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Igorot people

March 08, 2023

The indigenous peoples of the Cordillera Mountain Range of northern Luzon, Philippines, are often referred to using the exonym[2] Igorot people, or more recently, as the Cordilleran peoples.[2] There are nine main ethnolinguistic groups whose domains are in the Cordillera Mountain Range, altogether numbering about 1.5 million people in the early 21st century.[1]

Igorot
Elderly Igorots in traditional attire
Total population
1,500,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Philippines
(Cordillera Administrative Region, Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley)
Languages
Bontoc, Ilocano, Itneg, Ibaloi, Isnag, Kankanaey, Bugkalot, Kalanguya, Isinai, Filipino, English
Religion
Christianity (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism), Animism (Indigenous Philippine folk religions)

Their languages belong to the northern Luzon subgroup of Philippine languages, which in turn belongs to the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) family.

These ethnic groups keep or have kept until recently[timeframe?] their traditional religion and way of life.[vague] Some live in the tropical forests of the foothills, but most live in rugged grassland and pine forest zones higher up.[according to whom?]

Etymology

From the root word golot, which means "mountain," Igolot means "people from the mountains", a reference to any of various ethnic groups in the mountains of northern Luzon. During the Spanish colonial era, the term was variously recorded as Igolot, Ygolot, and Igorrote, compliant to Spanish orthography.[3]

The endonyms Ifugao or Ipugaw (also meaning "mountain people") are used more frequently by the Igorots themselves, as igorot is viewed by some as slightly pejorative,[4] except by the Ibaloys.[5] The Spanish borrowed the term Ifugao from the lowland Gaddang and Ibanag groups.[4]

Cordillera ethnic groups

The Igorots may be roughly divided into two general subgroups: the larger group lives in the south, central and western areas, and is very adept at rice-terrace farming; the smaller group lives in the east and north. Prior to Spanish colonisation of the islands, the peoples now included under the term did not consider themselves as belonging to a single, cohesive ethnic group.[4]

Bontoc

Main article: Bontoc people
 
A Bontok man

The Bontok ethnolinguistic group can be found in the central and east portions of the Mountain Province. It mainly consists of the Balangaos and Gaddangs, with a significant portion who identify as part of the Kalinga group. The Bontok live in a mountainous territory, particularly close to the Chico River and its tributaries. Mineral resources (gold, copper, limestone, gypsum) can be found in the mountain areas. Gold, in particular, has been traditionally extracted from the Bontoc municipality. The Chico River provides sand, gravel, and white clay, while the forests of Barlig and Sadanga within the area have rattan, bamboo and pine trees.[6] They are the second largest group in the Mountain Province.[6] The Bontoc live on the banks of the Chico River. They speak Bontoc and Ilocano. They formerly practiced head-hunting and had distinctive body tattoos. The Bontoc describe three types of tattoos: The chak-lag′, the tattooed chest of the head taker; pong′-o, the tattooed arms of men and women; and fa′-tĕk, for all other tattoos of both sexes. Women were tattooed on the arms only.

Ibaloi

Main article: Ibaloi people
 
A woman in traditional Ibaloi clothing

The Ibaloi (also Ibaloy, Ibaluy, Nabaloi, Inavidoy, Inibaloi, Ivadoy) and Kalanguya (also Kallahan and Ikalahan) are one of the indigenous peoples of the Philippines who live mostly in the southern part of Benguet, located in the Cordillera of northern Luzon, and Nueva Vizcaya in the Cagayan Valley region. They were traditionally an agrarian society. Many of the Ibaloi and Kalanguya people continue with their agriculture and rice cultivation.

Their native language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages family and is closely related to the Pangasinan language, primarily spoken in the province of Pangasinan, located southwest of Benguet.

Baguio, the major city of the Cordillera, dubbed the "Summer Capital of the Philippines," is located in southern Benguet.

The largest feast of the Ibaloi is the Peshit or Pedit, a public feast mainly sponsored by people of prestige and wealth. Peshit can last for weeks and involves the killing and sacrifice of dozens of animals.

One of the more popular dances of the Ibaloi is the bendian, a mass dance participated in by hundreds of male and female dancers. Originally a victory dance in time of war, it evolved into a celebratory dance. It is used as entertainment (ad-adivay) in the cañao feasts, hosted by the wealthy class (baknang).[7]

Ifugao

Main article: Ifugao people
 
An Ifugao man from Banaue

Ifugaos are the people inhabiting Ifugao Province. They come from the municipalities of Lagawe (Capital Town), Aguinaldo, Alfonso Lista, Asipulo, Banaue, Hingyon, Hungduan, Kiangan, Lamut, Mayoyao, and Tinoc. The province is one of the smallest provinces in the Philippines with an area of only 251,778 hectares, or about 0.8% of the total Philippine land area. It has a temperate climate and is rich in mineral and forest products.[8]

The term "Ifugao" is derived from "ipugo" which means "earth people", "mortals" or "humans", as distinguished from spirits and deities. It also means "from the hill", as pugo means hill.[8] The term Igorot or Ygolote was the term used by the Spanish colonial officials for mountain people. The Ifugaos, however, prefer the name Ifugao.

As of 1995, the population of the Ifugaos was counted to be 131,635. Although the majority of them are still in Ifugao province, some of them already transferred to Baguio, where they worked as woodcarvers, and to other parts of the Cordillera region.[8] They are divided into subgroups based on the differences in dialects, traditions, and design/color of costumes. The main subgroups are Ayangan, Kalangaya, and Tuwali. Furthermore, the Ifugao society is divided into 3 social classes: the kadangyans or the aristocrats, the tagus or the middle class, and the nawotwots or the poor ones. The kadangyans sponsor the prestige rituals called hagabi and uyauy and this separates them from the tagus who cannot sponsor feasts but are economically well off. The nawotwots are those who have limited land properties and are usually hired by the upper classes to do work in the fields and other services.[8]

Kalanguya/Ikalahan

Main article: Kalanguya people

The Kalaguya or Ikalahan people are a small group distributed amongst the mountain ranges of Sierra Madre, the Caraballo Mountains, and the eastern part of the Cordillera mountain range. The main population resides in the Nueva Vizcaya province, with Kayapa as the center. They are considered to be part of the Igorot (mountain people) but distinguish themselves with the name Ikalahan, the name taken from the forest trees that grow in the Caraballo Mountain.[9]

They are among the least studied ethnic groups, thus their early history is unknown. However, Felix M. Keesing suggests that, like other groups in the mountains, they fled from the lowlands to escape Spanish persecution.[9]

Isneg

Main article: Isnag people
 
An Isneg woman.

