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Eurasian golden oriole

April 12, 2024

The Eurasian golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus), also called the common golden oriole, is the only member of the Old World oriole family of passerine birds breeding in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions. It is a summer migrant in Europe and Palearctic and spends the winter season in central and southern Africa.

Eurasian golden oriole
Male
Female
Song and call recorded in Russia
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Oriolidae
Genus: Oriolus
Species:
O. oriolus
Binomial name
Oriolus oriolus
     Summer      Winter
Synonyms
  • Coracias oriolus Linnaeus, 1758
  • Oriolus galbula
    Linnaeus[2]

Taxonomy and systematics edit

The Eurasian golden oriole was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae and given the binomial name Coracias oriolus.[3] The species is now placed in the genus Oriolus that Linnaeus introduced in 1766.[4]

The Eurasian golden oriole and the Indian golden oriole were formerly considered as conspecific, but in 2005 they were treated as separate species by the ornithologists Pamela Rasmussen and John Anderton, in the first edition of their Birds of South Asia.[5][6] Support for this split was provided by a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010,[7] and most ornithologists now treat the Indian golden oriole as a separate species.[8] Alternate names for the Eurasian golden oriole include the European golden oriole and western Eurasian golden oriole. The species is monotypic.[4]

Etymology edit

The name "oriole" was first used in the 18th century and is an adaptation of the scientific Latin genus name, which is derived from the Classical Latin "aureolus" meaning golden. Various forms of "oriole" have existed in Romance languages since the 12th and 13th centuries.[9] Albertus Magnus used the Latin form oriolus in about 1250 and erroneously stated that it was onomatopoeic because of the golden oriole's song. In medieval England its name, derived from the song, was the woodwele.

Description edit

The male is striking in the typical oriole black and yellow plumage, but the female is a drabber green bird. Orioles are shy, and even the male is remarkably difficult to see in the dappled yellow and green leaves of the canopy. In flight they look somewhat like a thrush, strong and direct with some shallow dips over longer distances.

Its call is a harsh "kweeaahk", but the song is a fluting weela-wee-ooo or or-iii-ole, unmistakable once heard, often with subtle variations between each phrase.[10]

The male of the Indian golden oriole (Oriolus kundoo) has the black eye-stripe extending behind the eye, has a longer and paler red bill and has more yellow in the plumage.[11][12]

Distribution and habitat edit

The breeding range of this species spans from western Europe and Scandinavia east to China. They winter in central and southern Africa.[1] They generally migrate during the night, but may travel during the day in the spring migration. During the autumn migration they migrate via the Eastern Mediterranean where they feed on fruit; they are often considered a pest in this region because of this.[13] They formerly bred in Great Britain; the last confirmed breeding was in 2009 in East Anglia.[14][15]

The Eurasian golden oriole inhabits a range of habitats. In Western Europe they prefer open broadleaf forests and plantations, copses, riverine forest, orchards, large gardens; in Eastern Europe they may inhabit more continuous forest as well as mixed or coniferous forests. They generally avoid treeless habitats but may forage there. In their wintering habitat they are found in semi-arid to humid woodland, tall forests, riverine forest, woodland/savanna mosaic and savanna.[13]

Behaviour and ecology edit

 
Nest placed in fork
 
Eggs of Oriolus oriolus

Breeding edit

Eurasian golden orioles may delay breeding until they are 2 or 3 years of age. Males usually arrive at breeding area several days before the females. The fidelity to a territory or even to a specific nest site suggests that the pair-bond may continue from one breeding season to the next.[16] The nest is placed high in a tree towards the edge of the crown. The deep cup-shaped nest is suspended below a horizontal fork of thin branches. It is built by the female, but the male will sometimes gather some of the material. The nest is held in place by plant fibres up to 40 cm (16 in) in length and lined with fine grass, feathers and wool. The clutch is usually between 3 and 5 eggs. These are laid at daily intervals early in the morning. The eggs are on average 30.4 mm × 21.3 mm (1.20 in × 0.84 in) with a calculated weight of 7.3 g (0.26 oz). They can be white, cream or very pale pink and are decorated with black marks which are sometimes concentrated at the larger end. The eggs are mainly incubated by the female but the male will incubate for short periods to allow the female to feed. The eggs hatch after 16–17 days. The young are fed by both parents but are mostly brooded by the female. The young fledge after 16–17 days. The clutch is only rarely lost to predators as the parents vigorously defend their nest.[17]

