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Hill station

February 15, 2024

A hill station is a town located at a higher elevation than the nearby plain or valley. The English term was originally used mostly in colonial Asia, but also in Africa (albeit rarely), for towns founded by European colonialists as refuges from the summer heat and, as Dale Kennedy observes about the Indian context, "the hill station (...) was seen as an exclusive British preserve: here it was possible to render the Indian into an outsider".[1][2] The term is still used in present day, particularly in India, which has the largest number of hill stations, most are situated at an altitude of approximately 1,000 to 2,500 metres (3,300 to 8,200 ft).

Shimla, a city founded as a hill station. The city's urban planning and architecture, as seen here on the south side of the Ridge, were designed to foster a European experience for homesick colonial officials and executives.

History edit

In South Asia edit

Some view Nandi Hills, an 11th-century hilltop fortress developed by the Ganga dynasty in present-day Karnataka, India, as a precursor to the hill station concept.[3][4] Tipu Sultan (1751 - 1799) notably used it as a summer retreat.[5]

Hill stations in British India were established for a variety of reasons. One of the first reasons in the early 1800s, was for the place to act as a sanitorium for the ailing family members of British officials.[6] After the rebellion of 1857, the British "sought further distance from what they saw as a disease-ridden land by [escaping] to the Himalayas in the north". Other factors included anxieties about the dangers of life in India, among them "fear of degeneration brought on by too long residence in a debilitating land". The hill stations were meant to reproduce the home country, illustrated in Lord Lytton's statement about Ootacamund in the 1870s as having "such beautiful English rain, such delicious English mud."[7] Shimla was officially made the "summer capital of India" in the 1860s and hill stations "served as vital centres of political and military power, especially after the 1857 revolt."[8][9]

As noted by Indian historian Vinay Lal, hill stations in India also served "as spaces for the colonial structuring of a segregational and ontological divide between Indians and Europeans, and as institutional sites of imperial power."[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] William Dalrymple wrote that "The viceroy was the spider at the heart of Simla's web: From his chambers in Viceregal Lodge, he pulled the strings of an empire that stretched from Rangoon in the east to Aden in the west."[19] Meanwhile Judith T Kenny observed that "the hill station as a landscape type tied to nineteenth-century discourses of imperialism and climate. Both discourses serve as evidence of a belief in racial difference and, thereby, the imperial hill station reflected and reinforced a framework of meaning that influenced European views of the non-western world in general."[20] The historian of Himalayan cultures Shekhar Pathak speaking about the development of Hill Stations like Mussoorie noted that “the needs of this (European) elite created colonies in Dehradun of Indians to cater to them."[21] This "exclusive, clean, and secure social space – known as an enclave – for white Europeans ... evolved to become the seats of government and foci of elite social activity", and created racial distinctions which perpetuated British colonial power and oppression as Nandini Bhattacharya notes.[22][23] Dale Kennedy observed that "the hill station, then, was seen as an exclusive British preserve: here it was possible to render the Indian into an outsider".[1]

Kennedy, following Monika Bührlein, identifies three stages in the evolution of hill stations in India: high refuge, high refuge to hill station, and hill station to town. The first settlements started in the 1820s, primarily as sanitoria. In the 1840s and 1850s, there was a wave of new hill stations, with the main impetus being "places to rest and recuperate from the arduous life on the plains". In the second half of the 19th century, there was a period of consolidation with few new hill stations. In the final phase, "hill stations reached their zenith in the late nineteenth century. The political importance of the official stations was underscored by the inauguration of large and costly public-building projects."[8]: 14 

The concept of Hill Station has been used loosely in India (and more broadly South Asia) since the mid-20th century to qualify any town or settlement in mountainous areas, which attempt to expand its local economy toward tourism, or have been invested by recent mass tourism practices. Kullu and Manali in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, are two example of that misuse of Hill Station or more accurately deviation of its meaning. These two historical settlements existed prior to the British, and haven't been specially frequented by them or even extensively modified or shaped by them. However, the rise of internal domestic tourism in India from the eighties and the subsequent reproduction of Hill Station practice by urban middle-class Indians contributed to the labelling of these two localities as Hill Stations. Munnar, a settlement in the state of Kerala whose economy is primarily based on tea cultivation and processing, as well as plantations agriculture, is another example of a hill town transformed by contemporaneous tourism practices as a hill station.

