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Kamakura shogunate

February 16, 2024

The Kamakura shogunate (Japanese: 鎌倉幕府, Hepburn: Kamakura bakufu) was the feudal military government of Japan during the Kamakura period from 1185 to 1333.[7][8]

Kamakura shogunate
鎌倉幕府
Kamakura bakufu
1192–1333
Mon of the Minamoto clan, of which the Seiwa Genji were a branch
CapitalHeian-kyō
(Emperor's palace)
Kamakura
(Shōgun's residence)
Common languagesLate Middle Japanese
Religion
GovernmentDiarchial[a] feudal hereditary
military dictatorship[3]
under hereditary regency[5]
Emperor 
• 1183–1198
Go-Toba
• 1318–1339
Go-Daigo
Shōgun 
• 1192–1199
Minamoto no Yoritomo
• 1308–1333
Prince Morikuni
Shikken 
• 1199–1205
Hōjō Tokimasa
• 1326–1333
Hōjō Moritoki
History 
• Minamoto no Yoritomo appointed shogun
August 21,[6] 1192
April 25, 1185
• Hōjō regency established
1203
May 18, 1333
CurrencyRyō
Preceded by		 Succeeded by

The Kamakura shogunate was established by Minamoto no Yoritomo after victory in the Genpei War and appointing himself as shōgun.[9] Yoritomo governed Japan as military dictator from the eastern city of Kamakura with the emperor of Japan and his Imperial Court in the official capital city of Heian-kyō (Kyoto) as figureheads.[7] The Kamakura shōguns were members of the Minamoto clan until 1226, the Fujiwara clan until 1252, and the last six were minor princes of the imperial family.[10] The Hōjō clan were the de facto rulers of Japan as shikken (regent) of the shōgun from 1203.[11][7][12][13] The Kamakura shogunate saw the Jōkyū War in 1221 and the Mongol invasions of Japan under Kublai Khan in 1274 and 1281. The Kamakura shogunate was overthrown in the Kenmu Restoration under Emperor Go-Daigo in 1333, re-establishing Imperial rule until Ashikaga Takauji and his offspring overthrew the imperial government and founded the Ashikaga shogunate in 1336 (Nanboku-chō period).

History edit

Establishment edit

Historically in Japan, the power of civilian government was primarily held by the ruling emperor of Japan and their regents, typically appointed from the ranks of the Imperial Court and the aristocratic clans that vied for influence there. Military affairs were handled under the auspices of the civil government.

From 1180 to 1185, the Genpei War was fought between the Taira and Minamoto clans as part of a longstanding violent rivalry for influence over the Emperor and his court. Minamoto no Yoritomo defeated the Taira clan, but in his victory seized power from the civil aristocracy, politically relegating the Emperor and his court to symbolic figureheads. In 1192, Yoritomo and the Minamoto clan established a military government in Kamakura.[7]

The Hōjō Regency edit

 
Minamoto no Yoritomo's procession goes to Kyoto during the early Kamakura Shogunate period.

Yoritomo unexpectedly died in an accident in 1199, leaving the Minamoto clan weakened. Hōjō Tokimasa, the father of Yoritomo's widow, Hōjō Masako, and former guardian and protector of Yoritomo, claimed the title of regent (shikken) to Yoritomo's son Minamoto no Yoriie, eventually making that claim hereditary to the Hōjō clan. At the same time, Hōjō Masako maneuvered herself into such a powerful, albeit informal, position that people began calling her the "nun shogun" in the place of her son Yoriie. As Minamoto no Yoriie grew older, however, he attempted to exert real power, resulting in a power struggle with the Hōjō clan of his own mother. These conflicts caused considerable tensions within the shogunate.[14] In 1201, the Jo clan unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow the Minamoto clan in the Kennin Rebellion.[15] Eventually, Tokimasa deposed Yoriie, backed up his younger brother, Minamoto no Sanetomo, as a new shōgun, and assumed the post of shikken. Sanetomo was only twelve at this point, and accordingly power factually rested with his mother Hōjō Masako. The Minamoto remained the titular shōguns, with the Hōjō holding the real power. In 1204, loyalists of Yoriie attempted an uprising to topple the Hōjō domination, but the latter defeated the rebels and assassinated Yoriie.[14]

In 1205, Hōjō Tokimasa attempted to depose Sanetomo, hoping to install his son-in-law as new shogun. However, his daughter Hōjō Masako saw this as threat to her own status; she arranged the pretender's murder and banished her father to a monastery.[14] In 1219, Sanetomo was assassinated by his nephew Kugyō. Since Sanetomo died childless, the line of shōguns from the Minamoto clan ended with him.[16] From this point onwards, the Hōjō were in total control.[15] With Sanetomo's death in 1219, his mother Hōjō Masako continued to serve as the shogunate's real center of power.[17] As long as she lived, regents and shōguns would come and go, while she stayed at the helm. Since the Hōjō family did not have the rank to nominate a shōgun from among its members, Masako had to find a convenient puppet.[18] The problem was solved by choosing Kujo Yoritsune, a distant relation of the Minamoto, who would be the fourth shōgun and figurehead, while Hōjō Yoshitoki would take care of day-to-day business.[18] However powerless, future shōguns would always be chosen from either Fujiwara or imperial lineage to keep the bloodline pure[18] and give legitimacy to the rule. This succession proceeded for more than a century.[18]