The greatest recorded age for a Eurasian golden oriole is 10 years and 1 month for a male that was ringed in Lincolnshire in 1986 and seen alive in Cambridgeshire in 1996.[18][19]

Feeding edit

They feed on insects and fruit, using their bills to pick insects out of crevices.

Conservation edit

Golden orioles have an extremely large range with large populations that are apparently stable. Therefore, they are evaluated as least concern by BirdLife International.[1]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2017). "Oriolus oriolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103692938A111783061. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103692938A111783061.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Oriolus oriolus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Eurasian Golden Oriole". Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  3. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Coracias oriolus". Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tenth ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 107.
  4. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Orioles, drongos, fantails". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  5. ^ Rasmussen, P. C.; Anderton, J. C. (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vol. Volume 2. Washington D.C. and Barcelona: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions. p. 586. ISBN 978-84-87334-66-5.
  6. ^ Mayr, E.; Greenway, J. C. Jr, eds. (1962). Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. Volume 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 127.
  7. ^ Jønsson, K.A.; Bowie, R.C.K.; Moyle, R.G.; Irestedt, M.; Christidis, L.; Norman, J.A.; Fjeldså, J. (2010). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Oriolidae (Aves: Passeriformes)". Ecography. 33 (2): 232–241. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06167.x.
  8. ^ Lepage, D. "Indian Golden-Oriole Oriolus kundoo Sykes, 1832". Avibase. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  9. ^ "Oriole". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  10. ^ "Eurasian Golden Oriole (Oriolus oriolus) - Loriot d'Europe". WildEchoes. 30 January 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  11. ^ Rasmussen, P.C.; Anderton, J.C. (2012). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2((: Attributes and Status)) (Second ed.). Washington D.C.: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. p. 586. ISBN 978-84-96553-87-3.
  12. ^ Walther, B.; Jones, P. (2017). "Indian Golden Oriole (Oriolus kundoo)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.ingori1.01. S2CID 216174760. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  13. ^ a b Walther, B.A.; Jones, P.J. (2008). "Family Oriolidae (Orioles)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Christie, D.A. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 13: Penduline-tits to Shrikes. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 692–731 [722]. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3.
  14. ^ Dagley, J.R. (1994). "Golden Orioles in East Anglia and their conservation" (PDF). British Birds. 87: 205–219.
  15. ^ Eaton, Mark; Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2022). "Rare breeding birds in the UK in 2020" (PDF). British Birds. 115 (11): 623-692 [629].
  16. ^ Cramp & Perrins 1993, p. 421.
  17. ^ Cramp & Perrins 1993, pp. 429–430.
  18. ^ . British Trust for Ornithology. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  19. ^ "European Longevity Records". Euring. Retrieved 20 December 2017.

Sources edit

  • Cramp, Stanley; Perrins, C.M., eds. (1993). "Oriolus oriolus Golden oriole". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. VII: Flycatchers to Strikes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 415–433. ISBN 978-0-19-857510-8.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oriolus oriolus.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Oriolus oriolus.
  • Oriolus oriolus in Field Guide: Birds of the World on Flickr
  • "Oriolus oriolus". Avibase.  
  • Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.3 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze 2016-11-08 at the Wayback Machine
  • Internet Bird Collection: Golden Oriole videos, photos and sounds
  • (European =) Eurasian golden oriole - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.
  • Listen to an oriole singing
  • Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the Eurasian golden oriole