List of hill stations edit

Most hill stations, listed by region:

Africa edit

Madagascar edit

 
Antsirabe, Madagascar

Morocco edit

 
Ifrane, Morocco.

Nigeria edit

Uganda edit

Americas edit

[clarification needed][citation needed]

Brazil edit

Costa Rica edit

United States edit

Asia edit

Bangladesh edit

 
Sajek Valley, Rangamati Hill District, Bangladesh, the most popular hill station and summer destination in Bangladesh.

Cambodia edit

 
Former residence of King Sisowath Monivong at Phnom Bokor

China edit

Cyprus edit

 
Platres, Cyprus

Hong Kong edit

India edit

For a complete list, see List of Indian hill stations and Category:Hill stations in India.

Hundreds of hill stations are located in India. The most popular hill stations in India include:

 
A summer evening view on the Nainital lake and town, in the state of Uttarakhand, India. Hill stations are often created or shaped according to European aesthetics. Here, the natural lakes of the Kumaon hills echo the lakes of the Swiss Alps, celebrated at the same time in Western Europe. In Ooty and Kodaikanal, the lack of water bodies has been compensated by the creation of artificial lakes.
 
Tea plantations in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
 
The Stone House at Ooty, the first colonial mansion built in the Nilgiris.

Indonesia edit

 
Puncak, West Java, Indonesia

Iraq edit

 
Amadiya in northern Iraq.

Israel edit

Japan edit

 
Karuizawa in Nagano, Japan

Jordan edit

 
Jabal al-Ashrafiyeh in Amman, Jordan

Malaysia edit

Main article: List of hill stations in Malaysia
 
Cameron Highlands, Malaysia.

Myanmar edit

See also: Category:Hill stations in Myanmar

Nepal edit

 
Village of Namche Bazaar in Nepal

Pakistan edit

 
Murree, a popular hill station in Pakistan
Main article: List of hill stations in Pakistan