As a result, the Kamakura shogunate rested on an unusual pyramid of regents and de facto usurpation: The true rulers, namely the Hōjō regents, had usurped power from the Minamoto, who had usurped it from the Emperor, descending from Emperor Kōkō, who usurped it from the children of Emperor Seiwa. At the same time, the regents, shoguns, and emperors all still maintained their nominal positions and existed alongside each other. The regime nonetheless proved to be stable enough to last a total of 135 years, 9 shōguns and 16 regents.[17]

In 1221, Emperor Go-Toba tried to regain power in what would be called the Jōkyū War (承久の乱, Jōkyū no Ran), but the attempt failed.[19] The power of the Hōjō remained unchallenged until 1324, when Emperor Go-Daigo orchestrated a plot to overthrow them, but the plot was discovered almost immediately and foiled.[17]

Mongol invasions edit

 
A wooden Kongorikishi (Nio) created during the 14th-century at a temple in Sakai, Osaka

The Mongols under Kublai Khan attempted sea-borne invasions in 1274 and 1281.[20]

Fifty years before, the shogunate had agreed to Korean demands that the Wokou be dealt with to stop their raids, and this bit of good diplomacy had created a cooperative relationship between the two states, such that the Koreans, helpless with a Mongol occupation army garrisoning their country, had sent much intelligence information to Japan, so that along with messages from Japanese spies in the Korean peninsula, the shogunate had a good picture of the situation of the pending Mongol invasion.[21] The shogunate had rejected Kublai's demands to submit with contempt. The Mongol landings of 1274 met with some success, however there was no rout of the Japanese defenders, who in any case greatly outnumbered the 40,000 combined invasion force of Mongols and Korean conscripts. Noting an impending storm, the Korean admirals advised the Mongols to re-embark so that the fleet could be protected away from shore; however, the typhoon was so destructive that one-third of the Mongol force was destroyed.[22]

After the surviving forces returned to Mongol territory, Kublai was not dissuaded from his intentions of bringing Japan under Mongol control, and once again sent a message demanding submission, which infuriated the Hōjō leadership, who had the messengers executed. They responded with decisive action for defense—a wall was built to protect the hinterland of Hakata Bay, defensive posts were established, garrison lists were drawn up, regular manning of the home provinces was redirected to the western defenses, and ships were constructed to harass the invaders' fleet when they appeared.

The Mongols returned in 1281 with a force of some 50,000 Mongol-Korean-Chinese along with some 100,000 conscripts from the defeated Song empire in south China. This force embarked and fought the Japanese for some seven weeks at several locations in Kyushu, but the defenders held, and the Mongols made no strategic headway. Again, a typhoon approached, and the Koreans and Chinese re-embarked the combined Mongol invasion forces in an attempt to deal with the storm in the open sea. At least one-third of the Mongol force was destroyed, and perhaps half of the conscripted Song forces to the south over a two-day period of August 15–16. Thousands of invading troops were not able to embark in time and were slaughtered by the samurai. Such losses in men, material, and the exhaustion of the Korean state in provisioning the two invasions put an end to the Mongols' attempts to conquer Japan.[23] The "divine wind", or kamikaze, was credited for saving Japan from foreign invasion.

For two further decades the Kamakura shogunate maintained a watch in case the Mongols attempted another invasion. However, the strain on the military and the financial expenditures weakened the regime considerably. Additionally, the defensive war left no gains to distribute to the warriors who had fought it, leading to discontent. Construction of defensive walls added further expenses to the strained regime.[24]

Decline and fall edit

In 1331, Emperor Go-Daigo took arms against Kamakura, but was defeated by Kamakura's Ashikaga Takauji and exiled to Oki Island, in today's Shimane Prefecture.[19] A warlord then went to the exiled emperor's rescue, and in response the Hōjō sent forces again commanded by Takauji to attack Kyoto.[19] Once there, however, Takauji decided to switch sides and support Go-Daigo.[19] At the same time another warlord loyal to the emperor, Nitta Yoshisada, attacked Kamakura and took it.[17] About 870 Hōjō clan, including the last three Regents, committed suicide at their family temple, Tōshō-ji, whose ruins were found in today's Ōmachi.[17]

In 1336, Ashikaga Takauji assumed the position of shōgun himself, establishing the Ashikaga shogunate.

Institutions edit

The Kamakura shogunate functioned within the framework of the Heian system of Imperial rule.[25]

Yoritomo established a chancellery, or mandokoro, as his principal organ of government. Later, under the Hōjō, a separate institution, the hyōjōshū became the focus of government.

The shogunate appointed new military governors (shugo) over the provinces/states. These were selected mostly from powerful families in the different provinces, or the title was bestowed upon a general and his family after a successful campaign. Although they managed their own affairs, in theory they were still obliged to the central government through their allegiance to the shōgun. The military governors paralleled the existing system of governors and vice-governors (kokushi) appointed by the civil government in Kyoto.[citation needed]

Kamakura also appointed stewards, or jitō, to positions in the manors (shōen). These stewards received revenues from the manors in return for their military service. They served along with the holders of similar office, gesu, who delivered dues from the manor to the proprietor in Kyoto. Thus the dual governmental system reached to the manor level.[citation needed]

In legal matters, the government promulgated a legal code called Goseibai Shikimoku in 1232[26] which would continuously be used until the Muromachi period. A court of appeals was also set up during this period, called the Moncho-jo.[27]

