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1250s

November 30, 2023

The 1250s decade ran from January 1, 1250, to December 31, 1259.

Events

1250

This section is transcluded from 1250. (edit | history)

By place edit

World edit
Europe edit
Asia edit
Africa edit
Oceania edit

By topic edit

Markets edit
  • The Flemish town of Douai emits the first recorded redeemable annuities in medieval Europe, confirming a trend of consolidation of local public debt started in 1218, in Rheims.[6]
  • The Sienese bankers belonging to the firm known as the Gran Tavola, under the steering of the Bonsignori Brothers, become the main financiers of the Papacy.[7]

1251

This section is transcluded from 1251. (edit | history)

By place edit

Europe edit
Asia edit

1252

This section is transcluded from 1252. (edit | history)

By place edit

Europe edit
Asia edit

1253

This section is transcluded from 1253. (edit | history)

By place edit

Europe edit
England edit
  • August 6 – King Henry III leads an expedition to Gascony, to repel a rumoured invasion from Castile.[51] Meanwhile, Simon de Montfort returns from Gascony where he allies himself with the barons who oppose Henry.
  • Henry III meets with the nobles and church leaders to reaffirm the validity of Magna Carta in exchange for taxation.[52]
Levant edit
Asia edit

By topic edit

Literature edit
Religion edit

1254

This section is transcluded from 1254. (edit | history)

By place edit

Byzantine Empire edit
  • Battle of Adrianople: Byzantine forces under Emperor Theodore II (Laskaris) defeat the invading Bulgarians near Adrianople. The young and inexperienced Tsar Michael II Asen (also mentioned Michael I Asen) is caught by surprise and the Bulgarians suffer heavy losses. Michael is wounded during his hasty retreat through the forest.[54]
Europe edit
England edit
Levant edit
Asia edit

By topic edit

Cities and Towns edit
Commerce edit
  • The Rhenish League, a confederation of trading cities, is established in the Rhineland, Western Germany. The league (or Städtebund) comprises 59 cities.
Literature edit
Markets edit
  • As part of an offensive against usury in north-western Europe, Innocent IV relieves the city of Beauvais from its obligations to its creditors.[60]
Religion edit

1255

This section is transcluded from 1255. (edit | history)

By place edit

Europe edit
England edit

By topic edit

Art and Culture edit
City and Towns edit
Market edit

1256

This section is transcluded from 1256. (edit | history)

By place edit

Mongol Empire edit
Europe edit
British Isles edit
Levant edit
Asia edit
  • October – The Japanese Kenchō era ends and the Kōgen era begins during the reign of the 13-year-old Emperor Go-Fukakusa.

By topic edit

Natural Disaster edit
Religion edit

1257

This section is transcluded from 1257. (edit | history)

By place edit

Europe edit
British Isles edit
  • Battle of Cadfan: An English expeditionary army under Stephen Bauzan is ambushed and defeated by Welsh forces. The English are decimated by devastating guerilla attacks and the Welsh capture the English supply train. Stephen Bauzan is killed along with some 1,000–3,000 of his men. The remaining English flee the battle, Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd is said to have been present at the battle, collecting spoils from the fallen English army. According to sources, it is one of the greatest victories of a Welsh army in the field against a much more powerful English force.[72]
  • King Henry III orders the production of a twenty pence, English coin of pure gold. Unfortunately, the bullion value of the coins is about 20% higher than the nominal face value, leading to poor circulation, as coins are melted down by individuals for their gold content.
  • Henry III relents to the demands of his son Edward (the Lord Edward) for assistance to fight the Welsh (see 1256). He joins him on a campaign to retake the territories lost to the Welsh forces led by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.
  • Battle of Creadran Cille: Norman invading forces under Maurice FitzGerald are driven out by Gofraid O'Donnell in northern Connacht. Later, FitzGerald is killed in personal combat by O'Donnell, on May 20.[73]
Levant edit
Mongol Empire edit
Asia edit
  • March – The Japanese Kōgen era ends and the Shōka era begins during the reign of the 14-year-old Emperor Go-Fukakusa (until 1259).

By topic edit

City and Towns edit
Education edit
Literature edit
  • Matthew Paris, English monk and chronicler, personally interviews Henry III for an entire week while compiling his major work of English history, Chronica Majora.
Natural Disaster edit

1258

This section is transcluded from 1258. (edit | history)

By place edit

Mongol Empire edit
  • February 10 – Siege of Baghdad: Mongol forces (some 150,000 men), led by Hulagu Khan, besiege and conquer Baghdad after a siege of 13 days. During the first week of February, the eastern walls begin to collapse, and the Mongols swarm into the city, on February 10. Caliph Al-Musta'sim surrenders himself to Hulagu – together with all the Abbasid chief officers and officials. They are ordered to lay down their arms, and are massacred. Hulagu imprisons Al-Musta'sim among his treasures, to starve him to death. Meanwhile, massacres continue throughout the whole city; in 40 days about 80,000 citizens are murdered. The only survivors are the ones who are hiding in cellars which are not discovered, and a number of attractive girls and boys who are kept to be slaves, and the Christian community, who take refuge in the churches which are left undisturbed, by the special orders of Hulagu's wife, Doquz Khatun.[80]
  • February 15 – Hulagu Khan enters Baghdad, where many quarters of the city are ruined by fire. The Great Library (or House of Wisdom) is destroyed, numerous precious book collections are thrown into the Tigris River. Before the siege, about 400,000 manuscripts are rescued by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian polymath and theologian, who takes them to Maragheh (located in East Azerbaijan Province). The sack of Baghdad brings an end to the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) and the Islamic Golden Age. Many professors, physicians, scientists, clerics, artists and lecturers are also massacred.
Europe edit
England edit
Levant edit
  • June 25 – Battle of Acre: The Genoese sends an armada (some 50 galleys) to relieve the blockade at Acre and asks the assistance of Philip of Montfort, lord of Tyre, and the Knights Hospitaller for a combined attack from the land side. The Genoese fleet's arrival takes the Venetians by surprise but the superior experience and seamanship result in a crushing Venetian victory, with half the Genoese ships lost. Later, the Genoese garrison is forced to abandon Acre.[84][85]
Asia edit
  • Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Mongol forces (some 30,000 men) under Uriyangkhadai, son of Subutai, invade Vietnam. After many battles, the Vietnam army is routed and defeated. The senior leaders are able to escape on pre-prepared boats, while the remnants are destroyed on the banks of the Red River. The Mongols occupy the capital city, Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi), and massacres the city's inhabitants, by the end of January.[86]

By topic edit

Global edit
Markets edit
  • In Genoa, the Republic starts imposing forced loans, known as luoghi, to its taxpayers; they are a common resource of medieval public finance.[88]
Religion edit

1259

This section is transcluded from 1259. (edit | history)

By place edit

Europe edit
Asia edit

Significant people edit

Births

Transcluding articles: 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, and 1259

1250

1251

1252

1253

1254

1255

1256

1257

1258

1259

Deaths

Transcluding articles: 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, and 1259

