Prince of Wales

For the native Princes of Wales, see List of rulers of Wales.

For other uses, see Prince of Wales (disambiguation).

Prince of Wales (Welsh: Tywysog Cymru, pronounced [təu̯ˈəsoɡ ˈkəmrɨ]; Latin: Princeps Cambriae/Walliae) is a title traditionally given to the heir apparent to the English and later British throne. Prior to the conquest by Edward I in the 13th century, it was used by the rulers of independent Wales.

Prince of Wales
Tywysog Cymru
Badge of the Prince of Wales
Incumbent William since 9 September 2022
Style	His Royal Highness
Member of	British royal family
Appointer	Monarch of the United Kingdom (previously of England)
Term length	Life tenure or until accession as sovereign
Formation	1136 (Welsh title) 1301 (British title)
First holder	Gruffudd ap Cynan (Welsh title) Edward of Caernarfon (British title)

The first native Welsh prince was Gruffudd ap Cynan of Gwynedd, in 1137, although his son Owain Gwynedd (Owain ap Gruffudd) is often cited as having established the title. Llywelyn the Great is typically regarded as the strongest leader, holding power over the vast majority of Wales for 45 years. One of the last independent princes was Llywelyn ap Gruffydd (Llywelyn the Last), who was killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge in 1282. His brother, Dafydd ap Gruffydd, was executed the following year. After these two deaths, Edward I of England invested his son Edward of Caernarfon as the first English prince of Wales in 1301. The title was later claimed by the heir of Gwynedd, Owain Glyndŵr (Owain ap Gruffydd), from 1400 until 1415 (date of his assumed death) who led Welsh forces against the English. Since then, it has only been held by the heir apparent of the English and subsequently British monarch. The title is a subject of controversy in Wales.

The incumbent, William, received the title on 9 September 2022, the day after his father's accession to the throne as Charles III.

Native princes of Wales

Main article: List of rulers of Wales

Before prince of Wales

See also: King of the Britons and King of Wales

While many different Welsh rulers claimed the title of 'King of Wales' and some ruled a majority of the country, the modern-day territory was only fully united between 1055 and 1063, under the direct rule of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn,^[1][2] who was referred to as 'King of Wales' or Rex Walensium by John of Worcester.^[3]

The native use of the title 'Prince of Wales' appeared more frequently by the eleventh century as a modernised form of the old 'King of the Britons', a title used to describe the leader of the Celtic Britons, ancestors of the Welsh.^[4] The princes of the medieval period hailed largely from west Wales, mainly Gwynedd. They had significant power which allowed them to claim authority beyond the borders of their kingdoms.^[5]

End of native princes of Wales

See also: English rule in Wales

 

Monument to Llywelyn ap Gruffydd in Cilmeri where he was killed in 1282

Following the uniting of Wales under the rule of the Llywelyn princes, Edward I of England led 15,000 men to capture Wales. Resistance was led by Llywelyn ap Gruffydd who was killed by English soldiers in an ambush trick at the Battle of Orewin Bridge.^[6][7][8] Llywelyn's brother, Dafydd ap Gruffydd, took over leadership of Welsh fighters, but was captured and executed in 1283.^[9]

After the deaths of Llywelyn and Dafydd, King Edward introduced the royal ordinance of the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284. The statute was a constitutional change causing Wales to lose its de facto independence and formed the Principality of Wales within the Realm of England.^{[10][11][12][13]} Almost two decades later, Edward appointed his son and heir, Edward of Caernarfon, as prince of Wales.

Owain Glyndŵr

See also: Welsh Wars of Independence

 

Statue of Owain Glyndŵr in Corwen

 

Y Ddraig Aur ('The Golden Dragon'), a flag carried by Owain Glyndŵr

With the assassination of Owain Lawgoch in 1378, the senior line of the House of Aberffraw (descended from Llywelyn the Great in patrilineal succession) became extinct.^[14][15] As a result, the claim of the title 'Prince of Wales' fell to the other royal dynasties of Wales, namely Deheubarth and Powys. The leading heir in this respect was Owain Glyndŵr who was descended from both dynasties.^[16][17]

Glyndŵr was announced as prince of Wales in Glyndyfrdwy on 16 September 1400, and with his armies, he proceeded to attack English towns in north-east Wales. Henry IV led several attempted invasions but with limited success, while Owain solidified his control of the nation.