List of Kamakura shōguns edit

 
Grave of Minamoto no Yoritomo
  1. Minamoto no Yoritomo, r. 1192–1199[28]
  2. Minamoto no Yoriie, r. 1202–1203[29]
  3. Minamoto no Sanetomo, r. 1203–1219[30]
  4. Fujiwara no Yoritsune, r. 1226–1244[31]
  5. Fujiwara no Yoritsugu, r. 1244–1252[32]
  6. Prince Munetaka, r. 1252–1266[33]
  7. Prince Koreyasu, r. 1266–1289[34]
  8. Prince Hisaaki, r. 1289–1308[35]
  9. Prince Morikuni, r. 1308–1333[36]

List of Kamakura shikken edit

 
Site of Hōjō Takatoki's death
  1. Hōjō Tokimasa, r. 1203–1205[37]
  2. Hōjō Yoshitoki, r. 1205–1224[38]
  3. Hōjō Yasutoki, r. 1224–1242[39]
  4. Hōjō Tsunetoki, r. 1242–1246[40]
  5. Hōjō Tokiyori, r. 1246–1256[41]
  6. Hōjō Tokimune, r. 1268–1284[42]
  7. Hōjō Sadatoki, r. 1284–1301[43]
  8. Hōjō Morotoki, r. 1301–1311[44]
  9. Hōjō Takatoki, r. 1316–1326[45]

Genealogy edit

Patrilineal descent edit

  •     Emperor Ninmyō, 54th Emperor (808–850; r. 833–850)
    •     Emperor Montoku, 55th Emperor (826–858; r. 850–858)
      •     Emperor Seiwa, 56th Emperor (850–878; r. 858–876)
    •     Emperor Kōkō, 58th Emperor (830–887; r. 884–887)
      •     Emperor Uda, 59th Emperor (867–931; r. 887–897)
        •     Emperor Daigo, 60th Emperor (884–930; r. 897–930)
          •     Emperor Murakami, 62nd Emperor (926–967; r. 946–967)
            •     Emperor En'yū, 64th Emperor (959–991; r. 969–984)
              •     Emperor Ichijō, 66th Emperor (980–1011; r. 986–1011)
                •     Emperor Go-Suzaku, 69th Emperor (1009–1045; r. 1036–1045)
                  •     Emperor Go-Sanjō, 71st Emperor (1034–1073; r. 1068–1073)
                    •     Emperor Shirakawa, 72nd Emperor (1053–1129; r. 1073–1087)
                      •     Emperor Horikawa, 73rd Emperor (1078–1107; r. 1087–1107)
                        •     Emperor Toba, 74th Emperor (1103–1156; r. 1107–1123)
                          •     Emperor Go-Shirakawa, 77th Emperor (1127–1192; r. 1155–1158)
                            •     Emperor Takakura, 80th Emperor (1161–1181; r. 1168–1180)
                              •     Emperor Go-Toba, 82nd Emperor (1180–1239; r. 1183–1198)
                                •     Emperor Tsuchimikado, 83rd Emperor (1196–1231; r. 1198–1210)
                                  •     Emperor Go-Saga, 88th Emperor (1220–1272; r. 1242–1246)
                                    •     VI. Imperial Prince Munetaka, 6th Kamakura shōgun (1242–1274; r. 1252–1266)
                                      •     VII. Imperial Prince Koreyasu, 7th Kamakura shōgun (1264–1326; r. 1266–1289)
                                    •     Emperor Go-Fukakusa, 89th Emperor (1243–1304; r. 1246–1260)
                                      •     VIII. Imperial Prince Hisaaki, 8th Kamakura shōgun (1276–1328; r. 1289–1308)
                                        •     IX. Imperial Prince Morikuni, 9th Kamakura shōgun (1301–1333; r. 1308–1333)
                                    •     Emperor Kameyama, 90th Emperor (1249–1305; r. 1259–1274)
                                      •     Emperor Go-Uda, 91st Emperor (1267–1324; r. 1274–1287)
                                        •     Emperor Go-Daigo, 96th Emperor (1288–1339; r. 1318–1339)
                                          •   Imperial Prince Moriyoshi, 1st Kenmu shōgun (1308–1335; r. 1333)
                                          •   Imperial Prince Narinaga, 2nd Kenmu shōgun (1326–1338?/1344?; r. 1334–1336)

Family Tree edit

 
(1147–1199)
Minamoto no Yoritomo(1)
r. 1192–1199		(d. 1190)
Bōmon Hime [ja]		(1147-1197)
Ichijō Yoshiyasu [ja]
 
(1182–1204)
Minamoto no Yoriie(2)
r. 1202–1203		 
(1192–1219)
Minamoto no Sanetomo(3)
r. 1203–1219		(1169–1206)
Kujō Yoshitsune		(1167-1200)
Daughter of
Ichijō Yoshiyasu		(d. 1227)
Ichijō Zenshi		(1171-1244)
Saionji Kintsune
(1198–1203)
Minamoto no Ichiman		(1200–1219)
Kugyō		(1193–1252)
Kujō Michiie		(1192–1253)
Saionji Rinshi [ja]		(1194-1269)
Saionji Saneuji
(1202–1234)
Minamoto no Yoshiko [ja]		 
(1218–1256)
Kujō Yoritsune(4)
r. 1226–1244		Omiya no Tsubone
daughter of
Fujiwara no Chikayoshi [ja]		(b. 1211)
Kujō Jinshi		(1210-1259)
Konoe Kanetsune		(d. 1308)
Taira no Muneko [ja]		(1220–1272)
Emperor Go-Saga		(1225-1292)
Saionji Kisshi
 
(1239–1256)
Kujō Yoritsugu(5)
r. 1244–1252		(b. 1241)
Konoe Saishi [ja]		 
(1242–1274)
Prince Munetaka(6)
r. 1252–1266		(1243-1304)
Emperor Go-Fukakusa
 