1250

1251

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1253

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1255

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1258

1259

References edit

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November 30, 2023
1250s, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, march, 2016, learn, . This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources 1250s news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message The 1250s decade ran from January 1 1250 to December 31 1259 Contents 1 Events 1 1 1250 1 1 1 By place 1 1 1 1 World 1 1 1 2 Europe 1 1 1 3 Asia 1 1 1 4 Africa 1 1 1 5 Oceania 1 1 2 By topic 1 1 2 1 Markets 1 2 1251 1 2 1 By place 1 2 1 1 Europe 1 2 1 2 Asia 1 3 1252 1 3 1 By place 1 3 1 1 Europe 1 3 1 2 Asia 1 4 1253 1 4 1 By place 1 4 1 1 Europe 1 4 1 2 England 1 4 1 3 Levant 1 4 1 4 Asia 1 4 2 By topic 1 4 2 1 Literature 1 4 2 2 Religion 1 5 1254 1 5 1 By place 1 5 1 1 Byzantine Empire 1 5 1 2 Europe 1 5 1 3 England 1 5 1 4 Levant 1 5 1 5 Asia 1 5 2 By topic 1 5 2 1 Cities and Towns 1 5 2 2 Commerce 1 5 2 3 Literature 1 5 2 4 Markets 1 5 2 5 Religion 1 6 1255 1 6 1 By place 1 6 1 1 Europe 1 6 1 2 England 1 6 2 By topic 1 6 2 1 Art and Culture 1 6 2 2 City and Towns 1 6 2 3 Market 1 7 1256 1 7 1 By place 1 7 1 1 Mongol Empire 1 7 1 2 Europe 1 7 1 3 British Isles 1 7 1 4 Levant 1 7 1 5 Asia 1 7 2 By topic 1 7 2 1 Natural Disaster 1 7 2 2 Religion 1 8 1257 1 8 1 By place 1 8 1 1 Europe 1 8 1 2 British Isles 1 8 1 3 Levant 1 8 1 4 Mongol Empire 1 8 1 5 Asia 1 8 2 By topic 1 8 2 1 City and Towns 1 8 2 2 Education 1 8 2 3 Literature 1 8 2 4 Natural Disaster 1 9 1258 1 9 1 By place 1 9 1 1 Mongol Empire 1 9 1 2 Europe 1 9 1 3 England 1 9 1 4 Levant 1 9 1 5 Asia 1 9 2 By topic 1 9 2 1 Global 1 9 2 2 Markets 1 9 2 3 Religion 1 10 1259 1 10 1 By place 1 10 1 1 Europe 1 10 1 2 Asia 2 Significant people 3 Births 4 Deaths 5 ReferencesEvents1250 This section is transcluded from 1250 edit history By place edit World edit The world population is estimated at between 400 and 416 million individuals World climate transitions from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age 1 Medieval music The Notre Dame school of polyphony ends Europe edit February 2 King Eric XI Eriksson dies and is succeeded by the 10 year old Valdemar I who is the eldest son of Birger jarl He is elected as ruler of Sweden and becomes the first Swedish king of the House of Folkung October 12 A great storm shifts the mouth of the River Rother in England 12 miles 20 km to the west a battering series of strong storms significantly alters other coastal geography around Romney Marsh December 13 Emperor Frederick II dies beginning the 23 year long Great Interregnum Frederick is the last Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty after the interregnum the empire passes to the Habsburgs The Lombard League dissolves upon the death of its member states nemesis Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor King Afonso III the Boulonnais captures the Algarve from the Moors thus completing the expulsion of the Moors from Portugal Albertus Magnus isolates the element arsenic as the 8th discovered metal He also first uses the word oriole to describe a type of bird most likely the golden oriole The Rialto Bridge in Venice in modern day Italy is converted from a pontoon bridge to a permanent raised wooden structure The Ponts Couverts fortified bridges of Strasbourg in modern day France are completed Vincent of Beauvais completes his proto encyclopedic work Speculum Maius Greater mirror The first of the Parlements of Ancien Regime France is established Villard de Honnecourt draws the first known image of a sawmill The first usage is made of the English word cuckold according to the Oxford English Dictionary Asia edit July 9 The Qaymariyya tribe engineers a coup d etat to hand over Damascus to An Nasir Yusuf The garrison in the citadel surrenders later to him 2 A kurultai is called by Batu Khan in Siberia as part of maneuverings which will elect Mongke Khan as khan of the Mongol Empire in 1251 Starting in this year and ending in 1275 the Muslim Shougeng Pu likely a Persian or an Arab serves as the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for the Song dynasty Chinese seaport at Quanzhou due to his effort in defeating pirates 3 Africa edit April 8 Battle of Fariskur Louis IX the Saint is captured by Baibars Mamluk army while he is in Egypt conducting the Seventh Crusade he later has to ransom himself April 30 King Louis IX the Saint is released by his Egyptian captors after paying a ransom of one million dinars and turning over the city of Damietta May 2 Al Muazzam Turanshah Ayyubid ruler of Egypt is murdered ending effective Ayyubid Dynasty rule in the country He is briefly succeeded by his widow Sultana Shajar al Durr 4 July 21 Aybak becomes ruler of Egypt beginning the Bahri Dynasty of the Mamluk Sultanate After 5 days he stands down and the 6 year old Al Ashraf Musa is nominally proclaimed sultan 4 The Welayta state is founded in modern day Ethiopia In Tunis a popular rebellion against newly arrived wealthy and influential Andalusian refugees breaks out and is violently put down 5 Oceania edit Samoa frees itself from Tongan rule which begins the Malietoa dynasty in Samoa approximate date By topic edit Markets edit The Flemish town of Douai emits the first recorded redeemable annuities in medieval Europe confirming a trend of consolidation of local public debt started in 1218 in Rheims 6 The Sienese bankers belonging to the firm known as the Gran Tavola under the steering of the Bonsignori Brothers become the main financiers of the Papacy 7 1251 This section is transcluded from 1251 edit history By place edit Europe edit April The first Shepherds Crusade a domestic French uprising in response to events in Egypt during the Seventh Crusade occurs 8 9 May English governor Simon de Montfort suppresses a revolt in Gascony 10 December 26 King Alexander III of Scotland marries Margaret daughter of King Henry III of England precipitating a power struggle between the two monarchs 11 12 Andrew de Longjumeau dispatched two years earlier by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to the Mongols meets the king in Palestine with reports from the Mongols and Tartary his mission is considered a failure 13 14 Mindaugas of Lithuania is baptized in prelude to his crowning as King of Lithuania in 1253 15 Alexander Nevsky signs the first peace treaty between Kievan Rus and Norway 16 17 18 King Conrad IV of Germany invades Italy but fails to subdue the supporters of Pope Innocent IV 19 20 Ottokar II of Bohemia later to become King of Bohemia is elected Duke of Austria 21 22 The earliest known manuscript of The Proverbs of Alfred a collection of sayings of England s Alfred the Great is written 23 Asia edit April 21 City of Launggyet in Arakan modern day Burma is founded according to some sources 24 July 1 Mongke Khan is elected as the fourth great Khan of the Mongol Empire 25 26 The carving of the Tripitaka Koreana a collection of Buddhist scriptures recorded on some 81 000 wooden blocks is completed 27 28 1252 This section is transcluded from 1252 edit history By place edit Europe edit April 6 Saint Peter of Verona is assassinated by Carino of Balsamo 29 30 May 15 Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull Ad exstirpanda which authorizes the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition Torture quickly gains widespread usage across Catholic Europe 31 32 June 1 Alfonso X is proclaimed king of Castile and Leon 33 July The settlement of Stockholm in Sweden is founded by Birger Jarl 34 35 December 25 Christopher I of Denmark is crowned King of Denmark in the Lund Cathedral 36 37 The Polish land of Lebus is incorporated into the German state of Brandenburg marking the start of Brandenburg s expansion into previously Polish areas Neumark 38 The Lithuanian city of Klaipeda Memel is founded by the Teutonic Knights 39 40 The town and monastery of Orval Abbey in Belgium burn to the ground rebuilding takes 100 years 41 Thomas Aquinas travels to the University of Paris to begin his studies there for a master s degree 42 43 In astronomy work begins on the recording of the Alfonsine tables 44 Asia edit The classic Japanese text Jikkunsho is completed 45 46 The Chinese era Chunyou ends 47 The Mongols take the westernmost province of the Song dynasty empire 48 1253 This section is transcluded from 1253 edit history By place edit Europe edit January 18 King Henry I of Cyprus the Fat dies and is succeeded by his son Hugh II who is only a few months old His mother Queen Plaisance of Antioch claims the regency of Cyprus and the titular regency of Jerusalem The High Court of Cyprus confirms her position but the barons of Outremer require her attendance in person before they will recognize her John of Ibelin count of Jaffa remains as bailli and Plaisance contemplates marrying John s youthful son Balian Meanwhile King Louis IX of France the Saint still staying at Acre continues to administer the government 49 Summer The Kingdom of Galicia Volhynia becomes a vassal state to the expanding Mongol Empire Prince Daniel of Galicia is crowned Rex Rusiae and becomes officially an Orthodox subject of the Papal States July 4 William II count of Holland defeats the Flemish forces under Guy of Dampierre at Westkapelle He forced him and his mother Margaret II to respect the division of Flanders and Hainaut July 6 Mindaugas and his wife Morta are crowned as king and queen of Lithuania ruling between 300 000 and 400 000 subjects 50 October 10 German imperial forces under King Conrad IV suppress the Sicilian rebellion and recapture Naples England edit August 6 King Henry III leads an expedition to Gascony to repel a rumoured invasion from Castile 51 Meanwhile Simon de Montfort returns from Gascony where he allies himself with the barons who oppose Henry Henry III meets with the nobles and church leaders to reaffirm the validity of Magna Carta in