However, in 1407, the much larger and better equipped English forces began to overwhelm the Welsh and by 1409 they had reconquered most of the region. Glyndŵr fought on until he was cornered and under siege at Harlech Castle. He managed to escape and retreated to the Welsh wilderness with a band of loyal supporters, where he refused to surrender and continued the war with guerilla tactics. The last documented sighting of Owain Glyndŵr was in 1412 and his death was recorded by a former follower in the year 1415.^[18]

Arms

 

Arms used by the Gwynedd princes of Wales

Llywelyn ap Gruffydd

Three native princes of Wales used the House of Gwynedd arms. The House of Gwynedd is divided between the earlier House of Cunedda, which lasted from c. 420–825, and the later House of Aberffraw, beginning in 844.

Owain Glyndŵr

 

Arms used by Owain Lawgoch and Owain Glyndŵr

Owain Glyndŵr adapted the House of Gwynedd arms by making the lions rampant, making clear his descent from the princes of Gwynedd and Llywelyn the Last, and his defence of Wales. It is also suggested that this design was influenced by the arms of Powys Fadog and the coat of Deheubarth. Glyndŵr's father was a hereditary prince of Powys Fadog and his mother was noblewoman of Deheubarth.^[19]

The Glyndŵr arms were also used as a banner, carried into battle against the English. This banner is a symbol of Welsh defiance, resilience and protest,^[19] and is associated with Welsh nationhood.^[20][21]

As title of the English and British heir apparent

See also: Investiture of the Prince of Wales

According to conventional wisdom, since 1301 the prince of Wales has usually been the eldest living son (only if he is also the heir apparent) of the King or Queen Regnant of England (subsequently of Great Britain, 1707, and of the United Kingdom, 1801).

The title is neither automatic or heritable; it merges with the Crown when its holder eventually accedes to the throne, or reverts to the Crown if its holder predeceases the current monarch, leaving the sovereign free to grant it to the new heir apparent (such as the late prince's son or brother).^[22]

William Camden's Britannia describes the beginning of the English prince of Wales as heir apparent after Llywelyn ap Gruffydd was "slain":^[23]

As concerning the Princes of Wales of British bloud in ancient times, you may reade in the Historie of Wales published in print. For my part I thinke it requisite and pertinent to my intended purpose to set downe summarily those of latter daies, descended from the roiall line of England. King Edward the First, unto whom his father King Henrie the Third had granted the Principalitie of Wales, when hee had obtained the Crowne and Lhewellin Ap Gryffith, the last Prince of the British race, was slain, and therby the sinewes as it were of the principalitie were cut, in the twelft yeere of his reigne united the same unto the Kingdome of England. And the whole province sware fealty and alleageance unto Edward of Caernarvon his sonne, whom hee made Prince of Wales. But King Edward the Second conferred not upon his sonne Edward the title of Prince of Wales, but onely the name of Earle of Chester and of Flint, so farre as ever I could learne out of the Records, and by that title summoned him to Parliament, being then nine yeres old. King Edward the Third first created his eldest sonne Edward surnamed the Blacke Prince, the Mirour of Chivalrie (being then Duke of Cornwall and Earle of Chester), Prince of Wales by solemne investure, with a cap of estate and Coronet set on his head, a gold ring put upon his finger, and a silver vierge delivered into his hand, with the assent of Parliament.^[24]

— William Camden, Britannia (1607)

In 2011, along with the other Commonwealth realms, the United Kingdom committed to the Perth Agreement, which proposed changes to the laws governing succession, including altering the male-preference primogeniture to absolute primogeniture.^[25] The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 was introduced to the British parliament on 12 December 2012, published the next day, and received royal assent on 25 April 2013.^[26] It was brought into force on 26 March 2015,^[27] at the same time as the other realms implemented the Perth Agreement in their own laws.^[28]

Titles and roles

After the conquest, 'Prince of Wales' has been a substantive title traditionally (but not necessarily) granted by the English or British monarch to the son or grandson who is the heir apparent to the throne.