(1264–1326)
Prince Koreyasu(7)
r. 1266–1289
Daughter of
Prince Koreyasu		 
(1276–1328)
Prince Hisaaki(8)
r. 1289–1308
 
(1301–1333)
Prince Morikuni(9)
r. 1308–1333

Source:[46][47]


See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ With civil power in Kyoto and military power in Kamakura sharing authority for governing the nation.[4]

References edit

  1. ^ Naofusa Hirai. "Shinto § The encounter with Buddhism". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  2. ^ "Buddhism § Korea and Japan". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d "Kamakura period | Japanese history". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  4. ^ "Japan § Medieval Japan". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  5. ^ John A. Harrison. "Hōjō Family | Japanese family". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  6. ^ "First Shogunate in Japan". nationalgeographic.org. National Geographic Society. 6 April 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Kamakura-jidai" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 459.
  8. ^ "...not only was the Heian system of imperial-aristocratic rule still vigorous during the twelfth century, but also it remained the essential framework within which the bakufu, during its lifetime, was obliged to operate. In this sense, the Heian pattern of government survived into the fourteenth century - to be destroyed with the Kama-kura bakufu rather than by it." Warrior Rule in Japan, page 1. Cambridge University Press.
  9. ^ Nussbaum, "Shogun" at pp. 878–879.
  10. ^ Nussbaum, "Minamoto" at pp. 632–633.
  11. ^ Nussbaum, "Fujiwara" at pp. 200–201.
  12. ^ Nussbaum, "Hōjō" at pp. 339–340.
  13. ^ Nussbaum, "Shikken" at p. 857.
  14. ^ a b c Turnbull 2010, p. 11.
  15. ^ a b Turnbull 2010, p. 12.
  16. ^ Turnbull 2010, pp. 11–12.
  17. ^ a b c d e . History. January 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
  18. ^ a b c d "Encyclopædia Britannica online". The Hojo Regency. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
  19. ^ a b c d Kamakura: History & Historic Sites - The Kamakura Period, the Kamakura Citizen Net, accessed on April 27, 2008
  20. ^ Turnbull, Stephen R. (1987). Samurai Warriors, p. 38; Turnbull, (1966). Samurai Warfare, p. 98–99
  21. ^ Sansom, George Bailey. (1958). A History of Japan to 1334, p. 438–439.
  22. ^ Murdoch, James. (1964). A History of Japan, Vol. I, p. 511–513.
  23. ^ Sansom, p. 443–450.
  24. ^ Murdoch, p. 525.
  25. ^ Mass, Jeffrey P. (1996). "The Kamakura Bakufu" in Warrior Rule in Japan (Marius Jansen, ed.), p. 1.
  26. ^ Azuma Kagami (Hōjōbon) (in Japanese). Scroll 28. For date conversion, see Zhang, Peiyu (1997). 三千五百年历日天象 (in Chinese). Elephant Press.
  27. ^ Deal, William E. (2016). Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press. p. 92.
  28. ^ Nussbaum, "Minamoto no Yoritomo" at p. 635.
  29. ^ Nussbaum, "Minamoto no Yoriie" at p. 635.
  30. ^ Nussbaum, "Minamoto no Yoritomo" at pp. 633–634.
  31. ^ Nussbaum, "Fujiwara no Yoritsune" at p. 212; "Kujō Yoritsune" at p. 571 linking "Hōjō Masako" at p. 340
  32. ^ Nussbaum, "Fujiwara no Yoritsugu" at p. 212.
  33. ^ Nussbaum, "Munetaka Shinnō" at p. 666.
  34. ^ Nussbaum, "Koreyasu Shinnō" at p. 561.
  35. ^ Nussbaum, "Hisaakira Shinnō" at p. 321.
  36. ^ Nussbaum, "Morikuni Shinnō" at p. 660.
  37. ^ Nussbaum, "Hōjō Tokimasa" at p. 340.
  38. ^ Nussbaum, "Hōjō Yoshitoki" at p. 341.
  39. ^ Nussbaum, "Hōjō Yasutoki" at p. 341.
  40. ^ Nussbaum, "Hōjō Tsunetoki" at p. 341.
  41. ^ Nussbaum, "Hōjō Tokiyori" at p. 341.
  42. ^ Nussbaum, "Hōjō Tokimune" at p. 341.
  43. ^ Nussbaum, "Hōjō Sadatoki" at p. 340.
  44. ^ Nussbaum, "Hōjō Morotoki" at p. 340.
  45. ^ Nussbaum, "Hōjō Takatoki" at p. 340.
  46. ^ Genealogy, showing the different lines of descent from Emperor Ninmyō and the main family links between the Kamakura Shōguns (jp)
  47. ^ Fujiwara-Ichijō genealogy (jp)

Works cited edit

Further reading edit

  • Mass, Jeffrey P. (1976). The Kamakura bakufu : a study in documents. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • __________. (1974). Warrior government in early medieval Japan : a study of the Kamakura Bakufu, shugo and jitō. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
  • Ōyama Kyōhei. Kamakura bakufu 鎌倉幕府. Tokyo: Shōgakkan 小学館, 1974.