April 12, 2024
eurasian, golden, oriole, oriolus, oriolus, also, called, common, golden, oriole, only, member, world, oriole, family, passerine, birds, breeding, northern, hemisphere, temperate, regions, summer, migrant, europe, palearctic, spends, winter, season, central, s. The Eurasian golden oriole Oriolus oriolus also called the common golden oriole is the only member of the Old World oriole family of passerine birds breeding in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions It is a summer migrant in Europe and Palearctic and spends the winter season in central and southern Africa Eurasian golden orioleMaleFemale source source Song and call recorded in RussiaConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesFamily OriolidaeGenus OriolusSpecies O oriolusBinomial nameOriolus oriolus Linnaeus 1758 Summer WinterSynonymsCoracias oriolus Linnaeus 1758 Oriolus galbulaLinnaeus 2 Contents 1 Taxonomy and systematics 1 1 Etymology 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour and ecology 4 1 Breeding 4 2 Feeding 5 Conservation 6 References 7 Sources 8 External linksTaxonomy and systematics editThe Eurasian golden oriole was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae and given the binomial name Coracias oriolus 3 The species is now placed in the genus Oriolus that Linnaeus introduced in 1766 4 The Eurasian golden oriole and the Indian golden oriole were formerly considered as conspecific but in 2005 they were treated as separate species by the ornithologists Pamela Rasmussen and John Anderton in the first edition of their Birds of South Asia 5 6 Support for this split was provided by a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 7 and most ornithologists now treat the Indian golden oriole as a separate species 8 Alternate names for the Eurasian golden oriole include the European golden oriole and western Eurasian golden oriole The species is monotypic 4 Etymology edit The name oriole was first used in the 18th century and is an adaptation of the scientific Latin genus name which is derived from the Classical Latin aureolus meaning golden Various forms of oriole have existed in Romance languages since the 12th and 13th centuries 9 Albertus Magnus used the Latin form oriolus in about 1250 and erroneously stated that it was onomatopoeic because of the golden oriole s song In medieval England its name derived from the song was the woodwele Description editThe male is striking in the typical oriole black and yellow plumage but the female is a drabber green bird Orioles are shy and even the male is remarkably difficult to see in the dappled yellow and green leaves of the canopy In flight they look somewhat like a thrush strong and direct with some shallow dips over longer distances Its call is a harsh kweeaahk but the song is a fluting weela wee ooo or or iii ole unmistakable once heard often with subtle variations between each phrase 10 The male of the Indian golden oriole Oriolus kundoo has the black eye stripe extending behind the eye has a longer and paler red bill and has more yellow in the plumage 11 12 Distribution and habitat editThe breeding range of this species spans from western Europe and Scandinavia east to China They winter in central and southern Africa 1 They generally migrate during the night but may travel during the day in the spring migration During the autumn migration they migrate via the Eastern Mediterranean where they feed on fruit they are often considered a pest in this region because of this 13 They formerly bred in Great Britain the last confirmed breeding was in 2009 in East Anglia 14 15 The Eurasian golden oriole inhabits a range of habitats In Western Europe they prefer open broadleaf forests and plantations copses riverine forest orchards large gardens in Eastern Europe they may inhabit more continuous forest as well as mixed or coniferous forests They generally avoid treeless habitats but may forage there In their wintering habitat they are found in semi arid to humid woodland tall forests riverine forest woodland savanna mosaic and savanna 13 Behaviour and ecology edit nbsp Nest placed in fork nbsp Eggs of Oriolus oriolusBreeding edit Eurasian golden orioles may delay breeding until they are 2 or 3 years of age Males usually arrive at breeding area several days before the females The fidelity to a territory or even to a specific nest site suggests that the pair bond may continue from one breeding season to the next 16 The nest is placed high in a tree towards the edge of the crown The deep cup shaped nest is suspended below a horizontal fork of thin branches It is built by the female but the male will sometimes gather some of the material The nest is held in place by plant fibres up to 40 cm 16 in in length and lined with fine grass feathers and wool The clutch is usually between 3 