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 

Punjab

Sindh

Balochistan

Gilgit Baltistan

Philippines edit

 
Baguio, Philippines

Sri Lanka edit

See also: Category:Hill stations in Sri Lanka
 
Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka

Syria edit

 
Bloudan, Syria

Vietnam edit

 
Da Lat, Vietnam

Oceania edit

Australia edit

 
Mount Macedon, Victoria
 
Bardon, Queensland
Victoria edit
South Australia edit
Queensland edit
Western Australia edit
New South Wales edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Kennedy, Dane. The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1996 1996. | http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft396nb1sf/
  2. ^ "Hill Stations: Pinnacles of the Raj". southasia.ucla.edu.
  3. ^ "Plans include beautification of the entire hill station to attract tourists". Outlook India. 26 February 2021.
  4. ^ Muni Nagraj. Āgama Aura Tripiṭaka, Eka Anuśilana: Language and Literature. p. 500.
  5. ^ Myer, H. (1995). India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia. South Asia Publications. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-945921-42-4.
  6. ^ Dane Keith Kennedy (1996). The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the britishBritishRaj. University of California Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-520-20188-0.
  7. ^ Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (2002). A Concise History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-521-63974-3.
  8. ^ a b Kennedy, Dane (1996). The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj. Berkeley: University of California Press. Retrieved 19 Aug 2014.
  9. ^ Vipin Pubby (1996). Shimla Then and Now. Indus Publishing. pp. 17–34. ISBN 978-81-7387-046-0. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  10. ^ "'But what about the railways ...?' The myth of Britain's gifts to India". the Guardian. March 8, 2017.
  11. ^ "Racism and stereotypes in colonial India's 'Instagram'". BBC News. 30 September 2018.
  12. ^ . Archived from the original on 2021-12-31.
  13. ^ "Login".
  14. ^ Das, Shinjini. "India's initial coronavirus response carried echoes of the colonial era". The Conversation.
  15. ^ Group, British Medical Journal Publishing (January 26, 1901). "The Prophylaxis of Malaria". Br Med J. 1 (2091): 240–242. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2091.240. PMC 2400219. PMID 20759409 – via www.bmj.com.
  16. ^ "Hill Stations: Pinnacles of the Raj".
  17. ^ Climates & Constitutions: Health, Race, Environment and British Imperialism in India, 1600-1850. Oxford University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-19-564657-3.
  18. ^ "Login".
  19. ^ Dalrymple, William (1999-09-26). "India's Green and Pleasant Land". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
  20. ^ Climate, Race, and Imperial Authority: The Symbolic Landscape of the British Hill Station in India | Judith T. Kenny | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01821.x
  21. ^ "How not to develop a hill station".
  22. ^ Contagion and Enclaves: Tropical Medicine in Colonial India | Nandini Bhattacharya | https://liverpool.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5949/UPO9781846317835/upso-9781846318290-chapter-2
  23. ^ Bhattacharya N. (2013). Leisure, economy and colonial urbanism: Darjeeling, 1835-1930. Urban history, 40(3), 442–461. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0963926813000394
  24. ^ a b c d Walters, Trudie; Duncan, Tara (2 Oct 2017). Second Homes and Leisure: New perspectives on a forgotten relationship. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 9781317400264.

Bibliography edit

External videos
  Booknotes interview with Barbara Crossette on The Great Hill Stations of Asia, August 23, 1998, C-SPAN

External links edit

  •   Media related to Hill stations at Wikimedia Commons
  •   The dictionary definition of hill station at Wiktionary
  • Hill Stations in Nepal