35°19′N 139°33′E / 35.317°N 139.550°E / 35.317; 139.550

February 16, 2024
kamakura, shogunate, japanese, 鎌倉幕府, hepburn, kamakura, bakufu, feudal, military, government, japan, during, kamakura, period, from, 1185, 1333, 鎌倉幕府, kamakura, bakufu1192, 1333mon, minamoto, clan, which, seiwa, genji, were, branchcapitalheian, kyō, emperor, p. The Kamakura shogunate Japanese 鎌倉幕府 Hepburn Kamakura bakufu was the feudal military government of Japan during the Kamakura period from 1185 to 1333 7 8 Kamakura shogunate鎌倉幕府 Kamakura bakufu1192 1333Mon of the Minamoto clan of which the Seiwa Genji were a branchCapitalHeian kyō Emperor s palace Kamakura Shōgun s residence Common languagesLate Middle JapaneseReligionShinbutsu shugō 1 Japanese Buddhism 2 Zen Buddhism 3 True Pure Land 3 Nichiren Buddhism 3 GovernmentDiarchial a feudal hereditarymilitary dictatorship 3 under hereditary regency 5 Emperor 1183 1198Go Toba 1318 1339Go DaigoShōgun 1192 1199Minamoto no Yoritomo 1308 1333Prince MorikuniShikken 1199 1205Hōjō Tokimasa 1326 1333Hōjō MoritokiHistory Minamoto no Yoritomo appointed shogunAugust 21 6 1192 Battle of Dan no uraApril 25 1185 Hōjō regency established1203 Siege of KamakuraMay 18 1333CurrencyRyōPreceded by Succeeded byHeian period Kenmu RestorationThe Kamakura shogunate was established by Minamoto no Yoritomo after victory in the Genpei War and appointing himself as shōgun 9 Yoritomo governed Japan as military dictator from the eastern city of Kamakura with the emperor of Japan and his Imperial Court in the official capital city of Heian kyō Kyoto as figureheads 7 The Kamakura shōguns were members of the Minamoto clan until 1226 the Fujiwara clan until 1252 and the last six were minor princes of the imperial family 10 The Hōjō clan were the de facto rulers of Japan as shikken regent of the shōgun from 1203 11 7 12 13 The Kamakura shogunate saw the Jōkyu War in 1221 and the Mongol invasions of Japan under Kublai Khan in 1274 and 1281 The Kamakura shogunate was overthrown in the Kenmu Restoration under Emperor Go Daigo in 1333 re establishing Imperial rule until Ashikaga Takauji and his offspring overthrew the imperial government and founded the Ashikaga shogunate in 1336 Nanboku chō period Contents 1 History 1 1 Establishment 1 2 The Hōjō Regency 1 3 Mongol invasions 1 4 Decline and fall 2 Institutions 3 List of Kamakura shōguns 3 1 List of Kamakura shikken 3 2 Genealogy 3 2 1 Patrilineal descent 3 2 2 Family Tree 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6 1 Works cited 7 Further readingHistory editEstablishment edit Historically in Japan the power of civilian government was primarily held by the ruling emperor of Japan and their regents typically appointed from the ranks of the Imperial Court and the aristocratic clans that vied for influence there Military affairs were handled under the auspices of the civil government From 1180 to 1185 the Genpei War was fought between the Taira and Minamoto clans as part of a longstanding violent rivalry for influence over the Emperor and his court Minamoto no Yoritomo defeated the Taira clan but in his victory seized power from the civil aristocracy politically relegating the Emperor and his court to symbolic figureheads In 1192 Yoritomo and the Minamoto clan established a military government in Kamakura 7 The Hōjō Regency edit nbsp Minamoto no Yoritomo s procession goes to Kyoto during the early Kamakura Shogunate period Yoritomo unexpectedly died in an accident in 1199 leaving the Minamoto clan weakened Hōjō Tokimasa the father of Yoritomo s widow Hōjō Masako and former guardian and protector of Yoritomo claimed the title of regent shikken to Yoritomo s son Minamoto no Yoriie eventually making that claim hereditary to the Hōjō clan At the same time Hōjō Masako maneuvered herself into such a powerful albeit informal position that people began calling her the nun shogun in the place of her son Yoriie As Minamoto no Yoriie grew older however he attempted to exert real power resulting in a power struggle with the Hōjō clan of his own mother These conflicts caused considerable tensions within the shogunate 14 In 1201 the Jo clan unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow the Minamoto clan in the Kennin Rebellion 15 Eventually Tokimasa deposed Yoriie backed up his younger brother Minamoto no Sanetomo as a new shōgun and assumed the post of shikken Sanetomo was only twelve at this point and accordingly power factually rested with his mother Hōjō Masako The Minamoto remained the titular shōguns with the Hōjō holding the real power In 1204 loyalists of Yoriie attempted an uprising to topple the Hōjō domination but the latter defeated the rebels and assassinated Yoriie 14 In 1205 Hōjō Tokimasa attempted to depose Sanetomo hoping to install his son in law as new shogun However his daughter Hōjō Masako saw this as threat to her own status she arranged the pretender s murder and banished her father to a monastery 14 In 1219 Sanetomo was assassinated by his nephew Kugyō Since Sanetomo died childless the line of shōguns from the Minamoto clan ended with him 16 From this point onwards the Hōjō were in total control 15 