The Isnag, also Isneg or Apayao, live at the northwesterly end of northern Luzon, in the upper half of the Cordillera province of Apayao. The term "Isneg" derives from itneg, meaning inhabitants of the Tineg River. Apayao derives from the battle cry Ma-ap-ay-ao as their hand is clapped rapidly over their mouth. They may also refer to themselves as Imandaya if they live upstream, or Imallod if they live downstream. The municipalities in the Isneg domain include Pudtol, Kabugao, Calanasan, Flora, Conner, Sta. Marcela, and Luna. Two major river systems, the Abulog River and the Apayao River, run through Isnag country.[10]

Jars of basi are half-buried in the ground within a small shed, abulor, constructed of 4 posts and a shed. This abulor is found within the open space, linong or sidong, below their houses (balay). They grow upland rice, while also practicing swidden farming and fishing.[10]: 99–100, 102 

Say-am was an important ceremony after a successful headhunting, or other important occasions, hosted by the wealthy, and lasting one to five days or more. Dancing, singing, eating, and drinking mark the feast, and Isnegs wear their finest clothes. The shaman, Anituwan, prays to the spirit Gatan, before the first dog is sacrificed, if a human head had not been taken, and offered at the sacred tree, ammadingan. On the last day, a coconut is split in honor of the headhunter guardian, Anglabbang.The Pildap is an equivalent say-am but hosted by the poor. Conversion to Christianity grew after 1920, and today, the Isnegs are divided in their religious beliefs, with some still being animistic.[10]: 107–108, 110–111, 113 

Itneg/Tingguian

Main article: Itneg people

The Itneg people, also known as Tingguian people, live in the mountainous area of Abra in northwestern Luzon who descended from immigrants from Kalinga, Apayao, and the Northern Kankana-ey. They are large in stature, have mongoloid eyes, aquiline nose, and are effective farmers. They refer to themselves as Itneg, though the Spaniards called them Tingguian when they came to the Philippines because they are mountain dwellers. The Tingguians are further divided into 11 distinct subgroups which are the Adasen, Balatok, Banao, Belwang, Binongan, Gobang, Inlaud, Mabaka, Maeng, Masadiit and Moyadan. Wealth and material possessions (such as Chinese jars, copper gongs called gangsa, beads, rice fields, and livestock) determine the social standing of a family or person, as well as the hosting of feasts and ceremonies. Despite the divide of social status, there is no sharp distinction between rich (baknang) and poor. Wealth is inherited but the society is open for social mobility of the citizens by virtue of hard work. Medium are the only distinct group in their society, but even then it is only during ceremonial periods.[11]

Kalinga

Main article: Kalinga people
 
Children from Lubuagan, Kalinga perform the muscle dance.

The Kalingas are mainly found in Kalinga province which has an area of 3,282.58 sq. km. Some of them, however, already migrated to Mountain Province, Apayao, Cagayan, and Abra. As of 1995, they were counted to be 105,083, not including those who have migrated outside the Cordillera region.[12]

Kalinga territory includes floodplains of Tabuk, and Rizal, plus the Chico River. Gold and copper deposits are common in Pasil and Balbalan. Tabuk was settled in the 12th century, and from there other Kalinga settlements spread, practicing wet rice (papayaw) and swidden (uwa) cultivation. Kalinga houses (furoy, buloy, fuloy, phoyoy, biloy)are either octagonal for the wealthy, or square, and are elevated on posts (a few as high as 20–30 feet), with a single room. Other building include granaries (alang) and field sheds (sigay).[12][13]

 
Apo Whang-od applying traditional Kalinga tattoos using the characteristic Austronesian tattooing tools - the hafted needle and the mallet

The name Kalinga came from the Ibanag and Gaddang term kalinga, which means headhunter. Edward Dozier divided Kalinga geographically into three sub-cultures and geographical position: Balbalan (north); Pasil, Lubuagan, and Tinglayan (south); and Tanudan (east). Teodoro Llamzon divided the Kalinga based on their dialects: Guinaang, Lubuagan, Punukpuk, Tabuk, Tinglayan, and Tanudan.[12]

Kankanaey

Main article: Kankanaey people
 
A Kankanaey chief from the town of Suyoc, in Mankayan, Benguet (taken c. 1904).

The Kankanaey domain includes Western Mountain Province, northern Benguet and southeastern Ilocos Sur. Like most Igorot ethnic groups, the Kankanaey built sloping terraces to maximize farm space in the rugged terrain of the Cordilleras.

Kankanaey houses include the two-story innagamang, the larger binangi, the cheaper tinokbob, and the elevated tinabla. Their granaries (agamang) are elevated to avoid rats. Two other institutions of the Kankanaey of Mountain Province are the dap-ay, or the men's dormitory and civic center, and the ebgan, or the girls' dormitory.[14][15]

Kankanaey's major dances include tayaw, pat-tong, takik (a wedding dance), and balangbang. The tayaw is a community dance that is usually done in weddings it maybe also danced by the Ibaloi but has a different style. Pattong, also a community dance from Mountain Province which every municipality has its own style, while Balangbang is the dance's modern term. There are also some other dances like the sakkuting, pinanyuan (another wedding dance) and bogi-bogi (courtship dance).

Ethnic groups by linguistic classification

 
Political map of the Cordillera Administrative Region.

Below is a list of northern Luzon ethnic groups organized by linguistic classification.

History

Main article: Igorot Revolt
 
A seated Bulul, the anthropomorphical representations of rice divinities protecting the seeds and the harvest of Ifugao people.

Spanish colonial era

The gold found in the land of the Igorot was an attraction for the Spanish.[20] Originally gold was exchanged at Pangasinan by the Igorot.[21] The gold was used to buy consumable products by the Igorot.[22] Both gold and desire to Christianize the Igorot were given as reasons for Spanish conquest.[23] In 1572 the Spanish started hunting for the gold.[24] Benguet Province was entered by the Spanish with the intention of obtaining gold.[25] The fact that the Igorots managed to stay out of Spanish dominion vexed the Spaniards.[26] The gold evaded the hands of the Spaniards due to Igorot opposition.[27] The Igorot would also be used as mercenaries and scouts during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War.[28][29]

American colonial era

Samuel E. Kane wrote about his life amongst the Bontoc, Ifugao, and Kalinga after the Philippine–American War in his book Thirty Years with the Philippine Head-Hunters (1933).[30] The first American school for Igorot girls was opened in Baguio in 1901 by Alice McKay Kelly.[30]: 317  Kane argued that Dean C. Worcester "did more than anyone man to stop head-hunting and to bring the traditional enemy tribes together in friendship."[30]: 329  Kane wrote of the Igorot people, "there is a peace, a rhythm and an elemental strength in the life...which all the comforts and refinements of civilization can not replace...fifty years hence...there will be little left to remind the young Igorots of the days when the drums and ganzas of the head-hunting canyaos resounded throughout the land.[30]: 330–331 