February 15, 2024
hill, station, hill, station, town, located, higher, elevation, than, nearby, plain, valley, english, term, originally, used, mostly, colonial, asia, also, africa, albeit, rarely, towns, founded, european, colonialists, refuges, from, summer, heat, dale, kenne. A hill station is a town located at a higher elevation than the nearby plain or valley The English term was originally used mostly in colonial Asia but also in Africa albeit rarely for towns founded by European colonialists as refuges from the summer heat and as Dale Kennedy observes about the Indian context the hill station was seen as an exclusive British preserve here it was possible to render the Indian into an outsider 1 2 The term is still used in present day particularly in India which has the largest number of hill stations most are situated at an altitude of approximately 1 000 to 2 500 metres 3 300 to 8 200 ft Shimla a city founded as a hill station The city s urban planning and architecture as seen here on the south side of the Ridge were designed to foster a European experience for homesick colonial officials and executives Contents 1 History 1 1 In South Asia 2 List of hill stations 2 1 Africa 2 1 1 Madagascar 2 1 2 Morocco 2 1 3 Nigeria 2 1 4 Uganda 2 2 Americas 2 2 1 Brazil 2 2 2 Costa Rica 2 2 3 United States 2 3 Asia 2 3 1 Bangladesh 2 3 2 Cambodia 2 3 3 China 2 3 4 Cyprus 2 3 5 Hong Kong 2 3 6 India 2 3 7 Indonesia 2 3 8 Iraq 2 3 9 Israel 2 3 10 Japan 2 3 11 Jordan 2 3 12 Malaysia 2 3 13 Myanmar 2 3 14 Nepal 2 3 15 Pakistan 2 3 16 Philippines 2 3 17 Sri Lanka 2 3 18 Syria 2 3 19 Vietnam 2 4 Oceania 2 4 1 Australia 2 4 1 1 Victoria 2 4 1 2 South Australia 2 4 1 3 Queensland 2 4 1 4 Western Australia 2 4 1 5 New South Wales 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksHistory editIn South Asia edit Some view Nandi Hills an 11th century hilltop fortress developed by the Ganga dynasty in present day Karnataka India as a precursor to the hill station concept 3 4 Tipu Sultan 1751 1799 notably used it as a summer retreat 5 Hill stations in British India were established for a variety of reasons One of the first reasons in the early 1800s was for the place to act as a sanitorium for the ailing family members of British officials 6 After the rebellion of 1857 the British sought further distance from what they saw as a disease ridden land by escaping to the Himalayas in the north Other factors included anxieties about the dangers of life in India among them fear of degeneration brought on by too long residence in a debilitating land The hill stations were meant to reproduce the home country illustrated in Lord Lytton s statement about Ootacamund in the 1870s as having such beautiful English rain such delicious English mud 7 Shimla was officially made the summer capital of India in the 1860s and hill stations served as vital centres of political and military power especially after the 1857 revolt 8 9 As noted by Indian historian Vinay Lal hill stations in India also served as spaces for the colonial structuring of a segregational and ontological divide between Indians and Europeans and as institutional sites of imperial power 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 William Dalrymple wrote that The viceroy was the spider at the heart of Simla s web From his chambers in Viceregal Lodge he pulled the strings of an empire that stretched from Rangoon in the east to Aden in the west 19 Meanwhile Judith T Kenny observed that the hill station as a landscape type tied to nineteenth century discourses of imperialism and climate Both discourses serve as evidence of a belief in racial difference and thereby the imperial hill station reflected and reinforced a framework of meaning that influenced European views of the non western world in general 20 The historian of Himalayan cultures Shekhar Pathak speaking about the development of Hill Stations like Mussoorie noted that the needs of this European elite created colonies in Dehradun of Indians to cater to them 21 This exclusive clean and secure social space known as an enclave for white Europeans evolved to become the seats of government and foci of elite social activity and created racial distinctions which perpetuated