With Sanetomo s death in 1219 his mother Hōjō Masako continued to serve as the shogunate s real center of power 17 As long as she lived regents and shōguns would come and go while she stayed at the helm Since the Hōjō family did not have the rank to nominate a shōgun from among its members Masako had to find a convenient puppet 18 The problem was solved by choosing Kujo Yoritsune a distant relation of the Minamoto who would be the fourth shōgun and figurehead while Hōjō Yoshitoki would take care of day to day business 18 However powerless future shōguns would always be chosen from either Fujiwara or imperial lineage to keep the bloodline pure 18 and give legitimacy to the rule This succession proceeded for more than a century 18 As a result the Kamakura shogunate rested on an unusual pyramid of regents and de facto usurpation The true rulers namely the Hōjō regents had usurped power from the Minamoto who had usurped it from the Emperor descending from Emperor Kōkō who usurped it from the children of Emperor Seiwa At the same time the regents shoguns and emperors all still maintained their nominal positions and existed alongside each other The regime nonetheless proved to be stable enough to last a total of 135 years 9 shōguns and 16 regents 17 In 1221 Emperor Go Toba tried to regain power in what would be called the Jōkyu War 承久の乱 Jōkyu no Ran but the attempt failed 19 The power of the Hōjō remained unchallenged until 1324 when Emperor Go Daigo orchestrated a plot to overthrow them but the plot was discovered almost immediately and foiled 17 Mongol invasions edit nbsp A wooden Kongorikishi Nio created during the 14th century at a temple in Sakai OsakaThe Mongols under Kublai Khan attempted sea borne invasions in 1274 and 1281 20 Fifty years before the shogunate had agreed to Korean demands that the Wokou be dealt with to stop their raids and this bit of good diplomacy had created a cooperative relationship between the two states such that the Koreans helpless with a Mongol occupation army garrisoning their country had sent much intelligence information to Japan so that along with messages from Japanese spies in the Korean peninsula the shogunate had a good picture of the situation of the pending Mongol invasion 21 The shogunate had rejected Kublai s demands to submit with contempt The Mongol landings of 1274 met with some success however there was no rout of the Japanese defenders who in any case greatly outnumbered the 40 000 combined invasion force of Mongols and Korean conscripts Noting an impending storm the Korean admirals advised the Mongols to re embark so that the fleet could be protected away from shore however the typhoon was so destructive that one third of the Mongol force was destroyed 22 After the surviving forces returned to Mongol territory Kublai was not dissuaded from his intentions of bringing Japan under Mongol control and once again sent a message demanding submission which infuriated the Hōjō leadership who had the messengers executed They responded with decisive action for defense a wall was built to protect the hinterland of Hakata Bay defensive posts were established garrison lists were drawn up regular manning of the home provinces was redirected to the western defenses and ships were constructed to harass the invaders fleet when they appeared The Mongols returned in 1281 with a force of some 50 000 Mongol Korean Chinese along with some 100 000 conscripts from the defeated Song empire in south China This force embarked and fought the Japanese for some seven weeks at several locations in Kyushu but the defenders held and the Mongols made no strategic headway Again a typhoon approached and the Koreans and Chinese re embarked the combined Mongol invasion forces in an attempt to deal with the storm in the open sea At least one third of the Mongol force was destroyed and perhaps half of the conscripted Song forces to the south over a two day period of August 15 16 Thousands of invading troops were not able to embark in time and were slaughtered by the samurai Such losses in men material and the exhaustion of the Korean state in provisioning the two invasions put an end to the Mongols attempts to conquer Japan 23 The divine wind or kamikaze was credited for saving Japan from foreign invasion For two further decades the Kamakura shogunate maintained a watch in case the Mongols attempted another invasion However the strain on the military and the financial expenditures weakened the regime considerably Additionally the defensive war left no gains to distribute to the warriors who had fought it leading to discontent Construction of defensive walls added further expenses to the strained regime 24 Decline and fall edit In 1331 Emperor Go Daigo took arms against Kamakura but was defeated by Kamakura s Ashikaga Takauji and exiled to Oki Island in today s Shimane Prefecture 19 A warlord then went to the exiled emperor s rescue and in response the Hōjō sent forces again commanded by Takauji to attack Kyoto 19 Once there however Takauji decided to switch sides and support Go Daigo 19 At the same time another warlord loyal to the emperor Nitta Yoshisada