Kaykaus ibn Kaykhusraw or Kayka'us II (Persian: عز الدين كيكاوس بن كيخسرو, ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kaykāwus ibn Kaykhusraw) was the sultan of the Seljuqs of Rûm from 1246 until 1262.[1]
Kaykaus was the eldest of three sons of Kaykhusraw II. His mother was Prodoulia, who was ethnically Byzantine Greek.[2] He was a youth at the time of his father's death in 1246 and could do little to prevent the Mongol conquest of Anatolia. For most of his tenure as the Seljuq Sultan of Rûm, he shared the throne with one or both of his brothers, Kilij Arslan IV and Kayqubad II. Mongol commander Baiju threatened him and warned him of being late with paying tribute and requested new pastures in Anatolia for the Mongol cavalry. The Mongols defeated Kaykaus who then fled to the Byzantine empire in 1256. The Byzantine court detained him, though, they welcomed him as usual. So Kaykaus's brother Kayqubad appealed to Berke Khan of the Golden Horde. Nogai invaded the Empire in 1265 and released him and his men after Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos detained an envoy from Cairo to Berke. Berke gave Kaykaus appanage in Crimea and had him married to his daughter, Urbay Khatun.[3] He died an exile in 1279 or 1280 in Crimea.
According to Rustam Shukurov, Kaykaus II "had dual Christian and Muslim identity, an identity which was further complicated by dual Turkic/Persian and Greek ethnic identity".[4]
Legacy
1251 Persian manuscript of Ali ibn Khalifa Salmasi's Durar-e makhzan-e kaykawusi ("The Pearls of the Treasury of Kay Kawus"), commissioned for the library of Sultan Kaykaus II. Created in Konya
Though deposed and exiled, Kaykaus remained popular among the Turkmen of Anatolia and a threat to the stability of the fragile Seljuq-Mongol relationship. The vizier Fakhr al-Din Ali was imprisoned for a time in 1271 for corresponding with him. It was from Kaykaus that Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey in 1276 sought help in his uprising against the Mongols. Since Kaykaus was in no position to help, Mehmed Bey thought it best to have a representative of Kaykaus’ line on his side, even if only an imposter, and named Jimri as head of the revolt. Kaykaus later dispatched several of his sons from the Crimea as pretenders, one of which, Masud II, was ultimately successful in winning the Seljuq throne in 1280.
Some modern historians consider the Byzantine noble Athanasios Soultanos to have been the brother or son of Kaykaus, but this is unlikely due to the later age Soultanos lived in. However another branch of the Christianized aristocratic family of the Soultanoi was indeed begun by a close relative of Kaykaus, whence their name.[5]
In the Ottoman period the rebel Sheikh Bedreddin, who drew support largely from Turkmen migrants to the Balkans, claimed descent from Kaykaus II.
Peacock, A.C.S.; Yildiz, Sara Nur, eds. (2013). The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East. I.B.Tauris. ISBN978-0857733467.
Claude Cahen, Pre-Ottoman Turkey: a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history, trans. J. Jones-Williams, (New York: Taplinger, 1968) 271–279.
Shukurov, Rustam (2016). The Byzantine Turks, 1204-1461. BRILL. ISBN9789004307759.
External links
Prof. Dr. Mehmet Eti. . Archived from the original on 2008-02-01.
Prof. Dr. Mehmet Eti. . Archived from the original on 2008-02-01.