Since 1301, the title 'Earl of Chester' has generally been granted to each heir apparent to the English throne, and from the late 14th century it has been given only in conjunction with that of 'Prince of Wales'. Both titles are bestowed to each individual by the sovereign and are not automatically acquired.^[29]

The prince of Wales usually has other titles and honours, if the eldest son of the monarch; typically this means being duke of Cornwall, which, unlike being prince of Wales, inherently includes lands and constitutional and operational responsibilities. The duchy of Cornwall was created in 1337 by Edward III for his son and heir, Edward of Woodstock (also known as 'The Black Prince'). A charter was also created which ruled that the eldest son of the king would be the duke of Cornwall.^[30]

No formal public role or responsibility has been legislated by Parliament or otherwise delegated to the prince of Wales by law or custom. In that role, Charles often assisted Elizabeth II in the performance of her duties. He represented her when welcoming dignitaries to London and during state visits. He also represented the Queen and the United Kingdom overseas at state and ceremonial occasions such as funerals.^[31] The prince of Wales has also been granted the authority to issue royal warrants.^[32]

British (formerly English) insignia

Main article: Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales

As heir apparent to the sovereign, the prince of Wales bears the royal arms differenced by a white label of three points. To represent Wales he bears the coat of arms of the Principality of Wales, crowned with the heir apparent's crown, on an inescutcheon-en-surtout. This was first used by the future Edward VIII in 1910, and followed by the most recent prince of Wales, now King Charles III.^[33]

The heraldic badge of the three feathers is the badge of the duke of Cornwall, or heir apparent to the British throne.^[34] The ostrich feathers heraldic motif is generally traced back to Edward of Woodstock ('The Black Prince'). He bore (as an alternative to his differenced royal arms) a shield of Sable, three ostrich feathers argent, described as his "shield for peace", probably meaning the shield he used for jousting. These arms appear several times on his chest tomb in Canterbury Cathedral, alternating with his paternal royal arms (the royal arms of King Edward III differenced by a label of three points argent).^[35] The Black Prince also used heraldic badges of one or more ostrich feathers in various other contexts.^[36]

Opposition to the title

 

Welsh people opposing to the investiture of Prince Charles at Caernarfon Castle

Main article: Controversy of the Prince of Wales title

While Prince Charles's 1969 investiture was "largely welcomed" in Wales,^[37] and it was watched by 19 million in the UK and another 500 million around the world, protests described as an anti-investiture movement, also took place in the days leading up to the ceremony.^[38][39] Multiple Welsh organisations and individuals were against the event, including Dafydd Iwan,^[40] Edward Millward,^[41] Cofia 1282 ('Remember 1282'),^[42] and the Welsh Language Society.^[43] On the day of the investiture, a few protesters were arrested.^[44]

Since then, further prominent organisations and figures in Wales have called for an end to the title including Plaid Cymru (which has since changed its stance),^[45][46] Republic,^[47] Michael Sheen,^[48] and Dafydd Elis-Thomas.^[49] Following Charles III's accession to the throne in September 2022, a petition was launched calling for the abolition of the title "Prince of Wales", which had received over 35,000 signatures.^[50] Mark Drakeford,^[51] Adam Price,^[52] Jane Dodds,^[53] and YesCymru^[54] have all acknowledged a potential for a debate or have suggested potential for Welsh decision. On 6 October 2022, Gwynedd Council, the local authority where Charles was invested, voted to declare opposition to the title of 'Prince of Wales' and against holding another investiture in Wales.^[55]

Opinion polls

A BBC Wales poll in 1999 found that 73% of Welsh speakers wanted the position of Prince of Wales to continue.^[56]