exchange for taxation 52 Levant edit April An Nasir Yusuf Ayyubid ruler of Damascus cedes Palestine together with Jerusalem Nablus and the coastline of Al Sham to Aybak Mamluk sultan of Egypt Asia edit April 28 Nichiren Japanese Buddhist monk declares his intent to preach the Lotus Sutra and Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō as the true Buddhism thus founding Nichiren Buddhism May Louis IX of France the Saint dispatches William of Rubruck from Constantinople on a missionary journey to Karakorum to seek an alliance against Syrian and Egyptian Muslims 53 Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan begin a campaign against the Nizari Ismaili State An advance guard 12 000 men under Kitbuqa captures several fortresses in Quhistan Mongol forces under Kublai Khan conquer the Dali Kingdom modern day Yunnan The population migrates to Siam modern Thailand Kublai Khan introduces the baisha xiyue song and dance suite to the music of Yunnan By topic edit Literature edit Matthew Paris English Benedictine chronicler completes the major part of his Chronica Majora a chronicle of English history Religion edit October Pope Innocent IV returns to Rome after being deposed for 9 years by former Emperor Frederick II whose clash forms an important chapter in the conflict between the Papal States and the Holy Roman Empire Innocent IV offers the crown of Sicily which he controls to Richard of Cornwall and Charles of Anjou both of whom refuse and later to the 8 year old Edmund son of Henry III of England The upper Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi the earliest important structure of Italian Gothic architecture is completed in Assisi Sligo Abbey a Dominican monastery is founded by Maurice FitzGerald Norman chief governor of Ireland 1254 This section is transcluded from 1254 edit history By place edit Byzantine Empire edit Battle of Adrianople Byzantine forces under Emperor Theodore II Laskaris defeat the invading Bulgarians near Adrianople The young and inexperienced Tsar Michael II Asen also mentioned Michael I Asen is caught by surprise and the Bulgarians suffer heavy losses Michael is wounded during his hasty retreat through the forest 54 Europe edit May 21 King Conrad IV son of the late Emperor Frederick II dies of malaria at Lavello southern Italy With Conrad s death a interregnum begins during which no ruler manages to gain undisputed control of Germany The 22 year old Manfred half brother of Conrad refuses to surrender Sicily to Pope Innocent IV and accepts the regency on behalf of Conrad s 2 year old son Conradin the Younger November 2 German forces under Manfred start an anti papal revolt against Innocent IV and seize Lucera in the Tavoliere Plains He defeats the papal army at Foggia and gains the loyalty of Apulia on December 2 55 King Afonso III the Boulonnais holds the first session of the Cortes Portugal s general assembly composed of nobles members of the middle class and representatives from all municipalities in Leiria William II anti king of Germany holds a diet princely convention at Worms in which the German cities are represented for the first time He give orders to build strong castles in Heemskerk and Haarlem Doge Reniero Zeno sends the Horses of Saint Mark looted from Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade to Venice where they are installed on the terrace of the facade of St Mark s Basilica England edit King Henry III grants his eldest son Edward the Lord Edward areas of land including crown lands in Wales Ireland the Channel Islands and Gascony He is also given the cities of Bristol Stamford and Grantham The reason for these concessions is to give Edward experience of governing lands of his own before becoming a king Edward is granted the Three Castles in Wales Skenfrith Castle White Castle and Grosmont Castle 56 Summer Edward the Lord Edward travels from Portsmouth with his mother Queen Eleanor of Provence and Boniface of Savoy archbishop of Canterbury to marry the 13 year old Eleanor of Castile She is the half sister of King Alfonso X the Wise In August they arrive in Burgos capital of Castile where the marriage is due to take place November 1 Edward marries Eleanor of Castile in the Cistercian monastery Las Huelgas at Burgos Henry III has demanded the marriage in exchange for ending the war with half brother Alfonso X Levant edit February 21 King Louis IX the Saint signs a multi year truce with An Nasir Yusuf Ayyubid ruler of Damascus who is well aware of a Mongol threat and has no wish for war with the Crusader States April 24 Louis IX and his family sails from Acre to France His boat is nearly wrecked off the coast of Cyprus and later nearly destroyed by fire In July the royal party arrives at Hyeres in Provence 57 Asia edit January 4 William of Rubruck Flemish missionary and explorer is received courteously with an embassy at Karakorum He is given an audience with Mongke Khan who is loaded with gifts and letters from Louis IX 58 By topic edit Cities and Towns edit June 12 The Dutch city of Alkmaar obtains city rights from William II anti king of Germany 59 The Danish city of Copenhagen receives its city charter from Bishop Jacob Erlandsen Commerce edit The Rhenish League a confederation of trading cities is established in the Rhineland Western Germany The league or Stadtebund comprises 59 cities Literature edit The Japanese classic text Kokon Chomonju is completed during the Kamakura Period under the reign of the 11 year old Emperor Go Fukakusa Markets edit As part of an offensive against usury in north western Europe Innocent IV relieves the city of Beauvais from its obligations to its creditors 60 Religion edit December 7 Innocent IV dies after a pontificate of 11 year He is succeeded by Alexander IV as the 181st pope of the Catholic Church The construction of the Cathedral of Saint Martin is initiated by Henry I van Vianden bishop of Utrecht The Catholic dogma of purgatory is clarified and named by the Catholic Church approximate date 1255 This section is transcluded from 1255 edit history By place edit Europe edit February 25 Battle of Montebruno Guelph forces under Thomas II of Savoy invade the Ghibelline territory of Asti located in the Piedmont region but he is defeated by the Astigiani army led by William VII at Garzigliana Northern Italy Thomas retreats and takes refuge in Turin however he is later captured by the Ghibellines May William of Rubruck from Constantinople returns to Cyprus from his missionary journey to convert the Mongols of central and eastern Asia his efforts have been unsuccessful Emperor Theodore II Laskaris who is in exile in the Empire of Nicaea conducts a military campaign to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians King Afonso III the Boulonnais moves his residence and royal court from Lisbon to Coimbra which becomes the capital of Portugal The Teutonic Knights in Prussia found Konigsberg modern day Kaliningrad and name it in honour of King Ottokar II of Bohemia The lands of the House of Nassau are divided between the brothers Walram II and Otto I not to be reunited until 1806 England edit June Battle of Bryn Derwin Llywelyn ap Gruffudd defeats his two brothers Dafydd ap Gruffydd and Owain Goch ap Gruffydd to become sole ruler of northern Wales Dafydd and Owain are both imprisoned 51 August Following the death of Little Saint Hugh in an instance of blood libel eighteen Jews of Lincoln are tortured and executed by royal command on suspicion of being involved in the boy s murder 51 A survey of royal privileges is conducted which is included in the Hundred Rolls a census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086 The Hundred Rolls is later completed with two larger surveys in 1274 75 and 1279 80 61 By topic edit Art and Culture edit The Gothic cathedral at Bourges in central France is completed it will become a UNESCO World Heritage Site City and Towns edit The town of Banska Bystrica located in central Slovakia is granted municipal privileges by King Bela IV of Hungary Market edit Orlando Bonsignori an Italian minor merchant forms a consortium called the Gran Tavola Great Table which becomes the most powerful bank in western Europe He becomes the exclusive banker for the deposits of the income of the Papal States 62 1256 This section is transcluded from 1256 edit history By place edit Mongol Empire edit Spring Mongol forces some 80 000 men under Hulagu Khan cross the Oxus River and begin their campaign to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia with the first objectives being the Nizari Ismaili strongholds and Baghdad the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate The roads across Turkestan and Persia are repaired and bridges built Carts are requisitioned to bring siege machines from China 63 October Mongol forces led by Baiju Noyan operating under Hulagu Khan s command win a victory over Kaykaus II Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum and capture Anatolia Kaykaus flees to the Byzantine court where he seeks refuge at Constantinople The Empire of Trebizond fearing a potential punitive Mongol expedition becomes a vassal state and is forced to pay a tribute tax every year in gold and silk 64 November 8 23 Siege of Maymun Diz Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan successfully besiege the mountain castle of Maymun Diz Hulagu encircles the fortress and begins a bombardment for three days by mangonels from a nearby hilltop On November 19 Nizari Isma ili imam Rukn al Din Khurshah surrenders but a small part of the garrison refuses and fights a last stand until they are killed after three days 65 December 15 Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan capture and dismantle Alamut Castle near the Masoudabad region after the surrender of the Nizari Ismaili leaders Hulagu founds the Ilkhanate dynasty of Persia which becomes one of the four main divisions of the Mongol Empire The Nizari Ismaili government is disestablished some of them migrate to Afghanistan Badakhshan and Sindh modern Pakistan Europe edit