kaykaus, kaykaus, kaykhusraw, kayka, persian, عز, الدين, كيكاوس, بن, كيخسرو, ʿizz, dīn, kaykāwus, kaykhusraw, sultan, seljuqs, rûm, from, 1246, until, 1262, reign1246, 1262predecessorkaykhusraw, iisuccessorkilij, arslan, ivco, sultankayqubad, 1249, 1254, kilij. Kaykaus ibn Kaykhusraw or Kayka us II Persian عز الدين كيكاوس بن كيخسرو ʿIzz ad Din Kaykawus ibn Kaykhusraw was the sultan of the Seljuqs of Rum from 1246 until 1262 1 Kaykaus IIReign1246 1262PredecessorKaykhusraw IISuccessorKilij Arslan IVCo sultanKayqubad II 1249 1254 Kilij Arslan IV 1249 1254 and 1257 1262 Died1279 80Crimeafaعز الدين كيكاوس بن كيخسروHouseHouse of SeljuqFatherKaykhusraw IIMotherProdoulia Contents 1 Life 2 Legacy 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External linksLife EditKaykaus was the eldest of three sons of Kaykhusraw II His mother was Prodoulia who was ethnically Byzantine Greek 2 He was a youth at the time of his father s death in 1246 and could do little to prevent the Mongol conquest of Anatolia For most of his tenure as the Seljuq Sultan of Rum he shared the throne with one or both of his brothers Kilij Arslan IV and Kayqubad II Mongol commander Baiju threatened him and warned him of being late with paying tribute and requested new pastures in Anatolia for the Mongol cavalry The Mongols defeated Kaykaus who then fled to the Byzantine empire in 1256 The Byzantine court detained him though they welcomed him as usual So Kaykaus s brother Kayqubad appealed to Berke Khan of the Golden Horde Nogai invaded the Empire in 1265 and released him and his men after Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos detained an envoy from Cairo to Berke Berke gave Kaykaus appanage in Crimea and had him married to his daughter Urbay Khatun 3 He died an exile in 1279 or 1280 in Crimea According to Rustam Shukurov Kaykaus II had dual Christian and Muslim identity an identity which was further complicated by dual Turkic Persian and Greek ethnic identity 4 Legacy Edit 1251 Persian manuscript of Ali ibn Khalifa Salmasi s Durar e makhzan e kaykawusi The Pearls of the Treasury of Kay Kawus commissioned for the library of Sultan Kaykaus II Created in Konya Though deposed and exiled Kaykaus remained popular among the Turkmen of Anatolia and a threat to the stability of the fragile Seljuq Mongol relationship The vizier Fakhr al Din Ali was imprisoned for a time in 1271 for corresponding with him It was from Kaykaus that Karamanoglu Mehmed Bey in 1276 sought help in his uprising against the Mongols Since Kaykaus was in no position to help Mehmed Bey thought it best to have a representative of Kaykaus line on his side even if only an imposter and named Jimri as head of the revolt Kaykaus later dispatched several of his sons from the Crimea as pretenders one of which Masud II was ultimately successful in winning the Seljuq throne in 1280 Some modern historians consider the Byzantine noble Athanasios Soultanos to have been the brother or son of Kaykaus but this is unlikely due to the later age Soultanos lived in However another branch of the Christianized aristocratic family of the Soultanoi was indeed begun by a close relative of Kaykaus whence their name 5 In the Ottoman period the rebel Sheikh Bedreddin who drew support largely from Turkmen migrants to the Balkans claimed descent from Kaykaus II See also EditAnatolian Seljuks family treeReferences Edit KEYKAVUS II TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi Peacock amp Yildiz 2013 pp 118 119 121 Bruno De Nicola Women in Mongol Iran The Khatuns 2017 p 115 Peacock amp Yildiz 2013 p 133 Shukurov 2016 pp 190 196 Sources EditPeacock A C S Yildiz Sara Nur eds 2013 The Seljuks of Anatolia Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East I B Tauris ISBN 978 0857733467 Claude Cahen Pre Ottoman Turkey a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history trans J Jones Williams New York Taplinger 1968 271 279 Shukurov Rustam 2016 The Byzantine Turks 1204 1461 BRILL ISBN 9789004307759 External links EditProf Dr Mehmet Eti Anatolian Coins gt Seljuqs of Rum gt Kay Ka us II first reign Archived from the original on 2008 02 01 Prof Dr Mehmet Eti Anatolian Coins gt Seljuqs of Rum gt Kay Ka us II second reign Archived from the original on 2008 02 01 Preceded byKaykhusraw II Sultan of Rum1246 1262 Succeeded byKilij Arslan IV Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kaykaus II amp oldid 1111888536, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