A BBC poll in 2009, marking the 40th anniversary of the investiture, indicated that 38% of the Welsh population was in favour of a similar public ceremony for Prince William after Prince Charles became king.^[57]

An ITV poll in 2018 found 57% of Welsh people in support of the title passing on when the then prince became king, with 27% opposed. Support for a similar investiture was lower, with 31% supporting, 27% opposed and 18% wanting a different kind of investiture.^[58]

List of princes of Wales (English or British heirs apparent)

Person	Name	Heir of	Birth	Became heir apparent	Created Prince of Wales	Ceased to be Prince of Wales	Death
	Edward of Caernarfon	Edward I	25 April 1284	19 August 1284	7 February 1301^[29]	7 July 1307 acceded to throne as Edward II	21 September 1327
	Edward of Woodstock	Edward III	15 June 1330		12 May 1343^[29]	8 June 1376 deceased
	Richard of Bordeaux		6 January 1367	8 June 1376	20 November 1376^[29]	22 June 1377 acceded to throne as Richard II	14 February 1400
	Henry of Monmouth	Henry IV	16 September 1386	30 September 1399	15 October 1399^[29]	21 March 1413 acceded to throne as Henry V	31 August 1422
	Edward of Westminster	Henry VI	13 October 1453		15 March 1454^[29]	11 April 1471 father deposed	4 May 1471 deceased
	Edward of York	Edward IV	4 November 1470	11 April 1471	26 June 1471^[29]	9 April 1483 acceded to throne as Edward V	1483
	Edward of Middleham	Richard III	1473	26 June 1483	24 August 1483^[29]	31 March or 9 April 1484 deceased
	Arthur Tudor	Henry VII	20 September 1486		29 November 1489^[29]	2 April 1502 deceased
	Henry Tudor		28 June 1491	2 April 1502	18 February 1504^[29]	21 April 1509 acceded to throne as Henry VIII	28 January 1547
	Edward Tudor	Henry VIII	12 October 1537		c. 18 October 1537^[59]^[60]	28 January 1547 acceded to throne as Edward VI	6 July 1553
	Henry Frederick Stuart	James I	19 February 1594	24 March 1603	4 June 1610^[29]	6 November 1612 deceased
	Charles Stuart		19 November 1600	6 November 1612	4 November 1616^[29]	27 March 1625 acceded to throne as Charles I	30 January 1649
	Charles Stuart	Charles I	29 May 1630		c. 1638–1641^[29]	30 January 1649 title abolished; later (1660) acceded to throne as Charles II	6 February 1685
	James Francis Edward Stuart	James II	10 June 1688		c. 4 July 1688^[29]	11 December 1688^[61] father deposed	1 January 1766
	George Augustus	George I	10 November 1683	1 August 1714	27 September 1714^[29]^[62]	11 June 1727 acceded to throne as George II	25 October 1760
	Frederick Louis	George II	1 February 1707	11 June 1727	7 January 1728^[29]^[63]	31 March 1751 deceased
	George William Frederick		4 June 1738	31 March 1751	20 April 1751^[29]^[64]	25 October 1760 acceded to throne as George III	29 January 1820
	George Augustus Frederick	George III	12 August 1762		17 August 1762^[29]^[65]	29 January 1820 acceded to throne as George IV	26 June 1830
	Albert Edward	Victoria	9 November 1841		8 December 1841^[29]^[66]	22 January 1901 acceded to throne as Edward VII	6 May 1910
	George Frederick Ernest Albert	Edward VII	3 June 1865	22 January 1901	9 November 1901^[67]	6 May 1910 acceded to throne as George V	20 January 1936
	Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David	George V	23 June 1894	6 May 1910	23 June 1910^[29]^[68]	20 January 1936 acceded to throne as Edward VIII; later (1937) Duke of Windsor	28 May 1972
	Charles Philip Arthur George	Elizabeth II	14 November 1948	6 February 1952	26 July 1958^[69]	8 September 2022 acceded to throne as Charles III	living
	William Arthur Philip Louis	Charles III	21 June 1982	8 September 2022	9 September 2022^[70]	Incumbent	living