attacked Kamakura and took it 17 About 870 Hōjō clan including the last three Regents committed suicide at their family temple Tōshō ji whose ruins were found in today s Ōmachi 17 In 1336 Ashikaga Takauji assumed the position of shōgun himself establishing the Ashikaga shogunate Institutions editThe Kamakura shogunate functioned within the framework of the Heian system of Imperial rule 25 Yoritomo established a chancellery or mandokoro as his principal organ of government Later under the Hōjō a separate institution the hyōjōshu became the focus of government The shogunate appointed new military governors shugo over the provinces states These were selected mostly from powerful families in the different provinces or the title was bestowed upon a general and his family after a successful campaign Although they managed their own affairs in theory they were still obliged to the central government through their allegiance to the shōgun The military governors paralleled the existing system of governors and vice governors kokushi appointed by the civil government in Kyoto citation needed Kamakura also appointed stewards or jitō to positions in the manors shōen These stewards received revenues from the manors in return for their military service They served along with the holders of similar office gesu who delivered dues from the manor to the proprietor in Kyoto Thus the dual governmental system reached to the manor level citation needed In legal matters the government promulgated a legal code called Goseibai Shikimoku in 1232 26 which would continuously be used until the Muromachi period A court of appeals was also set up during this period called the Moncho jo 27 List of Kamakura shōguns edit nbsp Grave of Minamoto no YoritomoMinamoto no Yoritomo r 1192 1199 28 Minamoto no Yoriie r 1202 1203 29 Minamoto no Sanetomo r 1203 1219 30 Fujiwara no Yoritsune r 1226 1244 31 Fujiwara no Yoritsugu r 1244 1252 32 Prince Munetaka r 1252 1266 33 Prince Koreyasu r 1266 1289 34 Prince Hisaaki r 1289 1308 35 Prince Morikuni r 1308 1333 36 List of Kamakura shikken edit nbsp Site of Hōjō Takatoki s deathHōjō Tokimasa r 1203 1205 37 Hōjō Yoshitoki r 1205 1224 38 Hōjō Yasutoki r 1224 1242 39 Hōjō Tsunetoki r 1242 1246 40 Hōjō Tokiyori r 1246 1256 41 Hōjō Tokimune r 1268 1284 42 Hōjō Sadatoki r 1284 1301 43 Hōjō Morotoki r 1301 1311 44 Hōjō Takatoki r 1316 1326 45 Genealogy edit Patrilineal descent edit nbsp nbsp Emperor Ninmyō 54th Emperor 808 850 r 833 850 nbsp nbsp Emperor Montoku 55th Emperor 826 858 r 850 858 nbsp nbsp Emperor Seiwa 56th Emperor 850 878 r 858 876 nbsp Imperial Prince Sadasumi 873 916 Minamoto no Tsunemoto 894 961 Minamoto no Mitsunaka 912 997 Minamoto no Yorinobu 968 1048 Minamoto no Yoriyoshi 988 1075 Minamoto no Yoshiie 1039 1106 Minamoto no Tameyoshi 1096 1156 Minamoto no Yoshitomo 1123 1160 nbsp I Minamoto no Yoritomo 1st Kamakura shōgun 1147 1199 r 1192 1199 nbsp II Minamoto no Yoriie 2nd Kamakura shōgun 1182 1204 r 1202 1203 nbsp III Minamoto no Sanetomo 3rd Kamakura shōgun 1192 1219 r 1203 1219 Minamoto no Yoshikuni 1091 1155 Minamoto Ashikaga no Yoshiyasu 1127 1157 Ashikaga Yoshikane c 1154 1199 Ashikaga Yoshiuji 1189 1255 Ashikaga Yasuuji 1216 1270 Ashikaga Yoshiuji 1240 1262 Ashikaga Ietoki 1260 1284 Ashikaga Sadauji c 1277 1331 Ashikaga Takauji founder of the nbsp Ashikaga shogunate nbsp nbsp Emperor Kōkō 58th Emperor 830 887 r 884 887 nbsp nbsp Emperor Uda 59th Emperor 867 931 r 887 897 nbsp nbsp Emperor Daigo 60th Emperor 884 930 r 897 930 nbsp nbsp Emperor Murakami 62nd Emperor 926 967 r 946 967 nbsp nbsp Emperor En yu 64th Emperor 959 991 r 969 984 nbsp nbsp Emperor Ichijō 66th Emperor 980 1011 r 986 1011 nbsp nbsp Emperor Go Suzaku 69th Emperor 1009 1045 r 1036 1045 nbsp nbsp Emperor Go Sanjō 71st Emperor 1034 1073 r 1068 1073 nbsp nbsp Emperor Shirakawa 72nd Emperor 1053 1129 r 1073 1087 nbsp nbsp Emperor Horikawa 73rd Emperor 1078 1107 r 1087 1107 nbsp nbsp Emperor Toba 74th Emperor 1103 1156 r 1107 1123 nbsp nbsp Emperor Go Shirakawa 77th Emperor 1127 1192 r 1155 1158 nbsp nbsp Emperor Takakura 80th Emperor 1161 1181 r 1168 1180 nbsp nbsp Emperor Go Toba 82nd Emperor 1180 1239 r 1183 1198 nbsp nbsp Emperor Tsuchimikado 83rd Emperor 1196 1231 r 1198 1210 nbsp nbsp Emperor Go Saga 88th Emperor 1220 1272 r 1242 1246 nbsp nbsp VI Imperial Prince Munetaka 6th Kamakura shōgun 1242 1274 r 1252 1266 nbsp nbsp VII Imperial Prince Koreyasu 7th Kamakura shōgun 1264 1326 r 1266 1289 nbsp nbsp Emperor Go Fukakusa 89th Emperor 1243 1304 r 1246 1260 nbsp nbsp VIII Imperial Prince Hisaaki 8th Kamakura shōgun 1276 1328 r 1289 1308 nbsp nbsp IX Imperial Prince Morikuni 9th Kamakura shōgun 1301 1333 r 1308 1333 nbsp nbsp Emperor Kameyama 90th Emperor 1249 1305 r 1259 1274 nbsp nbsp Emperor Go Uda 91st Emperor 1267 1324 r 1274 1287 nbsp nbsp Emperor Go Daigo 96th Emperor 1288 1339 r 1318 1339 nbsp Imperial Prince Moriyoshi 1st Kenmu shōgun 1308 1335 r 1333 nbsp Imperial Prince Narinaga 2nd Kenmu shōgun 1326 1338 1344 r 1334 1336 Family Tree edit nbsp 1147 1199 Minamoto no Yoritomo 1 r 1192 1199 d 1190 Bōmon Hime ja 1147 1197 Ichijō Yoshiyasu ja nbsp 1182 1204 Minamoto