War of the Euboeote Succession Achaean forces under William II of Villehardouin attempt to gain control of the island of Euboea which is resisted by the local Lombard barons or triarchs with the aid of the Republic of Venice Wiilliam launches devastating raids in Euboea Guy I de la Roche the Great Lord of Athens and Thebes enters the war against William along with other barons of Central Greece 66 30 July The Venetian Marsilio Zorzi recaptures Curzola in Dalmatia and re establishes himself as Count of Curzola and Meleda 67 British Isles edit Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd invades the northern coastal areas that have agreed to English rule see 1254 Edward the Lord Edward who has been given the areas to govern himself by his father King Henry III asks him for support but Henry refuses The ancient Irish Kingdom of Breifne splits into East Breifne and West Breifne after a war between the O Reillys and the O Rourkes Levant edit Venetian Genoese War A dispute between Venice and Genoa arises about concerning land in Acre owned by Mar Saba but claimed by both Venice and Genoa which leads to a Genoese attack of the monastery in the Venetian quarter The Venetians are supported by Pisa and the Knights Templar while the Genoese are joined by the Knights Hospitaller 68 Asia edit October The Japanese Kenchō era ends and the Kōgen era begins during the reign of the 13 year old Emperor Go Fukakusa By topic edit Natural Disaster edit June 30 A large volcanic eruption in Harrat Rahat near Medina is associated with an Islamic prophecy 69 Religion edit May 4 Pope Alexander IV issues the papal bull Licet ecclesiae catholicae constituting the Order of Saint Augustine at Lecceto Monastery August 25 In Bologna slavery and serfdom are abolished this event is recorded in the document called Liber Paradisus or Heaven Book 1257 This section is transcluded from 1257 edit history By place edit Europe edit January 13 At the first recorded meeting of the college of the seven Electors of the Holy Roman Empire the 48 year old Richard of Cornwall the brother of King Henry III of England is elected King of the Romans He is crowned at Aachen on May 17 His candidacy is opposed by King Alfonso X the Wise Pope Alexander IV and King Louis IX the Saint favour Alfonso but both are ultimately convinced by Richard s sister in law Queen Eleanor of Provence to support Richard 70 Spring The Epirote Nicaean conflict begins between the Despotate of Epirus and the Empire of Nicaea Despot Michael II Komnenos Doukas revolts and defeats the Nicaean army under George Akropolites The Epirote and Serbian forces join their attacks against Michael who sends his forces into Macedonia and marches on to Thessalonica In response Michael is attacked on the west coast of Epirus by Manfred of Sicily Manfred first occupies the major Ionian Islands including Corfu Then he lands on the Albanian coast and takes Durazzo Berat Valona and their environs 71 The pagan Karelians start a destructive expedition to Sweden in which King Valdemar requests Alexander IV to declare a crusade against them This leads to the Third Swedish Crusade to Finland see 1293 British Isles edit Battle of Cadfan An English expeditionary army under Stephen Bauzan is ambushed and defeated by Welsh forces The English are decimated by devastating guerilla attacks and the Welsh capture the English supply train Stephen Bauzan is killed along with some 1 000 3 000 of his men The remaining English flee the battle Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd is said to have been present at the battle collecting spoils from the fallen English army According to sources it is one of the greatest victories of a Welsh army in the field against a much more powerful English force 72 King Henry III orders the production of a twenty pence English coin of pure gold Unfortunately the bullion value of the coins is about 20 higher than the nominal face value leading to poor circulation as coins are melted down by individuals for their gold content Henry III relents to the demands of his son Edward the Lord Edward for assistance to fight the Welsh see 1256 He joins him on a campaign to retake the territories lost to the Welsh forces led by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd Battle of Creadran Cille Norman invading forces under Maurice FitzGerald are driven out by Gofraid O Donnell in northern Connacht Later FitzGerald is killed in personal combat by O Donnell on May 20 73 Levant edit Venetian Genoese War The Venetian fleet under Admiral Lorenzo Tiepolo breaks through the harbour chain at Acre and destroys several Genoese ships He also attacks the fortifications but Tiepolo is unable to expel the Genoese garrison some 800 men strong and armed with 50 60 ballistae from their quarter of the city throwing up a blockade 74 April 10 Izz al Din Aybak Mamluk sultan of Egypt is murdered on orders of his wife Shajar al Durr He is succeeded by his 14 year old son Nur al Din Ali as ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate until 1259 Mongol Empire edit Spring Mongol forces under Uriyangkhadai conduct a campaign against local Yi and Lolo tribes in Vietnam He returns to Gansu and sends messengers to the court of Mongke Khan informing him that Yunnan is firmly under Mongolian control Mongke Khan honors and rewards Uriyangkhadai for his military achievements 75 Winter Mongol forces move down from their base at Hamadan while Baiju Noyan crosses the Tigris River at Mosul with his army On the left wing Kitbuqa enters the plain of Iraq while Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan advance through Kermanshah 76 Asia edit March The Japanese Kōgen era ends and the Shōka era begins during the reign of the 14 year old Emperor Go Fukakusa until 1259 By topic edit City and Towns edit June 5 The city of Krakow is granted Magdeburg rights by High Duke Boleslaw V the Chaste having been rebuilt after being nearly destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Poland Education edit Louis IX the Saint confirms the foundation by his chaplain Robert de Sorbon of the College of Sorbonne in Paris giving a formal college and still common name to the already existing University of Paris 77 Literature edit Matthew Paris English monk and chronicler personally interviews Henry III for an entire week while compiling his major work of English history Chronica Majora Natural Disaster edit Samalas eruption Mount Samalas volcano erupts on Lombok Island Indonesia One of the largest volcanic eruptions in the past 10 000 years it creates severe climatic changes across the globe leading to severe famine and death and to one of the biggest geopolitical changes across the globe over the next few centuries 78 79 1258 This section is transcluded from 1258 edit history By place edit Mongol Empire edit February 10 Siege of Baghdad Mongol forces some 150 000 men led by Hulagu Khan besiege and conquer Baghdad after a siege of 13 days During the first week of February the eastern walls begin to collapse and the Mongols swarm into the city on February 10 Caliph Al Musta sim surrenders himself to Hulagu together with all the Abbasid chief officers and officials They are ordered to lay down their arms and are massacred Hulagu imprisons Al Musta sim among his treasures to starve him to death Meanwhile massacres continue throughout the whole city in 40 days about 80 000 citizens are murdered The only survivors are the ones who are hiding in cellars which are not discovered and a number of attractive girls and boys who are kept to be slaves and the Christian community who take refuge in the churches which are left undisturbed by the special orders of Hulagu s wife Doquz Khatun 80 February 15 Hulagu Khan enters Baghdad where many quarters of the city are ruined by fire The Great Library or House of Wisdom is destroyed numerous precious book collections are thrown into the Tigris River Before the siege about 400 000 manuscripts are rescued by Nasir al Din al Tusi Persian polymath and theologian who takes them to Maragheh located in East Azerbaijan Province The sack of Baghdad brings an end to the Abbasid Caliphate 750 1258 and the Islamic Golden Age Many professors physicians scientists clerics artists and lecturers are also massacred Europe edit May 11 Treaty of Corbeil King Louis IX the Saint signs a peace treaty with King James I the Conqueror Louis heir of Charlemagne formally renounces his feudal overlordship over Catalonia independent de facto since 988 while James renounces his claims over Occitania June War of the Euboeote Succession Achaean forces under William II Villehardouin defeat a coalition of Greek princes led by Guy I de la Roche Great Lord duke of Athens which ends the conflict on August 6 August 10 Manfred son of the late Emperor Frederick II is crowned king of Sicily at Palermo Pope Alexander IV who has an alliance with the Saracens declares the coronation void and excommunicates Manfred August 16 Theodore II Laskaris dies after a 4 year reign at Magnesia He is succeeded by his 7 year old son John IV as ruler of the Empire of Nicaea His regent becomes the bureaucrat George Mouzalon 81 August 25 George Mouzalon is assassinated in Magnesia ad Sipylum as part of a conspiracy led by Byzantine nobles under future Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos Gissur THorvaldsson Icelandic chieftain or godi is made Earl of Iceland for his loyal service to King Haakon IV the Old England edit May 2 King Henry III accepts the demand of Simon de Montfort and his baronial supporters that the government is reformed with a committee of 22 barons including the king As an act of faith Simon de Montfort hands over his estates at Odiham and Kenilworth as part of the proposals The Provisions of Oxford establish baronial control of the government also known as the Oxford Parliament on June 11 82 83 Llywelyn ap Gruffudd proclaims himself Prince of Wales first used in an agreement between Llywelyn and his supporters and the Scottish nobility He becomes the final ruler of an independent