In 1903, Missionary Bishop Charles Brent traveled through northern Luzon, in hopes of directing missionary efforts to convert the pagan Igorot populace. A mission church was established for the Bontoc Tribe of the Igorots in the Bontoc, Mountain Province. The Bontoc missionaries wrote the first Igorot grammars, which were published by the government.[31]

 
Igorot people, c. 1896

In 1904, a group of Igorot people were brought to St. Louis, Missouri, United States, for the St. Louis World's Fair. They constructed the Igorot Village in the Philippine Exposition section of the fair, which became one of the most popular exhibits. The poet T. S. Eliot, who was born and raised in St. Louis, visited and explored the Village. Inspired by their tribal dance and others, he wrote the short story, "The Man Who Was King" (1905).[32] In 1905, 50 tribespeople were on display at a Brooklyn, New York, amusement park for the summer, ending in the custody of the unscrupulous Truman Hunt, a showman "on the run across America with the tribe in tow."[33]

On February 12, 1912, a Mountain Province Igorot chief named Gagaban became the first Filipino to fly in an airplane, riding as a passenger in a biplane called the "Red Devil" with Lee Hammond as the pilot.[34]

World War II

During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, Igorots fought against Japan. Donald Blackburn's World War II guerrilla force had a strong core of Igorots.[35]: 148–165  A young Igorot woman, Naomi Flores, was an important member of the Miss U Spy Ring.[36]

Postwar era

On June 18, 1966, Republic Act No. 4695 was enacted to split Mountain Province and create four separate and independent provinces namely Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao, and Mountain Province.[37][38] Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao were placed under the jurisdiction of the Cagayan Valley region,[39] with Benguet and Mountain Province placed under the Ilocos Region.

Martial law

 
Detail of the Wall of Remembrance at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani in Quezon City, showing names from the first batch of Bantayog Honorees, including that of Macli-ing Dulag.
Main articles: Chico River Dam Project and Macli-ing Dulag

After the declaration of Martial law by Ferdinand Marcos in 1972, the region became the focus of militarization as a result of local objections to the government's push for the Chico River Dam Project near Sadanga, Mountain Province and Tinglayan, Kalinga.[40][41][42] Frustrated by the project delays caused by the opposition, Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree no. 848 in December 1975, constituting the municipalities of Lubuagan, Tinglayan, Tanudan, and Pasil into a "Kalinga Special Development Region" (KSDR),[43] in an effort to neutralize opposition to the Chico IV dam.[42]

Empowered by Martial Law to conduct warrantless arrests, the 60th PC Brigade had arrested at least 150 locals by April 1977, accusing them of supposed subversion and of obstructing government projects, and various other offenses such as boycotting the October 1976 Constitutional Referendum. Individuals arrested included tribal papangat (leaders/elders), young couples, and in at least one case, a 12-year-old child.[42]: 9  By December 1978, parts of the Chico IV area had been declared "free fire zones", no-man's-land areas where the army could freely fire on any animals or permit-less humans at will.[42]

On April 24, 1980, Marcos-controlled military forces assassinated Macli-ing Dulag, a pangat (leader) of the Butbut tribe of Kalinga.[44] The assassination became a watershed moment, marking the first time the mainstream Philippine press could be openly critical against Marcos and the military, and building up a sense of Igorot identity that eventually led to Cordillera autonomy.[45]

Mount Data Peace Accord

Main article: Mount Data Peace Accord

After the end of the Marcos administration due to the 1986 People Power Revolution, the succeeding government under President Corazon Aquino secured a ceasefire with the main indigenous armed group in the Cordilleras, the Cordillera People's Liberation Army led by Conrado Balweg. The Aquino government made a sipat or indigenous treaty, which would be known as the Mount Data Peace Accord, with the CPLA on September 13, 1986, ending hostilities.

Contemporary history

In 2014, Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, an indigenous rights advocate, of Igorot ethnicity, was appointed UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.[46]