no Yoriie 2 r 1202 1203 nbsp 1192 1219 Minamoto no Sanetomo 3 r 1203 1219 1169 1206 Kujō Yoshitsune 1167 1200 Daughter ofIchijō Yoshiyasu d 1227 Ichijō Zenshi 1171 1244 Saionji Kintsune 1198 1203 Minamoto no Ichiman 1200 1219 Kugyō 1193 1252 Kujō Michiie 1192 1253 Saionji Rinshi ja 1194 1269 Saionji Saneuji 1202 1234 Minamoto no Yoshiko ja nbsp 1218 1256 Kujō Yoritsune 4 r 1226 1244Omiya no Tsubonedaughter of Fujiwara no Chikayoshi ja b 1211 Kujō Jinshi 1210 1259 Konoe Kanetsune d 1308 Taira no Muneko ja 1220 1272 Emperor Go Saga 1225 1292 Saionji Kisshi nbsp 1239 1256 Kujō Yoritsugu 5 r 1244 1252 b 1241 Konoe Saishi ja nbsp 1242 1274 Prince Munetaka 6 r 1252 1266 1243 1304 Emperor Go Fukakusa nbsp 1264 1326 Prince Koreyasu 7 r 1266 1289Daughter ofPrince Koreyasu nbsp 1276 1328 Prince Hisaaki 8 r 1289 1308 nbsp 1301 1333 Prince Morikuni 9 r 1308 1333Source 46 47 See also edit nbsp Japan portal nbsp History portalRensho Rokuhara Tandai History of Japan Lists of incumbents Azuma Kagami Mongol invasions of Japan Goryeo military regimeNotes edit With civil power in Kyoto and military power in Kamakura sharing authority for governing the nation 4 References edit Naofusa Hirai Shinto The encounter with Buddhism britannica com Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc Retrieved October 22 2020 Buddhism Korea and Japan britannica com Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc Retrieved October 22 2020 a b c d Kamakura period Japanese history britannica com Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc Retrieved October 22 2020 Japan Medieval Japan britannica com Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc Retrieved October 22 2020 John A Harrison Hōjō Family Japanese family britannica com Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc Retrieved October 22 2020 First Shogunate in Japan nationalgeographic org National Geographic Society 6 April 2020 Retrieved October 21 2020 a b c d Nussbaum Louis Frederic 2005 Kamakura jidai in Japan Encyclopedia p 459 not only was the Heian system of imperial aristocratic rule still vigorous during the twelfth century but also it remained the essential framework within which the bakufu during its lifetime was obliged to operate In this sense the Heian pattern of government survived into the fourteenth century to be destroyed with the Kama kura bakufu rather than by it Warrior Rule in Japan page 1 Cambridge University Press Nussbaum Shogun at pp 878 879 Nussbaum Minamoto at pp 632 633 Nussbaum Fujiwara at pp 200 201 Nussbaum Hōjō at pp 339 340 Nussbaum Shikken at p 857 a b c Turnbull 2010 p 11 a b Turnbull 2010 p 12 Turnbull 2010 pp 11 12 a b c d e A Guide to Kamakura History January 2006 Archived from the original on 2007 11 16 Retrieved 2008 04 28 a b c d Encyclopaedia Britannica online The Hojo Regency Retrieved 2008 04 28 a b c d Kamakura History amp Historic Sites The Kamakura Period the Kamakura Citizen Net accessed on April 27 2008 Turnbull Stephen R 1987 Samurai Warriors p 38 Turnbull 1966 Samurai Warfare p 98 99 Sansom George Bailey 1958 A History of Japan to 1334 p 438 439 Murdoch James 1964 A History of Japan Vol I p 511 513 Sansom p 443 450 Murdoch p 525 Mass Jeffrey P 1996 The Kamakura Bakufu in Warrior Rule in Japan Marius Jansen ed p 1 Azuma Kagami Hōjōbon in Japanese Scroll 28 For date conversion see Zhang Peiyu 1997 三千五百年历日天象 in Chinese Elephant Press Deal William E 2016 Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan Oxford University Press p 92 Nussbaum Minamoto no Yoritomo at p 635 Nussbaum Minamoto no Yoriie at p 635 Nussbaum Minamoto no Yoritomo at pp 633 634 Nussbaum Fujiwara no Yoritsune at p 212 Kujō Yoritsune at p 571 linking Hōjō Masako at p 340 Nussbaum Fujiwara no Yoritsugu at p 212 Nussbaum Munetaka Shinnō at p 666 Nussbaum Koreyasu Shinnō at p 561 Nussbaum Hisaakira Shinnō at p 321 Nussbaum Morikuni Shinnō at p 660 Nussbaum Hōjō Tokimasa at p 340 Nussbaum Hōjō Yoshitoki at p 341 Nussbaum Hōjō Yasutoki at p 341 Nussbaum Hōjō Tsunetoki at p 341 Nussbaum Hōjō Tokiyori at p 341 Nussbaum Hōjō Tokimune at p 341 Nussbaum Hōjō Sadatoki at p 340 Nussbaum Hōjō Morotoki at p 340 Nussbaum Hōjō Takatoki at p 340 Genealogy showing the different lines of descent from Emperor Ninmyō and the main family links between the Kamakura Shōguns jp Fujiwara Ichijō genealogy jp Works cited edit Turnbull Stephen 2010 Samurai Women 1184 1877 Oxford Osprey Publishing ISBN 978 1 84603 951 5 Further reading editMass Jeffrey P 1976 The Kamakura bakufu a study in documents Stanford Stanford University Press 1974 Warrior government in early medieval Japan a study of the Kamakura Bakufu shugo and jitō New Haven Yale University Press Nussbaum Louis Frederic and Kathe Roth 2005 Japan encyclopedia Cambridge Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 01753 5 OCLC 58053128 Ōyama Kyōhei Kamakura bakufu 鎌倉幕府 Tokyo Shōgakkan 小学館 1974 35 19 N 139 33 E 35 317 N 139 550 E 35 317 139 550 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kamakura shogunate amp oldid 1205626153, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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