British colonial power and oppression as Nandini Bhattacharya notes 22 23 Dale Kennedy observed that the hill station then was seen as an exclusive British preserve here it was possible to render the Indian into an outsider 1 Kennedy following Monika Buhrlein identifies three stages in the evolution of hill stations in India high refuge high refuge to hill station and hill station to town The first settlements started in the 1820s primarily as sanitoria In the 1840s and 1850s there was a wave of new hill stations with the main impetus being places to rest and recuperate from the arduous life on the plains In the second half of the 19th century there was a period of consolidation with few new hill stations In the final phase hill stations reached their zenith in the late nineteenth century The political importance of the official stations was underscored by the inauguration of large and costly public building projects 8 14 The concept of Hill Station has been used loosely in India and more broadly South Asia since the mid 20th century to qualify any town or settlement in mountainous areas which attempt to expand its local economy toward tourism or have been invested by recent mass tourism practices Kullu and Manali in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh are two example of that misuse of Hill Station or more accurately deviation of its meaning These two historical settlements existed prior to the British and haven t been specially frequented by them or even extensively modified or shaped by them However the rise of internal domestic tourism in India from the eighties and the subsequent reproduction of Hill Station practice by urban middle class Indians contributed to the labelling of these two localities as Hill Stations Munnar a settlement in the state of Kerala whose economy is primarily based on tea cultivation and processing as well as plantations agriculture is another example of a hill town transformed by contemporaneous tourism practices as a hill station List of hill stations editThis list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items February 2011 Most hill stations listed by region Africa edit Madagascar edit nbsp Antsirabe MadagascarAntsirabeMorocco edit nbsp Ifrane Morocco IfraneNigeria edit JosUganda edit Fort PortalAmericas edit clarification needed citation needed Brazil edit Petropolis Campos do JordaoCosta Rica edit MonteverdeUnited States edit Beech Mountain Sky Valley Georgia Big Bear Lake California Cloudcroft New Mexico Summerhaven ArizonaAsia edit Bangladesh edit nbsp Sajek Valley Rangamati Hill District Bangladesh the most popular hill station and summer destination in Bangladesh Chittagong Sajek Valley Bandarban Chittagong Jaflong Khagrachari Chittagong Moulvibazar Rangamati Chittagong SreemangalCambodia edit nbsp Former residence of King Sisowath Monivong at Phnom BokorBokor Hill StationChina edit Kuling Guling in Jiangxi Province Mount Mogan Mount Jigong Guling Fujian Province BeidaiheCyprus edit nbsp Platres CyprusPlatresHong Kong edit Victoria Peak Sunset PeakIndia edit For a complete list see List of Indian hill stations and Category Hill stations in India Hundreds of hill stations are located in India The most popular hill stations in India include nbsp A summer evening view on the Nainital lake and town in the state of Uttarakhand India Hill stations are often created or shaped according to European aesthetics Here the natural lakes of the Kumaon hills echo the lakes of the Swiss Alps celebrated at the same time in Western Europe In Ooty and Kodaikanal the lack of water bodies has been compensated by the creation of artificial lakes nbsp Tea plantations in Darjeeling West Bengal India nbsp The Stone House at Ooty the first colonial mansion built in the Nilgiris Achabal Jammu and Kashmir Amarkantak Madhya Pradesh Ambanad Hills Kerala Amboli Maharashtra Almora Uttarakhand Araku Valley Andhra Pradesh Aritar Sikkim Aru Jammu and Kashmir Askot Uttarakhand Auli Uttarakhand Baba Budan giri Karnataka Badrinath Uttarakhand Baltal Jammu and Kashmir Barog Himachal Pradesh Berinag Uttarakhand Bhaderwah Jammu and Kashmir Bhowali Uttarakhand Chail Himachal Pradesh Chakrata Uttarakhand Chamba Himachal Pradesh