In February 2021, Mountain Province Representative Maximo Y. Dalog Jr. wrote Philippine Education Secretary Leonor Briones to look into learning materials that allegedly discriminated against Igorots for their physical appearance and manner of dress. One learning module inaccurately described Igorots as having curly hair. Department of Education Regional Director Estela L. Cariño apologized on behalf of the department, noting that copies of the book were retrieved when its contents were brought to the department's attention.[47]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Igorot | people". Britannica.com. 2015-03-26. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
  2. ^ a b Acabado, Stephen (March 2017). "The Archaeology of Pericolonialism: Responses of the "Unconquered" to Spanish Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao, Philippines". International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 21 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1007/s10761-016-0342-9. ISSN 1092-7697. S2CID 147472482.
  3. ^ Albert Ernest Jenks (2004). (PDF). Kessinger Publishing. p. 8. doi:10.2307/198417. ISBN 978-1-4191-5449-2. JSTOR 198417. S2CID 161839778. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-07.
  4. ^ a b c Carol R. Ember; Melvin Ember (2003). Encyclopedia of sex and gender: men and women in the world's cultures, Volume 1. Springer. p. 498. ISBN 978-0-306-47770-6.
  5. ^ "Ibaloys "Reclaiming" Baguio: The Role of Intellectuals". Plaridel Journal. UP College of Mass Communication.
  6. ^ a b Sumeg-ang, Arsenio (2005). "1 The Bontoks". Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. pp. 1–27. ISBN 9789711011093.
  7. ^ Sumeg-ang, Arsenio (2005). "2 The Ibaloys". Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. pp. 28–51. ISBN 9789711011093.
  8. ^ a b c d Sumeg-ang, Arsenio (2005). "4 The Ifugaos". Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. pp. 71–91. ISBN 9789711011093.
  9. ^ a b Sumeg-ang, Arsenio (2005). "3 The Ikalahans". Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. pp. 52–69. ISBN 9789711011093.
  10. ^ a b c Sumeg-ang, Arsenio (2005). "5 The Isnegs". Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. pp. 92–93. ISBN 9789711011093.
  11. ^ Sumeg-ang, Arsenio (2005). "9 The Tingguians/Itnegs". Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. pp. 177–194. ISBN 9789711011093.
  12. ^ a b c Sumeg-ang, Arsenio (2005). "5 The Kalingas". Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. pp. 115–135. ISBN 9789711011093.
  13. ^ Scott, William Henry (1996). On the Cordilleras: A look at the peoples and cultures of the Mountain Province. MCS Enterprises, Inc. p. 16.
  14. ^ Sumeg-ang, Arsenio (2005). "7 The Northern Kankana-eys". Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. pp. 136–155. ISBN 9789711011093.
  15. ^ Sumeg-ang, Arsenio (2005). "8 The Southern Kankana-eys". Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. pp. 156–175. ISBN 9789711011093.
  16. ^ "Kalanguya Archives - Intercontinental Cry".
  17. ^ "Kallahan, Keley-i".
  18. ^ "Kalanguya".
  19. ^ Project, Joshua. "Kalanguya, Tinoc in Philippines".
  20. ^ Barbara A. West (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. pp. 300–. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7.
  21. ^ "Ifugao - Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life - Encyclopedia.com".
  22. ^ Linda A. Newson (2009). Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 232–. ISBN 978-0-8248-3272-8.
  23. ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-08-27. Retrieved 2016-06-25.
  24. ^ "Ethnic History (Cordillera) - National Commission for Culture and the Arts". ncca.gov.ph.[permanent dead link]
  25. ^ Melanie Wiber (1993). Politics, Property and Law in the Philippine Uplands. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-0-88920-222-1. igorot gold spanish.
  26. ^ The Igorot struggle for independence: William Henry Scott. 2005.
  27. ^ Habana, Olivia M. (1 January 2000). "Gold Mining in Benguet to 1898". Philippine Studies. 48 (4): 455–487. JSTOR 42634423.
  28. ^ The Philippines in the 19th Century by Rudolf Lietz, "With the Insurgents in the Philippines - A company of Igorrote spearmen drilling in Caloocan, 1899"
  29. ^ Limos, Mario Alvaro. "The Untold Story of the Igorots' Revolt". Esquire. October 23, 2020
  30. ^ a b c d Kane, S.E., 1933, Life and Death in Luzon or Thirty Years with the Philippine Head-Hunters, New York: Grosset & Dunlap
  31. ^ George E. DeMille, The Episcopal Church Since 1900: a Brief History (Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1955), 6-7. and Mark D. Norbeck, (1996). "The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 20, No. 4 (October 1996), 166. and James Kiefer, "Biographical Sketch of Brent." Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  32. ^ Narita, Tatsushi. "How Far is T. S. Eliot from Here?: The Young Poet's Imagined World of Polynesian Matahiva," In How Far is America from Here?, ed. Theo D'haen, Paul Giles, Djelal Kadir and Lois Parkinson Zamora. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2005, pp .271-282.
  33. ^ Prentice, Claire, 2014, The Lost Tribe of Coney Island: Headhunters, Luna Park, and the Man Who Pulled Off the Spectacle of the Century, New Harvest. The Lost Tribe of Coney Island: Product Details. October 14, 2014. ISBN 978-0544262287.
  34. ^ PNA Features (March 2, 1987). "The first Filipino to fly". Manila Standard. Standard Publications, Inc. p. 10. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  35. ^ Harkins, P., 1956, Blackburn's Headhunters, London: Cassell & Co. LTD
  36. ^ Hartendorp, A.V.H. (1967), The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines, Volume 2, Bookmark: Manila, pages 589-593
  37. ^ "Republic Act No. 4695: An Act Creating the Provinces of Benguet, Mountain Province, Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
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  39. ^ . Provincial Government of Apayao. April 15, 2013. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
  40. ^ "DULAG, Macli-ing – Bantayog ng mga Bayani". Bantayog ng mga Bayani. Bantayog Memorial Center. October 15, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
  41. ^ Doyo, Ma. Ceres P. (2015). Macli-ing Dulag: Kalinga Chief, Defender of the Cordillera. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. ISBN 978-971-542-772-2.
  42. ^ a b c d Cariño, Joanna K. (April 22–27, 1980). . Paper Presented at the Third Annual Conference of the Anthropological Association of the Philippines. Manila. Archived from the original on April 14, 2018.
  43. ^ Marcos, Ferdinand E. (December 12, 1975). "Presidential Decree No 848 ONSTITUTING CERTAIN MUNICIPALITIES WITHIN THE PROVINCE OF KALINGA-APAYAO INTO A SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT REGION TO BE KNOWN AS KALINGA SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT REGION". CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
  44. ^ Catajan, Maria Elena (April 22, 2017). "Chico hydro project opposed". SunStar. from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
  45. ^ Aureus, Leonor J., ed. (1985). The Philippine Press Under Siege II.
  46. ^ James Anaya Victoria Tauli-Corpuz begins as new Special Rapporteur, June 2, 2014
  47. ^ Ora (2021-02-05). "DepEd responds to Social Content Issues on learning materials about Igorots". Igorotage. Retrieved 2021-02-07.

Further reading

  • Boeger, Astrid. 'St. Louis 1904'. In Encyclopedia of World's Fairs and Expositions, ed. John E. Findling and Kimberly D. Pelle. McFarland, 2008.
  • Conklin, Harold C.; Pugguwon Lupaih; Miklos Pinther (1980). American Geographical Society of New York (ed.). Ethnographic Atlas of Ifugao: A Study of Environment, Culture, and Society in Northern Luzon. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02529-7.
  • Jones, Arun W, “A View from the Mountains: Episcopal Missionary Depictions of the Igorot of Northern Luzon, The Philippines, 1903-1916” in Anglican and Episcopal History 71.3 (Sep 2002): 380-410.
  • Narita, Tatsushi."How Far is T. S. Eliot from Here?: The Young Poet's Imagined World of Polynesian Matahiva". In How Far is America from Here?, ed. Theo D'haen, Paul Giles, Djelal Kadir and Lois Parkinson Zamora. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2005, pp. 271–282.
  • Narita, Tatsushi. T. S. Eliot, the World Fair of St. Louis and 'Autonomy' (Published for Nagoya Comparative Culture Forum). Nagoya: Kougaku Shuppan Press, 2013.
  • Rydell, Robert W. All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876–1916. The University of Chicago Press, 1984.
  • Cornélis De Witt Willcox (1912). The head hunters of northern Luzon: from Ifugao to Kalinga, a ride through the mountains of northern Luzon : with an appendix on the independence of the Philippines. Vol. 31 of Philippine culture series. Franklin Hudson Publishing Co. ISBN 9781465502544. Retrieved 24 April 2014.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Igorot.
  • The Igorots in St. Louis Fair 1904 2016-07-31 at the Wayback Machine
  • Jenks' The Bontoc Igorot
  • Project Gutenberg