Wales before its conquest by future King Edward I Longshanks Levant edit June 25 Battle of Acre The Genoese sends an armada some 50 galleys to relieve the blockade at Acre and asks the assistance of Philip of Montfort lord of Tyre and the Knights Hospitaller for a combined attack from the land side The Genoese fleet s arrival takes the Venetians by surprise but the superior experience and seamanship result in a crushing Venetian victory with half the Genoese ships lost Later the Genoese garrison is forced to abandon Acre 84 85 Asia edit Mongol invasions of Vietnam Mongol forces some 30 000 men under Uriyangkhadai son of Subutai invade Vietnam After many battles the Vietnam army is routed and defeated The senior leaders are able to escape on pre prepared boats while the remnants are destroyed on the banks of the Red River The Mongols occupy the capital city Thăng Long modern day Hanoi and massacres the city s inhabitants by the end of January 86 By topic edit Global edit The consequences of the volcanic Samalas eruption see 1257 in Indonesia include the following anecdotal accounts very dry fog in France lunar eclipses in England severe winter in Europe a harsh spring in Iceland famine in England Germany France and Italy and pestilence in London parts of France Austria Iraq Syria and southeast Turkey 87 Markets edit In Genoa the Republic starts imposing forced loans known as luoghi to its taxpayers they are a common resource of medieval public finance 88 Religion edit Civil unrest in northern Italy spawns the medieval musical form of Geisslerlieder penitential songs sung by wandering bands of Flagellants Kudahuvadhoo is converted to Islam1259 This section is transcluded from 1259 edit history By place edit Europe edit September Battle of Pelagonia The Empire of Nicaea defeats the Principality of Achaea ensuring the eventual reconquest of Constantinople in 1261 89 90 December 4 Kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris in which Henry renounces his claims to French controlled territory on continental Europe including Normandy in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels 91 The famous frescoes of the Boyana Church in Bulgaria are completed the church and its murals are now a UNESCO World Heritage Site 92 The German cities of Lubeck Wismar and Rostock enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the Baltic Sea laying the groundwork for the Hanseatic League 93 Nogai Khan leads the second Mongol Golden Horde attack against Lithuania and Poland 94 Epirote Nicaean conflict 95 Asia edit August 11 While conducting a siege against the Song Dynasty city known as Fishing Town in the province of Chongqing China the Mongol Great Khan Mongke Khan dies in the nearby hills Persian Chinese and Mongol records have different accounts of how he died including succumbing to an arrow wound received by a Chinese archer in the siege dysentery and even a cholera epidemic His death sparks a succession crisis in the Mongol Empire while his brothers Ariq Boke and Kublai soon convene their own kurultai to elect themselves as the next Khan of Khans opening the path to a four year long Toluid Civil War from 1260 to 1264 In the end Ariq Boke surrenders to Kublai 96 97 While engaged in a war with the Mongols the Song Chinese official Li Zengbo writes in his Kozhai Zagao Xugaohou that the city of Qingzhou is manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron cased gunpowder bomb shells a month dispatching to Xiangyang and Yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time 98 Lannathai a kingdom in the north of Thailand is founded by King Mangrai 99 100 The Goryeo Kingdom in Korea surrenders to invading Mongol forces 101 The Chinese era Kaiqing begins and ends in the Northern Song Dynasty of China 102 The Japanese Shōka era ends and the Shōgen era begins 103 104 Significant people editMongke Khan Hulagu Khan Al Mustasim Aybak Al Ashraf Musa Louis IX of FranceBirthsTranscluding articles 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 and 1259 1250 April 8 John Tristan son of Louis IX d 1270 Adolf II of Waldeck prince bishop of Liege d 1302 Agnes of Baden German noblewoman d 1295 Albert II of Saxony German nobleman d 1298 Albert III German nobleman and knight d 1300 Albertus de Chiavari Italian Master General d 1300 Allamah al Hilli Persian Shia theologian d 1325 Asher ben Jehiel German Jewish rabbi d 1327 Beatrice of Savoy Swiss noblewoman d 1292 Bonconte I da Montefeltro Italian general d 1289 Diether of Nassau archbishop of Trier d 1307 Dmitry of Pereslavl Kievan Grand Prince d 1294 Esclaramunda of Foix queen of Majorca d 1315 Fra Dolcino Italian priest and reformist d 1307 Grigorije II of Ras Serbian monk scribe d 1321 Guido Cavalcanti Italian poet and writer d 1300 Jeanne de Montfort Swiss noblewoman d 1300 John IV Laskaris emperor of Nicaea d 1305 Konrad II of Masovia Polish nobleman d 1294 Margaret of Burgundy queen of Sicily d 1308 Matteo I Visconti Italian imperial vicar d 1322 Mordechai ben Hillel German scholar d 1298 Nijō Tameyo Japanese official and poet d 1338 Niklot I German nobleman and knight d 1323 Rhys ap Maredudd Welsh nobleman d 1292 Robert II French nobleman and knight d 1302 Sancho of Aragon Spanish archbishop d 1275 Theodoric of Freiberg German physicist d 1311 Zavis of Falkenstein Bohemian nobleman d 1290 1251 June 5 Hōjō Tokimune 8th regent of the Kamakura shogunate d 1284 105 106 September 2 Francis of Fabriano Italian writer d 1322 107 November 1 Leopold III Duke of Austria d 1386 108 Adelaide Countess of Auxerre French countess d 1290 109 1252 March 25 Conradin Duke of Swabia d 1268 110 111 Safi ad din Ardabili Persian Sufi leader 112 113 Eleanor de Montfort Princess of Wales English born consort d 1282 114 115 1253 March 1 Mattia de Nazarei Italian abbess and saint d 1319 March 20 Wareru founder of the Martaban Kingdom assassinated 1307 September 11 Dmitry Borisovich Kievan nobleman d 1294 October 17 Ivo of Kermartin Breton priest and saint d 1303 November 25 Katherine of England English princess d 1257 Amir Khusrau Indian Sufi musician poet and scholar d 1325 Anna of Greater Poland Polish princess and abbess d 1295 Berengaria of Castile Spanish princess and regent d 1300 Blanche of France daughter of Louis IX the Saint d 1323 Eschiva of Ibelin Outremer noblewoman and regent d 1312 Eufemia of Greater Poland Polish princess and nun d 1298 Everhardt I count of Limburg and Hohenlimburg d 1308 Hugh II de Lusignan Cypriot ruler and regent d 1267 John II the One Eyed count of Holstein Kiel d 1321 Nikō Japanese Buddhist monk and disciple d 1314 1254 March 27 Hkun Law Burmese ruler of Martaban d 1311 May 4 Benvenuta Bojani Italian nun and mystic d 1292 May 13 Marie of Brabant queen of France d 1322 June 24 Floris V count of Holland and Zeeland d 1296 September 15 Marco Polo Venetian explorer d 1324 Beatrice of Castile marchioness of Montferrat d 1286 Benedict Swedish prince nobleman and knight d 1291 Bonacossa Borri or Bonaca Italian noblewoman d 1321 Charles II the Lame son of Charles I of Anjou d 1309 Fujiwara no Tamekane Japanese official and poet d 1332 Gerhard II the Blind German nobleman and knight d 1312 Nijō Morotada Japanese nobleman and official d 1341 Osman I founding ruler of the Ottoman Empire d 1324 Ren Renfa or Ziming Chinese artist and politician d 1327 Roger de Mowbray English nobleman and knight d 1297 Tetsugyu Enshin Japanese monk and scholar d 1326 Zhao Mengfu Chinese scholar and calligrapher d 1322 1255 October 23 Fernando de la Cerda Spanish prince d 1275 Adolf of Nassau Weilburg king of Germany d 1298 Albert I of Germany Holy Roman Emperor d 1308 Andrey of Gorodets Kievan Grand Prince d 1304 Bogislaw IV Polish nobleman and knight d 1309 Dino Compagni Italian historian and writer d 1324 Francesca da Rimini Italian noblewoman d 1285 John of Paris French theologian and writer d 1306 Margherita Colonna Italian nun and abbess d 1280 Nicholas I Bohemian nobleman and knight d 1318 William Ros Scottish nobleman and knight d 1316 Sanjar al Jawli Mamluk governor and ruler d 1345 Sybille of Bage countess consort of Savoy d 1294 Takaoka Muneyasu Japanese nobleman d 1326 1256 January 6 Gertrude the Great German mystic d 1302 January 24 Alonso Perez de Guzman Spanish nobleman d 1309 February 9 William de Warenne English nobleman d 1286 March 21 Henry I Lackland German nobleman d 1318 October 23 Mongke Temur Mongol ruler of Shiraz d 1282 Abu Hayyan al Gharnati Andalusian grammarian d 1344 Adolph VI count of Holstein Pinneberg Schauenburg d 1315 Ahmad al Suhrawardi Persian calligrapher and musician d 1340 Al Dimashqi Syrian geographer explorer and writer d 1327 Andrea Dotti Italian nobleman preacher and saint d 1315 Ibn al Banna Almohad scholar and mathematician d 1321 Jamal al Din al Mizzi Syrian scholar and philologist d 1341 John Segrave English nobleman and seneschal d 1325 Padishah Khatun Mongol female ruler and writer d 1295 Robert of Clermont French prince and nobleman d 1317 Roger Mortimer English nobleman and constable d 1326 1257 March 24 Yolanda I French noblewoman d 1314 August 15 Muhammad III ruler of Granada d 1314 October 14 Przemysl II king of Poland d 1296 Agnes of Brandenburg queen of Denmark d 1304 Beatrice of Burgundy French noblewoman d 1310 Frederick I the Brave German nobleman d 1323 Malise III of Strathearn Scottish nobleman d 1312 Parsoma the Naked Egyptian Coptic hermit d 1317 Philip III of Falkenstein count of Munzenberg d 1322 Robert de Vere English nobleman and knight d 1331 William Russell English nobleman and knight d 1311 1258 Osman I Founder of the Great Ottoman Empire d 1324 March 8 Arghun Khan Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate d 1291 October 10 Joachim Piccolomini Italian altar server d 1305 October 20 Bolko I Polish co ruler House of Piast d 1313 December 7 Trần Nhan Tong Vietnamese emperor d 1308 Bertrand of Saint Genies French jurist and patriarch d 1350 Ferrantino Malatesta Italian nobleman and knight d 1353 Henry I German nobleman House of Schaumburg d 1304 Henryk IV the Righteous High