and 5 eggs These are laid at daily intervals early in the morning The eggs are on average 30 4 mm 21 3 mm 1 20 in 0 84 in with a calculated weight of 7 3 g 0 26 oz They can be white cream or very pale pink and are decorated with black marks which are sometimes concentrated at the larger end The eggs are mainly incubated by the female but the male will incubate for short periods to allow the female to feed The eggs hatch after 16 17 days The young are fed by both parents but are mostly brooded by the female The young fledge after 16 17 days The clutch is only rarely lost to predators as the parents vigorously defend their nest 17 The greatest recorded age for a Eurasian golden oriole is 10 years and 1 month for a male that was ringed in Lincolnshire in 1986 and seen alive in Cambridgeshire in 1996 18 19 Feeding edit They feed on insects and fruit using their bills to pick insects out of crevices Conservation editGolden orioles have an extremely large range with large populations that are apparently stable Therefore they are evaluated as least concern by BirdLife International 1 References edit a b c BirdLife International 2017 Oriolus oriolus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T103692938A111783061 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 1 RLTS T103692938A111783061 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Oriolus oriolus Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian Golden Oriole Natural History Museum London Retrieved 2019 08 07 Linnaeus C 1758 Coracias oriolus Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in Latin Vol 1 Tenth ed Holmiae Laurentii Salvii p 107 a b Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds July 2023 Orioles drongos fantails IOC World Bird List Version 13 2 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 31 July 2023 Rasmussen P C Anderton J C 2005 Birds of South Asia The Ripley Guide Vol Volume 2 Washington D C and Barcelona Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions p 586 ISBN 978 84 87334 66 5 Mayr E Greenway J C Jr eds 1962 Check list of birds of the world Vol Volume 15 Cambridge Massachusetts Museum of Comparative Zoology p 127 Jonsson K A Bowie R C K Moyle R G Irestedt M Christidis L Norman J A Fjeldsa J 2010 Phylogeny and biogeography of Oriolidae Aves Passeriformes Ecography 33 2 232 241 doi 10 1111 j 1600 0587 2010 06167 x Lepage D Indian Golden Oriole Oriolus kundoo Sykes 1832 Avibase Retrieved 20 December 2017 Oriole Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus Loriot d Europe WildEchoes 30 January 2019 Retrieved 7 August 2022 Rasmussen P C Anderton J C 2012 Birds of South Asia The Ripley Guide Vol 2 Attributes and Status Second ed Washington D C Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History p 586 ISBN 978 84 96553 87 3 Walther B Jones P 2017 Indian Golden Oriole Oriolus kundoo In del Hoyo J Elliott A Sargatal J Christie D A de Juana E eds Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive Lynx Edicions doi 10 2173 bow ingori1 01 S2CID 216174760 Retrieved 18 December 2017 a b Walther B A Jones P J 2008 Family Oriolidae Orioles In del Hoyo J Elliott A Christie D A eds Handbook of the Birds of the World Vol 13 Penduline tits to Shrikes Barcelona Spain Lynx Edicions pp 692 731 722 ISBN 978 84 96553 45 3 Dagley J R 1994 Golden Orioles in East Anglia and their conservation PDF British Birds 87 205 219 Eaton Mark Rare Breeding Birds Panel 2022 Rare breeding birds in the UK in 2020 PDF British Birds 115 11 623 692 629 Cramp amp Perrins 1993 p 421 Cramp amp Perrins 1993 pp 429 430 Longevity records for Britain amp Ireland in 2016 British Trust for Ornithology Archived from the original on 21 July 2018 Retrieved 20 December 2017 European Longevity Records Euring Retrieved 20 December 2017 Sources editCramp Stanley Perrins C M eds 1993 Oriolus oriolus Golden oriole Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa The Birds of the Western Palearctic Vol VII Flycatchers to Strikes Oxford Oxford University Press pp 415 433 ISBN 978 0 19 857510 8 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oriolus oriolus nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Oriolus oriolus Oriolus oriolus in Field Guide Birds of the World on Flickr Oriolus oriolus Avibase nbsp Ageing and sexing PDF 5 3 MB by Javier Blasco Zumeta amp Gerd Michael Heinze Archived 2016 11 08 at the Wayback Machine Internet Bird Collection Golden Oriole videos photos and sounds European Eurasian golden oriole Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds Listen to an oriole singing Xeno canto audio recordings of the Eurasian golden oriole Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eurasian golden oriole amp oldid 1214609489, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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