Champhai Mizoram Chaukori Uttarakhand Cherrapunjee Meghalaya Chikhaldara Maharashtra Chitkul Himachal Pradesh Coonoor Tamil Nadu Daksum Jammu and Kashmir Dalhousie Himachal Pradesh Daringbadi Odisha Darjeeling West Bengal Dawki Meghalaya Diskit Ladakh Doodhpathri Jammu and Kashmir Dhanaulti Uttarakhand Dharamkot Himachal Pradesh Dharchula Uttarakhand Dras Ladakh Dzuluk Sikkim Dzuko Valley Nagaland and Manipur Gairsain Uttarakhand Gangtok Sikkim Ghum West Bengal Gulmarg Jammu and Kashmir Geyzing Sikkim Haflong Assam Hemkund Sahib Uttarakhand Hmuifang Mizoram Kalpa Himachal Pradesh Jogindernagar Himachal Pradesh Jogimatti Karnataka Joshimath Uttarakhand Kalimpong West Bengal Katra Jammu and Kashmir Kangra Himachal Pradesh Kargil Ladakh Karzok Ladakh Kedarnath Uttarakhand Keylong Himachal Pradesh Khajjiar Himachal Pradesh Kodaikanal Tamil Nadu Kolli Hills Tamil Nadu Kotagiri Tamil Nadu Kohima Nagaland Kokernag Jammu and Kashmir Khandala Maharashtra Kufri Himachal Pradesh Kullu Himachal Pradesh Kurseong West Bengal Lachen Sikkim Lachung Sikkim Lansdowne Uttarakhand Lava West Bengal Leh Ladakh Lonavala Maharashtra Lolegaon West Bengal Lunglei Mizoram Mahabaleshwar Maharashtra Mainpat Chhattisgarh Matheran Maharashtra Manali Himachal Pradesh Mawsynram Meghalaya McLeod Ganj Himachal Pradesh Meghamalai Tamil Nadu Mirik West Bengal Mount Abu Rajasthan Murgo Ladakh Munnar Kerala Munsiyari Uttarakhand Mussoorie Uttarakhand Nainital Uttarakhand Narkanda Himachal Pradesh New Tehri Uttarakhand Ooty Udhagamandalam Tamil Nadu Pachmarhi Madhya Pradesh Palampur Himachal Pradesh Pahalgam Jammu and Kashmir Patnitop Jammu and Kashmir Pauri Uttarakhand Pelling Sikkim Pfutsero Nagaland Pithoragarh Uttarakhand Ramgarh Uttarakhand Ranikhet Uttarakhand Reckong Peo Himachal Pradesh Reiek Mizoram Rishyap West Bengal Samsing West Bengal Saputara Gujarat Shillong Meghalaya Shimla Himachal Pradesh Sonamarg Jammu and Kashmir Soordelu Hill Station Kerala Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Thekkady Kerala Triund Himachal Pradesh Tosa Maidan Jammu and Kashmir Topslip Tamil Nadu Turtuk Ladakh Uttarkashi Uttarakhand Valparai Tamil Nadu Vagamon Kerala Verinag Jammu and Kashmir Wilson Hills Gujarat Yercaud Tamil Nadu Yelagiri Tamil Nadu Yusmarg Jammu and Kashmir Yuksom Sikkim Yumthang Sikkim Indonesia edit nbsp Puncak West Java IndonesiaGarut in West Java Sukabumi in West Java Puncak in West Java Batu in East Java Tretes in East Java Kaliurang in Central Java Munduk in Bali Bedugul in Bali Berastagi in North Sumatra Lembang in West Java Baturaden in Central Java Wonosobo in Central Java Tawangmangu in Central Java Bandungan Semarang in Central Java Bukittinggi in West Sumatra Padang Panjang in West Sumatra Sawahlunto in West Sumatra Solok in West Sumatra Payakumbuh in West Sumatra Takengon in Aceh Tomohon in North Sulawesi Tana Toraja in South Sulawesi Malino in South Sulawesi Salatiga in Central Java Iraq edit nbsp Amadiya in northern Iraq Shaqlawa Amedi Rawanduz Sulaymaniyah BatifaIsrael edit Metula SafedJapan edit nbsp Karuizawa in Nagano JapanHakone 24 Karuizawa 24 Nikkō 24 Lake Chuzenji 24 Jordan edit nbsp Jabal al Ashrafiyeh in Amman JordanA few suburbs in Amman Al Ashrafiya Jabal AmmanMalaysia edit Main article List of hill stations in Malaysia nbsp Cameron Highlands Malaysia Bukit Larut Bukit Tinggi Cameron Highlands Fraser s Hill Penang HillMyanmar edit See also Category Hill stations in Myanmar Kalaw Pyin Oo Lwin Taunggyi ThandaungNepal edit nbsp Village of Namche Bazaar in NepalPokhara Namche Bazaar Bandipur Dhulikhel Tansen Nagarkot Kakani Gorkha Bazaar Daman Dharan Dhankuta Illam Sarangkot Baglung Resunga Kunde Khumjung Lukla Tengboche Phortse Bhimeshwar Besisahar Sandhikharka Tamghas Jomsom Phidim Phungling Fikal Bhedetar Dunai Nepal Pakistan edit nbsp Murree a popular hill station in PakistanMain article List of hill stations in Pakistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Abbottabad Behrain Kalam Valley Malam Jabba Nathia Gali Shogran Chitral Jahaz Banda Naran KaghanPunjab Bhurban Charra Pani Murree PatriataSindh Gorakh Hill Bado Hill StationBalochistan ZiaratGilgit Baltistan Hunza Valley Skardu Astore Valley Gilgit Nagar Valley Philippines edit nbsp Baguio