Duke of Poland d 1290 John I French nobleman House of Chalon Arlay d 1315 Liu Guandao or Zhong Xian Chinese court artist d 1336 Usman Serajuddin Bengali Sufi scholar and mystic d 1357 1259 February 25 Infanta Branca of Portugal daughter of King Afonso III of Portugal and Urraca of Castile d 1321 116 117 March 25 Andronikos II Palaiologos Byzantine emperor d 1332 118 Pietro Cavallini Italian painter d 1330 119 120 Demetre II of Georgia d 1289 121 122 Richard og de Burgh 2nd Earl of Ulster d 1326 123 DeathsTranscluding articles 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 and 1259 1250 February 2 Eric XI Eriksson king of Sweden b 1216 February 6 Geoffrey VI French nobleman and knight February 8 Andrew III French nobleman and knight b 1200 Fakhr ad Din Egyptian ruler and military leader Robert I the Good French nobleman b 1216 William Longespee the Younger English knight February 11 Jean de Ronay French Grand Master March 29 Ludolph of Ratzeburg German bishop April 6 Guillaume de Sonnac French Grand Master Hugh XI of Lusignan French nobleman b 1221 May 2 Al Muazzam Turanshah Ayyubid ruler of Egypt 4 May 21 Humbert V French nobleman and knight b 1198 May 26 Peter I Mauclerc French nobleman b 1187 May 27 Raniero Capocci Italian priest and cardinal June 7 Vitslav I Danish nobleman and knight b 1180 June 18 Theresa of Portugal queen of Leon b 1176 August 10 Eric IV Ploughpenny king of Denmark October 4 Herman VI German nobleman and knight October 12 Richard Wendene English bishop b 1219 December 13 Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor b 1194 124 Alice of Schaerbeek Flemish Cistercian lay sister b 1220 Gilbertus Anglicus English physician and writer b 1180 Julian of Speyer German Franciscan composer and poet Leonardo of Pisa Italian mathematician and writer b 1170 Romee de Villeneuve French nobleman and seneschal Shihab al Din Muhammad al Nasawi Persian biographer Walter of Serviliano Italian Benedictine hermit and abbot Yang Miaozhen Chinese female military leader b 1193 1251 January Bohemund V of Antioch 125 126 January 25 Princess Rishi Empress consort of Japan b 1197 citation needed February 9 Matthias II Duke of Lorraine 127 March 6 Rose of Viterbo Italian saint b 1235 128 129 March 31 William of Modena Bishop of Modena 130 131 June 6 William III of Dampierre Count of Flanders 132 133 September 7 Viola Duchess of Opole Bulgarian consort citation needed date unknown Winter 1251 52 Eljigidei Mongol commander of Persia killed 134 135 Isobel of Huntingdon Scots noblewoman b 1199 136 Oghul Qaimish 3rd regent of the Mongol Empire following her husband s death 137 138 1252 January 1 Saint Zdislava Berka Bohemian lay Dominican benefactress 139 January 23 Isabella Queen of Armenia 140 January Bohemond V Prince of Antioch 141 142 February 3 Sviatoslav III of Vladimir Prince of Novgorod b 1196 143 April 1 Kujō Michiie Japanese regent 144 April 6 Saint Peter of Verona 30 May 3 or May 4 Gunther von Wullersleben Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights 145 146 May 30 King Ferdinand III of Castile and Leon 147 148 June 6 Robert Passelewe Bishop of Chichester 149 June 9 Otto I Duke of Brunswick Luneburg 150 151 June 29 Abel King of Denmark b 1218 152 153 August 1 Giovanni da Pian del Carpine Italian chronicler of the Mongol Empire 154 155 November 27 Blanche of Castile queen of Louis VIII of France and regent of France b 1188 156 157 date unknown John of Basingstoke English scholar and ecclesiastic 158 159 Henry I Count of Anhalt 160 Sorghaghtani Beki Mongolian empress and regent 161 162 Catherine Sunesdotter Swedish queen consort citation needed Yesu Mongke Khan of the Chagatai Khanate 163 1253 January 1 Marino Morosini doge of Venice b 1181 January 18 Henry I the Fat king of Cyprus b 1217 April 3 Richard of Chichester English bishop b 1197 April 5 Wilbrand von Kafernburg German archbishop April 22 Elias of Cortona Italian friar and vicar general June 11 Amadeus IV Italian nobleman and knight b 1197 June 12 Boniface II the Giant king of Thessalonica b 1201 July 8 Theobald I French nobleman and trouvere b 1201 July 22 Albert IV German nobleman and knight b 1180 August 11 Clare of Assisi Italian nun and saint b 1194 September 22 Dōgen Japanese Buddhist priest b 1200 September 23 Wenceslaus I king of Bohemia b 1205 October 9 Robert Grosseteste English bishop b 1168 October 22 William de Vesci English nobleman b 1205 November 16 Agnes of Assisi Italian abbess and saint November 21 Christian II German archbishop b 1185 November 29 Otto II German count palatine b 1206 Ahmad al Tifashi Almohad poet and anthologist b 1184 1254 March 28 William de Ferrers English nobleman b 1193 May 21 Conrad IV king of Germany en Sicily b 1228 164 June 3 Andrea Caccioli Italian friar and priest b 1194 June 8 Robert of Nantes Latin patriarch of Jerusalem June 17 Ingeborg Eriksdotter Swedish princess b 1212 August 6 Hugh of Northwold English abbot and bishop September 25 William III de Cantilupe English nobleman November 3 John III Doukas Vatatzes Byzantine emperor Manuel II Byzantine patriarch of Constantinople November 11 Gil Torres Spanish archdeacon and cardinal December 1 Abel de Gullane or Golynn Scottish bishop December 7 Innocent IV pope of the Catholic Church Berthold of Pietengau German prince bishop of Passau Faris al Din Aktai Egyptian nobleman and emir prince Peter Chaceporc English archdeacon and ambassador Rudolf von Ems German knight poet and writer b 1200 Silvester de Everdon English bishop and Lord Chancellor Bab Bachir spouse of last Abbasid caliph al Musta sim 1255 May 1 Walter de Gray English archbishop and statesman August 27 Little Saint Hugh English Jewish boy b 1246 Al Faqih al Muqaddam Yemeni religious leader b 1178 Alice de Montfort French noblewoman and ruler suo jure Batu Khan Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde Carintana dalle Carceri ruler of the Principality of Achaea Denis Turje Hungarian nobleman and military commander 165 Eva de Braose heiresses and wife of William de Cantilupe Helena Pedersdatter Strange queen of Sweden b 1200 Majd al Din ibn Taymiyyah Seljuk judge and theologian Masanari Japanese nobleman and waka poet b 1200 Muhammad III ruler of the Nizari Ismaili State b 1211 Shams al Din Ali ibn Mas ud Mihrabanid ruler of Sistan1256 January 4 Bernhard von Spanheim German nobleman January 18 Maria of Brabant duchess of Bavaria b 1226 January 28 William II of Holland king of Germany b 1227 February 9 Alice de Lusigan English noblewoman b 1224 February 16 Nicola Paglia Italian Dominican priest b 1197 April 12 Margaret of Bourbon queen of Navarre b 1217 April 23 Sabrisho V patriarch of the Church of the East May 1 Mafalda of Portugal Spanish abbess and queen May 6 Peter Nolasco French religious leader b 1189 May 12 Matilda of Amboise French noblewoman b 1200 May 28 Guglielmo Fieschi Italian deacon and cardinal June 13 Tankei Japanese Buddhist sculptor b 1173 September 1 Kujō Yoritsune Japanese shogun b 1218 September 21 William of Kilkenny English bishop of Ely October 14 Kujō Yoritsugu Japanese shogun b 1239 November 5 Christina de Valognes Scottish noblewoman Bertram de Criol or Criel English constable and diplomat Jacob Anatoli French Jewish translator and writer b 1194 Johannes de Sacrobosco English scholar and astronomer Klement of Ruszcza Polish nobleman and knight b 1190 Najm al Din Razi Persian philosopher and writer b 1177 Pandulf of Anagni Italian bishop and military commander Peter de Ramsay Scottish nobleman cleric and bishop THordur kakali Sighvatsson Icelandic chieftain b 1210 Rodrigo Gonzalez Giron Spanish nobleman and knight Sibt ibn al Jawzi Arab preacher and historian b 1185 1257 April 10 Izz al Din Aybak ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate April 26 Euphemia de Walliers English nun and abbess May 3 Katherine of England English princess b 1253 May 5 Haakon the Young junior king of Norway b 1232 May 17 Choe Hang Korean general and dictator b 1209 May 20 Maurice FitzGerald Norman nobleman and knight June 4 Przemysl I Polish nobleman and co ruler b 1221 June 8 Simon of Elmham English prior and bishop elect August 15 Hyacinth of Poland Polish missionary b 1185 December 24 John of Avesnes count of Hainaut b 1218 December 26 Richard Blund or Blundy English bishop Lanfranc Cigala or Cicala Genoese nobleman and knight Maria of Antioch Armenia Outremer noblewoman b 1215 Matilda I countess of Nevers Auxerre and Tonnerre b 1188 Mohammad Baba as Samasi Abbasid Sufi leader b 1195 Roger Weseham English bishop of Coventry and Lichfield Sartaq Khan or Sartak Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde Stephen Bauzan English nobleman seneschal and knight Valdemar III Abelson Danish prince and heir apparent Willikin of the Weald English warrior and guerrilla leader Yuan Haowen Chinese politician poet and writer b 1190 1258 January 6 Konrad I von Wallhausen bishop of Meissen February 20 Al Musta sim Abbasid caliph of Baghdad March 26 Floris de Voogd Dutch nobleman b 1228 April 5 Juliana of Liege Flemish nun mystic and saint Pelka or Fulko Polish archbishop of Gniezno April 14 Rudiger of Bergheim German bishop b 1175 May 10 Sewal de Bovil English cleric and archbishop June 2 Edmund de Lacy English nobleman and knight Peter I or Pedro Portuguese prince b 1187 June 15 Ada of Holland Dutch noblewoman b 1208 July 22 Meinhard I count of Gorizia House of Gorizia August 8 Henry of Lexington English cleric and bishop August 18 Theodore II Laskaris emperor of Nicaea August 25 George Mouzalon Byzantine high official August 28 Gerhard II of Lippe German archbishop November 8 Grzymislawa of Luck Polish princess November 10 William de Bondington Scottish bishop November 23 John Fitzgeoffrey English nobleman Abu Yahya ibn Abd al Haqq Marinid sultan Abul Hasan al Shadhili Almohad Sufi leader b 1196 Al Mahdi Ahmad bin al Husayn Yemeni ruler b 1216 Baha al Din Zuhayr Arab secretary and poet b 1186 Bartholomew of Brescia Italian teacher and canonist Bruno of Altena Isenberg prince bishop of Osnabruck Choe Ui Korean military leader