Miriam Coronel September 4 2010 Cordillera autonomy Miriam Coronel Ferrer ABS CBN News Retrieved January 4 2015 a b c Cordillera Autonomy Scribd Inc Dona Dee Lacdao Retrieved January 4 2015 R A No 6766 An Act Providing for an Organic Act for the Cordillera Autonomous Region The LawPhil Project Congress of the Philippines Retrieved January 4 2015 R A No 8438 An Act to Establish the Cordillera Autonomous Region The LawPhil Project Congress of the Philippines Retrieved January 4 2015 Creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region pushed July 2 2017 Mayor Domogan optimistic on OK of Cordillera Autonomous Region bill with P75B investments July 2 2017 a b c d e Car Dof Bureau of Local Government Finance Cordillera People s Alliance Public Information Commission January 1 2001 Dams In the Cordillera PDF International Rivers Archived from the original PDF on January 4 2015 Retrieved January 4 2015 Cordillera s Water Resources Cordillera Peoples Alliance Retrieved January 4 2015 POPULATION PROJECTIONS BY REGION PROVINCE CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES 2020 2025 www doh gov ph Department of Health August 27 2020 Retrieved October 16 2020 PSGC Interactive List of Provinces Philippine Statistics Authority Archived from the original on January 17 2013 Retrieved March 29 2016 Census of Population 2020 Cordillera Administrative Region CAR Total Population by Province City Municipality and Barangay PSA Retrieved July 8 2021 PSGC Interactive List of Cities Philippine Statistics Authority Archived from the original on April 29 2011 Retrieved March 29 2016 Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions Provinces and Highly Urbanized Cities PDF 2010 Census and Housing Population Philippine Statistics Authority Archived from the original PDF on September 28 2013 Retrieved August 9 2013 Tingguian Archived from the original on November 16 2011 Retrieved January 14 2012 National Commission for Culture and the Arts Archived from the original on January 15 2015 Retrieved January 15 2015 Intriguing Patterns in Scolbert08 s Map of Religion in Insular Southeast Asia GeoCurrents Retrieved December 6 2017 Philippine Church National Summary philchal org Archived from the original on October 10 2017 Retrieved December 6 2017 Poverty incidence PI Philippine Statistics Authority Retrieved December 28 2020 https psa gov ph sites default files NSCB LocalPovertyPhilippines 0 pdf publication date 29 November 2005 publisher Philippine Statistics Authority https psa gov ph sites default files 2009 20Poverty 20Statistics pdf publication date 8 February 2011 publisher Philippine Statistics Authority https psa gov ph sites default files Table 202 20 20Annual 20Per 20Capita 20Poverty 20Threshold 2C 20Poverty 20Incidence 20and 20Magnitude 20of 20Poor 20Population 2C 20by 20Region 20and 20Province 20 20 202006 2C 202009 2C 202012 20and 202015 xlsx publication date 27 August 2016 publisher Philippine Statistics Authority https psa gov ph sites default files Table 202 20 20Annual 20Per 20Capita 20Poverty 20Threshold 2C 20Poverty 20Incidence 20and 20Magnitude 20of 20Poor 20Population 2C 20by 20Region 20and 20Province 20 20 202006 2C 202009 2C 202012 20and 202015 xlsx publication date 27 August 2016 publisher Philippine Statistics Authority https psa gov ph sites default files Table 202 20 20Annual 20Per 20Capita 20Poverty 20Threshold 2C 20Poverty 20Incidence 20and 20Magnitude 20of 20Poor 20Population 2C 20by 20Region 20and 20Province 20 20 202006 2C 202009 2C 202012 20and 202015 xlsx publication date 27 August 2016 publisher Philippine Statistics Authority https psa gov ph sites default files Table 202 20 20Updated 20Annual 20Per 20Capita 20Poverty 20Threshold 2C 20Poverty 20Incidence 20and 20Magnitude 20of 20Poor 20Population 20with 20Measures 20of 20Precision 2C 20by 20Region 20and 20Province 2015 20and 202018 xlsx publication date 4 June 2020 publisher Philippine Statistics Authority Apayao Ilocos Norte Road Department of Public Works and Highways Archived from the original on June 17 2021 Retrieved August 9 2019 External links Edit Media related to Cordillera Administrative Region at Wikimedia Commons Cordillera Administrative Region travel guide from Wikivoyage Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cordillera Administrative Region amp oldid 1143987253, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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