March 08, 2023
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Igorot people news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The indigenous peoples of the Cordillera Mountain Range of northern Luzon Philippines are often referred to using the exonym 2 Igorot people or more recently as the Cordilleran peoples 2 There are nine main ethnolinguistic groups whose domains are in the Cordillera Mountain Range altogether numbering about 1 5 million people in the early 21st century 1 IgorotElderly Igorots in traditional attireTotal population1 500 000 1 Regions with significant populations Philippines Cordillera Administrative Region Ilocos Region Cagayan Valley LanguagesBontoc Ilocano Itneg Ibaloi Isnag Kankanaey Bugkalot Kalanguya Isinai Filipino EnglishReligionChristianity Roman Catholicism Protestantism Animism Indigenous Philippine folk religions Their languages belong to the northern Luzon subgroup of Philippine languages which in turn belongs to the Austronesian Malayo Polynesian family These ethnic groups keep or have kept until recently timeframe their traditional religion and way of life vague Some live in the tropical forests of the foothills but most live in rugged grassland and pine forest zones higher up according to whom Contents 1 Etymology 2 Cordillera ethnic groups 2 1 Bontoc 2 2 Ibaloi 2 3 Ifugao 2 4 Kalanguya Ikalahan 2 5 Isneg 2 6 Itneg Tingguian 2 7 Kalinga 2 8 Kankanaey 3 Ethnic groups by linguistic classification 4 History 4 1 Spanish colonial era 4 2 American colonial era 4 3 World War II 4 3 1 Postwar era 4 3 2 Martial law 4 3 3 Mount Data Peace Accord 4 4 Contemporary history 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksEtymology EditFrom the root word golot which means mountain Igolot means people from the mountains a reference to any of various ethnic groups in the mountains of northern Luzon During the Spanish colonial era the term was variously recorded as Igolot Ygolot and Igorrote compliant to Spanish orthography 3 The endonyms Ifugao or Ipugaw also meaning mountain people are used more frequently by the Igorots themselves as igorot is viewed by some as slightly pejorative 4 except by the Ibaloys 5 The Spanish borrowed the term Ifugao from the lowland Gaddang and Ibanag groups 4 Cordillera ethnic groups Edit The Banaue Rice Terraces The Igorots may be roughly divided into two general subgroups the larger group lives in the south central and western areas and is very adept at rice terrace farming the smaller group lives in the east and north Prior to Spanish colonisation of the islands the peoples now included under the term did not consider themselves as belonging to a single cohesive ethnic group 4 Bontoc Edit Main article Bontoc people A Bontok man The Bontok ethnolinguistic group can be found in the central and east portions of the Mountain Province It mainly consists of the Balangaos and Gaddangs with a significant portion who identify as part of the Kalinga group The Bontok live in a mountainous territory particularly close to the Chico River and its tributaries Mineral resources gold copper limestone gypsum can be found in the mountain areas Gold in particular has been traditionally extracted from the Bontoc municipality The Chico River provides sand gravel and white clay while the forests of Barlig and Sadanga within the area have rattan bamboo and pine trees 6 They are the second largest group in the Mountain Province 6 The Bontoc live on the banks of the Chico River They speak Bontoc and Ilocano They formerly practiced head hunting and had distinctive body tattoos The Bontoc describe three types of tattoos The chak lag the tattooed chest of the head taker pong o the tattooed arms of men and women and fa tĕk for all other tattoos of both sexes Women were tattooed on the arms only Ibaloi Edit Main article Ibaloi people A woman in traditional Ibaloi clothing The Ibaloi also Ibaloy Ibaluy Nabaloi Inavidoy Inibaloi Ivadoy and Kalanguya also Kallahan and Ikalahan are one of the indigenous peoples of the Philippines who live mostly in the southern part of Benguet located in the Cordillera of northern Luzon and Nueva Vizcaya in the Cagayan Valley region They were traditionally an agrarian society Many of the Ibaloi and Kalanguya people continue with their agriculture and rice cultivation Their native language belongs to the Malayo Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages family and is closely related to the Pangasinan language primarily spoken in the province of Pangasinan located southwest of Benguet Baguio the major city of the Cordillera dubbed the Summer Capital of the Philippines is located in southern Benguet The largest feast of the Ibaloi is the Peshit or Pedit a public feast mainly sponsored by people of prestige and wealth Peshit can last for weeks and involves the killing and sacrifice of dozens of animals One of the more popular dances of the Ibaloi is the bendian a mass dance participated in by hundreds of male and female dancers Originally a victory dance in time of war it evolved into a celebratory dance It is used as entertainment ad adivay in the canao feasts hosted by the wealthy class baknang 7 Ifugao Edit Main article Ifugao people An Ifugao man from Banaue Ifugaos are the people inhabiting Ifugao Province They come from the municipalities of Lagawe Capital Town Aguinaldo Alfonso Lista Asipulo Banaue Hingyon Hungduan Kiangan Lamut Mayoyao and Tinoc The province is one of the smallest provinces in the Philippines with an area of only 251 778 hectares or about 0 8 of the total Philippine land area It has a temperate climate and is rich in mineral and forest products 8 The term Ifugao is derived from ipugo which means earth people mortals or humans as distinguished from spirits and deities It also means from the hill as pugo means hill 8 The term Igorot or Ygolote was the term used by the Spanish colonial officials for mountain people The Ifugaos however prefer the name Ifugao As of 1995 the population of the Ifugaos was counted to be 131 635 Although the majority of them are still in Ifugao province some of them already transferred to Baguio where they worked as woodcarvers and to other parts of the Cordillera region 8 They are divided into subgroups based on the differences in dialects traditions and design color of costumes The main subgroups are Ayangan Kalangaya and Tuwali Furthermore the Ifugao society is divided into 3 social classes the kadangyans or the aristocrats the tagus or the middle class and the nawotwots or the poor ones The kadangyans sponsor the prestige rituals called hagabi and uyauy and this separates them from the tagus who cannot sponsor feasts but are economically well off The nawotwots are those who have limited land properties and are usually hired by the upper classes to do work in the fields and other services 8 Kalanguya Ikalahan Edit Main article Kalanguya people The Kalaguya or Ikalahan people are a small group distributed amongst the mountain ranges of Sierra Madre the Caraballo Mountains and the eastern part of the Cordillera mountain range The main population resides in the Nueva Vizcaya province with Kayapa as the center They are considered to be part of the Igorot mountain people but distinguish themselves with the