The current sovereign Charles III was the longest serving prince of Wales for 64 years and 44 days between 1958 and 2022. He was also heir apparent for longer than any other in British history.^[71] Upon the death of his mother on 8 September 2022, Charles became king and the title merged with the Crown.^[72] The following day, King Charles III bestowed the title upon his elder son, Prince William, Duke of Cornwall and Cambridge.^[73][70]

Family tree

v t e Princes of Wales, Dukes of Cornwall, Dukes of Rothesay, Earls of Carrick and Earls of Chester family tree

Earl of Chester (first creation), 1067–1070 Gerbod the Fleming (?) Earl of Chester King William I (c. 1028–1087) Earldom of Chester (first creation) forfeit, 1071 Earl of Chester (second creation), 1071 Maud (Margaret) Hugh d'Avranches (c. 1047–1101) 1st Earl of Chester Adela of Normandy (c. 1067–1137) Stephen, Count of Blois (c. 1045–1102) King Henry I (c. 1068–1135) Ranulf le Meschin (1070–1129) 3rd Earl of Chester Richard d'Avranches (1094–1120) 2nd Earl of Chester Lucia-Mahaut (d. 1120) Robert Rufus 1st Earl of Gloucester (c. 1090–1147) Ranulf de Gernon (1099–1153) 4th Earl of Chester Maud (Matilda) of Gloucester (d. 1189) Hugh of Cyfeiliog (1147–1181) 5th Earl of Chester Ranulf de Blondeville (1170–1232) 6th Earl of Chester Earl of Lincoln Matilda (Maud) (1171–1233) Countess of Chester suo jure EARL OF CHESTER (fourth creation), 1264 John of Scotland (c. 1207–1237) 7th Earl of Chester Earl of Huntingdon Simon de Montfort (1208–1265) Earl of Chester Earl of Leicester Earldom of Chester (second creation) reverted to the crown, 1237 EARL OF CHESTER (third creation), 1254 Earldom of Chester (fourth creation) forfeit, 1265 Edward, Lord of Chester (1239–1307) Earl of Chester (without the title of Earl) later King Edward I Earldom of Chester (third creation) reverted to the crown, 1272 EARL OF CHESTER (fifth creation), 1301 Edward of Caernarfon (1284–1327) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1301–1307) later King Edward II Earldom of Chester (fifth creation) reverted to the crown, 1307 EARL OF CHESTER (sixth creation), 1312 Robert Stewart (1316–1390) Earl of Carrick (1316–1368) later King Robert II of Scots Edward Plantagenet (1312–1377) Earl of Chester (1312–1327) later King Edward III Hereafter, the Earldom of Chester was created in conjunction with the Principality of Wales. DUKE OF CORNWALL, 1337 John Stewart (1337–1406) Earl of Carrick (1368–1390) later King Robert III of Scots Edward the Black Prince (1330–1376) Duke of Cornwall (1337–1376) Prince of Wales (1343–1376) John of Gaunt (1340–1399) Duke of Lancaster Lionel of Antwerp (1338–1368) Duke of Clarence Edmund of Langley (1341–1402) Duke of York Dukedom of Cornwall extinct, 1376 DUKE OF CORNWALL, 1376 Richard of Bordeaux (1367–1400) Prince of Wales (1376–1377) Duke of Cornwall (1376–1377) later King Richard II John Beaufort (c. 1371–1410) King Henry IV (1366–1413) Philippa of Clarence (1355–1382) Dukedom of Cornwall merged in the Crown, 1377 Roger Mortimer (1374–1398) DUKE OF ROTHESAY created, 1398 DUKE OF CORNWALL restored, 1399 David Stewart (1378–1402) Earl of Carrick (1390–1402) Duke of Rothesay (1398–1402) Henry of Monmouth (1386–1422) Prince of Wales (1399–1413) Duke of Cornwall (1399–1413) later King Henry V Anne de Mortimer (1390–1411) Richard of Conisburgh (c. 1375–1415) Earl of Cambridge DUKE OF CORNWALL, 1460 James (1394–1437) Earl of Carrick (1402–1406) Duke of Rothesay (1404–1406) later King James I of Scots Joan Beaufort (c. 1404–1445) John Beaufort (1404–1444) Duke of Somerset Henry (1421–1471) Duke of Cornwall (1421–1422) later King Henry VI Richard Plantagenet (1411–1460) Duke of York Prince of Wales (1460) Duke of Cornwall (1460) Alexander Stewart (1430) Duke of Rothesay (1430) James (1430–1460) Duke of Rothesay (1431–1437) later King James II of Scots Lady Margaret Beaufort (1441/1443–1509) Edward of Westminster (1453–1471) Prince of Wales (1454–1471) Duke of Cornwall (1454–1471) King Edward IV (1442–1483) King Richard III (1452–1485) James (1451–1488) Duke of Rothesay (1452–1460) later King James III of Scots King Henry VII (1457–1509) Edward (1470–?) Prince of Wales (1471–1483) Duke of Cornwall (1471–1483) later King Edward V Edward of Middleham (c. 1473–1484) Prince of Wales (1483–1484) Duke of Cornwall (1483–1484) From the 1469 Act of Scottish Parliament, the Earldom of Carrick and the Dukedom of Rothesay was to be automatically held by the "first-born Prince of the King of Scots." James (1473–1513) Duke of Rothesay (1473–1488) later King James IV of Scots Margaret Tudor (1489–1541) Arthur Tudor (1486–1502) Prince of Wales (1489–1502) Duke of Cornwall (1486–1502) Henry Tudor (1491–1547) Prince of Wales (1504–1509) Duke of Cornwall (1502–1509) later King Henry VIII James Stewart (1507–1508) Duke of Rothesay (1507–1508) Arthur Stewart (1509–1510) Duke of Rothesay (1509–1510) James (1512–1542) Duke of Rothesay (1512–1513) later King James V of Scots Henry (1511) Duke of York Duke of Cornwall (1511) Edward Tudor (1537–1553) Prince of Wales (1537–1547) Duke of Cornwall (1537–1547) later King Edward VI James Stewart (1540–1541) Duke of Rothesay (1540–1541) Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–1587) James Charles Stuart (1566–1625) Duke of Rothesay (1566–1567) later King James VI/I Henry Frederick Stuart (1594–1612) Prince of Wales (1610–1612) Duke of Cornwall (1603–1612) Duke of Rothesay (1594–1612) Elizabeth Stuart (1596–1662) Charles Stuart (1600–1649) Prince of Wales (1616–1625) Duke of Cornwall (1612–1625) Duke of Rothesay (1612–1625) later King Charles I Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714) Charles James (1629) Duke of Cornwall (1629) Duke of Rothesay (1629) styled Prince of Wales Charles Stuart (1630–1685) Prince of Wales (c. 1638/1641–1649) Duke of Cornwall (1630–1649) Duke of Rothesay (1630–1649) later King Charles II King James II/VII (1633–1701) King George I (1660–1727) George Augustus (1683–1760) Prince of Wales (1714–1727) Duke of Cornwall (1714–1727) Duke of Rothesay (1714–1727) later King George II James Francis Edward Stuart (1688–1766) Prince of Wales (c. 1688–1688) Duke of Cornwall (1688–1702) Duke of Rothesay (1688–1702) Frederick Louis (1707–1751) Prince of Wales (1728–1751) Duke of Cornwall (1727–1751) Duke of Rothesay (1727–1751) George William Frederick (1738–1820) Prince of Wales (1751–1760) later King George III George Augustus Frederick (1762–1830) Prince of Wales (1762–1820) Duke of Cornwall (1762–1820) Duke of Rothesay (1762–1820) later King George IV Edward Augustus (1767–1820) Duke of Kent and Strathearn Queen Victoria (1819–1901) Albert Edward (1841–1910) Prince of Wales (1841–1901) Duke of Cornwall (1841–1901) Duke of Rothesay (1841–1901) later King Edward VII George Frederick Ernest Albert (1865–1936) Prince of Wales (1901–1910) Duke of Cornwall (1901–1910) Duke of Rothesay (1901–1910) later King George V Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David (1894–1972) Prince of Wales (1910–1936) Duke of Cornwall (1910–1936) Duke of Rothesay (1910–1936) later King Edward VIII later Duke of Windsor King George VI (1895–1952) Queen Elizabeth II (1926–2022) Charles Philip Arthur George (b. 1948) Prince of Wales (1958–2022) Duke of Cornwall (1952–2022) Duke of Rothesay (1952–2022) later King Charles III William Arthur Philip Louis (b. 1982) Prince of Wales (since 2022) Duke of Cornwall (since 2022) Duke of Rothesay (since 2022) Duke of Cambridge Prince George of Wales (b. 2013)