PhilippinesBaguio Salvador Benedicto Mambukal Tagaytay Sagada MalaybalaySri Lanka edit See also Category Hill stations in Sri Lanka nbsp Nuwara Eliya Sri LankaNuwara EliyaSyria edit nbsp Bloudan SyriaBloudan Masyaf Qadmous Zabadani MadayaVietnam edit nbsp Da Lat VietnamDa Lat Sa Pa Tam Đảo Ba Na Hills Bạch Ma National ParkOceania edit Australia edit nbsp Mount Macedon Victoria nbsp Bardon QueenslandVictoria edit Mount Macedon HarrietvilleSouth Australia edit Mount Gambier Adelaide HillsQueensland edit Toowoomba Merewether The Gap Chapel Hill Bardon Ferny Grove Buderim New Auckland Mount ArcherWestern Australia edit Lesmurdie Kalamunda Jarrahdale BedfordaleNew South Wales edit Blue Mountains Mount Pleasant Woonoona Kariong Illawarra escarpment Stanwell Tops Prospect Hill Pemulwuy Terrey Hills Berowra HeightsSee also editTierra templada Tierra fria Plateau Tableland MesaReferences edit a b Kennedy Dane The Magic Mountains Hill Stations and the British Raj Berkeley University of California Press c1996 1996 http ark cdlib org ark 13030 ft396nb1sf Hill Stations Pinnacles of the Raj southasia ucla edu Plans include beautification of the entire hill station to attract tourists Outlook India 26 February 2021 Muni Nagraj Agama Aura Tripiṭaka Eka Anusilana Language and Literature p 500 Myer H 1995 India 2001 Reference Encyclopedia South Asia Publications p 37 ISBN 978 0 945921 42 4 Dane Keith Kennedy 1996 The Magic Mountains Hill Stations and the britishBritishRaj University of California Press p 24 ISBN 978 0 520 20188 0 Barbara D Metcalf Thomas R Metcalf 2002 A Concise History of India Cambridge University Press p 111 ISBN 978 0 521 63974 3 a b Kennedy Dane 1996 The Magic Mountains Hill Stations and the British Raj Berkeley University of California Press Retrieved 19 Aug 2014 Vipin Pubby 1996 Shimla Then and Now Indus Publishing pp 17 34 ISBN 978 81 7387 046 0 Retrieved 16 August 2013 But what about the railways The myth of Britain s gifts to India the Guardian March 8 2017 Racism and stereotypes in colonial India s Instagram BBC News 30 September 2018 Segregation and the Social Relations of Place Bombay 1890 1910 Archived from the original on 2021 12 31 Login Das Shinjini India s initial coronavirus response carried echoes of the colonial era The Conversation Group British Medical Journal Publishing January 26 1901 The Prophylaxis of Malaria Br Med J 1 2091 240 242 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 2091 240 PMC 2400219 PMID 20759409 via www bmj com Hill Stations Pinnacles of the Raj Climates amp Constitutions Health Race Environment and British Imperialism in India 1600 1850 Oxford University Press 1999 ISBN 978 0 19 564657 3 Login Dalrymple William 1999 09 26 India s Green and Pleasant Land The Washington Post Retrieved 2022 06 11 Climate Race and Imperial Authority The Symbolic Landscape of the British Hill Station in India Judith T Kenny https www tandfonline com doi abs 10 1111 j 1467 8306 1995 tb01821 x How not to develop a hill station Contagion and Enclaves Tropical Medicine in Colonial India Nandini Bhattacharya https liverpool universitypressscholarship com view 10 5949 UPO9781846317835 upso 9781846318290 chapter 2 Bhattacharya N 2013 Leisure economy and colonial urbanism Darjeeling 1835 1930 Urban history 40 3 442 461 https doi org 10 1017 s0963926813000394 a b c d Walters Trudie Duncan Tara 2 Oct 2017 Second Homes and Leisure New perspectives on a forgotten relationship Abingdon on Thames Routledge ISBN 9781317400264 Bibliography editExternal videos nbsp Booknotes interview with Barbara Crossette on The Great Hill Stations of Asia August 23 1998 C SPANCrossette Barbara The Great Hill Stations of Asia ISBN 0 465 01488 7 Kennedy Dane The Magic Mountains Hill Stations and the British Raj Full text searchable Berkeley University of California Press 1996 ISBN 0 520 20188 4 ISBN 978 0520201880 External links edit nbsp Media related to Hill stations at Wikimedia Commons nbsp The dictionary definition of hill station at Wiktionary Hill Stations in Nepal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hill station amp oldid 1206184600, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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