name Ikalahan the name taken from the forest trees that grow in the Caraballo Mountain 9 They are among the least studied ethnic groups thus their early history is unknown However Felix M Keesing suggests that like other groups in the mountains they fled from the lowlands to escape Spanish persecution 9 Isneg Edit Main article Isnag people An Isneg woman The Isnag also Isneg or Apayao live at the northwesterly end of northern Luzon in the upper half of the Cordillera province of Apayao The term Isneg derives from itneg meaning inhabitants of the Tineg River Apayao derives from the battle cry Ma ap ay ao as their hand is clapped rapidly over their mouth They may also refer to themselves as Imandaya if they live upstream or Imallod if they live downstream The municipalities in the Isneg domain include Pudtol Kabugao Calanasan Flora Conner Sta Marcela and Luna Two major river systems the Abulog River and the Apayao River run through Isnag country 10 Jars of basi are half buried in the ground within a small shed abulor constructed of 4 posts and a shed This abulor is found within the open space linong or sidong below their houses balay They grow upland rice while also practicing swidden farming and fishing 10 99 100 102 Say am was an important ceremony after a successful headhunting or other important occasions hosted by the wealthy and lasting one to five days or more Dancing singing eating and drinking mark the feast and Isnegs wear their finest clothes The shaman Anituwan prays to the spirit Gatan before the first dog is sacrificed if a human head had not been taken and offered at the sacred tree ammadingan On the last day a coconut is split in honor of the headhunter guardian Anglabbang The Pildap is an equivalent say am but hosted by the poor Conversion to Christianity grew after 1920 and today the Isnegs are divided in their religious beliefs with some still being animistic 10 107 108 110 111 113 Itneg Tingguian Edit Main article Itneg people The Itneg people also known as Tingguian people live in the mountainous area of Abra in northwestern Luzon who descended from immigrants from Kalinga Apayao and the Northern Kankana ey They are large in stature have mongoloid eyes aquiline nose and are effective farmers They refer to themselves as Itneg though the Spaniards called them Tingguian when they came to the Philippines because they are mountain dwellers The Tingguians are further divided into 11 distinct subgroups which are the Adasen Balatok Banao Belwang Binongan Gobang Inlaud Mabaka Maeng Masadiit and Moyadan Wealth and material possessions such as Chinese jars copper gongs called gangsa beads rice fields and livestock determine the social standing of a family or person as well as the hosting of feasts and ceremonies Despite the divide of social status there is no sharp distinction between rich baknang and poor Wealth is inherited but the society is open for social mobility of the citizens by virtue of hard work Medium are the only distinct group in their society but even then it is only during ceremonial periods 11 Kalinga Edit Main article Kalinga people Children from Lubuagan Kalinga perform the muscle dance The Kalingas are mainly found in Kalinga province which has an area of 3 282 58 sq km Some of them however already migrated to Mountain Province Apayao Cagayan and Abra As of 1995 they were counted to be 105 083 not including those who have migrated outside the Cordillera region 12 Kalinga territory includes floodplains of Tabuk and Rizal plus the Chico River Gold and copper deposits are common in Pasil and Balbalan Tabuk was settled in the 12th century and from there other Kalinga settlements spread practicing wet rice papayaw and swidden uwa cultivation Kalinga houses furoy buloy fuloy phoyoy biloy are either octagonal for the wealthy or square and are elevated on posts a few as high as 20 30 feet with a single room Other building include granaries alang and field sheds sigay 12 13 Apo Whang od applying traditional Kalinga tattoos using the characteristic Austronesian tattooing tools the hafted needle and the mallet The name Kalinga came from the Ibanag and Gaddang term kalinga which means headhunter Edward Dozier divided Kalinga geographically into three sub cultures and geographical position Balbalan north Pasil Lubuagan and Tinglayan south and Tanudan east Teodoro Llamzon divided the Kalinga based on their dialects Guinaang Lubuagan Punukpuk Tabuk Tinglayan and Tanudan 12 Kankanaey Edit Main article Kankanaey people A Kankanaey chief from the town of Suyoc in Mankayan Benguet taken c 1904 The Kankanaey domain includes Western Mountain Province northern Benguet and southeastern Ilocos Sur Like most Igorot ethnic groups the Kankanaey built sloping terraces to maximize farm space in the rugged terrain of the Cordilleras Kankanaey houses include the two story innagamang the larger binangi the cheaper tinokbob and the elevated tinabla Their granaries agamang are elevated to avoid rats Two other institutions of the Kankanaey of Mountain Province are the dap ay or the men s dormitory and civic center and the ebgan or the girls dormitory 14 15 Kankanaey s major dances include tayaw pat tong takik a wedding dance and balangbang The tayaw is a community dance that is usually done in weddings it maybe also danced by the Ibaloi but has a different style Pattong also a community dance from Mountain Province which every municipality has its own style while Balangbang is the dance s modern term There are also some other dances like the sakkuting pinanyuan another wedding dance and bogi bogi courtship dance Ethnic groups by linguistic classification Edit Political map of the Cordillera Administrative Region Below is a list of northern Luzon ethnic groups organized by linguistic classification Northern Luzon languages Ilokano Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur and La Union Northern Cordilleran Isneg northern Apayao Gaddang Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela Ibanagic Ibanag Cagayan and Isabela Itawis southern Cagayan Yogad Isabela Central Cordilleran Isinai northern Nueva Vizcaya north Nueva Ecija northwest Aurora Kalinga Itneg Kalinga Kalinga Itneg Abra Nuclear Ifugao Ifugao Balangao eastern Mountain Province Bontok central Mountain Province Kankanaey western Mountain Province northern Benguet Southern Cordilleran Ibaloi southern Benguet east La Union west Nueva Vizcaya Kalanguya Kallahan eastern Benguet Ifugao northwestern Nueva Vizcaya north Nueva Ecija 16 Kalanguya Keley i 17 Kalanguya Kayapa 18 Kalanguya Tinoc 19 Karao Karao Bokod Benguet Bugkalot Ilongot eastern Nueva Vizcaya western Quirino north Nueva Ecija northwest Aurora Pangasinan Pangasinan History EditMain article Igorot Revolt A seated Bulul the anthropomorphical representations of rice divinities protecting the seeds and the harvest of Ifugao people Spanish colonial era Edit The gold found in the land of the Igorot was an attraction for the Spanish 20 Originally gold was exchanged at Pangasinan by the Igorot 21 The gold was used to buy consumable products by the Igorot 22 Both gold and desire to Christianize the Igorot were given as reasons for Spanish conquest 23 In 1572 the Spanish started hunting for the gold 24 Benguet Province