See also

• Princess of Wales
• Prince of Wales's feathers
• List of heirs to the British throne
• List of heirs to the English throne
• Prince's Consent

References

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36. Siddons 2009, pp. 178–9.
37. Berry-Waite, Lisa (22 May 2022). "The Investiture of the Prince of Wales". The National Archives blog.
38. Ellis, John Stephen (2008). Investiture: Royal Ceremony and National Identity in Wales, 1911-1969. University of Wales Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-7083-2000-6.
39. "50 years since the Investiture". National Library of Wales Blog. 1 July 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
40. Jones, Craig Owen (Summer 2013). ""Songs of Malice and Spite"?: Wales, Prince Charles, and an Anti-Investiture Ballad of Dafydd Iwan". Music and Politics. 7 (2). doi:10.3998/mp.9460447.0007.203. hdl:2027/spo.9460447.0007.203. ISSN 1938-7687.
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44. Stephen), Ellis, John S. (John (2008). Investiture : royal ceremony and national identity in Wales, 1911-1969. University of Wales Press. p. 235. OCLC 647632453.
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46. "Declaring a new Prince of Wales with no discussion with the people of Wales wasn't right". Nation.Cymru. 10 September 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
47. "'Wales doesn't need a prince': Anti-monarchy billboards spark backlash". Sky News. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
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51. Hayward, Will (16 September 2022). "Mark Drakeford says 'We need to have a debate about the Prince of Wales'". WalesOnline. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
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54. "YesCymru statement - Prince of Wales". YesCymru EN. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
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61. Continued claiming title until 1701
62. "No. 5264". The London Gazette. 28 September 1714. p. 1.
63. "No. 6741". The London Gazette. 4 January 1728. p. 2.
64. "No. 9050". The London Gazette. 16 April 1751. p. 1.
65. "No. 10235". The London Gazette. 14 August 1762. p. 2.
66. "No. 20049". The London Gazette. 7 December 1841. p. 3163.
67. "No. 27375". The London Gazette. 9 November 1901. p. 7289.
68. "No. 28387". The London Gazette. 23 June 1910. p. 4473.
69. "No. 41460". The London Gazette. 29 July 1958. p. 4733.
70. "William named the new Prince of Wales by King Charles III". BBC. 9 September 2022.
71. Bryan, Nicola (9 September 2017). "Prince Charles is longest-serving Prince of Wales". BBC.com. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
72. "Royal Family tree and line of succession". BBC News. 9 September 2022.
73. Furness, Hannah (9 September 2022). "Royal title changes: William to become Prince of Wales". The Telegraph.

Sources

• Carr, Anthony D. (1995). Medieval Wales. Basingstoke: Macmillan. ISBN 0312125097.
• Davies, Rees R. (2000). The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063–1415 (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198208782.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Princes of Wales.

• The Prince of Wales (official website until 2022) which includes a list of and history of previous Princes of Wales since Llewelyn ap Gruffydd (aka Llewelyn the Last)