and dictator b 1233 Clement of Dunblane Scottish cleric friar and bishop Eberhard von Sayn German knight and Landmeister Fujiwara no Tomoie Japanese nobleman b 1182 Guillaume de Chateauneuf French Grand Master Hong Bok won Korean general and official b 1206 Ibn Abi l Hadid Abbasid scholar and writer b 1190 Ingerd Jakobsdatter Danish noblewoman b 1200 John of Arsuf or Ibelin Outremer nobleman b 1211 John of Wallingford English abbot historian and writer Robert de la Piere French magistrate and troubadour Sulaiman Shah Abbasid officer general and governor Walter Comyn Scottish magnate adviser and regent1259 January Matilda II Countess of Boulogne ruler of Boulogne queen consort of Portugal b 1202 166 February 7 Thomas Count of Flanders 167 168 May 29 King Christopher I of Denmark b 1219 169 170 July 21 Gojong of Goryeo 171 August 11 Mongke Khan of the Mongol Empire 96 October 7 Ezzelino III da Romano Italian ruler 172 November 18 Adam Marsh English scholar and theologian 173 174 date unknown Matthew Paris English chronicler 175 References edit Le Roy Ladurie Emmanuel Bray Barbara 1971 Times of Feast Times of Famine a History of Climate Since the Year 1000 Garden City NY Doubleday ISBN 0 374 52122 0 OCLC 164590 Humphreys R Stephen 1977 From 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Yildiz Sara Nur eds 2013 The Seljuks of Anatolia Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East pp 118 119 I B Tauris ISBN 978 0 85773 346 7 Willey Peter 2005 Eagle s Nest Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria pp 75 85 Boomsbury Academic ISBN 978 1 85043 464 1 Setton Kenneth M 1976 The Papacy and the Levant 1204 1571 Volume I The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries p 78 Philadelphia The American Philosophical Society ISBN 0 87169 114 0 Mazzon Martino 2020 ZORZI Marsilio Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Volume 100 Vittorio Emanuele I Zurlo in Italian Rome Istituto dell Enciclopedia Italiana ISBN 978 8 81200032 6 Steven Runciman 1952 A History of The Crusades Vol III The Kingdom of Acre p 236 ISBN 978 0 241 29877 0 The Seismicity of Egypt Arabia and the Red Sea A Historical Review p 40 Hywel Williams 2005 Cassell s Chronology of World History p 143 ISBN 0 304 35730 8 Fine John Van Antwerp 1994 The Late Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest pp 160 161 Ann Arbor Michigan University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 08260 4 Archived copy Archived from the original on 2011 10 07 Retrieved 2009 04 13 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 O Donnell Encyclopaedia Britannica pp 6 8 Vol 20 11th ed Cambridge University Press Steven Runciman 1952 A History of The Crusades Vol III Kingdom of Acre p 238 ISBN 978 0 241 29877 0 Rossabi Morris 2009 Khubilai Khan His Life and Times pp 24 27 University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 26132 7 Steven Runciman 1952 A History of The Crusades Vol III Kingdom of Acre p 252 ISBN 978 0 241 29877 0 La fondation de la Sorbonne au Moyen Age par le theologien Robert de Sorbon La Chancellerie des Universites de Paris Retrieved 2021 03 04 Amos Jonathan 2013 09 30 Mystery 13th Century eruption traced to Lombok Indonesia BBC News BBC Retrieved 2013 09 30 Alberge Dalya 2012 08 04 Mass grave in London reveals how volcano caused global catastrophe The Guardian London Steven Runciman 1952 A History of The Crusades Vol III Kingdom of Acre p 253 ISBN 978 0 241 29877 0 Fine John Van Antwerp 1994 The Late Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest p 161 Ann Arbor Michigan University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 08260 4 Stubbs William 2012 1913 Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History from the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First in Latin Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press p 389 ISBN 9781108044936 Brand Paul 2003 Kings Barons and Justices The Making and Enforcement of Legislation in Thirteenth Century England Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press pp 1 5 ISBN 9781139439077 Marshall Christopher 1994 Warfare in the Latin East 1192 1291 pp 39 40 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521477420 Stanton Charles D 2015 Medieval Maritime Warfare pp 182 184 Pen and Sword ISBN 978 1 4738 5643 1 Baldanza Kathlene 2016 Ming China and Vietnam Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia p 18 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 316 53131 0 Stothers R B 2000 Climatic and Demographic consequences of the massive volcanic eruption of 1258 Climatic Change 45 2 361 374 doi 10 1023 A 1005523330643 S2CID 42314185 Munro John H 2003 The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution The International History Review 15 3 506 562 David Brewer 2011 2010 Greece the Hidden Centuries Turkish Rule from the Fall of Constantinople to Greek New York I B Tauris p 17 ISBN 9780857730046 Geanakoplos Deno John 1984 Byzantium Church Society and Civilization Seen Through Contemporary Eyes Chicago and London University of Chicago Press p 106 ISBN 9780226284606 Thackeray Frank W Findling John E 2001 Events that Changed the World Through the Sixteenth Century Westport CT and London Greenwood Publishing Group p 52 ISBN 9780313290794 Marani Enrico Heida Ciska 2018 Head and Neck Morphology Models and Function Cham Switzerland Springer p 167 ISBN 9783319921051 Hammel Kiesow Rolf 2015 The Early Hansas In Harreld Donald J ed A Companion to the Hanseatic League Leiden and Boston BRILL p 56 ISBN 9789004284760 Sedlar Jean W 2013 1994 East Central Europe in the Middle Ages 1000 1500 Seattle and London University of Washington Press p 379 ISBN 9780295800646 Tucker Spencer C 2010 A Global Chronology of Conflict From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East Vol I ca 3000 BCE 1499 CE Santa Barbara CA Denver CO and Oxford ABC CLIO p 283 ISBN 9781851096725 a b Rossabi Morris 2009 Khubilai Khan His Life and Times Berkeley Los Angeles London University of California Press pp 96 97 ISBN 9780520261327 Kolbas Judith 2013 The Mongols in Iran Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu 1220 1309 New York and London Routledge p 160 ISBN 9781136802898 Andrade Tonio 2016 The Gunpowder Age China Military Innovation and the Rise of the West in World History Princeton NJ Princeton University Press p 48 ISBN 9781400874446 London Ellen 2008 Thailand Condensed 2 000 Years of History amp Culture Singapore Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd p 32 ISBN 9789812619761 Ring Trudy Watson Noelle Schellinger Paul 2012 1996 Asia and Oceania International Dictionary of Historic Places Vol 5 Asia and Oceania New York and London Routledge p 182 ISBN 9781136639791 Ebrey Patricia Buckley Walthall Anne 2013 Pre Modern East Asia A Cultural Social and Political History Volume I To 1800 Boston MA Cengage Learning p 169 ISBN 9781133606512 Mostern Ruth 2011 Dividing the Realm in Order to Govern The Spatial Organization of the Song State 960 1276 CE Cambridge MA and London Harvard University Press p 83 ISBN 9780674056022 Griffis William Elliot 2014 The Mikado s Empire Cambridge Library Collection Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press p 613 ISBN 9781108080507 Adolphson Mikael S 2000 The Gates of Power Monks Courtiers and Warriors in Premodern Japan Honolulu HI University of Hawaii Press p 398 ISBN 9780824823344 Perez Louis G 2013 Japan at War An Encyclopedia Santa Barbara CA Denver CO and Oxford ABC CLIO p 129 ISBN 9781598847413 Morrell Sachiko Kaneko Morrell Robert E 2012 Zen Sanctuary of Purple Robes Japan s Tokeiji Convent Since 1285 State University of New York Press p xi ISBN 9780791481448 Calloway Donald H 2016 Champions of the Rosary The History and Heroes of a Spiritual Weapon Stockbridge MA Marian Press ISBN 9781596143937 Alfons Huber 1883 Leopold III Herzog von Oesterreich Steiermark und Karnthen Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie ADB in German vol 18 Leipzig Duncker amp Humblot pp 392 395 Saunier Seite Alice 1998 Les Courtenay Destin d une illustre famille bourguignonne editions France Empire ISBN 2 7048 0845 7 Grillo Paolo 2010 Conradin In Rogers Clifford J ed The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology Vol I Oxford and New York Oxford University Press pp 422 423 ISBN 9780195334036 Fritze Ronald H 2002 Schulman Jana K ed The Rise of the Medieval World 500 1300 A Biographical Dictionary The Great Cultural Eras of the Western World Westport CT and London Greenwood Publishing Group pp 113 114 ISBN 9780313308178 Babinger F Savory R M 2002 Safi Al Din Ardabili 1252 1334 In Hanif N ed Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis Central Asia and Middle East Sarup amp Sons pp 417 419 ISBN 9788176252669 1252 Safi ad din Ardabili Ridgeon Lloyd 2006 Sufi Castigator Ahmad Kasravi and the Iranian Mystical Tradition New York and London Routledge p 213 ISBN 9781134373987 Wilkinson Louise J 2012 Eleanor de Montfort A Rebel Countess in Medieval England London and New York A amp C Black p 90 ISBN 9781441182197 Maddicott J R 2001 1994 Simon de Montfort Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press pp 41 42 ISBN 9780521376365 Carvalho e Araujo Alexandre Herculano de 1849 Historia de Portugal in Portuguese Lisbon Portugal Casa de Viuva Bertrand e Flihos p 73 de Pinho Leal Augusto Soares de Azevedo Barbosa 1876 Portugal Antigo e Moderno Diccionario Geographico Estatistico Chorographico Heraldico Archeologico Historico Biographico E Etymologico De Todas as Cidades Villas E Freguezias De Portugal E De Grande Numero De Aldeias in Portuguese Lisbon Portugal Mattos Moreira amp Companhia p 221 Russell Eugenia 2013 Literature and Culture in Late Byzantine Thessalonica London New Delhi New York Sydney Bloosmbury p 159 ISBN 9781441155849 Crowe Joseph Archer Cavalcaselle Giovanni Battista Jameson Anna 2014 Early Italian Painting Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam Parkstone International p 118 ISBN 9781783103928 Kurian George Thomas 2015 A Quick Look at Christian History