was entered by the Spanish with the intention of obtaining gold 25 The fact that the Igorots managed to stay out of Spanish dominion vexed the Spaniards 26 The gold evaded the hands of the Spaniards due to Igorot opposition 27 The Igorot would also be used as mercenaries and scouts during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine American War 28 29 American colonial era Edit Samuel E Kane wrote about his life amongst the Bontoc Ifugao and Kalinga after the Philippine American War in his book Thirty Years with the Philippine Head Hunters 1933 30 The first American school for Igorot girls was opened in Baguio in 1901 by Alice McKay Kelly 30 317 Kane argued that Dean C Worcester did more than anyone man to stop head hunting and to bring the traditional enemy tribes together in friendship 30 329 Kane wrote of the Igorot people there is a peace a rhythm and an elemental strength in the life which all the comforts and refinements of civilization can not replace fifty years hence there will be little left to remind the young Igorots of the days when the drums and ganzas of the head hunting canyaos resounded throughout the land 30 330 331 In 1903 Missionary Bishop Charles Brent traveled through northern Luzon in hopes of directing missionary efforts to convert the pagan Igorot populace A mission church was established for the Bontoc Tribe of the Igorots in the Bontoc Mountain Province The Bontoc missionaries wrote the first Igorot grammars which were published by the government 31 Igorot people c 1896 In 1904 a group of Igorot people were brought to St Louis Missouri United States for the St Louis World s Fair They constructed the Igorot Village in the Philippine Exposition section of the fair which became one of the most popular exhibits The poet T S Eliot who was born and raised in St Louis visited and explored the Village Inspired by their tribal dance and others he wrote the short story The Man Who Was King 1905 32 In 1905 50 tribespeople were on display at a Brooklyn New York amusement park for the summer ending in the custody of the unscrupulous Truman Hunt a showman on the run across America with the tribe in tow 33 On February 12 1912 a Mountain Province Igorot chief named Gagaban became the first Filipino to fly in an airplane riding as a passenger in a biplane called the Red Devil with Lee Hammond as the pilot 34 World War II Edit During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines Igorots fought against Japan Donald Blackburn s World War II guerrilla force had a strong core of Igorots 35 148 165 A young Igorot woman Naomi Flores was an important member of the Miss U Spy Ring 36 Postwar era Edit On June 18 1966 Republic Act No 4695 was enacted to split Mountain Province and create four separate and independent provinces namely Benguet Ifugao Kalinga Apayao and Mountain Province 37 38 Ifugao and Kalinga Apayao were placed under the jurisdiction of the Cagayan Valley region 39 with Benguet and Mountain Province placed under the Ilocos Region Martial law Edit Detail of the Wall of Remembrance at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani in Quezon City showing names from the first batch of Bantayog Honorees including that of Macli ing Dulag Main articles Chico River Dam Project and Macli ing Dulag After the declaration of Martial law by Ferdinand Marcos in 1972 the region became the focus of militarization as a result of local objections to the government s push for the Chico River Dam Project near Sadanga Mountain Province and Tinglayan Kalinga 40 41 42 Frustrated by the project delays caused by the opposition Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree no 848 in December 1975 constituting the municipalities of Lubuagan Tinglayan Tanudan and Pasil into a Kalinga Special Development Region KSDR 43 in an effort to neutralize opposition to the Chico IV dam 42 Empowered by Martial Law to conduct warrantless arrests the 60th PC Brigade had arrested at least 150 locals by April 1977 accusing them of supposed subversion and of obstructing government projects and various other offenses such as boycotting the October 1976 Constitutional Referendum Individuals arrested included tribal papangat leaders elders young couples and in at least one case a 12 year old child 42 9 By December 1978 parts of the Chico IV area had been declared free fire zones no man s land areas where the army could freely fire on any animals or permit less humans at will 42 On April 24 1980 Marcos controlled military forces assassinated Macli ing Dulag a pangat leader of the Butbut tribe of Kalinga 44 The assassination became a watershed moment marking the first time the mainstream Philippine press could be openly critical against Marcos and the military and building up a sense of Igorot identity that eventually led to Cordillera autonomy 45 Mount Data Peace Accord Edit Main article Mount Data Peace Accord After the end of the Marcos administration due to the 1986 People Power Revolution the succeeding government under President Corazon Aquino secured a ceasefire with the main indigenous armed group in the Cordilleras the Cordillera People s Liberation Army led by Conrado Balweg The Aquino government made a sipat or indigenous treaty which would be known as the Mount Data Peace Accord with the CPLA on September 13 1986 ending hostilities Contemporary history Edit In 2014 Victoria Tauli Corpuz an indigenous rights advocate of Igorot ethnicity was appointed UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 46 In February 2021 Mountain Province Representative Maximo Y Dalog Jr wrote Philippine Education Secretary Leonor Briones to look into learning materials that allegedly discriminated against Igorots for their physical appearance and manner of dress One learning module inaccurately described Igorots as having curly hair Department of Education Regional Director Estela L Carino apologized on behalf of the department noting that copies of the book were retrieved when its contents were brought to the department s attention 47 See also EditEthnic groups in the Philippines Indigenous peoples of the Philippines Lumad Moro peopleReferences Edit a b Igorot people Britannica com 2015 03 26 Retrieved 2015 09 03 a b Acabado Stephen March 2017 The Archaeology of Pericolonialism Responses of the Unconquered to Spanish Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao Philippines International Journal of Historical Archaeology 21 1 1 26 doi 10 1007 s10761 016 0342 9 ISSN 1092 7697 S2CID 147472482 Albert Ernest Jenks 2004 The Bontoc Igorot PDF Kessinger Publishing p 8 doi 10 2307 198417 ISBN 978 1 4191 5449 2 JSTOR 198417 S2CID 161839778 Archived from the original PDF on 2020 11 07 a b c Carol R Ember Melvin Ember 2003 Encyclopedia of sex and gender men and women in the world s cultures Volume 1 Springer p 498 ISBN 978 0 306 47770 6 Ibaloys Reclaiming Baguio The Role of Intellectuals Plaridel Journal UP College of Mass Communication a b Sumeg ang Arsenio 2005 1 The Bontoks Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera Quezon City New Day Publishers pp 1 27 ISBN 9789711011093 Sumeg ang Arsenio 2005 2 The Ibaloys Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera Quezon City New Day Publishers pp 28 51 ISBN 9789711011093 a b c d Sumeg ang Arsenio 2005 4 The Ifugaos Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera Quezon City New Day Publishers pp 71 91 ISBN 9789711011093 a b Sumeg ang Arsenio 2005 3 The Ikalahans Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera Quezon City New Day Publishers pp 52 69 ISBN 9789711011093 a b c Sumeg ang Arsenio 2005 5 The Isnegs Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera Quezon City New Day Publishers pp 92 93 ISBN 9789711011093 Sumeg ang Arsenio 2005 9 The Tingguians Itnegs Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera Quezon City New Day Publishers pp 177 194 ISBN 9789711011093 a b c Sumeg ang Arsenio 2005 5 The Kalingas Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera Quezon City New Day Publishers pp 115 135 ISBN 9789711011093 Scott William Henry 1996 On the Cordilleras A look at the peoples and cultures of the Mountain Province MCS Enterprises Inc p 16 Sumeg ang Arsenio 2005 7 The Northern Kankana eys Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera Quezon City New Day Publishers pp 136 155 ISBN 9789711011093 Sumeg ang Arsenio 2005 8 The Southern Kankana eys Ethnography of the Major Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Cordillera Quezon City New Day Publishers pp 156 175 ISBN 9789711011093 Kalanguya Archives Intercontinental Cry Kallahan Keley i Kalanguya Project Joshua Kalanguya Tinoc in Philippines Barbara A West 19 May 2010 Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania Infobase Publishing pp 300 ISBN 978 1 4381 1913 7 Ifugao Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life Encyclopedia com Linda A Newson 2009 Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines University of Hawaii Press pp 232 ISBN 978 0 8248 3272 8 Benguet mines forever in resistance by the Igorots Amianan Balita Ngayon Archived from the original on 2016 08 27 Retrieved 2016 06 25 Ethnic History Cordillera National Commission for Culture and the Arts ncca gov ph permanent dead link Melanie Wiber 1993 Politics Property and Law in the Philippine Uplands Wilfrid Laurier Univ Press pp 27 ISBN 978 0 88920 222 1 igorot gold spanish The Igorot struggle for independence William Henry Scott 2005 Habana Olivia M 1 January 2000 Gold Mining in Benguet to 1898 Philippine Studies 48 4 455 487 JSTOR 42634423 The Philippines in the 19th Century by Rudolf Lietz With the Insurgents in the Philippines A company of Igorrote spearmen drilling in Caloocan 1899 Limos Mario Alvaro The Untold Story of the Igorots Revolt Esquire October 23 2020 a b c d Kane S E 1933 Life and Death in Luzon or Thirty Years with the Philippine Head Hunters New York Grosset amp Dunlap George E DeMille The Episcopal Church Since 1900 a Brief History Morehouse Gorham Company 1955 6 7 and Mark D Norbeck 1996 The Legacy of Charles Henry Brent International Bulletin of Missionary Research Vol 20 No 4 October 1996 166 and James Kiefer Biographical Sketch of Brent Retrieved October 24 2016 Narita Tatsushi How Far is T S Eliot from Here The Young Poet s Imagined World of Polynesian Matahiva In How Far is America from Here ed Theo D haen Paul Giles Djelal Kadir and Lois Parkinson Zamora Amsterdam and New York Rodopi 2005 pp 271 282 Prentice Claire 2014 The Lost Tribe of Coney Island Headhunters Luna Park and the Man Who Pulled Off the Spectacle of the Century New Harvest The Lost Tribe of Coney Island Product Details October 14 2014 ISBN 978 0544262287 PNA Features March 2 1987 The first Filipino to fly Manila Standard Standard Publications Inc p 10 Retrieved May 14 2021 Harkins P 1956 Blackburn s Headhunters London Cassell amp Co LTD Hartendorp A V H 1967 The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines Volume 2 Bookmark Manila pages 589 593 Republic Act No 4695 An Act Creating the Provinces of Benguet Mountain Province Ifugao and Kalinga Apayao Chan Robles Virtual Law Library Retrieved September 18 2014 Facts amp Figures Ifugao Province Philippine Statistics Authority National Statistical Coordination Board Department of the Interior and Local Government Cordillera Administrative Region Retrieved January 2 2015 Historical Background Provincial Government of Apayao April 15 2013 Archived from the original on January 4 2015 Retrieved January 3 2015 DULAG Macli ing Bantayog ng mga Bayani Bantayog ng mga Bayani Bantayog Memorial Center October 15 2015 Retrieved September 23 2017 Doyo Ma Ceres P 2015 Macli ing Dulag Kalinga Chief Defender of the Cordillera Diliman Quezon City University of the Philippines Press ISBN 978 971 542 772 2 a b c d Carino Joanna K April 22 27 1980 The Chico River Basin Development Project A Case Study of National Development Policy Paper Presented at the Third Annual Conference of the Anthropological Association of the Philippines Manila Archived from the original on April 14 2018 Marcos Ferdinand E December 12 1975 Presidential Decree No 848 ONSTITUTING CERTAIN MUNICIPALITIES WITHIN THE PROVINCE OF KALINGA APAYAO INTO A SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT REGION TO BE KNOWN AS KALINGA SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT REGION CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY Retrieved April 14 2018 Catajan Maria Elena April 22 2017 Chico hydro project opposed SunStar Archived from the original on April 22 2017 Retrieved April 14 2018 Aureus Leonor J ed 1985 The Philippine Press Under Siege II James Anaya Victoria Tauli Corpuz begins as new Special Rapporteur June 2 2014 Ora 2021 02 05 DepEd responds to Social Content Issues on learning materials about Igorots Igorotage Retrieved 2021 02 07 Further reading EditBoeger Astrid St Louis 1904 In Encyclopedia of World s Fairs and Expositions ed John E Findling and Kimberly D Pelle McFarland 2008 Conklin Harold C Pugguwon Lupaih Miklos Pinther 1980 American Geographical Society of New York ed Ethnographic Atlas of Ifugao A Study of Environment Culture and Society in Northern Luzon Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 02529 7 Jones Arun W A View from the Mountains Episcopal Missionary Depictions of the Igorot of Northern Luzon The Philippines 1903 1916 in Anglican and Episcopal History 71 3 Sep 2002 380 410 Narita Tatsushi How Far is T S Eliot from Here The Young Poet s Imagined World of Polynesian Matahiva In How Far is America from Here ed Theo D haen Paul Giles Djelal Kadir and Lois Parkinson Zamora Amsterdam and New York Rodopi 2005 pp 271 282 Narita Tatsushi T S Eliot the World Fair of St Louis and Autonomy Published for Nagoya Comparative Culture Forum Nagoya Kougaku Shuppan Press 2013 Rydell Robert W All the World s a Fair Visions of Empire at American International Expositions 1876 1916 The University of Chicago Press 1984 Cornelis De Witt Willcox 1912 The head hunters of northern Luzon from Ifugao to Kalinga a ride through the mountains of northern Luzon with an appendix on the independence of the Philippines Vol 31 of Philippine culture series Franklin Hudson Publishing Co ISBN 9781465502544 Retrieved 24 April 2014 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Igorot The Igorots in St Louis Fair 1904 Archived 2016 07 31 at the Wayback Machine Jenks The Bontoc Igorot Project Gutenberg 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