Eugene OR Harvest House Publishers p 82 ISBN 9780736953788 Mikaberidze Alexander 2015 Historical Dictionary of Georgia Lanham MA Rowman amp Littlefield p 260 ISBN 9781442241466 Suny Ronald Grigor 1994 1988 The Making of the Georgian Nation Bloomington IN and Indianapolis Indiana University Press p 41 ISBN 9780253209153 Lacey Gerry 1994 The Legacy of the de Lacy Lacey Lacy Family 1066 1994 Midland MI Mashue Printing p 59 Frederick II Biography Accomplishments amp Facts Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 29 September 2020 Porteous John 1989 Crusader Coinage with Greek and Latin Inscriptions In Setton Kenneth Meyer Hazard Harry W Zacour Norman P eds A History of the Crusades The Impact of the Crusades on Europe Vol VI The Impact of the Crusades on Europe Madison WI University of Wisconsin Press p 404 ISBN 9780299107444 Wise Leonard F Hansen Mark Hillary Egan E W 2005 1967 Kings Rulers and Statesmen New York Sterling Publishing Company Inc p 19 ISBN 9781402725920 Wispelwey Berend 2008 Biographical Index of the Middle Ages Munich Germany Walter de Gruyter p 762 ISBN 9783110914160 Pryds Darleen 2012 Franciscan Lay Women and the Charism to Preach In Johnson Timothy ed Franciscans and Preaching Every Miracle from the Beginning of the World Came about Through Words Leiden Boston BRILL pp 45 46 ISBN 9789004231290 Vauchez Andri 2005 1988 Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press p 376 ISBN 9780521619813 Fischer Dr Mary 2013 The Chronicle of Prussia by Nicolaus von Jeroschin A History of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia 1190 1331 Crusade Texts in Translation Vol 20 Surrey UK and Burlington VT Ashgate Publishing Ltd p 91 ISBN 9781409481942 Brundage James A 2016 Introduction Henry of Livonia The Writer and his Chronicle In Tamm Marek Kaljundi Linda Jensen Carsten Selch eds Crusading and Chronicle Writing on the Medieval Baltic Frontier A Companion to the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia New York and London Routledge p 7 ISBN 9781317156796 Nicholas Karen 1993 Women as Rulers countesses Jeanne and Marguerite of Flanders In Vann Theresa M ed Queens Regents and Potentates Cambridge and Dallas TX Boydell amp Brewer p 85 ISBN 9780851156491 Nicholas David M 2014 Medieval Flanders Nee York and London Routledge p 157 ISBN 9781317901556 Korobeinikov Dimitri 2014 Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century Oxford and New York Oxford University Press p 183 ISBN 9780191017940 Baumer Christoph 2016 The History of Central Asia The Age of Islam and the Mongols London and New York Bloomsbury Publishing p 205 ISBN 9781838609405 Colcock Charles Jones 1959 Family of Hay Gretna LA Pelican Publishing p 186 ISBN 9781455604050 Hamil Donna 2016 May Timothy ed The Mongol Empire A Historical Encyclopedia Vol I Santa Barbara CA Denver CO and Oxford ABC CLIO pp 169 170 ISBN 9781610693400 Nicola Bruno De 2017 Women in Mongol Iran The Khatuns 1206 1335 Edinburgh and Stockport Edinburgh University Press p 76 ISBN 9781474415484 Ellsberg Robert 2016 Blessed Among Us Day by Day with Saintly Witnesses Collegeville MN Liturgical Press p 49 ISBN 9780814647455 Baldwin Philip Bruce 2014 Pope Gregory X and the Crusades Woodbridge UK Boydell amp Brewer Ltd p 1 ISBN 9781843839163 Setton Kenneth M 1985 A History of the Crusades The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East Vol V The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East Madison WI and London University of Wisconsin Press p 560 ISBN 9780299091446 Folda Jaroslav 2005 Crusader Art in the Holy Land From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre 1187 1291 Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press p 250 ISBN 9780521835831 Ostrowski Donald 2002 Muscovy and the Mongols Cross Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier 1304 1589 Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press p 255 ISBN 9780521894104 Conlan Thomas 2011 From Sovereign to Symbol An Age of Ritual Determinism in Fourteenth Century Japan Oxford and New York Oxford University Press p 25 ISBN 9780199778102 Fischer Mary 2016 2010 The Chronicle of Prussia by Nicolaus von Jeroschin A History of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia 1190 1331 New York and London Routledge p 21 ISBN 9781317038405 Borchardt Karl 2016 The Military Religious Orders in the Crusader West In Boas Adrian ed The Crusader World London and New York Routledge p 118 ISBN 9781317408321 O Callaghan Joseph F 2013 Emmerson Richard K ed Key Figures in Medieval Europe An Encyclopedia New York and London Routledge pp 215 217 ISBN 9781136775192 Bianchini Janna 2012 The Queen s Hand Power and Authority in the Reign of Berenguela of Castile Philadelphia PA University of Pennsylvania Press pp xi ISBN 9780812206265 Crook David Wilkinson Louise J 2015 The Growth of Royal Government Under Henry III Woodbridge UK Boydell amp Brewer p 249 ISBN 9781783270675 Wispelwey Berend 2008 Biographical Index of the Middle Ages Munich Germany Walter de Gruyter p 837 ISBN 9783110914160 Setton Kenneth Meyer 1975 A History of the Crusades The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries edited by H W Hazard Vol III The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries Madison WI University of Wisconsin Press p 749 ISBN 9780299066703 Andersen Per 2016 Dating the Laws of Medieval Denmark Studies of the Manuscripts of the Danish Church Laws In Hundahl Kerstin Kjaer Lars Lund Niels eds Denmark and Europe in the Middle Ages c 1000 1525 Essays in Honour of Professor Michael H Gelting London and New York Routledge p 197 ISBN 9781317152743 Andersen Per 2011 Legal Procedure and Practice in Medieval Denmark Leiden Boston BRILL p 16 ISBN 9789004204768 Explorers of the Renaissance New York Britannica Educational Publishing 2012 pp 23 26 ISBN 9781615308811 Miller Mary Emily 1998 Magill Frank Northen Aves Alison eds Dictionary of World Biography The Middle Ages London and New York Routledge pp 206 209 ISBN 9781579580414 Shadis Miriam 2006 Schaus Margaret ed Women and Gender in Medieval Europe An Encyclopedia New York and London Taylor amp Francis pp 76 77 ISBN 9780415969444 Jackson Guida M 1999 Women Rulers Throughout the Ages An Illustrated Guide Santa Barbara CA Denver CO and Oxford ABC CLIO pp 64 ISBN 9781576070918 1252 Blanche of Castile Savage James 1808 The Librarian Being an Account of Scarce Valuable and Useful English Books Manuscript Libraries Public Records London W Savage pp 86 1252 John of Basingstoke Wallace Alfred Rayney Ward Adolphus William eds 1965 1927 The Cambridge History of English Literature Vol XV General Index Cambridge Cambridge University Press Archive p 200 Bumke Joachim 1991 Courtly Culture Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages Berkeley Los Angeles Oxford University of California Press pp 480 ISBN 9780520066342 1252 Henry I Anhalt Halbertsma Tjalling H F 2015 Early Christian Remains of Inner Mongolia Discovery Reconstruction and Appropriation Second Edition Revised Updated and Expanded Leiden Boston BRILL p 50 ISBN 9789004288867 Twitchett Denis C Franke Herbert Fairbank John King 1994 The Cambridge History of China Vol 6 Alien Regimes and Border States 907 1368 Cambridge New Your and Oakleigh Australia Cambridge University Press pp 390 391 ISBN 9780521243315 Nicola Bruno De 2017 Women in Mongol Iran The Khatuns 1206 1335 Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press p 79 ISBN 9781474415491 Conrad IV king of Germany Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 14 February 2020 Zsoldos Attila 2011 Magyarorszag vilagi archontologiaja 1000 1301 Secular Archontology of Hungary 1000 1301 in Hungarian Historia MTA Tortenettudomanyi Intezete p 296 ISBN 978 963 9627 38 3 Tanner Heather J 2019 Medieval Elite Women and the Exercise of Power 1100 1400 Moving Beyond the Exceptionalist Debate The New Middle Ages Columbus OH and Cham Switzerland Springer p 304 ISBN 9783030013462 Phillips Lawrence Barnett 1871 The Dictionary of Biographical Reference Containing One Hundred Thousand Names Together with a Classed Index of the Biographical Literature of Europe and America London S Low Son amp Marston pp 903 1259 thomas flanders Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge 1843 The Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge Vol II London Longman Brown p 385 Dunham Samuel Astley 1839 History of Denmark Sweden and Norway Vol II London Longman Orme Brown Green amp Longmans and John Taylor p 223 Rosse J Willoughby 1877 An Index of Dates Comprehending the Principal Facts in the Chronology and History of the World from the Earliest to the Present Time Vol I A J London G Bell and Sons p 178 Park Sang jin 2014 Under the Microscope The Secrets of the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks Translated by Kim Ji hyun Philippa Cambridge Scholars Publishing pp xii ISBN 9781443867320 McKitterick Rosamond Abulafia David Fouracre Paul Reuter Timothy Allmand C T Luscombe David Edward Jones Michael Riley Smith Jonathan 1995 The New Cambridge Medieval History Vol V c 1198 c 1300 Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press p 460 ISBN 9780521362894 Power Amanda 2017 The Friars in Secular and Ecclesiastical Governance 1224 c 1259 In Robson Michael J P ed The English Province of the Franciscans 1224 c 1350 Leiden and Boston BRILL p 36 ISBN 9789004331624 Brown Stephen F Flores Juan Carlos 2018 Historical Dictionary of Medieval Philosophy and Theology Lanham Boulder New York London Rowman amp Littlefield p 46 ISBN 9781538114315 Jefferson Melvin 2006 The Conservation of Parker MSS 16 and 26 The Chronica Majora In Fellows Jensen Gillian Springborg Peter eds Care and Conservation of Manuscripts 9 Proceedings of the Ninth International Seminar Held at the University of Copenhagen 14th 15th April 2005 Copenhagen Museum Tusculanum Press p 69 ISBN 9788763505543 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1250s amp oldid 1185458286, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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